sustainable development and concrete technology in taiwan

Designed by Guild Design Inc.

Sustainable Development and Concrete Technology in Taiwan

Speaker: Dr. Chao-Lung Hwang

2013.4.25


Curriculum Vitae

oPh.D., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign(UIUC), U.S.A.

Green Concrete, Concrete Science and Technology, High Performance Concrete, Lightweight Material R&D, Lightweight Concrete, Heavy weight Concrete, Engineering Material Science, Construction Technology, New Construction Method, Construction Automation.

Research area

Education

Professor Chao-Lung HwangvProfessor and Chair, Department of Construction Engineering, Taiwan Tech, TaiwanvDirector of SUS-CON Research Center

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


Contents

Conductive Concrete

Participant of FP 7_ SUS-CON

Introduction

Sustainable Concrete Design

Sustainable Concrete Design and Its Application in Taiwan


Research

• 362 journal papers

• 7 books


Global Warming

Extreme Climate

Snow Disaster


Conductive concrete is produced by adding electrically conductive components to a regular concrete mix to attain stable electrical conductivity.

Roadway deicing

Electrical grounding

Radiant heating

Rebar cathodic protection

Structural health monitoring

Electromagnetic wave shielding

1

2

3

4

5

6

Conductive concrete

http://www.conductive-concrete.unomaha.edu/background.php


2012, Europe, Japan and the Chinese mainland, the snow frozen, increase traffic disasters.

According to the Japan Meteorological Agency, the the maximum snow Aomori Suantang region up to 439 cm.

Blizzard raging in Europe, the French people freeze to death, traffic chaos, southwest England, more than 500 people once trapped in the road.

2012 in Northwest China and North China because of the heavy snow blocking the road, the South is slippery or icy roads is estimated that there are 51 transportation highway affected.


2011, the United

States, China snow

frozen, causing

traffic disruption.

China Railway also can not

travel due to the snow.


Electrical conductivity of concrete mixtureConductive aggregates

Conductive materials

Improving the electrical conductivity of concrete mixture

Iron ore Slag

Steel shaving, coke breeze, steel or carbon fibers

Conductive concrete

Steel Fibers1.5% by volume

Steel shavings25% by volume


Power W = IV = I2 R

Resistance R = ρ L / A


線性區 :電壓和電流的關係是線性，電熱累積較低

操作區 :電壓和電流為非線性關係，電功較大，升溫速率增加

飽和區 :電壓太高，打破了電容產生類似短路現象，不適合使用。飽

和區可以減少電壓來控制加熱速率

Operational

(V)

Saturated

(V)

C.Y Tuan ,“ Conductive Concrete Overlay for Bridge Deck Deicing: Mixture Proportioning , Optimization , and Properties ”, ACI Materials Journal,2000.March,pp.172-181

Saturated


45 MPa (6500 psi)

3634 MPa (527 ksi)

< ACI-209 by 20~30%

500~1000 W-cm

Material Testing -

ASTM and AASHTO

Specifications

4.6 MPa (670 psi)

312 cycles, no failure

0.004~0.007 cm3/sec

Compressive strength

Flexural strength

Modulus of Elasticity

Freeze-thaw Resistance

Shrinkage

Permeability

Electrical Resistivity

Conductive concrete

by Christopher Y. Tuan, Ph.D., P.E.Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering

University of Nebraska – LincolnPeter Kiewit Institute

Omaha, Nebraska


“It has been used for centuries. But now,…, concrete is ready for a high-tech upgrade.”


Durability evaluation • I-480 Patch_ under traffic load and freeze-thaw action . • Poured on December 4 and opened to traffic on December 6, 1999.

Test section (21 ft ×12 ft ×3.5 in.) on I-480 Missouri River Bridge using the conductive concrete mix.

Conductive concrete


Conductive concreteDurability Test (I-480 Patch) Evaluation: No fiber exposure or cracking in 2 years


Anti-icing: the overlay was

preheated 2 to 6 hours before snow accumulation and heated during the

storms.

Deicing: the overlay was heated only

during the storms after snow

accumulation.

Experiments were conducted in five snowstorms during the winters of 1998 - 2000 under two scenarios:

Deicing and Anti-icing Experiments: Heating Performance

Conductive concrete

Designed by Guild Design Inc.Deicing 1998

Deicing 1999


Deicing 2000


The inlay consists of 52 individual 1.2m 4.1m (4 ft 14 ft) conductive concrete labs.

The bridge has a 36 m (117 ft) long and 8.5 m (28 ft) wide conductive concrete inlay.

Roca Spur Bridge is a three-span slab bridge with a 45.70m (150 ft) long and 11m (36 ft) wide concrete deck.

Located about 15 miles south of Lincoln, Nebraska, on Highway 77 South.

Roca Spur Bridge

Conductive concreteImplementation Project - Roca Spur Bridge


Conductive concreteRoca Spur Bridge, Nebraska, US

Junction boxes

Power cords and thermocouple wire in PVC conduit

Angle iron for electrodes

Slurry grout to prevent de-bonding

Finishing Surface Angle iron electrode - Close-up

Power cord electrode connection

Deicing controller system

Deicing system in operation

http://www.conductive-concrete.unomaha.edu/background.php


Conductive concreteHeated Deck of Roca Spur Bridge

Storm DateSnow depth(in.)

Air temp.*

(oF)

Wind speed(mph)

Energy(kW-hr)

Unit Cost($/ft2)

Power Density (W/ft2)

Dec 8-9, ‘03 6.5 20.7 16.2 2,023 0.050 40.04

Jan 25-26, ‘04 10.1 14.9 14.4 2,885 0.070 30.74

Feb 1-2, ‘04 5.7 14.4 11.1 2,700 0.066 26.57

Feb 4-6, ‘04 7.8 19.2 11.5 3,797 0.093 35.94

Jan 2-5, ‘05 8.5 15.6 14.3 3,128 0.076 33.01

Feb 6-8, ‘05 4.6 17.3 12.7 3,327 0.081 32.25

Mar 18-21, ‘06 9.9 32.5 16.2 2,786 0.068 29.97

Jan 13-14, ‘07 3.3 10.9 22.0 2,366 0.058 18.83

Jan 20-21, ‘07 6.0 24.8 17.5 2,573 0.063 30.21

Feb 12-13, ‘07 3.8 17.6 16.0 2,653 0.065 33.48

Summary of Performance Data of Roca Spur Bridge Heated Deck

Avg deck temp

Ambient temp

February 5-7, 2008

The deicingsystem performed exceedingly well

February 6, 2008

On the average, the energy cost for the heated deck was about $250 during a major winter storm, which typically would last for three days.


The Yichun, Heilongjiang project

Gutter 50 cmWidth

PS board

4 Deicing Panels

變壓器

Conductive concrete


Harbin emerging industrial technology service platform—Driveway Warming Project


Indoor electric warm Panel


The Comparison of de-icing Board and system ($)

De-icing Method Initial CostAnnual Operation

CostEnergy

ConsumptionAdvantages and disadvantages

Auto hot water spray

＄ 600,000/set

＄ 12,000 --------- Difficult to repair

Electric heating ＄ 54/m2 ＄ 4.8/m2 323-430 w/m2 disabled

Hot water pipe ＄ 161/m2 ＄ 250/storm 473 w/m2Affect the original

structure, not easy to repair

Gas pipe heating ＄ 378/m2 ＄ 2.1/m2 ---------Affect the original

structure, difficult to repair

deicing board ＄ 635/m2 ＄ 0.81/m2/storm 350 w/m2Strengthen the

original structureEasy maintenance

De-icing Salt ---- ＄ 20,000 ------ Sequelae of severe


Green Construction Materials from Waste materials

Dr. Chao-Lung HwangLight Weight Aggregate

Sediment Of Reservoir

Sewage Sludge

Municipal Waste

Incinerator Fly Ash

Patent Machine

Cold bonding method

Sintering method

27/34


Green Concrete—Sustainable concrete design

Durability

DurabilityEconomy

Ecology

Safety

SafetySafety

EconomyWorkability

Workability

Traditional concrete High-performance concrete

Self-consolidating concrete

Sustainable concrete

Sustainable concrete should have the feature of safety, durability, workability, economy and ecology


Objectives（ 1/5）

Green Design :1. Use less cement2. Use pozzolanic material3. Recycle concrete 4. Improve concrete Life5. Development new technology

CO2 carbohydrate become



uThe manufacture of one ton of Portland cement will increase 0.85 ton CO2.

uIn 2005, Taiwan annual cement consumption is about 15 million tons that equals to 12.75 million tons CO2 emission.

（ 1） Environmental Friendly- All waste materials



Materials Process Health Long life

u Cement for Concrete is just like Meat for Mankind to achieve Health and Long Life!

（ 2） Healthy Concrete – No Crack!



u The Effect of Paste Content on Plastic Shrinkage Crack and Durability.

Improper Curing

Cement Paste

Ambient Condition

Leaching Efflorescence

Inferior Factor

AccelerationCorrosion

Fresh Stage Harden Stage

Durability

WindTemperatureEvaporation

（ 3） Durable Concrete - Sustainable


Objectives（ 5/5）（ 4） User Friendly From 0 to 270 mm slump just as desired.


Chemistry effect（ pozzolanic reaction ）

Physics effect（ filler ）

Construction application

pozzolanic material

Fly ash

Slag

Silica fume

pozzolanic material

→+

+H-S/A-CH-S/A-NH-S/A-K

H CHNHKH

S/A

Two effects of pozzolanic material s ：

Densified mixture design method


AggregateAggregate

Aggregate

Binder(Paste or Mortar) Coating thickness

(t)

Vp=Vv+S × t

Void＝ Vv

• DMDA is the durability design concept to achieve minimum water and cement content by applying fly ash to fill the void between aggregates and cement paste to attain “the least void”.

40/34



Aggregate

Filling with Sand

Filling with Fly ash

Sand

Fly ash

1750

1770

1790

1810

1830

1850

35 40 45 50 55 60 65

UW=1829 (kg/m^3)

Uni

t Wei

ght (

kg/m

3)

Sand/(Sand+Aggregate) (%)

1950

2000

2050

2100

2150

5 10 15 20 25

UW=2123 (kg/m^3)U

nit W

eigh

t (kg

/m3)

Fly ash/(Fly ash+Sand+Aggregate) (%)



Hwang-Fuller's Densified mixture design Algorithm:

v Porosity ， pastev Water and cementv Use pozzolanic material and

superplasticizer

0.1 1 100

20

40

60

80

100

h=0.45

h=0.40

h=0.333

h=0.55

h=0.50

P=(d/D)h

Pass

ing

Rat

io (%

)

Partical Dimension (mm)

21~

31=

= h

DdP

h

，

d ： size ；D ：

Dmax。



Applications of sustainable concrete in Taiwan


Far Eastern Center Taipei

6000psi concrete


Landmark of Southern Taiwan- Kaohsiung T&C Tower (HPC)

T&C Tower

v85 stories, height 368 M vSteel box filled in HPC, B2F→60F v56D Designed strength fc’= 8000 psivSlump= 250±20mmvUsing w/b instead of w/c


Chung Tai Chan Monasteryn HFDMDA method:

u Lower voids to reduce the paste amount

u Less cement and less water content

u Use pozzolans and SP

21~

31=

= h

DdP

h

，

Where P ： Content of aggregate smaller than size d particle ； d ： Individual sieve size ； D ： Nominal maximum size of aggregate

0.1 1 100

20

40

60

80

100

h=0.45

h=0.40

h=0.333

h=0.55

h=0.50

P=(d/D)h

Pas

sin

g R

atio

(%

)

Partical Dimension (mm)


Marine HPC- Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium

Anti-corrosion concrete for structure contact with water.

Designed 28D compressive strength fc’=5000psi

Slump＝ 250±20mm

Chloride penetration 1000 Coulomb≦

Cement Slag FA SF Sand CA-1 CA-2 Water SP290 57 128 0 825 560 380 152 9.8

Kg/m3


101 stories, height 508 M.

Steel box filled in concrete, B5F→62F.

Designed 90D, fc’＝ 10000psi.

Apply JIS standard.

U-test, V-test, complete flow test.

Test till pouring Oct. 1999~Aug. 2000

SCC Landmark- Taipei Financial Center (Taiwan 101)


Nanggang Transportation Station

Self consolidating concrete.Concrete strength of 4,000 psi and 5000 psi56,000 tons of CO2 reduced.An equivalent to 1,550,000 trees willow tree


Self consolidating concreteConcrete strength up to 4,000 psi, 5000 psi10,948 tons of CO2 reduced.An equivalent to 295,892 trees willow tree

Wei-Wu-Ying Center for Arts and Culture


Real Concrete Practice for the Reduction of Carbon

Dioxide (CO2)

Project name W/C W/B Pozzolan (%)

Cement consumption (kg/m3)

Divine and make haze material

consumption (kg/m3)

CO2 Reduction (ton/m3)

Toytal CO2 Reduction (ton) [Total concrete

amount ]

CO2 Rduction equivalent to trees

amount (pc) [Total concrete

amount ]

SCC of the Nanggang

Transportation Station

0.83 0.41 (280kgf/cm2) 50.0 200 200 0.1700 6,304

[37,080 m3] 170,378

[37,080 m3]

0.72 0.37 (350kgf/cm2) 48.8 230 220 0.1870 50,165

[268,260 m3] 1,355,812

[268,260 m3]

HPC of the 85 Tuntex Tower, Kaohsiung

0.45 0.34 24.6 355 116 0.0986 1,035 [10,500 m3]

27,973 [10,500 m3]

HPC of the marine Biological and

Aquariummu Museum 0.53 0.34 28.9 290 118 0.1003 8,485

[84,600 m3] 229,324

[84,600 m3]

HPC of The Taipei 101 Finacial

Center 0.42 0.28 29.1 380 172 0.1326 27,846

[210,000 m3] 752,595

[210,000 m3]

SCC of The Wei-Wu-Ying Center

for Art and Culture

0.83 0.41 50 200 200 0.1700 11,900

[Estimate 70,000 m3 ]

321,621 [Estimate 70,000 m3 ]

Note: 1 head of 50 centimeter in diameter trees are set up, can absorb about 37 kilograms of carbon dioxide to invite in one year by high metre of willowsing. [The materials are taken from the forest discipline of university of Taiwan The professor - wooden material, to firm environmental effect that stores of carbon dioxide ] forever Wang Song


Heavy-Duty Railway Turnover Sleeper for CSC ( 12000 psi HPC)

•Replace Wooden Sleeper •Durability Design•Heavy-duty for Iron-water•High Quality with fc’ > 70MPa•High fr > 10 MPa


2010 Heavy-Duty prestressed concrete sleepers successfully passed a six month trial operation.

In the paste:Wooden sleepers

Today:Heady-duty prestressed concreet sleepers

Trial operation

Heavy-Duty concretesleepers

New sleeper Concrete : 10,000

~17,000 psi

Heavy-Duty Railway Turnover Sleeper for CSC ( 12000 psi HPC)


核廢料儲存桶

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 2498.0

98.5

99.0

99.5

100.0

100.5

101.0

101.5

102.0

Wei

ght L

oss(

%)

Cycle

HIC-Sulfate attack

Sulfate attack High Integrity Concrete (HIC)

Steel fiber reinforced concrete : 17,000 psi

High Integrity Concrete(1/2)


High Integrity Concrete(2/2)

1.5m

Drop test

45o 90o 180o


Click icon to add table

Pervious concrete(1/6)• Pervious concrete material (PCM) is a concrete with many

larger pores through the concrete structure than in conventional one.

• The mixture is designed by control coating thickness of binder and is a composition of cement, uniformly graded coarse aggregate, little or no sand and pozzolanic materials. Paste or

Mortar Coarse Aggregate


• Application of pervious concrete:

Park

Sidewalk Roof

Parking lot

Pervious concrete(2/6)


Mixture Proportion (Pervious Concrete):

The binder quantity of pervious concrete is also designed by using DMDA, and the coating thickness on aggregate and binder needed for pervious concrete are shown as:

tSVV Pm ⋅==

(

Where : :(m3), the total binder content of pervious concrete;:( ), the total surface area of aggregate of pervious concrete; :(mm), the coating thickness of pervious concrete.

S 32

mm

t

mP VV ,AggregateAggregate

Aggregate

Binder Coating thickness (t)

Void

Pervious concrete(3/6)


1. Excavation 　 2. Laying soil　 3. Land levelling 　

4. Laying nonwoven fabric 　

5. Binder mixing　 6. Binder 　

Pervious concrete(4/6)-Learning by doing for training students


7. Binder+Aggregate　

8. PCM Mixing　 9. PCM　

10. Laying PCM 　 11. Rolling 　 12. PCM Pavement　



The grass growing on PC pavement



Rice husk ash concrete(1/2)

Specific gravity Loss on ignition SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 P2O5 Na2O K2O

2.06 8.5 91 0.35 0.41 -- 0.81 1.21 0.98 0.08 3.21

Steam boiler

Black rice husk ash

Rice husk briquettes

Chemical composition

Properties of black rice husk ash used


Rice husk ash concrete(2/2)

Rice husk ash concretes

RHA concretes: Charge passed < 2000 C

Control concrete: Charge passed = 2516 C

RHA concretes: “low” level CIP

Control concrete: “moderate” level CIP

ASTM C1202

Low

47 − 66 MPa (28

days)


Cellular Concrete

Foam machine

CastingMolding

Foam machine

Foam


Cellular Concrete

W/B Wc Wfa Wslag Ww Wfoam SP0.3 385.08 192.54 192.54 180.99 46.21 3.850.4 333.68 166.84 166.84 210.89 53.39 2.670.5 294.39 147.19 147.19 233.74 58.88 1.77


SUStainable, innovative and energy-efficient CONcrete, based on the integration of all-waste materials (SUS-CON)

No Name Short name Country

1 Centro Di Progettazione, Design & Tecnologie DeiMateriali

Cetma Italy

2 Consorzio Per Lo Sviluppo E Il Trasferimento DiTecnologie E Per La Realizzazione Di Servizi NelSettoredel Recupero Edilizio

Tre Italy

3 National Technical University Of Athens NTUA Greece

4 S&b Industrial Minerals Mining Ouarrying IndustrialCommercial Touristshipping Technical Company Sa

S & B Greece

5 Centro Riciclo Vedelago S.R.L. Centro Riciclo Italy

6 Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek - Tno

TNO Netherlands

7 Acciona Infraestructuras S.A. Accino Spain

8 Istanbul Beton Elemanlari Ve Hazirbeton Fabrikalari SanaiVe Ticaretas

Iston Turkey

9 Magnetti Building Spa Magneti Italy

10 VEOLIA ENVIRONMENTL SERVICES (UK) Ltd Veolia Italy

11 Centitvc - Centro De Nanotecnologia E Materiais TecnicosFuncionais E Inteligentes Associacao

CeNTI Portugal

12 Basf Construction Chemicals Gmbh BASF Germany

13 National Taiwan University of Science and Technology TBTC Taiwan

14 Tuv Italia Srl TUV Italy

15 Fraunhofer-gesellschaft Zur Foerderung DerAngewandten Forschung E.V

FhG Germany

16 Iridex-group-plastic Srl Iridex Romania

17 The Queen's University Of Belfast QUB United Kingdom

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sustainable development and concrete technology in taiwan

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