survey of current neuroengineering research. cochlear implant ● direct electrical stimulation of...
Post on 30-Jan-2016
217 views
TRANSCRIPT
Survey of Current Neuroengineering Research
Cochlear Implant
● Direct Electrical Stimulation of Auditory Nerve
● Microphone, Signal Processor, Transmission Line, Electrode Array
● http://www.utdallas.edu/~loizou/cimplants/tutorial/
Electrical Stimulation of Pleasure Centers
● Rats: Willing to go to great lengths to obtain pleasure
● Implant in hypothalamus in rats, for cancer patients, the cortex
● Humans: General pleasure, anxiety relief, approval of situation, positive change in mood, euphoria
● Not well-studied
Ratbot
● State University of NY research 2002: Sanjiv Talwar
● Whisker response stimulated
● Rats behave contrary to instinct
● Still not reliable● Potential is boundless● Dirt cheap: ~$40
Robo-Roach● University of Tokyo
micro-robotics team 2002● Wings removed under
CO2 anesthisia, backpack added, electrodes implanted in antennae
● Direct muscular control, not pleasure conditioning
● Big money: $5 million gov't grant for researchers
● Still crude
Monkey Telekinesis
● Duke, MIT Touch Lab 2000
● 96-electrode array implanted into cortex, including muscle cortex
● Output of several individual neurons recorded as monkey performed hand motions
● Signal analysis done via computer Fourier analysis and neural network simulation
● Computer analysis was able to effectively predict trajectory of hand motions (large groups of neurons coordinating)
● Signal patterns transmitted over internet to remote lab, where they controlled a robotic arm in real-time
Neuroelectric Brain-Computer Interfacing
● NASA-approved (work done at Ames, actually)
● Problem: Astronauts cannot easily utilize traditional earth devices in orbit (like a keyboard, when you're on EVA)
● Attempts to use EEG / EMG sensing of a human to control external devices
● 2001: External armband placed over forearm detected muscular nerve signals, enabling pilot to land a simulated damaged 757 by simulating piloting
● Not like a power glove
Alpha wave Brain-Computer Interfacing
● Traditionally, EEG used to detect brain electrical wave output, but this requires preparation and is extremely sensitive to disruption
● Alternative devices are external helmets/skincaps● Biofeedback used to train users to the device but
takes a long time. Stimulus-response is easier● Eventually, “telepathy” can be used to control,
well, anything (computer glasses)● IBVA Technologies, Mindswitch.com.au, sell
overpriced devices as a development platform
Kevin Warwick
● Professor of Cybernetics, U. of Reading 2002
● Implant #1 was lame radio transmitter
● Implant #2 in wrist interfaces with nervous system by means of 100-electrode array and nerves in the forearm
● Artificial sensation generated
● Control of artificial prosthesis enabled
● Signal output recorded
Neurotrophic Electrode
Artificial Vision: Method 1
Artificial Vision: Method Two
Artificial Hippocampus