sustainable tourism development

Sustainable Tourism Development

A Practical Guide for Decision-

Makers

Table Of Contents

Market Intelligence Report

www.tourism-intelligence.com

©Tourism Intelligence International www.tourism-intelligence.com

Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers ii

Tourism Intelligence International

Tourism Intelligence International is a leading research and consultancy company that provides innovative solutions for the travel and tourism industry. Innovation, sustainability and competitiveness are the hallmarks of this consultancy. This report — Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers — is another in a series of tourism market analyses. Tourism Intelligence International is the publisher of Tourism Industry Intelligence, a monthly newsletter that provides analyses of and tracks the key trends and developments in the international travel and tourism industry. This newsletter is also available in French and Spanish. Other reports from Tourism Intelligence International include:

Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers �1,499.00 Successful Hotels and Resorts – Lessons from the Leaders �1,299.00 Successful Tourism Destinations – Lessons from the Leaders �1,299.00 How the Americans will Travel 2015 �1,299.00 How Germans will Travel 2015 �1299.00 How the British will Travel 2010 �1299.00 Travel & Tourism’s Top Ten Emerging Markets �999.00 How the Japanese will Travel 2007 �799.00 World Travel and Tourism – Year in Review (forthcoming 2009) � 499.00 Tourism Industry Intelligence Newsletter (monthly) �229.00

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Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers

iii

About the Authors

Dr. Auliana Poon heads Tourism Intelligence International Ltd., a leading international

consulting company that provides innovative solutions for the travel and tourism industry.

Innovation, sustainability and competitiveness are the hallmarks of this consultancy.

Auliana Poon led the teams that developed the tourism policy and strategy for the new

South Africa in 1996; developed strategies for trend-setting companies such Sandals

International (Jamaica) and Conservation Corporation (Africa); and developed the

“tourism begins at home” programme that sparked the turn around in the Bahamas tourism

industry in the early 1990s. Auliana Poon also led Tourism Intelligence International’s

technical support teams in implementing the Euro 6 million Eco-Tourism Development

Programme (2003-2007) in the Commonwealth of Dominica and in St. Vincent and the

Grenadines (2007-2009). In 2005, she undertook the competitive assessment of the

Barbados Tourism Industry; developed the framework for the management and promotion

of the Abu Dhabi tourism industry (2004); the Singapore Tourism Board (2003-2004);

developed the Marketing and Human resource development strategies for Mozambique

(2004-2005). She has provided critical support to the development of a UniVisa System

(along the lines of Schengen) in the Southern African Region in preparation for World Cup

2010 and is responsible for the development of one of the Caribbean’s leading resort

brands in Africa.

Auliana Poon is analyst, co-author and editor of many of Tourism Intelligence

International Publications including ‘How Germany will Travel 2015’; ‘How the British

will Travel 2010’, ‘How Americans will Travel 2010’ (forthcoming) and Travel and

Tourism’s Top Ten Emerging Markets (forthcoming) as well as the company’s monthly

newsletter (since 1994), ‘Tourism Industry Intelligence’ that is also available in Spanish.

Auliana Poon is credited with:

� Inventing the concepts of ‘Old Tourism’ and ‘New Tourism’ to describe the rapid

and radical transformation of the travel and tourism industry.

� Developed the concept of ‘Responsible Tourism’ as a fundamental premise of the

South Africa tourism policy and growth strategy in the early 1990s.

� Producing one of the most referenced works on travel and tourism ‘Tourism,

Technology and Competitive Strategies’ that one review claims ”should certainly be

on the compulsory reading list of all those seeking to advise and direct strategic plan

for both old and new tourism destinations”.

� Advising Abu Dhabi to ‘stay different’ from Dubai; to focus on its culture, heritage

and traditions and to assume its role as a true capital of the Emirates, with an

appropriate icon – The Pearl – a pearl-like glass structure on 11 floors, out at sea,

that would celebrate the life and times of its late Ruler Sheik Zayed bin Sultan Al

Nahyan (1971-2004).

� Developed the concept of ‘Compassionate Tourism’ for Malawi.


Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers iv

Auliana regularly addresses travel and tourism conferences in many countries including

Aruba, Barcelona, Barbados, Benin, Brazil, Denmark, Geneva, Greece, Iceland, Hong

Kong, Minnesota, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, London, Mozambique, Singapore,

South Africa, Washington and many others.

An economist by training, Auliana Poon ([email protected]) graduated

with a B.A (hons) and and M.Sc (Economics) from the University of the West Indies,

Trinidad. She attended one of the leading European Schools, the Science Policy Research

Unit at Sussex University (England), where she graduated with a D. Phil (Tourism &

Technology) in 1988.

Karen Morean - a German national, graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Industrial

Engineering from the University of the West Indies, Trinidad. She currently lives in London

where she is preparing a law degree at Kings College with focus on environmental law.

Karen continues to provide valuable research assistance to Tourism Intelligence International

on a number of projects in developed and developing countries.

Dr. Donald E. Hawkins is engaged in tourism and hospitality management education and

conducts policy-related research at the George Washington University School of Business in

Washington, D.C., U.S.A. He was appointed as the Dwight D. Eisenhower Professor of

Tourism Policy (an endowed chair) in 1994.

In 2003, Dr. Hawkins received the first United Nations World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO) Ulysses Prize for individual accomplishments in the creation and dissemination of

knowledge in the area of tourism policy and strategic management. He coordinated the

UNWTO Tourism Policy Forum focused on using tourism as a development assistance

strategy, conducted at GW, October 18-20, 2004. He received the UNWTO Themis

Foundation Science Fellow Award, in April 2005 in Andorra.

He has extensive international consulting experience over the past 30 years for multilateral

and bi-lateral development assistance agencies, governments and the private sector, including

investment promotion, strategic planning, policy development, and human resource

development.

Kristin Lamoureux is the Director of the International Institute of Tourism Studies (IITS) at

The George Washington University in Washington, DC, USA. She is also an adjunct faculty

member of the Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, specialising in the

planning and development of sustainable tourism. Currently, her duties include the oversight

of all IITS activities including the Career Education Program and the administration of all

grants/contracts such as the USAID project focused on Sustainable Tourism Development in

Rural Areas of Northern Mozambique. Additionally, she has actively been involved in

several tourism development projects a World Bank project focusing on sustainable coastal

tourism development in Honduras after Hurricane Mitch; as well as a project to develop

SAVE tourism in Northern Honduras. She has also worked as tourism advisor or consultant

to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the World Travel and Tourism

Council, the Ecotourism Society, Conservation International, among others.

Dr. Owen Day

Dr. Owen Day is a founding board member of the Bucco Reef Trust (BRT) with a focus on

the development of BRT's research and conservation programmes. He holds a Bachelor's



v

degree in Biochemistry from Oxford University (1988), and a Masters (1991) and PhD

(1997) in Marine Biology from the School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor.

He has spent the last 7 years in Tobago developing research and education programmes for

the protection of Caribbean coral reefs and believes passionately in the need for stronger

partnerships between government, NGOs and the private sector for environmental

conservation.

Dr. Harold Goodwin

Harold is Professor of Responsible Tourism Management and Director of the International

Centre for Responsible Tourism at Leeds Metropolitan University. Harold researches on

tourism, local economic development and poverty reduction, conservation and responsible

tourism and teaches Masters and PhD students as well as the industry, local communities,

governments, and conservationists. Harold also undertakes consultancy and evaluations for

companies, NGOs, governments, and international organisations.

Kevon Wilson, graduated with Upper Second Class Honours from the University of the

West Indies (St. Augustine, Trinidad) in 2000, after reading a Bachelor of Science degree

in Management and Finance. Kevon Wilson is a Research Analyst at Tourism Intelligence

International. One of his recent assignments was in the Commonwealth of Dominica

where he provided technical support to the Euro 6 billion Eco-Tourism Development

Programme, a programme funded by the European Union and implemented by Tourism

Intelligence International. Kevon Wilson was also a Senior Executive at an investment

agency, in charge of Product Development and Administration. Prior to joining Tourism

Intelligence International, Kevon Wilson spent two years in London where, apart from

pursuing his studies, he worked as a manager at one of the largest UK-based restaurant

chains, JD Wetherspoon.


Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers vi

Acknowledgements

In preparing this report, the authors would like to thank the Tourism Boards, individual

companies for the information that they have kindly provided; the United Nations World

Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) and other organisations for its kind assistance in supplying

data; Barbara Morris, from our German office, for her research assistance; and Kevon

Wilson, from our Trinidad office, for co-ordinating the production of the report.

The production of this report benefited tremendously from the conferences and deliberations

of the World Travel and Tourism Council’s and the UNWTO’s Summit on Climate Change

in Davos, October 2007 and from the reports of Travel Impact Newswire as well as valuable

comments, insights and sources provided by Paula Lum Young Bautil (Environmental

Affairs and Management Systems, Codes of Conduct Department at Levi Strauss).



Foreword

Global developments – particularly the increasing deterioration of the environment and

growing threats of environmental disasters; growing demands by increasing mature and

informed consumers for more responsible products and services; as well as key positive

actions undertaken by governments and businesses – suggest that sustainable tourism is

not a luxury item on the agenda, but a growing necessity for the travel and tourism

industry.

At the same time, there is a growing body of knowledge and experiences regarding the

implementation and best practices of sustainable tourism. But how is tourism developed

in a sustainable and responsible manner? What can we learn from the experiences and

pitfalls of others in the industry as well as others from other industries that have gotten it

right?

Drawing on the experiences of companies and countries all over the world – those that

have done it right from the beginning such as Costa Rica and the Commonwealth of the

Dominica and the challenges that they continue to face; those that were forced by their

circumstances to develop responsible tourism (South Africa) to those that have destroyed

and have now rescued their natural and cultural resources such as the Rhine River in

Germany. This volume is a valuable resource for practitioners in the travel and tourism

sector.

Whether you manage a destination or property; whether your operation is in the

mountains, on the coast or inland; whether you belong to the private or public sector,

Tourism Intelligence International’s exhaustive and insightful report on sustainable

tourism development will provide a practical solution and guide to making sustainability

a reality. The report will certainly be an eye-opener for all those interested in growing

their businesses and destinations in a sustainable manner.

Sustainable Tourism Development – A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers highlights

the transition from corporate social responsibility to sustainable and responsible tourism

development. It shows what the key drivers of change were and how the same change

factors that shaped the mass, standardised form of tourism that we are so familiar with,

have come together to create the onset of a new tourism scenario – a new tourism that

now makes sustainable development the guiding principle for profitable tourism

practitioners.

The report also takes a close look at how key players like Lufthansa and GAP are

adopting sustainable practices in the travel and tourism industry. Lessons and key

success factors have also been extracted from players outside of the industry, like

Starbucks, that has gotten corporate social responsibility right.

Case studies on key destinations like South Africa and Costa Rica have been included in

the report to illustrate how other countries have been able to develop and implement

sustainable tourism policies. Also, analyses of the mistakes and successes of a variety of



operations/destinations such as the River Rhine, the Swiss Alps and the Great Barrier

Reef covering different types of tourism – river tourism, mountain tourism and coastal

tourism – have been developed to present solutions and creative and innovative ideas to a

broad spectrum of operations.

Finally, a guide to organisations involved in sustainable development and further

resources are presented.

Table of ContentsSustainable Tourism Development - A Practical Guide for Decision-Makers

Page Nos.

1 Executive Brief

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Industry Growth 4

1.3 Mass Tourism becomes ‘best practice’ 5

1.4 Limits to Growth 6

1.5 A Global Warning 7

1.6 An Inconvenient Truth 7

1.7 Consumers are Demanding Change 9

1.8 Listen to Customers or Lose Out 11

1.9 Corporate Social Responsibility 12

1.10 Rise of Responsible Tourism 15

1.11 Key Success Factors of Sustainable Tourism 17

1.11.1 It is Never too Late 17

1.11.2 Vision and Foresight 19

1.11.3 NGO Support 20

1.11.4 A Strategic Approach 21

1.11.5 Strong Institutional Framework 22

1.11.6 High Level of Commitment 23

1.12 Lessons Learnt 24

1.12.1 Beyond Saving the Environment 24

1.12.2 The Need for Balance 25

1.12.3 A Holistic Approach 27

1.12.4 Community Empowerment 28

1.12.5 Open Communication 29

1.12.6 Regional Cooperation 30

1.12.7 Accountability 31

1.12.8 Monitor and Measure 32

1.12.9 Enforcement of Laws 33

1.12.10 Beyond Production 33

1.12.11 Total Quality Management with CSR in Mind 33

1.12.12 Innovation is Critical 34

1.12.13 Technology is Critical 35

1.12.14 Research and Development 37

1.13 Challenges and Constraints 38

1.13.1 Rapid Growth 38

1.13.2 Greenwashing 39

1.13.3 Inadequate Enforcement 40

1.13.4 Foreign Dependence 40

1.13.5 Alienation of Communities 40

1.14 Conclusion 41

1.15 The Value of the Report 43

2 Global Tourism Overview - Growth, Impacts and Challenges

2.1 Introduction 48

2.2 Key Tourism Indicators 48

2.2.1 Growth in Worldwide Tourism 50

2.2.2 Growth by Region 50

2.2.4 Growth of Tourism Receipts 52

2.2.5 Main Purpose of Trip 53

2.2.6 Mode of Transport 53

2.2.7 Top Tourism Spenders 54

2.2.8 Top Tourism Destinations 54

2.2.9 Continued Growth in 2020 56

2.3 But what kind of Growth? 56

2.4 Another Tourism is Possible 59

2.5 Limits to Growth 60

2.6 New Tourism 62

2.6.1 New Consumers 64

2.6.2 New Technology 65

2.6.3 Other Issues 65

2.7 Future Prospects 66

2.8 What is to come 67

3 Tourism and the Environment

3.1 Introduction 70

3.2 Climate change and Global Warming 71

3.3 Impacts & Implications for Travel and Tourism 74

3.4 Impact of Climate Change on Tourism Regions of the World 77

3.4.1 Impacts on Africa 78

3.4.2 Impacts on the Mediterranean and Europe 78

3.4.3 Impacts on Asia 78

3.4.4 Impacts on Central and South America 79

3.4.5 Impacts on Australia and New Zealand 79

3.4.6 Impacts on North America 80

3.4.7 Impacts on Polar Regions 80

3.4.8 Impacts on Small Islands 81

3.5 Negative Impacts of Travel & Tourism on the Environment 82

3.6 Carbon Offset Schemes 87

3.7 Opportunities for Positive Environmental Impacts 89

3.8 Promoting the creation and effective management of protected areas 90

3.9 Promoting Sustainable Fisheries 91

3.10 A Call for Action 92

4 Towards Responsible Tourism

4.1 Introduction 96

4.2 What is Corporate Social Responsibility? 96

4.3 Why are Companies Adopting CSR Policies? 100

4.3.1 Government/ Regulation 101

4.3.2 Consumer Choice 105

4.4 Just Another Marketing Ploy? 108

4.5 The Future for CSR 109

4.6 CSR in Tourism 111

4.7 What is Responsible Tourism 113

4.8 Why Responsible Tourism 117

4.9 Key Drivers of Responsible Tourism 121

4.9.1 Consumers are the Principal Drivers of Responsible Tourism 121

4.9.2 Regulations and Standards 125

4.10 Approaches to Responsible Tourism 126

4.10.1 Public Sector Approach 126

4.10.2 Private Sector Approach 127

4.10.3 The UK Experience 128

4.11 Summary 133

5, 6, 7 Case Studies in Corporate Responsible Tourism

5 Lufthansa

5.1 The Problem 139

5.2 Technology and the Environment 143

5.3 Lufthansa: At a Glance 145

5.4 Mission Statement/ Guiding Principles 147

5.4.1 Sustainable Value Creation within Aviation 147

5.5 Company Infrastructure 147

5.5.1 Sustainable Principles Directing Strategy 147

5.6 Environmental Initiatives 148

5.6.1 Commitment to the Cause 148

5.6.2 Company Infrastructure 149

5.6.3 Continuous Improvement: Plan, Measure, Improve 149

5.6.4 Accountability 149

5.6.5 Technical Measures 150

5.6.6 Operational Measures 151

5.6.7 Economic Measures 152

5.6.8 Other Airlines’ Response – Carbon Off-setting 152

5.6.9 Environmental Research 153

5.6.10 The Result: Control of emissions despite growth 154

5.7 Social Initiatives 156

5.7.1 Employee Welfare: Development of Potential 156

5.7.2 Global Outreach: Focus on the Future 157

5.7.3 Supplier Compliance: Sustainability Requirements 159

5.8 The Stakeholders 160

5.8.1 Open Communication 160

5.8.2 Open Communication Policy 161

5.8.3 The Result: Recognition as a Global Leader in CSR 161

6 Starbucks

6.1 Introduction 164

6.2 Starbucks: At a Glance 164

6.3 Sustainability: Business Case 165



6.5.1 Management Buy-in, Risk Assessment, Monitoring for Effectivenes 166

6.6 Accountability/ Reporting 167

5.6.1 Social Investment: Management Mechanisms 167


6.7.1 Focused Strategy Based on Greenhouse Gas Footprint 168

6.7.2 Greener Stores: a ‘Whole’istic Approach 169

6.7.3 Greener Operations 170

6.7.4 Waste Reduction: Coffee Ground Fertiliser 171


6.8.1 Partner 171

6.8.2 Benefits 171

6.8.3 Health and Wellbeing 172

6.8.4 Training 172

6.8.5 Result 173

6.8.6 Community Initiatives 173

6.8.7 Ethical Coffee Sourcing 175

6.8.8 C.A.F.E. 175

6.8.9 Fair-trade and Organic Coffee 177

6.8.10 Access to Credit 178

6.8.11 Investment in Coffee Communities 178

6.8.12 Ethical Coffee Sourcing: The Controversy 179


6.9.1 Useful Input in Tailoring Operations 180

6.9.2 The Result 183

7 G.A.P. Adventures

7.1 GAP Adventures at a Glance 185

7.2 Sustainability: Business Case 186

7.2.1 The Result: Global Recognition in Management 187



7.4.1 Management Buy-in, Risk Assessment, Monitoring for Effectiveness 188

7.5 Accountability/ Reporting 189

7.6 Social Investment: Management Mechanisms 189




7.9.1 Employee 192

7.9.2 Results 192

7.10 Comparative Analysis 193


8 Costa Rica

8.1 Country Background 198

8.2 A Historical Overview of Costa Rica’s Economy 201

8.3 The Sustainable Tourism Plan 203

8.4 Why Sustainable Tourism? 206

8.5 Institutional Framework of the Tourism Industry in Costa Rica 207

8.6 How Sustainable is Ecotourism in Costa Rica? 210

8.6.1 The Impact of Tourism on Costa Rica’s Economy 210

8.6.2 Benefits to Other Industries 214

8.6.3 Transfer of Incomes 215

8.6.4 Diversification 215

8.7 Issues of Sustainability 216

8.8 Measuring Sustainability – A Cost Benefit Analysis 219

8.8.1 Benefits to the Environment 220

8.8.2 Effects of Rapid Growth 221

8.8.3 Greenwashing 222

8.8.4 Inadequate Enforcement 222

8.8.5 Foreign Dependence 223

8.9 Key Instruments in Encouraging Sustainable Tourism in Costa Rica 224

8.9.1 Certification for Sustainable Tourism Program 224

8.9.2 Tourism Encouragement Law 230

8.9.3 Beach Front Property Development 8.9.4 Regulations 230

8.10 Key Stakeholders in Sustainable Tourism 231

8.10.1 Local Communities 231

8.10.2 Private Sector 236

8.11 Visitor Statistics 239

8.12 Key Success Factors 243

8.13 Conclusion 245

9 South Africa

9.1 Background 250

9.1.1 Geography 250

9.1.2 Biodiversity 251

9.1.3 Population 252

9.2 The History of Tourism in South Africa 253

9.3 South Africa’s Tourism Potential 255

9.4 Tourism Statistics 259

9.5 National Parks System 262

9.6 Tourism as a Tool for Sustainable Development 267

9.7 Constraints of Tourism as a Tool for Sustainable Development 272

9.7.1 Inadequately Resourced and Funded Tourism Industry 273

9.7.2 Myopic Private Sector 274

9.7.3 Limited Development Scope Due to Past Political Policies 274

9.7.4 Limited Integration of Local Communities 275

9.7.5 Inadequate Training, Education and Awareness 277

9.7.6 Poor Protection of the Environment 277

9.7.7 Poor Service 278

9.7.8 Lack Of Infrastructure, Particularly in Rural Areas 279

9.8 A Historical Overview of South Africa Economic Development 279

9.9 The Policy, Strategy, Plan for Sustainable Tourism 281

9.10 Institutional Framework 285

9.11 Responsible Tourism in Action 292

9.11.1 Economic Responsibility 292

9.11.2 Linkages and Partnerships 296

9.12 Social Responsibility 298

9.12.1 An Action Plan for Social Responsibility 300

9.12.2 Local People as Tourists 301

9.12.3 Supporting Community Development 302

9.12.4 Environmental Responsibility 308

9.12.5 How Can an Enterprise Manage its Impact on the Environment? 309


10 River Tourism - The River Rhine

10.1 Importance of Rivers 312

10.2 Importance of River Tourism 312

10.3 The River Rhine Example 317

10.3.1 Profile of The River Rhine 317

10.3.2 Decades of Pollution and Destruction of the River Rhine 319

10.4 Measures Taken to Protect the Rhine 321

10.4.1 The International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine (ICP 321

10.4.2 The Rhine Action Programme 322

10.4.3 The Aims of the Rhine Action Programme 324

10.4.4 Success Achieved - The Return of the Salmon 324

10.4.5 The Reasons for the success of the Rhine Action Programme 326

10.5 Rhine 2020 327

10.5.1 Targets of Rhine 2020 328

10.6 The Road Ahead 333


10.7.1 International Cooperation is needed 334

10.7.2 Develop an Effective Mechanism for International Cooperation 334

10.7.3 Flexible Approaches are Needed 335

10.7.4 Financial Commitment is Key 335

10.7.5 It Takes Time … and Often a Disaster 336

10.7.6 An Integrated Approach is Needed 336

10.7.7 Political Will 336

10.7.8 Effective Public Relations Campaign 336

10.7.9 Open Dialogue with Stakeholders 337

10.7.10 Develop and Enforce Legislation 339

11 Coastal Tourism - The Great Barrier Reef


11.2 Importance of the Great Barrier Reef 343

11.2.1 Ecological Significance 343

11.2.2 Social Significance 344

11.2.3 Economic Significance 345

11.3 Threats to the Great Barrier Reef 347

11.3.1 Climate Change 348

11.3.2 Water Pollution 349

11.3.3 Poor Use of Resources 351

11.4 How is the GBR Managed 351

11.4.1 Stakeholder and Community Involvement 354

11.5 Management Tools 358

11.5.1 Zoning 358

11.5.2 Other Management Tools 362

11.6 Management Response to GBR Threats 366

11.6.1 Management Response to Climate Change 366

11.6.2 Adaptive Approaches to Climate Change 368

11.6.3 Management Response to Water Pollution 370


11.7.1 Multiple Use Approach 372

11.7.2 Specific Written Objectives 373

11.7.3 Complementarity 373

11.7.4 Clearly Stated Provisions 373

11.7.5 Well Designed Maps 374

11.7.6 Ownership 374

11.7.7 Public Participation 374

11.7.8 Keep it Simple 375


11.8.1 Proper Consultation 375

11.8.2 Don’t Delay 375

11.8.3 Simple is Best 376

11.8.4 Emergency Access 376

11.8.5 Connectivity 376

11.8.6 Zoning/Map Colour Schemes 377

11.8.7 Think in 3D 377

11.8.8 Think Outside the ‘Box’ 378

11.8.9 Consider Other Options 378

11.8.10 Fill the Gap 378

11.9 Conclusion 380

12 Mountain Tourism

12.1 The Importance of Mountains 382

12.2 Mountains as Biodiversity Centres 384

12.3 Mountain Tourism 385

12.4 The Case of the European Alps 387

12.5 Impact of Climate Change on the Alps 388

12.6 Adaptation Measures 396

12.6.1 Technological Responses to Climate Change 396

12.6.2 Going Higher and Facing North 402

12.6.3 Glacier Skiing 403

12.7 Behavioural Approaches to Climate Change 404

12.7.1 Operational Practices 404

12.7.2 Financial Instruments 405

12.7.3 Financial Support 406

12.7.4 Co-operation and Mergers 407

12.7.5 Winter Revenue Diversification 407

12.7.6 All Year Tourism 409



13 Measuring and Monitoring


13.2 The UNWTO Performance Indicators for Sustainable Tourism 415

13.3 UNWTO Background Information 416

13.4 Types of Indicators Identified Through the UNWTO Process 416

13.5 Customizing Indicators for a Specific Destination 417

13.6 UNWTO Indicators According to Function 418

13.7 Performance Monitoring Programs 424

13.8 Development Agencies and Performance Monitoring Programs 426

13.8.1 USAID - Performance Monitoring Plan 426

13.8.2 Logical Framework Approach 428

13.8.3 Additional Resources on Planning and Analysis 431

13.8.4 Monitoring and Evaluation Processes at the Country Level 432

13.9 Tourism and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 434

13.9.1 Additional Resources for Monitoring Sustainable Tourism Development 435

13.9.2 Conclusions and Recommendations 436

Annex 1 Sustainable Tourism Impacts and Indicators 439

Annex 2 Sample Resident Questionnaire 446

Annex 3 Visitor Questionnaire (Mozambique Example) 453

Annex 4 Making Tourism More Sustainable – Survey Form 460

14 Comprehensive Listing of Sustainable Organisations 475

sustainable tourism development

Documents