SUPRASEGMENTAL FEATURES

By :Lusia Lian Trisna1101050014

Citra Susilaning Dewi 1101050015Falah Rufaida 1101050017

suprasegmental is the study of segmental.

It cannot be studied in isolation without of segmental ones, because they occur only with segmental, they are imposed on the segmental phonemes; such suprasegmental features:- Stress - Intonation- Pitch - Juncture

Suprasegmental Features

Stress• stress is the degree of loudness with which a

syllable is spoken as to make it prominent. Loudness is a component of prominence. If one syllable is spoken louder that the others, it will be heard as stressed syllable. Whereas, a syllable according to the physiological feature is that it is pronounced with one impulse of breath.

• 3 degrees of stress:- primary stress [‘]. Ex: Elephant [‘elifnt]- secondary stress [,]. Ex: elephantine - weak stress or no stress. Ex:

Pitch• Pitch is some degree of highness or lowness of tone

in each syllable of a word. The going up and down of pitch over different syllables in an utterance is called intonation.

• Practically there are four significant pitch levels in an utterance starting from highest to the lowest tone, the pitch levels are numbered: /4/,/3/,/2/, and /1/ respectively.

• Example:-Good morning -It’s his house

Intonation• The pattern of rises and falls in pitch across a

stretch of speech such as a sentence. • The pitch = highness or lowness• The meaning of sentence can depend on the

sentence’s intonation contour.• [yu gat ən e an δə tεst]

• [yu gat ən e an δə tεts, ə si an δə homwrk, n ə bi an δə kıwz]

JUNCTURE AND WORD STRESSES• Juncture: Type of connection or pause between syllables or

word in a expression• Juncture divided to 2 types:

- Close Juncture- Open Juncture

• Word stresses: Where to put stress on saying syllable of a word

• 2 syllabic words: - Primary stress on the first syllable and weak stress on the 2nd syllable. Ex: baby, able, comfort- Primary stress on the 2nd syllable. Ex: declare, believe, again

• Three syllabic words- Primary stress on the first syllable. Ex: article, family, compliment, etc- Primary stress on the 2nd syllable. Ex: tomorrow, gorilla, december, etc- Primary stress on the 3rd syllable. Ex: guarantee, afternoon, etc

• Complex words with affixes:- suffixes the primary stress- suffixes don’t affect stress placement of the stem words- suffixes make the primary stress move on the last syllable of the stem

Sentence Stress• Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or

"beat". You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words within a sentence.

• Most sentences have two types of word:- content words - structure words

Content words are the key words of a sentence. They are the important words that carry the meaning or sense.

Structure words are not very important words. They are small, simple words that make the sentence correct grammatically.

- If you remove the structure words from a sentence, you will probably still understand the sentence.

Words carrying the meaning Example

main verbs SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY

nouns CAR, MUSIC, MARY

adjectives RED, BIG, INTERESTING

adverbs QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER

negative auxiliaries DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

Structure words - unstressed

Words for correct grammar Example

pronouns he, we, they

prepositions on, at, into

articles a, an, the

conjunctions and, but, because

auxiliary verbs do, be, have, can, must

Content words - stressed

Strong and Weak Form• I am French (strong form) I'm French (weak form)• But usually there is no change of spelling, only the pronunciation is

different:• But strong form: /bʌt/ weak form: /bət/• Tell him to go strong forms /hɪm/ /tu:/ weak form: /tel əm tə gəʊ/• As you can see, the grammatical words "him" and "to" are

unstressed and have a weak form when pronounced inside a sentence.

• another example: I would like some fish and chips• strong forms /aɪ wʊd laɪk sʌm fɪʃ ænd tʃɪps/ This version sounds

unnatural and, believe it or not, more difficult to understand for a native speaker.

• weak forms /ɑ wəd laɪk səm fɪʃ ən tʃɪps/ and we can use weaker forms sometimes: /ɑd laɪk səm fɪʃ ən tʃɪps/ so we can see that the auxiliary verb "would" has two weak forms /wəd/ and /d/

Thank You