1. Fall 2013 Cathy Mahon,PA Instructor

2. Chapter 1 3. Anatomy and Physiology Means literally to cut apart Function and vital processes Define A&P Study of the structure of the body Answers the question of HOW the body works! 4. The body is made up of approximately 50-100 trillion cells Over the course of a lifetime of 75 years we will inhale and exhale roughly 236 million liters of air The average length of the small intestine in the human male is 22 ft 6 inches and in female 23 ft 4 inches Did you know? 5. Anatomy Micro: seen with microscope Macro Gross Anatomy: Bones Micro vs Macro Anatomy Cytology Chest x-ray Histology 6. Morphology Description of forms and structures Describes shapes and sizes Define Morphology 7. The gene for sickle cell anemia when expressed as a recessive trait protects one from contracting malaria. Which race of humans in the U.S. has the highest incidence of sickle cell anemia? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Caucasian or White B.Native American C.African American D.Asian American 8. Disease Literally means not at ease Condition in which body fails to function normally Define Disease 9. Pathology Pathophysiology The Language of Disease The study of disease characteristics including cause and effect The science that investigates abnormal body function 10. Etiology Nosocomial Epidemiology Communicable Contagious The Language of Disease The cause of illness and disease Acquired in medical facility The study of transmission, frequency occurrence and distribution of disease Spread person to person, animal to person, insect to person Readily or easily transmitted 11. Center for Disease Control Keeps track of diseases worldwide Began 60 years ago The Language of Disease 12. Endemic- continually present in population Epidemic- occurs suddenly and in large numbers in one region Pandemic- spreads country or worldwide The Language of Disease 13. What infectious disease was one of two to be eradicated world wide in 1979 through vaccination campaigns? A. Chicken Pox B. Small Pox C. Whooping Cough D. Herpes Simplex The P.A./Instructor asks: 14. Complete the 8 questions for Section 1-1 Test Your Knowledge 15. Word Root Prefix Prefix Word Root Suffix Suffix Medical Terminology + + 16. abdomin o plasty Combining Forms Word Root Vowel Suffix Adding a vowel to the word root makes easier to say 17. Write down as many ologists as you can think of in two minutes. Hint: Think of all of the different doctors who are specialists that you or your family have been to over the years. The Language of A&P 18. Review of medical terminology- Using the flash cards to test your partner. Find the word root and the prefix and/or suffix The Language of A&P 19. Complete the 11 questions for Section 1-2 Test Your Knowledge 20. Medical Terminology Written language Health professionals Metric System Mathematical language Health Professionals The Language of A&P 21. Metric Intl System of Units Power of ten English U.S Customary System Inconsistent units Metric System vs English 22. Metric Centimeters, milliliters, kilometers, kilograms Used all around the world and U.S. health professionals English Inches, pounds, miles and gallons Used mainly in United States Metric System vs English 23. Anabolism Catabolism Metabolism Negative feedback loop Positive feedback loop Homeostasis A&P Disease Concepts 24. Building phase Simple compounds built up for growth, repair and reproduction Anabolism Breakdown phase Complex substances broken down into simpler substances Catabolism Anabolism vs. Catabolism 25. A state of being that utilizes physiological process to MONITOR and MAINTAIN a stable internal environment What is Homeostasis? 26. The reaction of system to stimulus is to do the opposite E.g. The body reacts to fevers & if its too hot, system cools Negative feedback loop Increases the magnitude of change away from ideal set point E.g. Contraction of uterus from increasing oxytocin levels until baby is born Positive feedback loop Homeostasis 27. Explain how the body brings the body temperature back to normal if it gets too cold? The P.A./Instructor asks: By shivering, the muscles of the body contract rapidly and involuntarily, generating heat 28. Signs Objective Measurable Symptoms Subjective Perceived by patient Assessment of Disease 29. Blood pressure Pulse Respirations Temperature Vital Signs 30. Pain Tachycardia Itching Hypotension Blurred vision Sign or Symptoms? SIGN SYMPTOM 31. Grouping of signs and symptoms relating to a specific disease What is a syndrome? Marfans Syndrome Metabolic Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Downs Syndrome 32. Chief complaint: Why is the patient here? Were symptoms sudden or gradual? History of present illness Ask open ended questions Let patient explain how they feel Medical History Including previous hospitalizations and surgeries Disease Concepts: Diagnosis Diagnosis means know through completely 33. Disease Factors Disease starts with an imbalance in the body Stress & Inactivity Immune system dysfunction Delayed healing Poor diet 34. Prognosis Remission Relapses Exacerbation More Disease Concepts Once a disease process is identified, we can predict an outcome and monitor for disappearance or recurrence of signs/symptoms as well as acute flare ups. 35. Terminal Mortality Morbidity More Disease Concepts Disease processes may lead to death or disability and cases are recorded and studied later 36. Complete the 3 questions for Section 1-3 Test Your Knowledge 37. TAKE A BREAK FIVE MINUTES 38. Any disease producing microorganism. Some are pathogenic ONLY when they enter PORTALS OF ENTRY or grow in uncontrolled manner. What is a pathogen? 39. Portals of Entry Openings in the body where pathogens can enter 40. Chemicals Temperature Radiation Allergens Foreign substance Injury Trauma Bacteria Virus Skin Immune response Allergic Inflam- mation Bodys Defense System 41. Redness Heat Swelling Pain Signs of Inflammation 42. Vector Contact-direct or indirect Common Vehicle Airborne Disease Process- Pathogens Disease producing organisms that enter the body are called pathogenic and have FOUR main routes of transmission 43. Insect Animal Vector Transmission Vector Insects can carry malaria and animals like birds can carry flu virus 44. Biological Mechanical Vector Transmission Vector Pathogen lives in animal or insect Pathogen present on surface of animal or insect 45. Direct Indirect Contact Transmission Contact Contact can be with infected tissue or waste or contaminated material 46. Blood products IV tubing Food Common Vehicle Transmission Common Vehicle- contaminated 47. Respiratory droplets Air droplets from equipment AirborneTransmission Airborne 48. Source Transport Entry Standard Precautions Assume that everyone is carrying a communicable disease and break the chain of infection to stop the spread of infectious disease. 49. Gloves Masks Goggles Face shields PLUS: Prevention of Needle Sticks Standard Precautions- PPE 50. What is the single most important practice to reduce the spread of (transmission) of infectious agents in a health care setting (or anywhere)? The P.A./Instructor Asks: A. Wearing Gloves B. Wiping counter tops clean C. Hand hygiene D.Wearing a white coat 51. Complete the 2 questions for Section 1-4 and Discuss the Case study Test Your Knowledge 52. Chapter Two 53. Stand Erect Feet Together Arms at the side Palms Up Reading the Map of Human Body 54. Body Positions Supine Lateral Prone 55. Trendelenburg Originally used to position the pelvic organs correctly during surgery by Frederick Trendelenburg, then used to help raise blood pressure in patients going into shock 56. NOW ONLY RECOMMEDED: Current Recommendations The Trendelenburg position is clinically useful for: *Insertion or removal of central venous catheters *Certain spinal anesthetic techniques The Trendelenburg position is probably not indicated or may have harmful effects in: *Resuscitation of patients who are hypotensive *Patients in whom mechanical ventilation is difficult, or patients with decreased vital capacity *Patients who have increased intracranial pressure *Patients who have cerebral edema *Patients who have increased intraocular pressure *Patients with ischemia of the lower limbs 57. 45-60 degree head elevation Fowler Position Can be used to relax tension of the abdominal muscles, allowing for improved breathing in immobile patients as it alleviates compression of the chest due to gravity, and to increase comfort during eating and other activities. 58. Disease Concepts Body position can affect a patients signs (observable) and symptoms (what a patient feels). Jugular Venous Distension Orthostatic hypotension Orthopnea SIGN SYMPTOM 59. Complete the 4 questions for Section 2-1 Test Your Knowledge 60. A plane, when referring to directions, is an imaginary line drawn through an object; in this case the HUMAN BODY Body Planes/Directions 61. THREE BODY PLANES Transverse , Sagittal and Frontal 62. Same as horizontal or cross section and divides the body into TOP AND BOTTOM (superior and inferior) TRANSVERSE 63. Cranial-head/skull Caudal-tail Directions: Top to Bottom 64. SAGITTAL Divides the body into RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES If each side is equal, it is a mid-sagittalcut 65. Medial Medial Medial Direction MEDIAL means toward the MIDLINE of the body from either the left or right side of the body 66. Lateral Lateral Lateral Direction LATERAL means away from or LEAVING the midline of the body to the left or right 67. FRONTAL Divides the body BACK and FRONT Posterior Dorsal Back Anterior Ventral Front 68. Superficial Superficial Superficial Direction Close to the Surface of ANY PART OF THE BODY 69. Deep Deep Deep Direction Away from the surface of ANY PART OF THE BODY 70. Proximal Proximal Proximal Direction Near a point of reference or origin of the body 71. Distal Distal Distal Direction Away from ANY point of reference in the body 72. Internal External External External External External vs Internal INSIDE VS. OUTSIDE 73. Center of Body Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Peripheral Central vs Peripheral CENTER VS. OUTER REGIONS Outer regions Outer regions Outer regions Outer regions 74. Central Part of Body Head and Torso *Vital Organs for Survival 75. Peripheral Part of Body Arms and Legs or extremities *Non-vital to survival 76. Which condition can contribute to the formation of a blood clot that starts in the leg (DVT) and can go to the lung? A. Varicose Veins B. Use of blood thinners C. Venous stasis D. Use of TED hose (support stockings) The P.A./Instructor asks: 77. Complete the 10 questions for Section 2-2 Test Your Knowledge 78. TAKE A BREAK FIVE MINUTES 79. Body Cavities Body cavities divided between front and back by SPINAL VERTEBRAE 80. FRONT Body Cavities Anterior means FRONT, Posterior means BACK or behind, in reference to SPINE 81. FRONT Body Cavities Ventral also means FRONT, Dorsal also means BACK or behind, in reference to SPINE 82. FRONT Body Cavities Anterior Thoracic Anterior Abdominopelvic 83. What large muscle divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? A. Psoas B. Biceps C. Gluteus maximus D. Diaphragm The P.A./Instructor asks: 84. FRONT Body Cavities Thoracic Cavity Contains: Heart Lungs Large Vessels-Aorta, Superior Vena Cava 85. FRONT Body Cavities Heart has its own cavity called the PERIDCARDIAL Cavity or SAC 86. FRONT Body Cavities Abdominal Cavity Contains: Stomach Intestines Liver, Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen 87. FRONT Body Cavities Pelvic Cavity Contains: Bladder Reproductive Organs End of Large Intestine 88. Dividing Front & Back The spine is CENTRALLY located with 30 vertebrae and divides the anterior and posterior cavities 89. Dividing Front & Back There are SEVEN Cervical vertebrae like SEVEN days in a week 90. Dividing Front & Back There are TWELVE Thoracic vertebrae like TWELVE months in a year 91. Dividing Front & Back There are FIVE Lumbar vertebrae like FIVE fingers on a hand 92. Dividing Front & Back There are FIVE Fused SACRAL vertebrae like FIVE fingers on a hand 93. Dividing Front & Back There is ONE COCCYX or TAIL at the end of the spine 94. BACK Body Cavities Posterior Spinal Posterior Cranial 95. BACK Body Cavities Spinal Cavity Contains: Spinal Cord 96. BACK Body Cavities Cranial Cavity Contains: Brain 97. Complete the 6 questions for Section 2-3 Test Your Knowledge 98. BODY REGIONS NINE REGIONS OF THE BODY 1. Right Hypochondriac 2. Epigastric 3. Left Hypochondriac 4. Right Lumbar 5. Umbilical 6. Left Lumbar 7. Right Iliac 8. Hypogastric 9. Left Iliac 99. BODY REGIONS- Quadrants Easier to describe a patients symptoms by using quadrants as a way to identify a body region 100. BODY REGIONS Anterior and Posterior Body Regions* *Page 35 and 36 101. Which type of hernia is most common in newborn babies after cutting the cord? A. Umbilical B. Femoral C. Inguinal D. Ventral The P.A./Instructor asks: 102. Complete the 5 questions for Section 2-4 Test Your Knowledge 103. Radiology-Viewing the Body 104. Air-Least Dense DARK Tissue/Fat DARK OR LIGHT Water- MID RANGE Bone/Metal LIGHT Radiology-Viewing the Body 105. PA posterior to anterior PA back to front Distance 6 feet from machine to film Radiology-Viewing the Body 106. AP anterior to posterior PA front to back Distance 4 feet from machine to film Used in hospitals-patient in bed Radiology-Viewing the Body 107. Radiology-Viewing the Body Focused Beam that circles the body Thin slices for greater detail 108. CT SCAN Allows for 3 dimensional view, like a loaf of sliced bread gives better idea of total shape of loaf 109. Radiology-Viewing the Body Magnetic energy to create cross section imagesPatient cannot move or have metal objects in their body 110. Radiology-Viewing the Body Sound waves that allow you to view body parts in real time No radiation involved 111. On page 39 in your book, what is wrong with the description of the xray on the left? The P.A./Instructor asks: The label identifies it as showing typical joint changes associated with osteoarthritis. It is actually an xray of a patient who has had a TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENT 112. Review case study and Complete the Review Questions on page 41 and 42 Test Your Knowledge 113. Lets watch the videos of the bones of the skull Bones of Skull http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcdEwPkfyvs Use your handouts and label the parts 114. Bones of the Spine-on the Quiz 115. Chapter 3 116. Biochemistry of Life Vital and with interactions between molecules 117. Tissue Atoms Elements Molecules Cells Biochemistry of Life Phyisiology is how Chemistry relates to a living organism 118. Power of TEN Watch animation on website www.scaleofuniverse.com Making whats seemingly invisible and only in our imagination, visible and REAL 119. Element Fe Fe Fe Fe Atoms, Elements & Ions Smallest unit of matter that retains unique chemical properties Fe =Iron 120. Molecules Two or more elements joined together O=Oxygen O O O O O O Oxygen in the air is two elements joined together 121. Compounds Molecules with more than one element H=Hydrogen O=Oxygen O H H H O O A carbohydrate is a combination of three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen C C C C=Carbon 122. Protons Electrons Neutrons Parts of the Atom Smallest recognizable unit of an element 123. Atoms, Elements & Ions Elements are listed in periodic table based on number of protons *abbreviated with 1 or 2 letters 124. What important trace element found in seafood is necessary for the activity of the thyroid? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Manganese B.Copper C.Zinc D.Iodine 125. Protons Electrons Parts of the Atom Number of PROTONS is equal to ELECTRONS = 126. Protons Electrons Protons & Electrons =+ _ Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged 127. Protons Electrons Ions-Electric Charge _ + _ Atoms that lose an electron are positively charged IONS 128. Protons ElectronElectron Ions-Electric Charge - - Atoms that gain an electron are negatively charged IONS + 129. Protons ElectronElectron Polar Ion with Charge - - Polarity refers to atoms with an electric charge either negative + 130. Protons Electrons Polar Ion with Charge _ + _ OR positively charged 131. POSITIVE NEGATIVE Ions with a Charge OPPOSITES ATTRACT!!!!! Positive ions attracted to negative ions 132. Positive Positive Ions with a Charge SIMILARS REPEL!!!!! Positive ions repelled by positive ions 133. Charged Ions found in the body, influence muscles, nervous systems and fluid balance ELECTROLYTES Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ K+ Na+ Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Magnesium, Phosphate 134. What organ in the body is responsible for regulating the electrolyte balance? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Heart B.Liver C.Pancreas D.Kidney 135. ACIDS AND BASES Electrolytes (Ions) that can conduct electricity and break down water into its separate parts 136. ACIDS Release hydrogen H+ ions when dissolved in water 137. BASES Accept hydrogen H+ ions when dissolved in water 138. Acid Base Concentration pH stands for potential of hydrogen to be attracted to OH- 139. Acid Base Concentration The lower the number, the less OH- ions and the more there is H+ ions available to be released 140. Regulating Acid/Bases O2 CO2 Respiratory system takes in O2 and gets rid of excess CO2 which is a weak acid with kidneys excreting excess acids in the body 141. TAKE A BREAK FIVE MINUTES 142. BONDING 143. Joining of elements Covalent Ionic Chemical Bonding Molecules are formed by joining elements 144. Covalent Bonding Electron Electron Joining Elements to form Molecules by Sharing of Electrons . . 145. Ionic Bonding Joining Elements to form Molecules by one atom Donating Electrons to another 146. Polar Covalent Electron Electron One atom takes more than its share of electrons, creating a weak charge . -.+ XX 147. Ionic Polar Covalent Covalent Comparing Bonds Highly charged Weakly charged Not charged 148. WATER IS LIFE 149. WE ARE WATER Water is a polar solvent with polar covalent bonds with a slight charge 150. WATER is H20 Oxygen takes more of its share of electrons than hydrogen and carries a weak charge that attracts other charged molecules - + + 151. MIXES EASILY with H2O Charged molecules like oxygen, phosphorus and nitrogen are attracted to one end or another of H20 - + + 152. DOES NOT MIX EASILY with H2O Molecules that do not carry a charge will not mix easily with H2O like Fats and Oils - + + 153. CELL MEMBRANES Hydrophobic fat layer on the outside of cell membrane regulates movement in and out of the cell. 154. HYDROGEN BONDS Hydrogen bonds between H20 are weak and increase waters capacity to store heat meaning water can heat up and cool down slower than air - + + 155. Why does someone who does not sweat become easily overheated? The P.A./Instructor asks: Because moisture (water) on the skin allows it to heat up more slowly than dry skin and keeps it at a more normal temperature longer. 156. SOLUTIONS Dissolving one substance in another Solute Solvent Solution Solute-substance that is dissolved Solvent substance doing the dissolving 157. SOLUTIONS Dissolving one substance in another Electro lytes Water Solution Solute-substance that is dissolved Solvent substance doing the dissolving 158. Solutions at Home Mix cup of sugar with 1 cup of H20 and heat until solute is dissolved in solvent 159. Solute Concentration Amount of solute dissolved in solvent Solute cup Solvent 1 cup Solution Solute is sugar Solvent is water 160. Complete the 5 questions in Section 3-1 Test Your Knowledge 161. BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES Found in living systems 162. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 163. Carbohydrates Used for energy and structural molecules 164. Monosaccharides Simple sugars 165. Disaccharides Disaccharides are two simple sugars + 166. Polysaccharides Stored energy in liver 167. LIPIDS Mainly carbon and hydrogen and very little oxygen 168. LIPIDS Fats and oils contain glycerol used for energy storage, communication and protection 169. WAXES Fatty acid with alcohol. The most hydrophobic for protection 170. PHOSPHOLIPIDS Two fatty acid tails and phosphate head and key ingredient in cell membranes 171. STEROIDS Lipids with carbon atoms arranged in rings for structure or communication between cells 172. TAKE A BREAK FIVE MINUTES 173. PROTEINS Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen A special linkage unique to proteins called the PEPTIDE BOND ties the amino acids together 174. VERSATILE PROTEINS Collagens Enzymes Muscle proteins Antibodies Hormones 175. PROTEINS Cytosine Guanine Adenosine Thymine The structure of a protein is determined by order of amino acids 176. NUCLEIC ACIDS ibo cid ucleic Controls the activities of cells and contains your genetic code responsible for cellular reproduction 177. NUCLEIC ACIDS eoxyribo cid ucleic Controls the activities of cells and contains your genetic code responsible for cellular reproduction 178. Complete the 5 questions in Section 3-2 Test Your Knowledge 179. METABOLISM 180. All chemical operations in the body Anabolism Catabolism METABOLISM 181. All chemical operations in the body Nutrients to Fuel the body Produces Waste METABOLISM 182. Metabolism Anabolism Dehydration Build up Catabolism BreakdownHydrolysis METABOLISM 183. Anabolism Simple compounds built for growth, repair and reproduction Dehydration removes H20 to form large molecules Catabolism Complex substances broken down Hydrolysis adds H20 to break up large molecules Anabolism vs Catabolism 184. What common condition in patients slows the metabolism causing weight gain? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Diabetes B.Hypertension C.Hypothyroidism D.Arthritis 185. ENZYMES 186. ENZYMES 187. Enzymes to the Rescue Chemical reactions in cells are TOO SLOW and need help so they can use the materials 188. ENZYMES Enzymes are unchanged by the chemical reaction 189. ENZYMES Protein molecules with special binding sites Molecules that need help in a chemical reaction 190. ENZYMES Enzymes are matched to SPECIFIC substrate 191. ENZYMES Substrates compete for binding sites until all are filled 192. Ride the ENZYME Biological molecules bind to enzymes and are carried like riders in a roller coaster. Enzymes return for more molecules/passengers when reaction/ride is complete 193. You Cant Ride the ENZYME Enzymes can also prevent the substrate molecule from binding/riding the roller coaster 194. CELL ENERGY & ATP We all need food for energy, but HOW DOES IT GET TO THE CELLS? 195. Cellular Respiration Glucose Oxygen ATP Inside the mitochondria, glucose is combined with O2 and made into high energy molecule 196. ATP-Stored Energy denosine ri hosphate Made up of a base, a sugar and three tri phosphate groups held by HIGH ENERGY BONDS 197. ADP-Released Energy denosine i hosphate When bonds are broken, energy is released and molecule becomes diand is ready to pick up another phosphate 198. Complete the 4 questions in Section 3-3, Case Study and Review Questions Test Your Knowledge 199. Oct 3, 2013 Exam on Chapters 1-3 Go to myhealthprofessionskit.com Most of the test questions will come from worksheets and the website: multiple choice, fill in the blank, true or false, matching and short essay Test Your Knowledge 200. Chapter 4 The Cells Each structure of the body is made up of building blocks called THE CELLS 201. Chapter 4 The Cells Each cell has its own component parts cytoplasm nucleolus ribosome Cell membrane mitochondria nucleus centrosomes endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus 202. Specialized Cells Organs Organ System Organelles Cells Chapter 4 The Cells Human 203. All of the following organs are part of the gastrointestinal system except? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Kidney B.Gallbladder C. Colon D.Esophagus 204. Cells contain chemicals and structures and make up ALL LIVING THINGS CELLS of LIFE 205. MICROSCOPIC CELLS Our body is made up almost entirely of microscopic cells and cannot be seen with the naked eye. The nerve cell is the largest and can be TWO FEET LONG 206. MICROSCOPIC CELLS Cells come in various shapes and sizes Flat Round Threadlike Irregular 207. Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids Review: BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES 208. Cell Structure Almost all cells possess a nucleus, organelles, cytoplasm and a cell membrane each with a special purpose cytoplasm nucleolus ribosome cell membrane mitochondria nucleus Golgi apparatus endoplasmic reticulum 209. Cell Membrane Surrounds the cytoplasm as a protective covering with a defined border and definite shape 210. Selectively Permeable Allows materials in and out of the cell and decide specifically which things are not allowed 211. Specialized Structures Contains specialized structures: channels, tunnels or carriers 212. Identification Markers Markers on the cell membrane identify the cell as belonging to specific individual and set off an attack of foreign cells 213. Cell Membrane Transport Methods 214. Passive Across the membrane No energy Active Across the membrane Requires energy Transport Methods 215. Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Facilitated Diffusion PASSIVE TRANSPORT 216. Diffusion Higher Concentration to lower concentration 217. Concentration Gradient Higher Concentration minus lower concentration 218. Concentration Gradient Nature likes a nice equal balance The water assumes same color & flavor as the powder Traffic moves when concentration of cars decreases 219. Diffusion Diffusion is necessary for O2 to go from lungs to blood and for CO2 to go from blood to lungs and out into the air 220. What specialized cell in the blood carries oxygen to the cells of the body as well as carry carbon dioxide out of body? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.White Blood Cells B. Alveoli C. Platelets D.Red Blood Cells 221. Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Facilitated Diffusion PASSIVE TRANSPORT 222. Osmosis A solute, like sugar, cannot pass through membrane, but water goes from low to higher concentration of the SOLUTE 223. Osmosis H20 travels through semipermeable membrane until SOLUTE concentrations are equalized 224. Diffusion Substance moves from High to low concentration through cell membrane Osmosis Water alone moves from low to high solute concentration through semi-permeable membrane Diffusion vs. Osmosis 225. OSMOTIC PRESSURE Ability of a substance to pull H20 toward area of high concentration of the solute 226. Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Facilitated Diffusion PASSIVE TRANSPORT 227. FILTRATION Pressure is exerted to force H20 and its dissolved material across the membrane 228. FILTRATION-Kidneys Major supplier of force is the pumping of heart which forces blood into the kidney where filtration takes place 229. Diffusion Osmosis Filtration Facilitated Diffusion PASSIVE TRANSPORT 230. FACILITATED DIFFUSION A substance is helped across the membrane on a carrier protein 231. FACILITATED DIFFUSION The protein is specific for each substance and is available to carry it through the membrane 232. Complete the 7 questions in Section 4-1 And briefly explain one of the two diseases, Cystic Fibrosis or Diabetes as it relates to passive transport Test Your Knowledge 233. TAKE A BREAK FIVE MINUTES 234. Passive Across the membrane No energy Active Across the membrane Requires energy Transport Methods 235. Active Transport Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis ACTIVE TRANSPORT 236. Active Transport Pumps Uses a protein carrier with energy from ATP to move a substance as it moves UP the gradient 237. Active Transport Pumps Na+ and ATP used in active transport pump needed to transmit a nerve impulse 238. Active Transport Pumps Endocytosis Exocytosis ACTIVE TRANSPORT 239. Endo Used for intake Phago or pinocytosis Exo Exit out of the cell Uses ATP for energy Endo vs Exocytosis 240. ENDOCYTOSIS Used for intake of LIQUID AND FOOD when substance is too large to diffuse across membrane 241. ENDOCYTOSIS Cell membrane surrounds substance forming a vesicle and becomes separate from original membrane 242. PHAGOCYTOSIS Solid particle engulfed in a cell 243. PINOCYTOSIS Liquid substance engulfed in a cell 244. EXOCYTOSIS Happens when cell needs to transport substances out of itself. After substance made, it is surrounded by vesicle and moves to cell membrane, where it is expelled 245. Endo vs. exocytosis Intake of liquid and food versus transport of substances out of the cell 246. Complete the 3 questions in Section 4-2 And briefly explain familial hypercholesterolemia Test Your Knowledge 247. Cell Structure cytoplasm nucleolus ribosome Cell membrane mitochondria nucleus endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus centrosomes 248. CYTOPLASM A watery solution of organic and inorganic chemicals ENCLOSED in the cell membrane 249. Nucleus & Nucleolus Nucleus is control center of cell with chromatin that contains DNA which can form chromosomes containing genes that create new cells 250. Nucleus & Nucleolus The DNA material inside the genes is what determines inherited characteristics 251. Nucleolus Nucleolus is inside the nucleus and its main function is to synthesize RNA that forms ribosomes 252. Ribosome Found on the endoplasmic reticulum or in cytoplasm and is the site where enzymes and proteins are made for cell repair & reproduction 253. Centrosome Specialized regions of cell designed to build new cell structures to replace old. 254. Centrosome The tubular centrioles inside the centrosome come in pairs and are involved in the division of the cell 255. Mitochondria Provide up to 95% of bodys energy for cellular repair, movement and reproduction 256. Mitochondria- Liver vs Sperm Cells with more activity need more mitochondria 257. Mitochondria Enzymes in mitochondria help take in O2 and use to produce energy in form of ATP which the cell uses 258. Endoplasmic Reticulum A series of channels formed from folded membranes, there are two kinds ROUGH and SMOOTH 259. Rough & Smooth ER Rough has ribosomes on its surface responsible for synthesis of protein. Smooth synthesizes lipids and steroids 260. Golgi Apparatus Receives protein from ER, processes and stores it by surrounding it with a vesicle, then it is expelled at cell membrane by EXOCYTOSIS 261. Golgi Apparatus Organs with high secretory function such as pancreatic cells and salivary glands contain high numbers of Golgi apparatus 262. Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes are proteins made in the Golgi apparatus and stay in the cell 263. Lysosomes Lysosomes are proteins made in the Golgi apparatus and contain enzymes to clean up debris & waste as well as aid in destroying unwanted bacteria by phagocytosis 264. Vesicles & Cytoskeleton A transport vesicle carries substance made by Golgi apparatus Made up of microtubules/filaments & give cell its shape 265. Flagella and Cilia Has a whipped shaped tail used for movement Short hair-like projections on outer cell creating wavelike movement 266. What common activity by humans can cause emphysema by destroying cilia in the lung? The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Drinking alcohol B.Chewing tobacco C. Eating chocolate D.Smoking cigarettes 267. Complete the 4 questions in Section 4-3 Test Your Knowledge 268. TAKE A BREAK FIVE MINUTES 269. Cellular Reproduction The process of making a new cell occurs in MITOSIS and cell division- one cell divides into two IDENTICAL cells in ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 270. Cellular Reproduction Cells of human body have several chromosomes in nucleus with DNA packages of chromatin 271. Cellular Reproduction Chromosomes carry instructions from cell on how to function and reproduce. All chromosomes are copied just before cell divides 272. Cellular Reproduction Cells divide by binary fission. There is NO nucleus or organelles. DNA copies itself & cytoplasm splits in half when cell divides 273. CELL CYCLE There are TWO PHASES of the cells life: INTERPHASE And MITOTIC PHASE 274. INTERPHASE 80-90% of time spent in INTERPHASE when cell is not dividing but functioning normally 275. MITOTIC PHASE Actual cell dividing during MITOSIS when genetic material is divided and CYTOKINESIS 276. MITOTIC PHASE MITOSIS occurs in your body any time your cells need to be replaced during REPAIR & REGENERATION and GROWTH and LENGTHENING 277. FOUR PHASES Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telephase 278. PROPHASE The nucleus disappears, chromosomes visible and centrioles move to the sides of the cell. Guide wire spindles form to anchor chromosomes 279. METAPHASE The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell 280. ANAPHASE The chromosomes split and the spindles pull them apart 281. TELEPHASE The chromosomes go to the far end of the cell, the spindle disappears and the nuclei reappear 282. CYTOKINESIS The cell divides in half and the mother cell has now formed into two identical daughter cells 283. An example of mitosis in your body includes all of these things except: The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Healing of laceration B.Growing an inch in childhood C. Larger biceps w/exercise D.Ovum produced for ovulation 284. Sexual Reproduction Meiosis occurs when four cells are produced from one, each having only HALF the genetic material and so are NOT IDENTICAL to the mother cell 285. Sexual Reproduction The sperm and egg are joined during fertilization and allow the reproduction of the human being 286. Complete the 4 questions in Section 4-4 Test Your Knowledge 287. MICROORGANISMS Bacteria * Virus * Fungi Protozoa 288. MICROORGANISMS Bacteria produce disease and can either be a pathogen or NORMAL FLORA Normal flora are found in mouth, vagina and intestines including this E.coli 289. MICROORGANISMS Viruses (Latin for poison)are particles that have core containing genetic material DNA or RNA,covered by protein coat CAPSID Must take over cellular activities as it cannot grow or reproduce by itself 290. MICROORGANISMS Fungi are one celled or multi- celled filaments called mycelia that travel outside of the cell or by release of spores Yeast, aspergillus, candidiasis and cryptococcus 291. MICROORGANISMS Protozoa are one celled organisms found in ponds and soil with diseases caused by drinking contaminated H20 or by being bitten by an insect carrying them Mosquitoes living in contaminated H20 carry malaria 292. MICROORGANISMS Cause Disease-Pathogens Bacteria * Virus * Fungi Protozoa 293. MICROORGANISMS Cause Disease-Bacteria Bacteria release toxins * Bacteria destroy tissue, blood cells, inhibit ribosome * Bacteria increase BP, blood clotting, fluid in lungs and cause paralysis Bacteria cause fever, tachycardia, SOB Antibiotics kill the prokaryotic without harming eurkaryotic cell 294. MICROORGANISMS Cause Disease-Virus Viruses shut down a cell * Viruses destroy cells & trigger other infections * Viruses cause fever, aches, fatigue and immune system can destroy most of them Antibiotics do not kill viruses. Antivirals can adversely affect host cells Viruses contain either DNA or RNA in their core 295. MICROORGANISMS Cause Disease-Fungi Fungi are inhaled or ingested or in open wounds * Fungi are resistant to environmental changes * Fungi are opportunistic in immune compromised Difficult to treat as drugs are highly toxic Fungal infections of skin are common 296. MICROORGANISMS Cause Disease-Protozoa Protozoa cause disease by ingesting H20 * Protozoa are parasites living in human cell * Most cause serious chronic disease including malaria Some are mild diseases like Giardia in water 297. Because of its overuse early on, this antibiotic is no longer as effective against bacterial infections: The P.A./Instructor asks: A.Penicillin B.Doxycycline C.Sulfa D.Erythromycin 298. Chapter 4 Case Study and Review Questions Test Your Knowledge 299. KETOACIDOSIS