Ideas for today and tomorrow

STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF BUILDING

• A building load is simply a force that a BUILDING frame needs to resist.

• The frame must be designed to withstand loads—which include wind, earth, snow etc.—without catastrophic (extremely harmful) stress on the structure.

• While not every load consideration is applicable to every geographic region, or even every building within a region, having a collective understanding of building loads will strengthen our view of framing as a general system.

BUILDING LOAD

“UNDERSTANDING LOADS IMPROVES FRAMING AND DESIGN SKILLS”

• The determination of the loads acting on a structure is a complex problem.

• Loads are usually classified into two broad groups

Dead load

Live load

Wind load

Seismic load

Flood load

Snow load

TYPES OF LOADS

DEAD LOAD• Dead loads are the forces incurred due to the weight of all

the materials used in the construction of a building. • The dead load, which includes its own weight, the weight

of any permanent non-structural partitions, built-in cupboards, floor surfacing materials and other finishes.

• Dead loads have an effect on all structural members of a building. The loads are a constant over the life of the structure

LIVE LOAD• Live loads are produced by the users of a building. These loads

include the weight of people, their furniture, and their storage items.

• A live load is most applicable to floors, but it can apply to roofs during repair projects

• Live loads exert force on almost all of a building’s framing components.

• The goal is to design floor systems that limit deflection and vibration.

WIND LOAD• Wind loads are the positive or negative pressures exerted on a

building when it obstructs the flow of moving air.• Wind loads generally act perpendicular to the surfaces of the

building.• The load varies depending on the geographic location of the house,

its height, and its roof pitch.• It have the most significant impact on roof framing, overhangs, and

large openings.

SEISMIC LOAD• Seismic loads are the inertial forces acting on a house due

to earthquake- induced ground motions.• These forces generally act horizontally on each element of

the structure and are proportional to their mass.• All components of a frame feel the effect of seismic loads

FLOOD LOAD• Flood load is the pressure exerted on a house when it obstructs

the flow of moving water.• Foundations must be designed adequately to resist these forces

as well as impact forces from moving debris. • Hydrostatic loads due to the difference in elevation between

the water inside and outside the structure. This also can cause uplift on slabs and floor systems.

SNOW LOAD• Snow load is the weight of snow uniformly distributed on the

roof or piled into drifts.• Snow that slides from an upper roof onto a lower roof also can

add significantly to snow load.• Roof and wall framing is generally responsible for resisting snow

loads. • Floor joists and girders also may be affected depending on the

framing configuration.

USE OF POLYMERS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Why polymers??

• It is estimated that at present, the building sector contributes up to 30% of total global greenhouse gas emissions.

• Current research shows that greenhouse gas emissions from buildings will more than double in the next 20 years if nothing is done now.

• According to a survey, green building materials represented approximately $14.5 billion in cumulative spending through 2010, and are expected to reach nearly $120 billion by 2030.

What are polymers??

• Polymers are very long molecules typically made up of many thousands of repeat units called monomers.

• The introduction of polymeric materials can bring new concerns particularly relating to their longevity, how they will be affected by general ageing and weathering, the effects of pollution and what will happen to them at their end of life

How polymers affect the

properties??

Polymer Type Applications

Epoxy resinsSolid resin and Terrazzo flooring, Anchorfixings, Adhesives

Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) Solar panel encapsulants

Expanded polystyrene (EPS) Concrete moulds, Insulation, Packaging

PolycarbonateLighting housings, Fittings in hot water systems, Glazing

Polyester (thermosetting)FRP Bridge sections, Cladding Panels, Sinks, Surfaces, Coatings

Polymer Types

Polyethylene

Applications

Foam underlay, Damp-proof membranes,Coatings

Polyisobutylene (PIB) Glazing sealants, Waterproof membranes

Polymethylmethacrylate / Acyrlic (PMMA) Surfaces, Sinks

Polypropylene (PP)Sound insulation, Water pipes, Waste pipes

Polyurethane (PU) Sealants, Concrete jointing

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Sealants, Concrete jointing

Rubber Bridge bearings, Flooring

Polymer Concrete

• Polymer concrete is part of group of concretes that use polymers to supplement or replace cement as a binder.

• The types include polymer-impregnated concrete, polymer concrete, and polymer-Portland-cement concrete.

Advantages

• Rapid curing at ambient temperatures

• Good resistance against corrosion• High tensile, flexural, and compressive strengths• Good adhesion to most surfaces• Good long-term durability with respect to freeze and thaw cycles

Advancement in use of polymers

ECO FRIENDLY FIREPROOF HIGH-STRENGTH POLYMER CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES

CONCRETE CONTAINING POLYMERIC WASTES (TYRE RUBBER AND POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE BOTTLES)

POLYCARBONATE BIPV PANELS FEATURING DESIGN FLEXIBILITY, THERMAL INSULATION AND ENERGY PRODUCTION

RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Sustainable use

• Sustainable reuse includes efforts to reduce the environmental impact by reusing and recycling materials generated during building construction, demolition, or renovation

What to Recycle??

• Appliances and fixtures

• Brush and Trees

• Cardboard and Paper

• Lumber and Plywood (in reusable form)

• Masonry (in reusable form or as fill)

• Metals

• Plastics – numbered containers, bags and sheeting

• Roofing (in reusable form)

• Windows and Doors

Asphalt PavingAsphalt is crushed and recycled back into new asphalt. Markets for recycled asphalt paving include aggregate for new asphalt hot mixes and sub-base for paved road.

Land Clearing Residuals Trees and brush—can be recycled as compost or mulch; soil can be reused as fill and cover

Wood Reuse timbers, large dimension lumber, plywood, flooring, molding, lumber longer than 6 feet. Clean, untreated wood can be recycled, re-milled into flooring, or chipped/ground to make engineered board, boiler fuel, and mulch.

ConcreteConcrete is commonly recycled. It is crushed, the reinforcement bar is removed, and the material is screened for size. Market outlets for recycled concrete include road base, general fill, pavement aggregate, and drainage media.

Reduces the production of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants by reducing the need to extract raw materials and ship new materials long distances.

Conserves landfill space, reduces the need for new landfills and their associated cost.

Saves energy and reduces the environmental impact of producing new materials through

avoided extraction and manufacturing processes.

Creates employment opportunities and economic activities in recycling industries.

Saves money by reducing project disposal costs, transportation costs, and the cost of some new

construction materials by recycling old materials.

Benefits of Recycling

GOING FURTHER

LOAD ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS FOR POLYMER REINFORCED BACTERIAL CONCRETE WHICH CAN BE RECYCLED…..

THANK YOU…….