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Overview: Making any home more sustainable is easy to do and every home has an opportunity for improvement.

With some changes costing just a few dollars and taking only a few minutes it’s possible to begin a retro-

fit of your home right away. With over 9’000’000 homes in Australia, contributing around 7 tonnes of

greenhouse gas emissions each per year on average, there is great opportunity for positive

environmental change.

What is sustainability? The General Assembly of the United Nations defines sustainable development as

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations

to meet their own needs.” * We all have the opportunity to retain our preferred level of light, heat and

coolness in our homes, and to do so without depriving future generations of the same comforts.

Why should we act? Housing, surprisingly, contributes around the same amount of carbon emissions into the atmosphere as

cars and other vehicles. Whilst many cars are updated each 4-10 years to more efficient models, our

homes may stay inefficient for all of the 100+ years of their long lives. By retro-fitting our homes and

following the basic principles of sustainable housing we can reduce our own home’s carbon footprint,

help stabilise our climate and preserve our natural resources. Also, we can all save money.

How can this report help? This report can be the first step to seeing:

How you can make your home greener and more comfortable.

How to reduce your carbon output; your carbon footprint.

What it will cost to implement your changes.

What are the benefits for you and your home of being greener.

What is the recuperation period for the cost of your changes.

Details Following you will find 10 ‘technologies’ which can be retro fitted to your home, starting with some

simple low cost options, coupled with some recent and innovative high-tech alternatives.

After implementing a number of these changes you will decrease the size of your carbon footprint,

save on your energy bills and effect a positive change in the environment.

*Source: (1) Image Credit: Source (2)

Option 1. In-home energy-use displays.

In-home displays are energy monitors that provide household occupants with a visual representation of household energy consumption. They enable occupants to actively reduce their carbon footprint and to reduce their energy costs by actively monitoring their consumption of fossil-fuel powered devices. In- home displays actively encourage positive changes in human behaviour and help effect change in the way we use our appliances.

Cost: Around $66. Available from most hardware stores. Expected carbon output reduction: Often around 10% of a home’s annual carbon emissions. Expected dollar saving: around $ 100 per month, for an average sized home, when occupant behaviour is adjusted to seek a lower energy use.

Worldwide trials have shown that these devices have helped households to reduce their electricity use by between 5 and 15%. Payback period: as little as one month.

What you should know: In-home displays are easy to install. They have the ability to link with your electricity meter and smart devices for increased energy efficiency and give a visual indication of energy consumption, cost and carbon footprint.

* Image: a guide (only) to demonstrate an understanding of energy use throughout a home.

Sources: (3) (4) (5) (6) Contributor: Tom Keel

Option 2. Draught stoppers.

Draught stoppers are an easy way to make your home far more comfortable. By sealing up gaps and holes

in your house, you not only reduce your heating bill but also prevent insect and dust egress as well as

reducing external noise. According to ‘Sustainability Victoria’, heating accounts for around 32%

(or $896 per year) of energy consumed in the home.

Cost: Raven RP48 door and window seal - $9 for 5 meters - simply adhere around openings.

Raven RP3 automatic door seal - $18 per door - simply attach to door and frame with screws.

Gap Filler - $10 to $18 per bottle depending on application. Total spend per average home: $100.

Expected carbon output reduction: 0.38 tonnes per annum.

Expected dollar saving: $22 per month (based on gas ducted heating.)

Payback period: 5 months.

What you should know: An average home has gaps and cracks around the home that equate to a 1.5

square meter opening and are responsible for around 20% of all heat loss (Environment Victoria, 2016) in

the home. Some areas - such as around windows, doors, skirting, pipe penetrations and floorboards - can

easily be fixed. Exhaust fans and skylights may require qualified tradespeople.

Sources: (7) (8) (9) Contributor: Eva Parnis.

Option 3. Green roofs.

Green roofs have covered homes for centuries, offering a number of benefits to the homeowner and local community. From the planting of roof-top vegetation, either partly or completely covering the roof, the home receives the advantages of capital growth, a pleasing aesthetic, carbon off-sets and yearly energy cost savings.

Cost: Ranging from $35 to $120 per m2, with common varieties (grass and moss) of green roof being the most affordable. Variants in trees (number and types) and DIY levels also affect the cost.

Expected effect on carbon: enables your home to offset carbon and become an oxygen producer. Expected dollar savings: energy costs are expected to fall by 5-15% on the average home.

What you should know: A green roof changes the top of your home from being just a water dispersant area to immediately offering visual and environmental benefits to your community.

Benefits: A longer roof life span: the green roof acts as a protective layer on top of the roof, protecting it from the weather and the sun, which in turn extends the roof’s life. Reduced heating and cooling requirements: A lot of a property’s heat is lost though its roof in the winter, and enters the home via the roof in summer. A green roof insulates against these conditions. Vegetation on the roof of your property will assist in the capture of pollutants within the environment, assisting in the cleaning of the earth’s air, thus creating a cleaner and more temperate city. Increased biodiversity: Green roofs allow the return of flora and fauna to your home’s land site.

Sources: (10) (11) (12) Contributor: Joshua John Trevethan.

Option 4. Insulation.

Insulation is crucial in maintaining a comfortable temperature within households. The addition of insulation to your home slows down the processes of radiant heat gain and heat loss during the summer and winter periods. Insulation can be applied to the roof, floor and walls of pre-existing buildings.

If your household has no existing ceiling insulation, the simple addition of this can significantly reduce the overall heat loss by 25-35%. The reduced fluctuations in temperature can decrease the overall energy consumption of the home as well as produce a more energy efficient and comfortable living environment.

Cost: Materials range from $6m2 (Fiberglass) - $14m2

(Stone Wool) [Source: Hipages, 2016]. Prices are also dependent on materials, building regulations and climatic conditions. Total cost for an average sized roof-span: 150 m2 x $9 = $ 1’350, plus labor/own labour.

Expected effect on carbon: 1.287 tonnes per annum** Expected dollar savings: $380 annually Payback period: 3.4 years. **Expected estimations and payback periods are based on average households (source: Commissioner for Sustainability and Environment).

What you should know: - Can be installed in pre-existing buildings. - Reduction of heating and cooling costs of up to 40%. - Effective immediately after implementation. - Reduction in noise transmission. - Reduced condensation and mould growth. - Some forms of insulation can act as a fire barrier. - Provides efficient thermal regulation.

Sources: (13) (14) (15) Contributor: Jane Findlay.

Option 5. Solar hot water systems.

Around 20% of the energy used in an average sized home is used to heat water, and a solar hot water system allows a home to source up to 75% of their hot water needs from energy powered by the sun. This can reduce your annual hot-water costs substantially.

Cost: Around $ 3’400 for a 270 litre solar water heater, less with STC incentives, plus labor. Expected carbon output reduction: up to around 70%. Expected dollar saving: up to $ 800 per year, depending on household usage. Payback period: Around 3 - 10 years, depending on usage.

What you should know: A solar hot water system uses the sun’s energy to heat water. The main parts of a solar hot water system are the water storage tank, a gas or electric booster and the solar collectors that absorb the heat from the sun. These systems should ideally be matched with a low-flow showerhead as showering accounts for over 30% of home hot water use. Keeping the booster thermostat at or under a recommended setting of 60˚C further helps to reduce energy use.

Sources: (16) (17) (18) (19) Contributors: All students.

Option 6. Window shading and sun shielding.

Inadequate window shading/sun shielding can be responsible for up to 87% of unwanted heat gain in the home. One of the most effective ways to minimise the effect of the sun’s radiant summer heat is to stop it before it enters the home.

Window films. Window films, which are thermoplastic films affixed with adhesive backing, reduce the amount of heat and UV rays transferred into the home without blocking views or natural light. These films also improve thermal comfort and reduce reliance on summer cooling systems, resulting in lower greenhouse gas emissions.

Cost: Around $40 per square metre. Expected dollar saving: $135 per annum. Expected carbon output reduction: 0.41 tonnes per annum. Payback period: 5 years. Estimates are based on an average 3- bedroom Australian home’s electricity usage.

What you should know: Window film can also reduce glare inside the home and protect furniture from fading due to UV Rays. DIY installation is possible however the films may need to be professionally installed on window styles with irregular frames and latches. The amount of solar radiation and light blocked out will vary slightly depending on the chosen film’s characteristics.

Other sun shielding options: - Black-out curtains simply and effectively

reduce heat transference through the windows.

- Louvres allow occupants to adjust the level of sunlight (and heat) entering rooms.

- External/retractable blinds and awnings provide shade and a barrier between the sun and the window, so maintaining control over the room’s light and circulation.

What you should know: The best option for shading your home will depend on factors such as window type and orientation. The greatest change to room temperatures and energy cost savings will come from a combination of suitable shading/sun shielding measures and changes in occupant behaviour such as ensuring the setting of adjustable shades are appropriate with regard to the sun’s seasonal movements and the time of day.

Sources: (20) (21) (22) (23) Contributor: Jamie Reynolds.

Option 7. Globes: Change to LED lighting.

Lighting contributes to approximately 11% of household power bills. Changing inefficient lights, such as incandescent or halogen lights to more efficient LED lighting can save households up to 80% on lighting electricity bills.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) lighting is the most energy efficient type of lighting on the market, using approximately 85% less energy than the alternative halogen or incandescent lighting (Sustainability Victoria, 2016).

Although LED lighting has a higher initial cost of $15 - $40 per globe, LED lighting has a greater lifespan of 25,000 - 50,000 hours compared with the $4 incandescent globe life-span of 1,500 hours. LED globes require less frequent replacement and give a greater return on their purchase price in the long term. (Sustainability Victoria, 2016).

Cost: from around $15 per globe. Expected carbon output reduction: LED globes can reduce carbon emissions from home lighting use by up to 80%.

Expected dollar saving: Up to $100 can be saved over the lifespan of the LED light when replacing an incandescent globe.

Payback period: Can be as little as 12 months depending on daily use and globe quality. A better/dearer globe will often be the better investment in the long term.

What you should know: LED lighting uses 85% less electricity to operate. In addition, LED don’t overheat and burnout in ceilings as incandescent globes are prone to do. Most of the electricity used by incandescent globes is turned into heat, and not light. It’s not uncommon for an incandescent to melt its own transformer.

Sources: (24) (25) Contributor: Daniel Rawlings.

Option 8: Water conservation.

On average, the residents of Australia’s two largest cities each collectively consume almost a billion litres of water per day to maintain ourselves, homes and gardens. Implementing simple strategies and creating a sustainable mindset can drastically reduce this figure.

Internal strategies of change include investing in a water-efficient washing machine, using a plug in the sink when washing vegetables or dishes, and recycling grey water. Using a rain garden is an affordable way to reuse grey water from a washing machines run-off, by turning it into a food source for the garden. Not only is this sustainable, but it saves time as the garden is then self-watering and easier to maintain.

How does a rain garden work? 1. Water is redirected from the washing machine or roof into the rain garden.

2. Water soaks through plants where it is used as nutrients.

3. Water seeps through the layers of the garden, filtering sediments and pollutants.

4. Filtered water can also be gathered in pipes and is directed to local waterways, helping regenerate the local ecosystem.

Cost: The great thing about rain gardens is they can be as small or large as desired. The general cost is averaging $3.00 to $4.00 per square foot. However, soil and plant types must be considered.

Increasing your home’s value: Suitable landscaping can increase a home’s value by up to 28%. Rain gardens make for an enjoyable outdoor entertaining space and add value and curb appeal to your home if you wish to sell or let. They also encourage attractive bird-life.

What you should know: Rain gardens are a great DIY project for families to educate their children about the environment and how our eco system works.

Sources: (26) (27) (28) (29) For a detailed image of a rain garden planter box, see the end of this report. Contributor: Ebonie Riyaz.

Option 9. Solar panels.

If you want to reduce your energy bills or eliminate them altogether, solar panels are a great solution for your hip pocket and the health of our planet. A typical home consumes around 20.5 kilowatts of electricity per day (7,500 kW hours / $2,500 per year). A 4 kW solar system will supply up to 70% of the home’s electricity usage, the remaining 30% being used from the grid at night or during lengthy periods of cloud cover.

Batteries are also now available on the market for those who wish to leave the grid completely. New technologies and increased demand for electricity storage will see battery prices decrease, so allowing more homes to be completely free of fossil fuel energy.

Cost: a 4 kw system costs approx $ 10’000 Expected carbon output reduction: up to 7 tonnes per annum. Expected dollar saving: $146 per month = $1750 pa (70% of $2,500 / 12 months) Payback period: 6 years ($10,000 / $1750)

What you should know:

Solar energy is derived from a free, clean, abundant source. Solar panels do not emit pollution whilst making electricity. The panels require minimum maintenance, and have no moving parts. A solar module will last between 20 - 30 years. Inverters will last up to 10 years.

Things you should consider when going solar:

High energy-efficiency rated appliances, heating, cooling and lighting systems, will reduce electricity consumption, decreasing the size of the solar PV system you will need, saving you further money.

Get several quotes from accredited solar system designer/installers who will assess your property for issues such as your home’s orientation and overshadowing from trees and neighbouring properties. Using an accredited designer/installer qualifies you for government incentives and rebates if available. Consider a system that can be fitted with batteries at a later stage, which will allow you to produce, store and use 100 % energy from the sun.

Speak to your energy supplier to find if installing a PV system affects your tariff rates and if they offer a rebate on energy you supply back to the grid. Shop around to find the best deal for you. To get the most out of your solar system make sure it is maintained and serviced as recommended by your supplier.

Sources: (30) (31) (32) Contributor: Vicki Stevens

Option 10. Rainwater tanks.

Significant social, economic, and environmental benefits can be achieved by collection, storing and using rainwater. Through using a rainwater harvesting system to supply water for some of your home’s requirements you can reduce your dependence on mains water and insure yourself against rising mains water costs and a shortage of supply. Global water supplies are falling and local water restrictions are increasingly put in place to limit our water usage.

Alternatively, fresh rain-water is the best quality of water available and offers a natural source that is not treated with chemicals like our mains water is.

Installation of a water tank is also one of the most effective means of reducing demand on mains water for non-portable applications such as garden watering, car washing and pool filling.

Cost: Around $1’900 installed, for a 5’000 litre water tank, though it’s a small price to pay for a share of the world’s most precious resource.

Usage benefits: Water can be stored for long periods and can be a clean source of water even during times of water restrictions. Rain water is pleasant tasting, neither salty or hard and has no odors or unwanted minerals. Tanks offer a reduction in water usage costs and a reduction in storm- water runoff which reduces the damage to our creeks, rivers and water habitats.

Expected dollar saving: $ 30 per month based on a $100/month water usage average for keen gardeners and other outdoor water users. Payback period: Around 5 years for those with a higher outdoor water usage. What you should know: Pure free water, the essence of life, falls on our homes on a regular basis but is then mostly dispersed through a series of pipes. At the same time, we source and pay for our supply of less-pure water that is delivered via old pipes or plastic bottles. Fresh rain-water is again being increasingly recognised around the world as a vital resource and tanks offer us the ability to catch and manage our own supply for free.

Sources: (33) (34) Contributors: all students.

… + o n e mo re o p tio n … Option 11. Energy Efficient Windows

Windows are often described as being ‘a hole in the wall’ in terms of thermal properties. Single glazed windows are often the weakest link in relation to the energy performance of your home.

As much as 30% of the heat lost from your home is through windows, costing you hundreds of extra dollars every year in heating and cooling bills and also limiting your ability to manage your home’s temperature. Double-glazing of windows however is extremely energy efficient; cutting these heat losses by up to 50%, therefore reducing heating / cooling costs, and, in turn, helping the environment.

Cost: approximate cost per square meter: aluminium framed $330, Timber framed $454. Expected carbon output reduction: 0.41 tonnes per annum for an average home.

Expected dollar saving and payback period: Double-glazing costs approximate 1/3 to 1/2 more than single-glazing, therefore payback in dollar terms could be up to 10-15 years. In the short term however, residents will feel the immediate and positive effects of better thermal comfort, noise reduction, dollar savings on bills and the satisfaction that they have decreased their carbon footprint.

There are many types of glass and glazing combinations that can be used when double–glazing. Special glass types can be used for safety toughening, security, fire resistance or designer looks. Double glazing works by trapping air between two panes of glass.

This trapped air creates an insulating barrier which insulates a room from differing air temperature inside and outside, helps prevent condensation and reduces noise pollution.

Although double glazing insulates against differing air temperatures, it does not insulate against radiant heat. This makes a double glazed unit a good choice for permitting the winter sun to warm the inside of the house.

Summary: 3 key issues to think about for achieving energy efficient windows and glass doors are: Minimising winter heat loss with internal window coverings and double glazing with efficient frames. Maximising winter heat gain through north facing windows by letting the sun warm your home. Minimising summer heat gain through north east and west windows with external shading.

Sources: (35) (36) (37) Contributor: Vicki Stevens.

Changing behaviour.

Sometimes, such as when renting, it’s not possible to makes changes to a residence. There are still many ways to live more sustainably though as we can adjust our habits and behaviour in ways that will reduce our personal energy consumption.

Here are some ways in which you can minimise your carbon- footprint at home and work.

· Close doors and windows when heating or cooling to help regulate indoor temperatures; · Choose passive methods to regulate your body temperature such as wearing layers of warm clothes in winter and light colored cooler cotton clothes in summer. · Wash cars on lawns so water is absorbed back into the earth, not wasted down drains; · Shower for 5 minutes or less; shorter showers are estimated to save $160 per year. Take showers in place of running a bath. · Wait to have a full load of clothes or dishes before using washing machines; · Wash clothes in cold water to save on energy usage; · Keep cooling devices out of direct sunlight to reduce their power consumption; · Install tap regulators and low-flow showerheads to reduce water usage. A showerhead with a minimum of 3-star WELS rating and Australian Standard certified could save you an estimate of $400 a year! · Use a clothes line instead of a clothes dryer as this will ensure your clothes have a longer lifespan and will save on energy costs too; · Carpool, cycle, walk, or opt for public transport, when commuting; · Always fix leaky taps, as leaky taps can waste 9 litres of valuable water a day; · Separate recycling from everyday waste and rinse out recyclable containers before disposal; · Test for gas leakages regularly, for both safety and energy efficiency benefits; · Follow the guidance of energy efficiency rating systems when purchasing new appliances to ensure long-term efficiency.

By changing your habits at home or in the office, your actions could have a flow-on effect with fellow housemates and workmates; positive attitudes are contagious and you may become the local ZERO-HERO!

Sources: (38) - Includes NABERS Home Energy Explorer estimates. (39) (40) Contributor: Danielle Della-Libera.

Bears understand the concepts of sustainable homes and enjoy a sustainable life without

the use of electricity. They soak up the sun’s rays to warm themselves, insulate

themselves with natural fur and can sleep comfortably in their draught-free homes for up

to 6 months at a time. They also know that the earth’s soil maintains a constant

temperature all year round and they utilise this reliable ‘thermal mass’ to maintain

natural comfort even in icy conditions. Bears can help us remember that there are many

natural ways to be comfortable without the need to flick a fossil-fuel switch.

Source: (41)

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July, 2016.

Thanks for reading this report.

Contributors: Jane Findlay

Tom Keel

Danielle Della-Libera

Eva Parnis

Daniel Rawlings

Jamie Reynolds

Ebonie Riyaz

Vicki Stevens

Joshua John Trevethan

Image: “Building a planter box raingarden (lined)” Instruction Sheet: https://goo.gl/bwwdGH pg 8 © Melbourne Water. Reproduced with permission from Melbourne Water.