Survey of Church HistorySurvey of Church History

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The 12 periods of Church History are:The 12 periods of Church History are: 1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D.1. Era of the Gospel 4 B.C. – 33 A.D. 2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D.2. Era of the New Testament 33 – 100 A.D.

Early Apostolic 33 -70 A.D.Early Apostolic 33 -70 A.D. ••Late Apostolic 70-100 A.D.Late Apostolic 70-100 A.D.

3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D.3. Era of the Universal “Catholic” Church 100 – 312 A.D. 4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D.4. Era of the “Christian” Roman Empire 312 – 590 A.D. 5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D.5. Era of the Medieval Church 590 – 800 A.D. 6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D.6. Era of the Holy Roman Empire 800 – 1054 A.D. 7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D.7. Era of the Crusades 1054 – 1305 A.D. 8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D.8. Era of the Renaissance and Rise of Nation-States 1305 – 1517 A.D. 9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D.9. Era of the Reformation 1517 – 1648 A.D. 10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D.10. Era of Rationalism and Revival 1648 – 1789 A.D. 11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D.11. Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missions 1789 – 1914 A.D. 12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present12. Era of Modern Ideologies, Secularism, and Humanism 1914 – present

The Era of Liberalism, Progress The Era of Liberalism, Progress and Missionsand Missions

In religion, this era generally moved people: In religion, this era generally moved people:

away from God and toward humanism.away from God and toward humanism.

from Bible-centered authority to man-centered from Bible-centered authority to man-centered authority.authority.

from conservative orthodoxy to liberal theology.from conservative orthodoxy to liberal theology.

Changed France’s governmental structure Changed France’s governmental structure from the monarchy, aristocracy, and from the monarchy, aristocracy, and Catholic clergy in power, to citizen control.Catholic clergy in power, to citizen control.

Led to a republican form of government Led to a republican form of government (representation and vote).(representation and vote).

Was accompanied by violent turmoil, Was accompanied by violent turmoil, including executions (guillotine) and including executions (guillotine) and repression during the “Reign of Terror.repression during the “Reign of Terror.

Included warfare involving every major Included warfare involving every major power in Europe.power in Europe.

Led to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming Led to Napoleon Bonaparte becoming dictator in 1799 and eventually proclaiming dictator in 1799 and eventually proclaiming himself emperor in 1804.himself emperor in 1804.

When Bonaparte became emperor, the When Bonaparte became emperor, the republican phase of the revolution ended.republican phase of the revolution ended.

Main causes of the revolution:Main causes of the revolution: Desire for liberty among the masses.Desire for liberty among the masses. Louis XV had led France to the verge of Louis XV had led France to the verge of

bankruptcy.bankruptcy. Inequality in the tax system.Inequality in the tax system. The Roman Catholic Church, the largest The Roman Catholic Church, the largest

landowner in the country, placed a heavy tax landowner in the country, placed a heavy tax on crops. Therefore, the poor became on crops. Therefore, the poor became desperate. desperate.

Main causes of the revolution (cont.):Main causes of the revolution (cont.): The greed and material consumption of the The greed and material consumption of the

aristocracy (i.e. Marie Antoinette in Versailles)aristocracy (i.e. Marie Antoinette in Versailles) High unemploymentHigh unemployment Inflation of food pricesInflation of food prices

Main causes of the revolution (cont.):Main causes of the revolution (cont.): Widespread famine and malnutrition. (Some Widespread famine and malnutrition. (Some

historians attribute the famine to a stretch of historians attribute the famine to a stretch of colder climate combined with France’s failure colder climate combined with France’s failure to adopt the potato as the main crop.)to adopt the potato as the main crop.)

Lack of international trade.Lack of international trade.

Louis XIV Louis XIV (1643-1715)(1643-1715)

The corrupt French kings were Catholic in name only The corrupt French kings were Catholic in name only and were epitomized by and were epitomized by Louis XIV Louis XIV who brought who brought

France to the edge of financial ruin by his France to the edge of financial ruin by his extravagant and unwise policies.extravagant and unwise policies.

Louis XVI (1754-1793)Louis XVI (1754-1793)

In 1789 In 1789 King Louis XVIKing Louis XVI called the French National called the French National Assembly into session for the first time in almost 20 years.Assembly into session for the first time in almost 20 years.

The The Estates General Estates General was made up of three groups – was made up of three groups – clergy, nobility, and commoners.clergy, nobility, and commoners.

The Third Estate, The Third Estate, the common peoplethe common people, seized control and , seized control and used the angry mobs in Paris as a political/military force.used the angry mobs in Paris as a political/military force.

The storming of the BastilleThe storming of the Bastille

The Bastille prison was stormed (that held seven prisoners at The Bastille prison was stormed (that held seven prisoners at the time), and a bloody revolution followed which saw the the time), and a bloody revolution followed which saw the

influence of the nobility crushed, the power of the King influence of the nobility crushed, the power of the King decreased, and papal influence shattered. decreased, and papal influence shattered.

More on The More on The BastilleBastille

• A fortress prison in Paris• Was built during the “Hundred Years War”.• First used as a fort to defend the east end of Paris.• After the war, it was used as a state prison.• The storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 marks the beginning of the French Revolution.• A mob broke in to remove guns and gunpowder.• Later, the governor and some of the guards of Bastille surrendered under a flag of truce.• Unfortunately, they were beheaded and their heads were paraded around Paris on spears.

The execution of Louis XVIThe execution of Louis XVI

France was declared a republic in 1792 and France was declared a republic in 1792 and Louis XVI was executed in 1793.Louis XVI was executed in 1793.

Pope Pius VI (1717-1799)Pope Pius VI (1717-1799)

In 1795, In 1795, Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI gained the help of other gained the help of other European leaders to field an army against European leaders to field an army against

France. France.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)

Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the alliance, defeated the alliance, took Rome in 1798, and put the Pope in took Rome in 1798, and put the Pope in

prison in France. prison in France.

Pius VII (1740-1823)Pius VII (1740-1823)

Napoleon realized, however, that many Frenchman Napoleon realized, however, that many Frenchman were Catholic and negotiated with the next Pope were Catholic and negotiated with the next Pope

((Pius VIIPius VII; 1800-1820) to restore Roman ; 1800-1820) to restore Roman Catholicism to France. Catholicism to France.

British Empire in 1897 (in pink)British Empire in 1897 (in pink)

James Watt James Watt (1736-1819)(1736-1819)

The invention of the steam engine by Scottish The invention of the steam engine by Scottish engineer engineer James Watt James Watt represents the progress of represents the progress of

the era. It would have a profound effect on the the era. It would have a profound effect on the political, economic, social, and religious scene.political, economic, social, and religious scene.

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Marx and EngelsMarx and Engels

Onto this scene came a couple of men who would Onto this scene came a couple of men who would impact the world dramatically for hundreds of years impact the world dramatically for hundreds of years

as they promoted a as they promoted a new philosophy new philosophy of of government government and and life life which was which was anti-God, anti-anti-God, anti-religion religion but but pro-peoplepro-people, especially the working , especially the working

masses.masses.The men were The men were Karl Marx Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German-(1818-1883), a German-Jewish philosopher, and Jewish philosopher, and Friedrich Engels Friedrich Engels (1820-(1820-1895), the son of a rich German factory owner. 1895), the son of a rich German factory owner.

In 1848 Marx and Engels published the In 1848 Marx and Engels published the Communist ManifestoCommunist Manifesto..

George Hegel George Hegel (1770-1831)(1770-1831)

Marx and Engels had come under the influence of the German Marx and Engels had come under the influence of the German socialistic philosopher socialistic philosopher George Hegel George Hegel who conceived of who conceived of

God as an absolute being of mind or spirit who was in the God as an absolute being of mind or spirit who was in the dynamic process of evolving. dynamic process of evolving.

Das KapitalDas Kapital, published in 1867, was perhaps , published in 1867, was perhaps Marx’ most influential work. It was a critical Marx’ most influential work. It was a critical

analysis of capitalism.analysis of capitalism.

In Das Kapital, Marx stated that the driving In Das Kapital, Marx stated that the driving force of capitalism was the exploitation of force of capitalism was the exploitation of

labor for profit and surplus.labor for profit and surplus.

The Congress of Vienna in 1815The Congress of Vienna in 1815

The Congress of Vienna (to draw up a new Europe The Congress of Vienna (to draw up a new Europe after Napoleon's defeat) effectively ended the after Napoleon's defeat) effectively ended the

French Revolution. The Roman Church saw some French Revolution. The Roman Church saw some measure of restoration to power. measure of restoration to power.

Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX (1792-1878) (1792-1878)

Pope Pius IX led the way to establishing the ultimate Pope Pius IX led the way to establishing the ultimate authority of the Pope in the Roman Church through a series authority of the Pope in the Roman Church through a series of declarations of doctrinal dogma for Catholics:of declarations of doctrinal dogma for Catholics:

in 1854, the Immaculate Conception of Mary was in 1854, the Immaculate Conception of Mary was declared (that she was conceived sinless) which had declared (that she was conceived sinless) which had to be believed for salvation.to be believed for salvation.

in 1863, the idea that salvation is only through the in 1863, the idea that salvation is only through the Catholic Church was advanced.Catholic Church was advanced.

Pope Pius IXPope Pius IX (1792-1878) (1792-1878)

(Cont.):(Cont.):

in 1864, the Pope condemned toleration in religion, in 1864, the Pope condemned toleration in religion, separation of Church and State, socialism, Bible separation of Church and State, socialism, Bible societies, secular schools, and public education.societies, secular schools, and public education.

in 1870, by decree the First Vatican Council declared in 1870, by decree the First Vatican Council declared the infallibility of the Pope.the infallibility of the Pope.

Johann Von DollingerJohann Von Dollinger (1799-1890) (1799-1890)

Public and political sentiment ran strongly against the Public and political sentiment ran strongly against the Popes from 1870 forward. Even among Catholics the Popes from 1870 forward. Even among Catholics the doctrine of papal infallibility was not accepted by all. In doctrine of papal infallibility was not accepted by all. In

1871, the “Old Catholic Church” was founded in protest as 1871, the “Old Catholic Church” was founded in protest as a split-off by a split-off by Johann Von DollingerJohann Von Dollinger. The “Old Catholic . The “Old Catholic

Church” is still active today.Church” is still active today.

Old Catholic Church Old Catholic Church beliefs and values:beliefs and values:

Rejection of the infallibility of the PopeRejection of the infallibility of the Pope Open communion (non-members can Open communion (non-members can

receive Holy Communion)receive Holy Communion) Rejection of all new creedsRejection of all new creeds Desire to return to ancient CatholicismDesire to return to ancient Catholicism

Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903)Pope Leo XIII (1810-1903)

Pope Leo XIIIPope Leo XIII continued to oppose the power of the continued to oppose the power of the national states in Germany and elsewhere. He national states in Germany and elsewhere. He

tried to assert both the moral and political rights of tried to assert both the moral and political rights of the Church over the people and the State.the Church over the people and the State.

Pope Pius X (1835-1914)Pope Pius X (1835-1914)

Pope Pius X Pope Pius X (reigning from 1903-1914) condemned liberal (reigning from 1903-1914) condemned liberal theology and liberalism in politics. Doctrinally, the Roman theology and liberalism in politics. Doctrinally, the Roman Church thwarted liberalism within its own ranks but had Church thwarted liberalism within its own ranks but had

forever lost its exclusive control on both the Church and the forever lost its exclusive control on both the Church and the State. State.

John Newton John Newton and and William William

CowperCowper

The spiritual impact in the Anglican Church between 1790 The spiritual impact in the Anglican Church between 1790 and 1830 was created not only by the Clapham society but and 1830 was created not only by the Clapham society but by other evangelicals such as by other evangelicals such as John Newton John Newton (1725-1807), (1725-1807),

the great hymn writer (Amazing Grace), and the great hymn writer (Amazing Grace), and William William CowperCowper(1731-1800), another significant hymn writer.(1731-1800), another significant hymn writer.

John Venn John Venn (1759-1833)(1759-1833)

John VennJohn Venn was the “spiritual father” of the evangelical was the “spiritual father” of the evangelical movement which produced social reform in a number of movement which produced social reform in a number of areas:areas:

Missionary societies were formed.Missionary societies were formed. Bible societies were founded.Bible societies were founded. Prison ministries were initiated.Prison ministries were initiated. Literature/tract ministries were started.Literature/tract ministries were started. British slave trade was abolished.British slave trade was abolished.

William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (1759-1833)(1759-1833)

Perhaps this last contribution was the most Perhaps this last contribution was the most important. important. William Wilberforce William Wilberforce was a member of was a member of

the Clapham Society who organized the the Clapham Society who organized the Christian/evangelical opposition to slave trade Christian/evangelical opposition to slave trade within the British Empire and took his case to within the British Empire and took his case to

Parliament. Parliament.

Lord Shaftsbury Lord Shaftsbury (1801-1885)(1801-1885)

Reform measures in the factories and working places Reform measures in the factories and working places were promoted by other evangelicals such as were promoted by other evangelicals such as Lord Lord Shaftsbury, Shaftsbury, who succeeded in passing legislation who succeeded in passing legislation

protecting working children and women.protecting working children and women.

Table DiscussionTable Discussion

What part, if any, should the church play in What part, if any, should the church play in social reforms? social reforms?

What is the most effective approach?What is the most effective approach?

Charles Kingsley Charles Kingsley (1819-1875)(1819-1875)

Yet even within the Anglican Church the “Broad Church Yet even within the Anglican Church the “Broad Church Movement” produced liberal theology and a “social, watered Movement” produced liberal theology and a “social, watered

down” Gospel under the influence of liberal thinkers. down” Gospel under the influence of liberal thinkers. Charles Kingsley Charles Kingsley was a representative leader.was a representative leader.

Most of the leaders of the Oxford Most of the leaders of the Oxford Movement were members of Movement were members of Oxford University (above).Oxford University (above).

John Keble John Keble (1792–1866)(1792–1866)

The leaders of the Oxford movement were The leaders of the Oxford movement were men such as:men such as:

1. 1. John KebleJohn Keble

Edward Pusey Edward Pusey (1800-1882)(1800-1882)

The leaders of the Oxford movement were The leaders of the Oxford movement were men such as:men such as:

2. 2. Edward PuseyEdward Pusey

John Henry Newman John Henry Newman (1801-1890)(1801-1890)

The leaders of the Oxford movement were The leaders of the Oxford movement were men such as:men such as:

2. 2. John Henry NewmanJohn Henry Newman

The Oxford - high church Movement sought to The Oxford - high church Movement sought to re-establish a modified Roman Catholicism re-establish a modified Roman Catholicism (purified from abuses) in the Anglican Church (purified from abuses) in the Anglican Church by:by:

emphasizing church sacraments, ritual, and emphasizing church sacraments, ritual, and colorful liturgycolorful liturgy

teaching:teaching: – – apostolic successionapostolic succession – – baptismal regenerationbaptismal regeneration – – the physical presence of Christ in the Massthe physical presence of Christ in the Mass – – the doctrine of the early Church Fathers.the doctrine of the early Church Fathers.

John Henry Newman John Henry Newman actually became a Catholic, actually became a Catholic, and the force of the movement encountered strong and the force of the movement encountered strong opposition from the Bishop. But the “high church” opposition from the Bishop. But the “high church”

view stayed in the Anglican Church and is view stayed in the Anglican Church and is sometimes known as the sometimes known as the Anglo-Catholic Anglo-Catholic

positionposition..

William Booth (1829-1912)William Booth (1829-1912)

The Salvation Army The Salvation Army was founded by was founded by William Booth William Booth in 1878 to preach the Gospel and meet the social in 1878 to preach the Gospel and meet the social

and economic needs of the less fortunate of and economic needs of the less fortunate of society.society.

The Salvation Army The Salvation Army TodayToday

Headquartered in London, EnglandHeadquartered in London, England Works in 120 countriesWorks in 120 countries Focused on reaching the poor, destitute and Focused on reaching the poor, destitute and

hungryhungry Methods and ministries include: Music, disaster Methods and ministries include: Music, disaster

relief, thrift shops to raise money for charity, relief, thrift shops to raise money for charity, Family Tracing Service (to find missing family Family Tracing Service (to find missing family members), youth groups, etc.members), youth groups, etc.

John Darby (1800-1882)John Darby (1800-1882)

The Plymouth Brethren The Plymouth Brethren were founded by were founded by John John Darby Darby in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland. They had a in 1831 in Dublin, Ireland. They had a

strong emphasis on the Holy Spirit, the priesthood strong emphasis on the Holy Spirit, the priesthood of the believer, and the study of Scriptures. They of the believer, and the study of Scriptures. They

opposed ordained ministers.opposed ordained ministers.

George Mueller George Mueller (1805-98)(1805-98)

George Mueller George Mueller (1805-98) founded a great Christian (1805-98) founded a great Christian orphanagesorphanages in Bristol. He cared for more than in Bristol. He cared for more than

10,000 children during his life. He is also know as 10,000 children during his life. He is also know as a man of great faith concerning the ongoing need a man of great faith concerning the ongoing need

for financial support for the orphanages.for financial support for the orphanages.

George Williams (1821-1905)George Williams (1821-1905)

The The YMCA YMCA was founded in 1844 by was founded in 1844 by George George Williams Williams to meet the needs of Christian young to meet the needs of Christian young

men for housing, exercise, and a wholesome social men for housing, exercise, and a wholesome social life in the overflowing cities.life in the overflowing cities.

Charles H. Spurgeon Charles H. Spurgeon (1834-92)(1834-92)

Charles H. Spurgeon Charles H. Spurgeon preached the Gospel preached the Gospel powerfully in London’s Metropolitan powerfully in London’s Metropolitan

Tabernacle and founded a pastor’s college.Tabernacle and founded a pastor’s college.

Interior of the Interior of the original original

Metropolitan Metropolitan Tabernacle Tabernacle

The Tabernacle fellowship has been in existence since 1650. (Still is The Tabernacle fellowship has been in existence since 1650. (Still is today)today)

Under Spurgeon’s leadership, a new church was built in 1861.Under Spurgeon’s leadership, a new church was built in 1861. Considered the forerunner of the “megachurch”.Considered the forerunner of the “megachurch”. Seating capacity 6,000 (5,500 seated and 500 standing.Seating capacity 6,000 (5,500 seated and 500 standing. Membership in 8191 – 5,311Membership in 8191 – 5,311 Spurgeon died in 1892.Spurgeon died in 1892. Church building burned down in 1898.Church building burned down in 1898.

The Metropolitan The Metropolitan Tabernacle todayTabernacle today

The church was rebuilt but was destroyed The church was rebuilt but was destroyed again in 1941 by the German bombing of again in 1941 by the German bombing of World War IIWorld War II

Rebuilt in 1957.Rebuilt in 1957. Today, all are welcome to two services – Today, all are welcome to two services –

11 AM and 6:30 PM. 11 AM and 6:30 PM.

The English town of Keswick todayThe English town of Keswick today

Keswick meetings Keswick meetings – These meetings were begun in 1875 to – These meetings were begun in 1875 to encourage evangelism, revival and personal spiritual encourage evangelism, revival and personal spiritual

renewal. Men such as Hudson Taylor spoke there. The renewal. Men such as Hudson Taylor spoke there. The Keswick meetings have continued to meet annually here. Keswick meetings have continued to meet annually here.

Today, the convention lasts three weeks towards the end of Today, the convention lasts three weeks towards the end of the summer. the summer.

William Carey (1761-1834)William Carey (1761-1834)

William Carey was a missionary to India and William Carey was a missionary to India and founded the Baptist Missionary Society. He founded the Baptist Missionary Society. He

has been called the “Father of Modern has been called the “Father of Modern Missions”.Missions”.

George Grenfell George Grenfell (1848-1906)(1848-1906)

George Grenfell George Grenfell was a missionary forwas a missionary for the the Baptist Mission Society, who explored and Baptist Mission Society, who explored and

evangelized in the Congo River area in evangelized in the Congo River area in Africa.Africa.

David Livingston David Livingston (1813-1873)(1813-1873)

David Livingston David Livingston from the London Missionary from the London Missionary Society, who as a Scottish Congregationalist Society, who as a Scottish Congregationalist

explored and evangelized much of Central Africa explored and evangelized much of Central Africa and fought the Arab slave trade.and fought the Arab slave trade.

Robert Moffatt Robert Moffatt (1795-1883)(1795-1883)

Robert Moffatt Robert Moffatt was a Scottish missionary to was a Scottish missionary to South Africa and worked on Bible translation South Africa and worked on Bible translation

into native languages.into native languages.

J. Hudson Taylor J. Hudson Taylor (1832-1905) (1832-1905)

J. Hudson Taylor J. Hudson Taylor who established the China who established the China Inland Mission in 1865 as a faith project.Inland Mission in 1865 as a faith project.

Robert Morrison Robert Morrison (1782-1834) (1782-1834)

Robert Morrison Robert Morrison who worked with the Chinese who worked with the Chinese Mandarin language so the Bible could be used Mandarin language so the Bible could be used

later when China was opened to missionaries after later when China was opened to missionaries after 1858.1858.

Adoniram Judson Adoniram Judson (1788-1850)(1788-1850)Missionary to BurmaMissionary to Burma

Adoniram Judson Adoniram Judson who worked with Burmese who worked with Burmese language translation.language translation.

Adoniram Judson Adoniram Judson (1788-1850)(1788-1850)

An example of a faithful missionary:An example of a faithful missionary: Bible centered:Bible centered: In 1834, he completed the entire In 1834, he completed the entire

translation of the Bible into Burmese.translation of the Bible into Burmese. Willing to suffer:Willing to suffer: During the Anglo-Burmese war, During the Anglo-Burmese war,

he spent 21 months in prison.he spent 21 months in prison. Devoted to his missionDevoted to his mission: He took his first : He took his first

“furlough” after 34 years in Burma.“furlough” after 34 years in Burma. Inspired others:Inspired others: Because of his commitment to Because of his commitment to

missions, many Americans became or supported missions, many Americans became or supported missionaries.missionaries.