sy10-01 - arthritogenic arboviruses - susan hills...travelers do not need to travel far to be at...

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6/24/2019 1 National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Epidemiology of Arthritogenic Arboviruses Affecting Travelers Susan Hills MBBS, MTH Medical Epidemiologist Division of VectorBorne Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 16 th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine June 8, 2019 National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases The Story of MosquitoBorne Viruses that Cause Joint Pain among Travelers What: Alphaviruses Sindbis virus Symptoms of alphaviral diseases Why is clinician awareness of these diseases important? Disease burden – Common: Chikungunya – Less common: Ross River, Mayaro, O’nyongnyong, Sindbis Geographically widely distributed Robinson MC. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1955 Potential for rapid spread 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Page 1: SY10-01 - Arthritogenic arboviruses - Susan Hills...Travelers do not need to travel far to be at risk Ross River virus infection Ross River virus First isolated: ... Venezuela *Presumed

6/24/2019

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National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

Epidemiology of Arthritogenic Arboviruses Affecting Travelers 

Susan Hills MBBS, MTH

Medical Epidemiologist

Division of Vector‐Borne Diseases

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

16th Conference of the International Society of Travel Medicine

June 8, 2019

National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases

The Story of Mosquito‐Borne Viruses  that Cause Joint Pain among Travelers 

What: Alphaviruses

Sindbis virus

Symptoms of alphaviral diseases

Why is clinician awareness of these diseases important?

Disease burden  – Common: Chikungunya

– Less common: Ross River, Mayaro, O’nyong‐nyong, Sindbis

Geographically widely distributed  

Robinson MC. Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 1955

Potential for rapid spread

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Travelers can be sentinels of infection

Tsuboi 2016. Emerging Infectious Diseases

Traveler’s role in spread of infection

Lindh E. Open Forum ID 2018 

Chikungunya

Chikungunya

First recognized during outbreak in Tanzania in 1952–53 

‘that which bends up’ or ‘to become contorted’ (Makonde language)

Source: PAHO, 2011. Preparedness and Response for Chikungunya Virus Introduction in the AmericasAvailable at www..paho.org

Transmission cycle

Chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons

Chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons

Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus

Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus

Acknowledgement for graphic: Dr Ann Powers, CDC

Sylvatic cycle

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Transmission cycle

Chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons

Chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons

Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus

Aedes furcifer, Aedes africanus

Acknowledgement for graphic: Dr Ann Powers, CDC

Aedes aegyptiAedes albopictus

Aedes aegyptiAedes albopictus

Urban cycleSylvatic cycle

Mosquito vectors

Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus

Identified by white stripes on bodies and legs

Aggressive daytime biters with peak dawn and dusk

Breed in containers that hold water

Spread of chikungunya virus since 2004*

Source: Zeller H et al. J Infect Dis 2016 *As of 2015

Chikungunya virus disease cases reported among travelers, United States, 2009–2018 –

Risk area for chikungunya virus transmission*

*As of May 2018 www.cdc.gov

Travel destination for U.S. travelers with chikungunya virus disease, 2018–19*  

* Preliminary data for 126 travelers reported to ArboNET with travel destination noted

Asia (59%)

Caribbean (15%)

South America (10%)

Africa (6%)

Central America (6%)North America (5%) Pacific (2%)

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Sweden

Switzerland

United Kingdom

Eurosurveillance, March 2019

Romania

Israel

France

Travelers do not need to travel far to be at risk

Ross River virus infection  Ross River virus

First isolated: Ross River, Townsville, Australia, 1959

Primary vectors:  Aedes and Culex species mosquitoes

Reservoir hosts: Marsupials

Risk areas

Australia 

– Average of 5,000 cases/year with periodic outbreaks

Papua New Guinea

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Additional risk areas – Pacific Islands region

Large outbreak South Pacific in 1979–1980 

Locally, no outbreaks or cases reported since

Data suggest Ross River virus might be established or be periodically reintroduced with local transmission

– Traveler cases from 1997–2009 in tourists to Fiji

– Serosurvey evidence in French Polynesia and American Samoa

Proll 1999. Dtsch Med Wochenschr; Klapsing 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases; Lau 2012. Travel Medicine Infectious Diseases; Aubry 2015. International Journal of Infectious Diseases; Lau 2017, International Journal of Infectious Diseases.

Ross River virus infections in travelers to Australia

Reported in small numbers but regularly

Mayaro virus infection 

Mayaro virus

First isolated: Mayaro County, Trinidad, 1954

Primary vectors:  Haemagogus species mosquitoes*

Reservoir hosts: Non‐human primates*

Venezuela

*Presumed

Countries with reported Mayaro cases

Source: Adapted from Acosta‐Ampudia Y et al, 2018. Emerging Microbes & Infections 7:163

Source: Flickr.com

Source: divergenttravelers.com

Source: amazon‐rainforest.org

Human exposure and infection

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Published cases in international travelers, 1996–2018 Year Nationality Travel destination Reference

1996 United States Peru 1

1997 United States Peru 1

1999* United States Bolivia 2

2008** Dutch Suriname 3

2010 French Brazil (Amazon) 4

2011 Swiss Peru (Amazon) 5

2012 German Bolivia (Amazon) 6

2013 German French Guiana 7

2013 Dutch Brazil (Amazon) 8

2013 French  French Guiana 9

2014 German Ecuador 10

2014 German Bolivia 10

References: 1. Tesh et al, 1999. Clin ID; 2. Taylor et al, 2005. Southern Med J; 3. Hassing et al, 2010. J Infect; 4. Receveur et al, 2010. Euro Surveill; 5. Neumayer et al, 2012. Emerg ID; 6. Theilacker et al, 2013. BMC Infect Dis 7. Friedrich‐Janicke et al, 2014. Emerg ID. 8. Slegers et al, 2014. J Clin Virol; 9. Llagonne‐Barets et al, 2016. J Clin Virol; 10. Tappe et al, 2016. Emerg ID. 

*Probable case; **Possible infection in partner also

O’nyong‐nyong virus and Sindbis virus infection 

O’nyong‐nyong*

First isolated: Uganda, 1959

Primary vectors:  Anopheles species mosquitoes

Vertebrate hosts: Unknown

* ‘Very painful weakening of the joints’

Geographical distribution of O’nyong‐nyong virus

Source: Rezza et al, 2017. Pathogens and Global Health

O’nyong‐nyong cases in travelers Sindbis

First isolated: Sindbis district, Egypt, 1952

Primary vectors: Culex, Aedes, and Culiseta species mosquitoes

Vertebrate hosts: Birds

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Geographical distribution of Sindbis virus

Source: Adouchief et al, 2016. Reviews in Medical Virology 

Summary

Chikungunya: most common disease causing arthralgia in tropical/subtropical areas

Other alphaviruses to keep in mind– Australia and the Pacific: Ross River virus disease 

– Africa: O’nyong‐nyong

– South/Central America: Mayaro

– South Africa, Northern Europe: Sindbis

Why are arboviruses emerging? 

..and covering greater distances with increasing speed

Human travel

Increasing number and variety of destinations

…allowing rapid transport of pathogens

Growth in tourist numbers Spread of vectors

Predicted distribution of Aedes albopictus Predicted distribution of Aedes aegypti

Adaptable to a range of habitats Adaptable to cold temperatures

Source: Kraemer et al, 2015. eLife

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International trade

Lucky bamboo Source: Walmart.comTires

Viral adaption

Aedes albopictus

Chikungunya virus developed a mutation that allows easier transmission by Aedes albopictus

Urbanization

• Urbanization of human populations

Source: pxhere.com

Climate change

Appropriate vector Vertebrate host

What next?

Suitable environmental conditions Susceptible population

What is needed?

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Susan HillsU.S. Centers for Disease Control and PreventionEmail: [email protected]

AcknowledgementsDr Bertrand SudreEuropean Center for Disease Control and Prevention

Dr Ann PowersU.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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