sustainability overview of world fisheries used for...

San Diego, February, 2009

Sustainability overview of world fisheriesused for reduction purposes

by the

Sustainable Fisheries Partnershipbased on Information from FishSource.org

Sustainable Fisheries Partnership

• Aquaculture uses 57% of the global production of fish meal and90% of the global production of fish oil for aquaculture feeds.

• Global aquaculture production is increasing at 5-10% per annum.

• Although the use of alternative non-marine feed sources (e.g.biofeeds) is increasing, this growth may not match the overallincrease in aquaculture production.

• The sustainability of sources of feed is therefore key tosustainable aquaculture.

The issue

2

Sustainability overview of world fisheries used for reduction purposesSan Diego, February, 2009


• More than 50% of thetotal catch of fisheriesused for reductionpurposes (estimatedaround 16.3 million t)currently comes fromthe South AmericanSoutheast Pacific.

• The Northeast Atlanticcontributes over 25% ofthe total catch.

Global sources

3



• Small pelagic species comprised the bulk of the total catch in 2007;among the fisheries targeting these species, Peruvian anchovycontributes about 36%, and Japanese anchovy and Blue whitingboth 10%.

Global sources

4



Information availability

5


• 99% of the world'sfisheries used forreduction purposes arecovered on FishSource(by total production inweight)

• FishSource(www.fishsource.org)fishery profiles addressthe main principles offisheries sustainability:Management, StockStatus, andEnvironment andBiodiversity


Certified sources

6


• MSC – Marine Stewardship Council (http://www.msc.org): Buyers offishmeal and fish oil and derived products are increasingly seekingcertified sources of fish.

• North Sea herring (2.4% of global supply by weight, and ninth largestoverall) is already MSC certified.

• Norwegian spring spawning herring (7.8% of global supply by weight,and sixth largest overall)

• Proportions of the Pacific sardine and of the Iberian sardine fisheriesare currently undergoing MSC full assessment.


Management regimes

7


• SFP identifies nine classes of management regimes applied tofisheries used for reduction purposes. These systems range froma minimum of no management limits or targets at all, up to full-blown ecosystem-based management, where biomass limit andtarget levels are set to avoid unacceptable impacts on othermarine life

None Bpa (Blim )Fecundity-

basedBMSY

Ecosystem-

based

None 1 4 6 8

B20% or proxy

(B- / B-R-

based)

2 5 7 9

Blrp

Btrp

3


Management regimes

8


• Management regimes that fail to consider the food needs ofother marine life cannot confirm that they are having anacceptable impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functions.They are therefore unsustainable, in the wider sense of theword. However, they may succeed in sustaining long-term yieldsfrom the target fisheries.

• Ecosystem-based management is generally recognized by thefisheries science and management community as the mostappropriate and precautionary approach to manage fisheriesoccupying lower levels in the food chain.

• None of the world's major source fisheries for fishmeal and fishoil currently use ecosystem-based methodologies.

1

3

2

5

6

7

8

13

11

12

14

15

16

17

10 2019

18

21

22

23

24

25

4

9

Catch legend

(x 000’ t)

6,000

2,000

1,000

500

250

100

50

10

Legend of fisheries

1 Peruvian anchovy 8 Sprat (Baltic Sea) 15 Menhaden (US, Atlantic) 22 Herring (Canada, NAFO 4TVn - Autumn spawner)

2 Japanese anchovy 9 Herring (North Sea) 16 Herring (Icelandic Summer-spawning) 23 Horse mackerel (S stock, NE Atlantic)

3 Blue whiting (NE Atlantic) 10 Pacific sardine (US, Mexico, Canada) 17 Horse mackerel (W stock, NE Atlantic) 24 Norway pout

4 Chilean anchovy 11 Chilean sardine 18 Iberian sardine 25 Herring (Canada, NAFO 4TVn - Spring spawner)

5 Chilean jack mackerel 12 Sandeels (North Sea) 19 Herring (Canada, NAFO 4VWX) 26 Capelin (Barents Sea)

6 Herring (Norwegian Spring-spawning) 13 Chilean chub mackerel 20 Herring (US, Atlantic)

7 Menhaden (US, Gulf of Mexico) 14 Capelin (Icelandic) 21 Sprat (North Sea)

Type of management strategy

26

None Bpa (Blim)Fecundity-

basedBMSY

Ecosystem-

based

None 1 4 6 8

B20% or proxy

(B- / B-R-

based)

2 5 7 9

Blrp

Btrp

3


Management regimes

9



The status of fisheries

10


• The management system used by the most productive fishery inthe world – Peruvian anchovy – is reasonably effective given theextremely variable environment. However updated technicalreports and protocols to support management decisions areunavailable and the effects of the fishery on the ecosystemremain unknown.

• The Japanese anchovy is managed reasonably well in the 9-point scale with regard to the Japanese jurisdiction; yet themanagement system in place for the remaining proportion of thecatch (a majority in 2007) is unknown.

• The management for the third to sixth most important fisheriesrely on the lower half of SFP's 9-point scale devised toaccommodate the management regimes.


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• Biomass levels: The two largest fisheries in South America(Peruvian anchovy and Chilean anchovy – first and fourth mostimportant in the world) are above lower biomass limits yet no upperlimit exists; The two largest European fisheries (blue whiting andNorwegian Spring-spawning herring – third and sixth in the world)are currently at healthy levels.

• Harvest levels: [fishing mortality or harvest rate]: The currentfishing mortality for the two above-referred South Americanfisheries are, however, unknown, while blue whiting is beingharvested at risk, and NSS herring at sustainable levels.

• The 2007 catch for 18 of the 26 fisheries analyzed are below the2000-2007 levels, while the great majority of catch trends in theperiod were either downward (10 fisheries) or flat / no trend (12fisheries).

The status of fisheries

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2

5

6

7

8

13

11

12

14

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16

17

10 2019

18

21

22

23

24

25

4

9

Catch legend

(x 000’ t)

6,000

2,000

1,000

500

250

100

50

10

Legend of fisheries








26

Healthy (above the target / upper biomass limit or equivalent)

Above the lower biomass limit yet no upper limit set

Depleted (below the lower biomass limit)

Undefined (no biological reference points set)

Status legend (ICES-based criteria)

Information not currently available

At risk of becoming depleted (above the lower biomass limit yet below upper limit)


The status of fisheries – biomass levels

12


1

3

2

5

6

7

8

13

11

12

14

15

16

17

10 2019

18

21

22

23

24

25

4

9

Catch legend

(x 000’ t)

6,000

2,000

1,000

500

250

100

50

10

Legend of fisheries








26

Harvested sustainably (F or proxy below target)

At risk of being harvested unsustainably

(F or proxy below the limit yet above target)

Harvested unsustainably (F or proxy above upper limit)

Undefined (no reference points set)

Status legend (ICES-based criteria)

Data not currently available

F or proxy above target yet no upper limit is set


The status of fisheries – harvest levels(Fishing mortality or harvest rate)

13



The status of reduction fisheries –individual catch trends (2000-07)

14


Peruvian anchovy

0

4000

8000 Japanese anchovy

0500

1500

Blue whiting

0

1000

2000

Chilean anchovy

0500

1500

Chileanjack mackerel

0500

1500

Herring (Norwegianspring-spawning)

0500

1000

1500

Menhaden(US, GoMexico)

0200

400

600

Sprat (Baltic)

0100

300

Herring(North Sea)

0200

400600

Pacific Sardine

0100

300

500

Chilean sardine

0200

600

Sandeels(North Sea)

0200

600

1000

Chileanchub mackerel

0200

400

600 Capelin (Icelandic)

0400

800

1200

Menhaden(US, Atlantic)

050

150

250 Herring (Icelandic

summer-spawning)

050

100

150

Horse mackerel(W stock, NE Atlantic)

050

100

200 Iberian sardine

020

60

100

Herring(Can. NAFO 4VWX)

040

80

120 Herring

(US, Atlantic)

040

80

120 Sprat

(North Sea)

050

150

Herring (Canada,4TVn Autumn spawner)

020

40

60

2000 2002 2004 2006

Horse mackerel(S stock, NE Atlantic)

05

15

25

2000 2002 2004 2006

Norway pout

050

100150200

2000 2002 2004 2006

Herring (Canada,4TVn Spring spawner)

05

10

15

20

2000 2002 2004 2006

Capelin(Barents Sea)

0200

400

600

2000 2002 2004 2006

Cat

ch (

tho

usa

nd

t)

Year


15


• The biomass status of 31.4% of world supply is currentlyunknown relative to reference points. 40.6% are either at risk ofbecoming depleted, or above below limit yet without an upperlimit set, while 23.2% are above target reference points. Thepercentage known to be depleted is negligible.

• The percentage of overexploited stocks rose 5% in 2001, 4% in2002 and 9% in 2004 (due to Chilean Jack Mackerel and NorthSea Sandeels fisheries).

The status of reduction fisheries –global catch trends (2000-07)


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The status of fisheries – global catch trends (2000-07)weighted by stock status


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• Major changes on global production are anticipated for 2009 in lineof both advised and set quotas

• The 2009 quota for NSS herring will increase by 30% and 74%comparing to 2007 catch and to the 2000-2007 average catch,respectively; the 2009 quota for Baltic sprat will increase by 3%and 10%, using the same reference for comparison.

• The 2009 quota for blue whiting, a major source of fish forreduction purposes will be cut down by 62% comparing to 2007catch; cuts will apply to North Sea herring (48% comparing to2007) and Icelandic capelin (to zero catch – if managers complywith the scientific advice). The Barents Sea capelin fishery willNOT be reopened in 2009 although the scientific advice hasadvocated the five-year moratorium in place for this fishery.

Anticipating 2009 – NE Atlantic


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Anticipating 2009 – NE Atlantic(the base for calculations is the set TAC when available; the advised TAC is used otherwise)

Anticipating 2009 – South America



19

• In Peru an individual vessel quota system will apply for the 2009fishing season for the Northern-Central anchovy stock and a TACand similar quota system will be introduced shortly for the Southernstock.

First season TAC is expected to be set in April as usual, but itis possible anticipate that the IQ system and the SouthernTAC could result in decreased landings overall though shouldimprove the control and management of both fisheries.

• In Chile, the 2009 quotas for the main reduction fisheries were cutby 19% and 12% (compared to 2008 and 2007 respectively).However, due to recent low TAC uptake, this could equate to an18% and 10% increase in landings (2008 and 2007 respectively).


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Conclusions

• Northeast Atlantic: if scientific advice is followed, catches fromthe 13 fisheries within the ICES area will drop by 725,000 t in 2009compared to 2007, and by 1,510,500 t compared to the 2000-2007average global production due to these fisheries

• South America: Major positive changes are expected to occur inthe management of the Peruvian anchovy fishery, with a slight dropin landings. In Chile, 2009 combined landings are expected toincrease by 500,000 t compared to 2008, (300,000 t compared to2007) mainly due to the improved jack mackerel fishery.

This presentation is an excerpt from

SFP, 2009. Sustainability overview of world fisheries used for reduction purposes, by P.Sousa, D. Beveridge, D. Anggraeni, E. Godelman, and J. Cannon. Sustainable FisheriesPartnership Report Series, SFP Technical Report, 1: 40 p. (in preparation)

SFP Mission

The mission of the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership is to maintain healthy ocean and aquaticecosystems, enhance fishing and fish-farming livelihoods, and secure food supplies. More athttp://www.sustainablefish.org.

FishSource

FishSource is an online information resource about the status of fish stocks and theenvironmental performance of fisheries. FishSource is a Program of the Sustainable FisheriesPartnership. More at http://www.fishsource.org.

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