suzanne d'anna1 composition of matter. suzanne d'anna2 composition of matter l all matter...
TRANSCRIPT
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Composition of Matter
all matter is composed of ELEMENTS elements cannot be decomposed or broken
down by ordinary chemical means 109 elements 90% occur naturally elements are given letter abbreviations 26 of the 92 naturally occurring elements
are present in your body
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Four Elements make up 96% of the Human Body
carbon (C) - 18.0% hydrogen (H) - 10.0% nitrogen (N) - 3.0% oxygen (O) - 65.0%
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Elements inThe Human Body 3.9 %
Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Sulfur (S) Sodium (Na)
Chlorine (Cl) Magnesium (Mg) Iodine (I) Iron (Fe)
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Trace Elements in Human Body0.1%
Aluminum (Al) Boron (B) Chromium (Cr) Cobalt (Co) Copper (Cu) Fluorine (F)
Manganese (Mn) Molybdenum (Mo) Selenium (Se) Silicon (Si) Tin (Sn) Vanadium (V) Zinc (Zn)
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Atoms
smallest part of an element capable of entering into chemical reactions
Consist of three major subatomic particles:
- protons
- neutrons
- electrons each element is unique (atoms differ)
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Major Subatomic Particles of Atoms:
protons - positive charge (p+) - located within the nucleus
neutrons - no charge or neutral (no) - located within the nucleus
electrons - negative charge (e-) - orbit the dense core of nucleus
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Electrical Charge of a Particle
the number of protons (p+) in an atom is equal to the number of electrons (e-)
therefore the atom is electrically neutral
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Electrical Charge of a Particle
a measure of its ability to attract or repel other charged particles
particles of same charge repel particles of unlike charge attract neutral particles do not attract or repel
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Atomic Number
the number of protons in an atom
therefore if the atom has two protons the atomic number is 2
2
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Atomic Weight
sum of the weight of the protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus
2 protons
+ 2 neutrons
= 4 (atomic weight)
4
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atomic weight =
6 protons
+6 neutrons
12 (atomic weight)
atomic number = the number of protons
Carbon
12
6
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Hydrogen
atomic weight =
1 proton
+0 neutrons
1 (atomic weight)
atomic number = the number of protons
1
1
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Beryllium
atomic weight =
4 protons
+5 neutrons
9 (atomic weight)
atomic number =
the number of
protons
4
9
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Oxygen
atomic weight = 16
8 protons
+8 neutrons
16 (atomic weight)
atomic number = 8 the number of
protonselectron
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Isotopes
are atoms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons
each atom of an element may be different depending on the # of neutrons
neutron variation makes an isotope radioactive are unstable (because of
increased mass of additional neutrons)
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Isotopes (cont.)
same # of electrons same # of protons different # of neutrons
thus - same atomic number -
different atomic weight or mass
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Radioactive Isotopes
nuclear structure decays becoming more stable atomic nuclei tend to weaken in heavier
isotopes spontaneous atomic decay in decaying they release particles or energy
i.e. radiation (alpha or beta particles or gamma rays)
damaging to living tissues
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Radioactive Isotopes (cont.)
alpha particles - least damaging
beta particles - more damaging
gamma rays - most damaging
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Radioactive Isotopes (cont.)
in the body they are used to tag (or attach to) biological molecules enabling them to be traced through the body
valuable for diagnosis PET scans use radioisotopes to diagnose radioisotope of iodine (I-131) can be used to
check circulation through lungs or to scan the thyroid glands
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Radioactive Isotopes (cont.)
Thallium-201 is used to image the heart (thallium imaging) and to assess adequacy of blood flow to the heart muscle.
(bone scan) used to study bones (PET scan) used to study the brain (lung scan) used to study the lung (kidney scan) used to study the kidney radium - used to destroy localized cancers
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1Av
Row
1
2
3
5
6
7
55Cs
56Ba
57La
58Ce
59Pr
60Nd
61Pm
62Sm
63Eu
64Gd
65Tb
66Dy
67Ho
68Er
69Tm
70Yb
71Lu
72Hf
73Ta
74W
75Re
76Os
77Ir
78Pt
79Au
80Hg
81Ti
82Pb
83Bi
84Po
85At
86Rn
37Rb
38Sr
11Na
12Mg
3Li
4Be
19K
20Ca
1H
2A
436Kr
21Sc
22Ti
23V
24Cr
25Mn
26Fe
27Co
28Ni
29Cu
30Zn
31Ga
32Ge
33As
34Se
35Br
39Y
40Zr
41Nb
42Mo
43Tc
44Ru
45Rh
46Pd
47Ag
48Cd
49In
50Sn
51Sb
52Te
53I
54Xe
2He
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
5B
6C
7N
8O
9F
10Ne
13Al
14Si
15P
16S
17Cl
18Ar
87Fr
88Ra
89Ac
90Th
91Pa
104Unq
92U
93Np
94Pu
95Am
97Bk
98Cl
99Es
100Fm
101Md
102No
103Lr
105Unp
106Unh
107Uns
109Une
Periodic Table
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THE NAMES, ATOMIC NUMBERS, AND SYMBOLS OF THE ELEMENTS
123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536
HHeLiBeBCNOFNeNaMgAlSiPSClArKCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr
HydrogenHeliumLithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFluorineNeonSodiumMagnesiumAluminumSiliconPhosphorousSulfurChlorineArgonPotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton
3738394041424344454647484950515253545556575859606162636465666768697071
RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXeCsBaLaCePrNdPmSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu
RubidiumStrontiumYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRuthiumRhodiumPaladiumSilverCadmiumIndiumTinAntimonyTelluriumIodineXenonCesiumBariumLanthanumCeriumPraseodymiumNeodymiumPromethiumSamariumEuropiumGadoliniumTerbiumDysprosiumHolmiumErbiumThuliumYtterbiumLutetium
72737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103104105106107
HfTaTuReOsIrPtAuHgTiPbBiPoAtRnFrRaAcThPaUNpPuAmCmBkCfEsFmMvNoLwUnqUnpUnhUns
HafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryThalliumLeadBismuthPoloniumAstatineRadonFranciumRadiumActiniumThoriumProtactiniumUraniumNeptuniumPlutoniumAmericiumCuriumBerkeliumCaliforniumEinsteiniumFermiumMendeleviumNobeliumLawrenciumUnnilquadiumUnnilpentiumUnnilhexiumUnnilseptium