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TRANSCRIPT
Sustaianble Tourism &
Nature Conservation
Mikael Backman
Rhodes Tourism Forum
November 10-11, 2006
The Convetion on Biologigal
Diversity (CBD)
Guidelines on Biodiversity and Tourism Development
Aim:• Make tourism & biodiversity mutually supportive;• engage private sector & local communities; and • promote infrastructure & land-use planning
on• the principles of conservation & sustainability
Guidelines on Biodiversity and
Tourism Development
”To be sustainable, tourism development in any destination requires coordinated policy-making, development planning and management”
Ten steps to follow:
• Baseline information and review;• Vision and goals;• Objectives;• Review of legislation and control measures;• Impact assessment;• Impact management and mitigation;• Decision-making;• Implementation:• Monitoring and reporting;• Adaptive management.
Travel and Tourism
• Currently the biggest industry in the world• 700 million international travelers yearly
The largest migration in mankind – every year!
Tourism will double the next
20 years
Source: World Tourism Organization, 2001
Yes, tourism can contribute to
environmental protection!
By:• Generating government revenues • Supporting conservation and
protection initiatives• Raising environmental awareness
However, there are lots of
environmental impacts to
address…
• Loss of biodiversity • Ecosystem degradation • Depletion of natural resources• Pollution, waste & littering • Contribution to climate change • Physical impacts from construction &
deforestation
Yes,tourism creates economic
growth & employment!
….mostly indirectly, through its boosting effect on other economic sectors.
0,00
1 000,00
2 000,00
3 000,00
4 000,00
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2010
Travel & Tourism Economy GDP
(1996-2010)
Indirect impact from tourism's supporting activities
Impact of T&T Industry
050 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000300 000
Thousands of
Jobs
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2010
Travel & Tourism Employment
(1996-2010)
Indirect impact from tourism's supporting activities
Impact of T&T Industry
However, there are costs …
– Tourism demand & infrastructure investment grow faster than local industries capacity to supply
– Economic leakages through foreign ownership, international tour operators, and imports of tourism products
– From US$ 100 spent in a developing country stays only US$ 5! (UNEP)
– High costs for infrastructure development– Increased prices for locals
Yes, tourism can engage local
communities
• Contributes to job creation and improvement of life standards
• Educates and raises awareness of local communities on local values
• Enhance local pride & identity• Contributes to understanding between
religions & people of differend cultures
• Crime generation & drug introduction• Child labor• Prostitution and sex tourism• Loss of cultures and traditions• Social disruption• Cultural clashes
However, social impacts are
probably the most shocking!
As a result….There is a rise and fall in locals’ acceptance of tourism!
Stages Characteristics Symptoms Stage 1 EUPHORIA visitors welcomed, little formal development Stage 2 APATHY visitors taken for granted, contacts become
commercial and superficial Stage 3 IRRITATION locals concerned about tourism, efforts made
to improve infrastructure Stage 4 ANTAGONISM open hostility from locals, attempts to limit
damages and tourism flows
..and a rise and fall for tourism
destinations!
And tourism will double the next
20 years …
What about the impacts ???
Response: Sustainable Tourism
Any form of tourism development which respects the environment, ensures long-term conservation of
historical and cultural resources, and is socially and economically acceptable and equitable.
Tourism industry
Env.supporters
Local community
Sustainable tourism
development
Economical Ecological
Socio-cultural
Principles of sustaianble
tourism
• Utilize resources in a sustainable way• Reduce overconsumption and pollution• Maintain biodiversity• Integrate tourism in local and national
planning• Benefit local economies
...and more
• Cooperate with local populations• Consult with all interest groups and
stakeholders• Educate staff• Market the tourism in a responsible way• Execute and make follow up on surveys
Source: WWF
Mass tourism vs. Eco-tourism
• Mass tourism – ”consume” tourist places, but concentrated impacts can be managed easier
• Eco-tourism – small numbers create manageable impacts, but can also affect sensitive natural or cultural valuables and pave the way for mass tourism
Mass tourism must adopt ecoMass tourism must adopt ecoMass tourism must adopt ecoMass tourism must adopt eco----tourism principles!tourism principles!tourism principles!tourism principles!
Complex array of stakeholders –
who is responsible?
Sustainable Tourism
The Host Community
•Those directly or indirectly employed in
tourism,•Local business people
Governmental Org.•Supra-governmental
(EU)•National
•Regional councils•Local authorities
Tourism Industry•Tour operators
•Transport operators•Hospitality sector
•Retail travel•Entertainment facilities
Voluntary sector•NGOs
•Trusts and environmental charities
Pressure Groups•Environmental
•Wildlife•Human rights•Workers rights
Tourists•Mass market
•Niche markets (Ecotourists, religious tourists, agro-tourists)
Experts•Commercial consultants•Academics
Media•Specialised on travel
•News•Thematic media (National
Geographics)
Trends affecting progress
• Traveling patterns are changing• The emergence of a “new tourist”
• “Business as usual” is not good enough
• Industry needs differentiation
• Impacts of tourism are not acceptable anymore
• Destinations reject current forms of tourism
The DestinationThe Destination
The IndustryThe Industry
The TouristThe Tourist
The TouristThe Tourist
A “new tourist” is emerging
• Full of knowledge Full of knowledge Full of knowledge Full of knowledge • In search for memorable experiencesIn search for memorable experiencesIn search for memorable experiencesIn search for memorable experiences• The 50+ is growing fastThe 50+ is growing fastThe 50+ is growing fastThe 50+ is growing fast (“old and gold”)• Selfish Selfish Selfish Selfish
I’ve worked my entire life, my kids have everything, now is time for ME to enjoy life!
• Changing values in holiday selection!Changing values in holiday selection!Changing values in holiday selection!Changing values in holiday selection!Cost falls on the 3rd place!
• ““““The new touristThe new touristThe new touristThe new tourist”””” is not always new, the is not always new, the is not always new, the is not always new, the once young and restless tourist grow olderonce young and restless tourist grow olderonce young and restless tourist grow olderonce young and restless tourist grow older
What satisfies “the new tourists”?
• Clean environment • High quality services• Unique & authentic products• Other cultures & local identity • Memorable experiences & intellectual
activities• Value for time & value for money
The IndustryThe Industry
What used to be…
• Mass tourism dominated by 10 large tour operators;
• disconnected from local reality;• with commitments to sustainability as nice
statements; and• fighting on price
will change to…
• individual destinations capitalizing on industry's
possibility to innovate and differentiate
Innovation and differentiation...
• A fast growing market for thematic products:- Culture tourism - Agro-tourism- Nature tourism- Health tourism- Adventure tourism- Etc.
The DestinationThe Destination
Destination trends
• Access to destinations constantly improving
• Product & service diversification
• Experience & knowledge development
• Public-private partnerships
• Environmental awareness & innovation
• Competition
Enough is Enough!
move away from mass tourism & “McDonaldization”
Destinationsprotecting
nature&culture, promoting local
identity and seeking
individual recognition
Customersdemanding
clean environment, high quality services &
unique experiences
Industry
looking for innovation and
differentiation in partnership with local community and public sector
Conservation of resources for
regional sustainability
Plugging Economic Leaks
Applying Sustainable Tourism Principles
In sum - What used to be..
an industry that:• Exploits local people and their natural &
cultural assets for short term profits• Leads to environmental & cultural
degradation and social disruption• Eventually kills itself
...has to become...
an industry that contribute to:• Economic sustainability• Biological diversity• Nature conservation • Protection of culural heritage• Understanding between people• Peace on Earth
…. thank you for listening