SWEL’07@AIED’07, 2007/7/8

A Theory-aware & Standards-compliant A Theory-aware & Standards-compliant authoring systemauthoring system

SMARTIESSMARTIES

Riichiro Mizoguchi, Yusuke Hayashi Riichiro Mizoguchi, Yusuke Hayashi and Jacqueline Bourdeauand Jacqueline Bourdeau

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Overview of SMARTIESOverview of SMARTIES

• The objectiveThe objective– Theory-basedTheory-based design support for design support for standards-compliantstandards-compliant learning learning

contentscontents

• What SMARTIES can do:What SMARTIES can do:– Modeling frameworkModeling framework for scenario design for scenario design– Concepts and vocabularyConcepts and vocabulary for scenario design for scenario design– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario

– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios and theories of scenarios and theories– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationale with design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

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Coverage of SMARTIESCoverage of SMARTIES

• Covered: Covered: – Abstract design phase of learning/instructional Abstract design phase of learning/instructional

designdesign• Skeleton of a scenarioSkeleton of a scenario• Structure of design rationale (justified by Structure of design rationale (justified by

theories)theories)

• Not covered yet:Not covered yet:– Detailed design of learning/instructional scenarioDetailed design of learning/instructional scenario

• Learning objects design & its useLearning objects design & its use– Execution of scenariosExecution of scenarios

• Adaptation to learners’ actual statesAdaptation to learners’ actual states

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Scenario model in SMARTIES (1/3)Scenario model in SMARTIES (1/3)

Abstract

Concrete

I_L event• Interaction between

an instructor and a learner.

• State-change of the learner

I_L event• Interaction between

an instructor and a learner.

• State-change of the learner

WAYDecomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events

WAYDecomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events

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Scenario model in SMARTIES (2/3)Scenario model in SMARTIES (2/3)

Abstract

Concrete

I_L event• Interaction between

an instructor and a learner.

• State-change of the learner

I_L event• Interaction between

an instructor and a learner.

• State-change of the learner

WAYDecomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events

WAYDecomposition and Achievement relation between macro and micro I_L events

Way <-> Theory• A WAY-knowledge is

a WAY defined based on a theory.

• A theory is modeled as a set of WAY-knowledge .

Way <-> Theory• A WAY-knowledge is

a WAY defined based on a theory.

• A theory is modeled as a set of WAY-knowledge .

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Scenario model in SMARTIES (3/3)Scenario model in SMARTIES (3/3)

Abstract

Concrete

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Learningcontent

Scenario (sequence)Scenario (sequence)

Scenario descriptionThe goal of the learner in this scenario is to be in "Apply level" state

Step1The instructor does "Show familiar things".The learner does "Look it".This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state.[...more]

Step2The instructor does "Show familiar things in unfamiliar manner".The learner does "Look it".This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state.[...more] …

Scenario descriptionThe goal of the learner in this scenario is to be in "Apply level" state

Step1The instructor does "Show familiar things".The learner does "Look it".This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state.[...more]

Step2The instructor does "Show familiar things in unfamiliar manner".The learner does "Look it".This interaction is for making the learner be in "Have recognized" state.[...more] …

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Scenariointerpreter

Ontology

Scenariomodels

Explanationgenerator

Modelmanager

Way-knowledgemanager

Explanation of theories

Explanation of scenarios

Makingscenarios

Explanationtemplate

A system architectureA system architecture of of a theory-aware authoring tool a theory-aware authoring tool

IMS LDExport

Export in IMS LDformat

Way-Knowledge

Guidance for making

scenarios

IMS LDSpecifications

IMS LDSpecifications

Authoring Interface

Author

IMS LDcompliant tools

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Demonstration of SMARTIESDemonstration of SMARTIES

1.1. Scenario makingScenario making– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with

Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios of scenarios

2.2. Scenario modification with a sample scenarioScenario modification with a sample scenario– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow

3.3. Scenario exportScenario export– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationalewith design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

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Demonstration of SMARTIES (1/3)Demonstration of SMARTIES (1/3)

1.1. Scenario makingScenario making– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with

Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios of scenarios

2.2. Scenario modification with a sample scenarioScenario modification with a sample scenario– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow

3.3. Scenario exportScenario export– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationalewith design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

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Scenario settingScenario setting•Situation

– Learner: School kids, learning in the classroom

– Object: A concept– Goal: Understanding of the

target concept• Already knowing the

concept• After this scenario the

learner learn to apply it.

•Setting of the root I_L event

• Main flow of learning/instruction– Preparation -> Development

-> Assessment -> Follow-up

SlotsSlots ValueValue

Type of I_L event Developmental event

Learner property: Age (type)

School kid

Learner property: Context Classroom learning

Object property: Content type

Concept

Instructional action Supportive action

Learning action Understand

State of learner Understand level

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Generation mechanism of Generation mechanism of explanationexplanation

Support learning/ Aquire understanding/ Understand

Advancethe development/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop/ Developed

Coached exercise

Give information

Coached exercise

Developmental event

.XML .XML .HTML

Model &Ontology

Data

Explanationcontent

Explanationrepresentation

I_L eventContenttemplate

I_L eventRepresentation

template

Scenario model

Ontology

.XSL .XSL

.XML .XML .HTML

OntologyData

Explanationcontent

Explanationrepresentation

WAY knowledgeContenttemplate

WAY knowledgeRepresentation

template

.XSL .XSL

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Demonstration of SMARTIES (2/3)Demonstration of SMARTIES (2/3)

1.1. Scenario makingScenario making– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with

Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios of scenarios

2.2. Scenario modification with a sample scenarioScenario modification with a sample scenario– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow

3.3. Scenario exportScenario export– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationalewith design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

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Sample scenario Sample scenario

• From From Charles M. Reigeluth (Eds.)Charles M. Reigeluth (Eds.)

““Instructional Theories in ActionInstructional Theories in Action

Lessons Illustrating Selected Theories and Models”Lessons Illustrating Selected Theories and Models”

• Based on Gagne’s theoryBased on Gagne’s theory– Target is Target is Intellectual skillIntellectual skill

“Use a previously unencountered optical micro scope “Use a previously unencountered optical micro scope properly”properly”

• Demonstration the following theory-aware Demonstration the following theory-aware functionalityfunctionality– Blending multiple theories into a scenarioBlending multiple theories into a scenario– Finding similar theories to an author’s own strategyFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy– Consistency check of scenario-flowConsistency check of scenario-flow

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Demonstration of SMARTIES (2/3)Demonstration of SMARTIES (2/3)

1.1. Scenario makingScenario making– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with

Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios of scenarios

2.2. Scenario modification with a sample scenarioScenario modification with a sample scenario– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow

3.3. Scenario exportScenario export– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationalewith design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

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Inside of SMARTIESInside of SMARTIES

• Basic functionality Basic functionality of SMARTIESof SMARTIES1.1. Read and write the ontologyRead and write the ontology2.2. I_L event pattern matchingI_L event pattern matching

(and unfolding scenario model) (and unfolding scenario model)

3.3. Rule-based reasoningRule-based reasoning• E.g. Scenario consistency check ruleE.g. Scenario consistency check rule

– all the data used in the rule is all the data used in the rule is defined in the ontologydefined in the ontology

• Declarative definitionDeclarative definition of of concepts in the ontologyconcepts in the ontology

• All the theories and scenarios in All the theories and scenarios in SMARTIES are SMARTIES are modeled based on modeled based on

the ontologythe ontology

Way-knowledge base

Advancethe development

/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize

/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Advancethe development

/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize

/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Advancethe development

/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize

/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Advancethe development/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize

/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Advancethe development

/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize

/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop

/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop/ Developed

Coached exercise

Give information

Coached exercise

Scenario model

Pattern matching

Support learning/ Aquire understanding/ Understand

Advancethe development/ Develop/ Developed

Developmental event

Application

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Demonstration of SMARTIES (3/3)Demonstration of SMARTIES (3/3)

1.1. Scenario makingScenario making– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with

Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios of scenarios

2.2. Scenario modification with a sample scenarioScenario modification with a sample scenario– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow

3.3. Scenario exportScenario export– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationalewith design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format

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Support learning/ Aquire understanding/ Understand

Advancethe development/ Develop/ Developed

Present content/ Recognize/ Recognizing the content

Guide practice/ Develop/ Developed

Present what to learn/ Recognize/ Recognizing what to learn

Give guidelines/ Recognize/ Recognizing how to learn

ref. Gagne and Briggs

<imscp:manifest ...(Snip)... identifier="CP-Sample-of-IMS-LD-export">

<imscp:organizations><imsld:learning-design identifier="sample“...(Snip)...<imsld:title>Sample of IMS LD export</imsld:title>

...(Snip)...<imsld:components><imsld:roles><imsld:learner identifier="R-learner"/>...(Snip)...<imsld:activities>(Snip)...<imsld:activity-structure Identifier=“IAS-Present content836231168“structure-type="sequence"><imsld:title>IAS-Present content</imsld:title>- <imsld:information> <imsld:item identifier=“IASI-Present content857600000” 　　　　 identifierref="RES-i857600000" isvisible="true" /> </imsld:information><imsld:activity-structure-ref

ref="LAS-Present what to learn857059328"/><imsld:activity-structure-ref ref="LAS-Give guidelines858066944"/>

</imsld:activity-structure><imsld:activity-structure identifier=“LAS-Recognize836231168" structure-type="sequence"><imsld:title>LAS-Recognize</imsld:title><imsld:activity-structure-ref ...(Snip)... </imsld:activity-structure>

(Snip)...<imsld:environments>(Snip)...

<imscp:manifest ...(Snip)... identifier="CP-Sample-of-IMS-LD-export">

<imscp:organizations><imsld:learning-design identifier="sample“...(Snip)...<imsld:title>Sample of IMS LD export</imsld:title>

...(Snip)...<imsld:components><imsld:roles><imsld:learner identifier="R-learner"/>...(Snip)...<imsld:activities>(Snip)...<imsld:activity-structure Identifier=“IAS-Present content836231168“structure-type="sequence"><imsld:title>IAS-Present content</imsld:title>- <imsld:information> <imsld:item identifier=“IASI-Present content857600000” 　　　　 identifierref="RES-i857600000" isvisible="true" /> </imsld:information><imsld:activity-structure-ref

ref="LAS-Present what to learn857059328"/><imsld:activity-structure-ref ref="LAS-Give guidelines858066944"/>

</imsld:activity-structure><imsld:activity-structure identifier=“LAS-Recognize836231168" structure-type="sequence"><imsld:title>LAS-Recognize</imsld:title><imsld:activity-structure-ref ...(Snip)... </imsld:activity-structure>

(Snip)...<imsld:environments>(Snip)...

XML description of IMS LD

Activity-structure for Learner

Activity-structure for Instructor

Role

Activities

Environment

HTMLfile

This structure is based on “Gagne and Briggs’s theory”.The goal “Developed” is achieved by …

This structure is based on “Gagne and Briggs’s theory”.The goal “Developed” is achieved by …

Relation between Relation between our model and IMS our model and IMS

LDLD

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Demonstration of SMARTIESDemonstration of SMARTIES

1.1. Scenario makingScenario making– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Application Application of a theory to a scenarioof a theory to a scenario– Preservation of Preservation of design rationaledesign rationale of a scenario with of a scenario with

Theoretical justificationTheoretical justification of a scenario of a scenario– ExplanationsExplanations of scenarios of scenarios

2.2. Scenario modification with a sample scenarioScenario modification with a sample scenario– Multiple theory-based guidelinesMultiple theory-based guidelines for scenario design for scenario design

• Blending multiple theoriesBlending multiple theories into a scenario into a scenario• Finding similar theoriesFinding similar theories to an author’s own strategy to an author’s own strategy

– Consistency checkConsistency check of scenario-flow of scenario-flow

3.3. Scenario exportScenario export– Scenario-Scenario-exportexport with design rationalewith design rationale

• simple scenario description simple scenario description • IMS LD-compliant formatIMS LD-compliant format