sykes-alan ingham lecture-nasss 2014

7/25/2019 Sykes-Alan Ingham Lecture-NASSS 2014

1/31

Sport within/against the U.S. Empire:

Queer Complicity, Anti-Colonial Activism

Heather Sykes

Ontario Institute for Studies in Education

University of Toronto

Alan Ingham Lecture

North American Society or the Sociology o Sport

Portland, Oregon

ovem!er, "#$%


2/31

A!stract

&odern s'ort has al(ays 'layed (ithin, sometimes against, neoli!eral, 'rivate, militaryand media em'ires) In the "$st century, the US Em'ire is voracious and contem'orary

s'orts are 'layed (ithin the ruins, and ongoing realities, of colonialism, accelerated !yglo!ali*ation, !ankrolled and !ankru'ted !y neoli!eralism and !rutali*ed !y militarism)+ritical theories used in s'ort sociology variously avoid and encounter US Em'ire) Ho(does orth American s'ort sociology !ecome com'licit (ith the logic and 'ractices ofem'ire, as academics (ork (ithin the 'recarious -academic.industrial.security/ com'le012hat ty'e of research imaginations does critical s'ort sociology research need to su''ortactivism and activists1 3ueer theori*ations of s'ort have !een com'licit (ith (hiteness,gay male and settler dominance, !ut are also countering homonationalism, 4ionism andmilitarism) 5lo!ali*ation theories are su''orting im'erial s'ort for develo'ment and 'eace'rograms, (hile others e0'ose local assem!lages of colonial, neoli!eral and militaryinterests) Postcolonial, transnational and indigenous s'ort feminisms are continuouslyhaving to counter (estern and US li!eral feminisms) So, ho( do critical researchers foster

research imaginations to counter em'ire, to recogni*e and then decoloni*e com'licitassum'tions1 Siska Sassen 6"##78 urged researchers to -deci'her the glo!al/ !y 9ndingthe disci'lining condition in our o(n research) &y current 'ro:ect, a!out s'ort mega.events, gender :ustice and anti.glo!ali*ation, foregrounds anti.colonial activists/ analysesof the connections !et(een s'orting mega.events, glo!ali*ation, colonialism and genderin:ustice) Using e0am'les of anti.colonial activism and media from my o(n 'ro:ect, I ho'eto generate a re;e0ive conversation a!out (ays critical s'ort sociology encounterscolonialism, im'erialism and the US em'ire)

Ackno(ledgements

I ackno(ledge I/m giving this talk in the Portland metro area, (hich rests ontraditional territories of the &ultnomah,


3/31

This research is 'art of a Standard Fesearch 5rant titled GS'ort, 5ender >ustice andAnti.5lo!ali*ation &ovements funded !y the Social Sciences and Humanities Fesearch+ouncil of +anada)

Sport within/against the U.S. Empire: Queer Complicity, Anti-Colonial Activism

GJormerly marginal, su!ordinated and 'olyform citi*en.su!:ects are claiming

diKcult coalitional 'sychic terrain, and in so doing an original 'ostem'ire yet

transnational citi*enshi' is emerging, made 'ossi!le through the decoloni*ing

activities of (hat is de9ned as the methodology of the o''ressed, 6Sandoval,

"###= M8)

Empire, !lo"ali#ation an$ Sport Sociology

&odern s'ort has al(ays 'layed (ithin, sometimes against, em'ire) In the "$st

century, the US Em'ire is voracious) +ontem'orary s'orts are 'layed (ithin its ruins, and

the ongoing realities of colonialism, accelerated !y glo!ali*ation, !ankrolled and

!ankru'ted !y neoli!eralism, !rutali*ed !y militarism) +ritical theories used in s'ort

sociology variously avoid and encounter US Em'ire) 2hat ty'e of research imaginations

does critical s'ort sociology research need to su''ort activism and activists1 5lo!ali*ation

theories are su''orting im'erial s'ort for develo'ment and 'eace 'rograms, (hile others

e0'ose local assem!lages of colonial, neoli!eral and military interests) 3ueer theori*ations

of s'ort have !een com'licit (ith (hiteness, gay male and settler dominance, !ut are also

countering homonationalism, 4ionism and militarism) Postcolonial, transnational and

N


4/31

indigenous s'ort feminisms are continuously having to counter (estern and US li!eral

feminisms) Ho( does our collective (ork in orth American s'ort sociology !ecome

com'licit (ith the logic and 'ractices of em'ire, even as academics (e are each very

di?erently 'ositioned (ithin the 'recarious -academic.industrial.security/ com'le01 Ho(

do critical researchers foster research imaginations to counter em'ire, to recogni*e and

then decoloni*e com'licit assum'tions1 &y current 'ro:ect, a!out s'ort mega.events,

gender :ustice and anti.glo!ali*ation, foregrounds anti.colonial activists/ analyses and

insights) Using e0am'les from this 'ro:ect, I ho'e to generate a re;e0ive conversation

a!out (ays critical s'ort sociology encounters colonialism, im'erialism and the US

em'ire)

&odern s'ort has al(ays 'layed (ithin, sometimes against, em'ire) In the "$st

century, the US Em'ire is voracious) +ontem'orary s'orts are 'layed (ithin its ruins, and

the ongoing realities of colonialism, accelerated !y glo!ali*ation, !ankrolled and

!ankru'ted !y neoli!eralism, !rutali*ed !y militarism) Local, grassroots communities resist

!eing tem'orarily and 'ermanently re.housed or incarcerated) Individuals have !een

killed, disa''eared, incarcerated for resisting s'ort mega.events)

Ho( does our collective (ork in orth American s'ort sociology !ecome com'licit

(ith the logic and 'ractices of em'ire1 2hat ty'e of research imaginations does critical

s'ort sociology research need to su''ort activism and activists1 &y current 'ro:ect, a!out

s'ort mega.events, gender :ustice and anti.glo!ali*ation, foregrounds anti.colonial

activists/ analyses and insights) Using e0am'les from this 'ro:ect, I ho'e to generate a

re;e0ive conversation a!out (ays that s'ort sociology encounters colonialism,

im'erialism and the US em'ire)

A decade ago, Emma Pere* 6"##%8 gave a keynote to ASSS a!out the decolonial

imaginary and ueer icana feminism) Lindsay Hayhurst and Simon Carnell 6"#$$8 call for

%


5/31

decoloni*ation to !e 'art of critical research a!out -s'ort for develo'ment/) +ritical

scholars of glo!ali*ed s'ort and ur!an geogra'hy have critiued the dis'lacement of

marginali*ed communities and the securiti*ation of large s'orting events) &edia scholars

and :ournalists, such as >ules Boyco? and Cave 4irin, kee' e0'osing the disastrous local

conseuences for cities that host s'ort mega.events) et still, much research a!out

glo!ali*ed s'ort remains androcentric and US.centric, not taking u' issues of colonialism,

se0uality or gender)

One 'ro!lem facing me is ho( to theori*e the movements of the IO+ and JIJA, as

non.territorial, su'ranational, em'ires to cities across the glo!e, (hile activists have

grassroots, local, sometimes indigenous, connections to the local) Ho( can I connect the

translocal conte0t of host cities, (hile the 'rivate em'ires rove from continent to

continent1 The (isdom is !eing generated !y activists) Activists give voice to the ideas

and analysis of (hat Hardt and egri 6"##%8 call the -multitude/ i) GThese 'rotesters in the

streets, in social forums, and in 5Os not only 'resent grievances against the 'resent

system !ut also 'rovide numerous reform 'ro'osals, ranging from institutional

arrangements to economic 'olicies 6Hardt Q egri, "##%= N"N8) Antiracists and feminists

of color activists are familiar (ith the multitude, the com'le0ities of di?erent grou's

(orking in coalitions for a common cause)

I aim to (ork in solidarity (ith anti.colonial activists) &y colleague at OISE, Fu!Rn

5a*tam!ide.Jernande* 6"#$"8, (rites a!out three forms of solidarity. relational, transitive

and creative) GTo think of solidarity relationally is to the ask the uestion= ho( am I !eing

made !y others1 2hat are the conseuences of my !eing on others1 6') "8) Positioned

as (e are, (ithin the US em'ire and colonial 'resents, Fu!Rn argues that e0'eriences of

coloni*ation are the !asis for relational solidarity)


6/31

Jor me, I can only a''roach this !y mi0ing my 'assionate :ourneyDmy heart.

:ourneyD(ith my academic and 'olitical :ourneying) &y 'ersonal encounters and

academic investments constitute (ho I amDal(ays !ecoming) There is no 'rior -me/ to a

research 'ro:ect, :ust as there is no 'rior -I/ to an encounter or relationshi') I am formed

(ithin these things) Jrom my location (ithin the orth American academy, any calls I

make for a s'ort sociology that counters em'ire, or ueer research in solidarity (ith anti.

colonial activists, risks uickly sliding into 'olitical, theoretical and methodological im'erial

demands) Each call must !e su!:ect to ongoing self.re;e0ivity, seeking (ays to (ork from,

yet against, my 'rivileged 'ositions (ithin the US em'ire, settler colonial +anada and

'ost.im'erial Britain)

So, at this ASSS, I invite us to think a!out ho(=

s'ort sociology can (ork against US em'ire

s'ort research can su''orts activists/ (ork

and, ho( ueer s'ort research can !e done in solidarity (ith anti.colonial

activism)

I center my talk around my encounters (ith media during my recent research 'ro:ect) I

(ant to share ho( I/m learning from anti.colonial and indigenous activists) Indeed ho( I

have !een -made and remade/ during this (ork)

Em'ire and Anti.+olonial Fesearch

The conce't of coloniality as Gthe darker side of modernity 6&ignolo, "##= $78 is

central) Indeed, An!al 3ui:ano 6"##8 argues Gcoloniality, then, is still the most general

form of domination in the (orld today, once colonialism as an e0'licit 'olitical order (as

destroyed 6') $#8) One move has !een to think a!out the US in terms of military em'ire

and settler colonial state, rather than :ust as a neoli!eral nation state) Cealing (ith

+anada as a settler colonial state is also vital) Another move is to use em'ire to think


7/31

a!out su'ranational s'ort organi*ations) Anti.glo!ali*ation involves Gthe act of imagination

needed to make the connections !et(een the su?ering of 'eo'le far a(ay and the

'ro!lems and events in one/s o(n community 6Starr, "##= 7N8) So, (here to dra( from1

+enter.'eri'hery theories) 5lo!al orth.5lo!al South) Transnational feminism, or translocal

anarchism1 Anti.glo!ali*ation/, -alter.glo!ali*ation/, -glo!ali*ation from !elo(/ or -no

glo!al/ 6della Porta et al, "## Starr, "## Steger, "##7 Harvey, Horne Q Safai, "##781

A decade ago, ederveen Pieterse 6"##%8 descri!ed ho( neoli!eral glo!ali*ation

mor'hed into a neoli!eral US em'ire through the -osmosis/ of militarism and !usiness)

GThe core of em'ire he e0'lained, Gis the national security state and the military.

industrial com'le0 neoli!eralism is a!out !usiness, 9nancial o'erations and marketing

6') $"N8) In recent US administrations, neoli!eralism and increasing im'erialism !oth

involve Gvast military s'ending and s'in and marketing 6') $"N8) US over.investment in

the military has inca'acitated the country in health care and education, so that Gthe

(orld/s (ealthiest and most 'o(erful country in fact refers to the (orld/s and history/s

largest de!tor nation (ith unsustaina!le levels of de!t 6') $N8) One of the im'lications,

that 'arallels s'orting mega.events, is that the US military.industrial com'le0 no(

involves massive 'rivate military contractors G(ho o'erate outside national and

international la( 6') $N8 and are ca'a!le of Gunleashing glo!al insta!ility 6') $N8 (hich

aligns (ith a US 'olicy of G'reventative and 'er'etual (ars 6') $N#8)

+ritical theories used in s'ort sociology variously avoid, and encounter, US Em'ire)

5eorge Steinmet*iisuggests that there is an amnesia (ithin much contem'orary sociology

a!out the historical entanglement of sociology (ith !oth colonial and anti.colonial

'ro:ects) Steinmet* 6"#$%8 argues that Gsociologists cannot avoid em'ire, even those

focused on the immediate 'resent and the territorially domesticV 6') M8) Em'ire is a vast

conce't, (ith di?erent de9nitions, su!.9elds and traditions) Steinmet* 6"#$%8 de9nes


8/31

em'ires as Ve0'ansive, militari*ed, and multiethnic 'olitical organi*ations that signi9cantly

limit the sovereignty of the 'eo'les and 'olities they conuerV 6') 78 W(hereas

im'erialism is Ga strategy of 'olitical control over foreign lands that does not necessarily

involved conuest, occu'ation and dura!le rule !y outsiders 6') 78)X -Informal, non.

territorial/ em'iresiii6Steinmet*, "#$%8 !ecame dominant during the t(entieth century)

Informal em'ires e0ercise control through military, economic and other means !ut Gthere

is no conuest or 'ermanent sei*ure of 'olitical sovereignty 6') M%8) Jor e0am'le, US

im'oses its interests on other states (ithout ruling them directly, and no( functions

through the mani'ulation of economic markets and technologies of Gglo!al grid of

semi'ermanent military !ases, tem'orary military installations (ith G!lack sites,

e0traordinary rendition, drone strikes 6') M8)

Similarly, Hardt and egri 6"###8 argue that contem'orary forms of em'ire do not

rely on the conuest of nation.states !ut ne( forms of glo!al sovereignty Gcom'osed of a

series of national and su'ranational organisms united under a single logic of rule 6cited in

Steinmet*, "#$%= M8) Thinking of the IO+ and JIJA as su'ranational, non.territorial

em'ires seems a'ro'os given ho( communities, ur!an 'u!lics, cities, local and national

organi*ing committees are su!:ected to the -single logic/ of Olym'ic or JIJA reuirements) I

!orro( Steve +oll/s terms -'rivate em'ires/ to refer to JIJA and the IO+)

Bordieu/s theory of social 9elds has, according to 5eorge Steinmet* 6"#$%8, a

'rominent sociological a''roach to em'ire and colonialism (here!y metro'ole and colony

can !e analy*ed as uite di?erent sets of social 9elds, linked transnationally !y scienti9c,

cultural and, in our case, s'orting 9elds) S'ort sociologists 6&c5uire, $777 Fo(e, "##N

Scherer, Jalcus Q >ackson, "##M8 (ork on glo!ali*ation, have greatly e0'anded our

analysis of glo!al ca'ital and local resistances (ithin s'ort) Even Fit*er/s notion of

gro!ali*ation 6Andre(s Q Fit*er, "##8 holds 'otential to analy*e the im'erial am!itions of

M


9/31

JIJA and the IO+) &uch social 9eld, and some glo!ali*ation theory, is still de'loyed (ithin

s'ort sociology (ithin 9rmly -(estern/ and US.centric frames) Too often, it shies a(ay from

an e0'licit analysis of colonialism or US em'ire) Indigenous and transnational feminists,

such as Andrea Smith, Linda Tuhi(ai Smith, +herrie &oraga, +handra &ohanty, have led

the (ay as activists and theorists in analy*ing colonialism, em'ire and glo!al ca'ital) A

decade ago, Emma Pere* 6"##%8 gave a keynote to ASSS a!out the decolonial imaginary

and ueer icana feminism) Futh Trinidad 5alvYn 6"#$%8 recently called for +hicana

alliances that re.center glocal kno(ledges and feminist e'istemologies of the glo!al south)

Lindsay Hayhurst and Simon Carnell 6"#$$8 call for decoloni*ation to !e 'art of critical

research a!out -s'ort for develo'ment/, !ut much glo!ali*ation research a!out s'ort

remains androcentric and US.centric, not taking u' issues of colonialism, se0uality or

gender)

Although he doesn/t deal (ith s'ort, Paul Amar/s 6"#$N8 (ork on security, gender

and se0uality uses assem!lage theory to looks at contradictions (ithin glo!al

neoli!eralismivin the 5lo!al South, s'eci9cally Fio de >aneiro and +airo) Amar uses

assem!lage theory in a deli!erate, anti.colonial (ay) He uses an Garchi'elago method 6')

"N8 to look at Fio de >aneiro and +airo as Gtransfer hu!s 6') "N8) This a''roach is all the

more com'elling !ecause Amar infuses, as he also translates, ueer theory into his

analysis of international relations, 'olitical science and anti.colonial anthro'ology) He

(orks against 90ed !inaries and 2estern su'remacies . (hether they !e se0ual, 'olitical

or regional categories . to ma' assem!lages of (hat he calls ne( -human.security states/)

He looks at Ginnovations in forms of militarism and security, develo'ed in the 5lo!al

South, alongside shifts in se0uality 'olitics at the scale of the city)

GThe ne( alliances and dynamics are ueer and curious, indeed, (hen seen from

the 'ers'ective of 'olitical analysts (ho assume=

7


10/31

military institutions are synonymous (ith authoritarian regimes,

that the security state is the ontological o''osite of civil society, or

that all ne( forms of glo!al governance only emanate in the 5lo!al orth and then

move south(ard 6') $%8)

Amar o?ers a (ay of researching the im'erial, glo!al reach of the IO+ and JIJA, has

'otential to go dee'er into the historical and regional com'le0ities of mega.event host

cities, (hile generating anti.colonial advances for transnational s'ort sociology)

%oving Colonialism, Non-&erritorial Sporting Empires ' the (ultitu$e

I suggest that s'ort mega.events, such as the Olym'ics, are forms of -roving

coloni*ation/) Every t(o or four years, each mega.event touches do(n in a ne( city

reuiring grandiose construction 'ro:ects, and the dis'lacement of 'oor ur!an

communities) Huge 'ro9ts are made !y land and 'ro'erty develo'ers) Fuling elites use the

mega.events for geo'olitical gain) The forced removal of local 'eo'le, stealing land to

make 'ro9t, gender and se0ual violence are all forms of ongoing coloni*ation)

In the "$stcentury modern s'orting events take 'lace on a glo!al scale as huge

transnational commodities) S'orting organi*ations (ith im'erial, li!eralDand, even, anti.

colonial 'oliticsDcontinue to follo( a modernist model of s'ort that involves a roving cycle

of events in di?erent host cities across the glo!e)

Such mega.events rely on glo!al !randing that invigorate nationalisms) These

regional and national narratives are seductive, cathecting massive 'o'ulist su''ort,

volunteerism and 'artici'ation, des'ite the !rutal -states of e0ce'tion/ that mega.events

reuire) @arious -develo'ment/, -regeneration/ and -legacy/ discourses a!out s'ort

'artici'ation function e?ectively since they 'er'etuate familiar colonial logics a!out

-civili*ing/, -underdevelo'ment/, -e0'erts/, and -'artici'ation/) These myths have !ecome

$#


11/31

very e?ective (ays of !randing s'orting mega.events) They seem to travel (ell) et

'atriarchal glo!al elites (ho 'ro9t from s'orting mega.events also rely on more

am!iguous as'ects of nationalism) ationalist su''ort for s'ort mega.events also involves

com'le0 'sychic dynamics such as im'erial nostalgia, colonial amnesia and anti.colonial

nationalisms)

+ritical scholars of glo!ali*ed s'ort and ur!an geogra'hy have critiued the

dis'lacement of marginali*ed communities and the securiti*ation of large s'orting events)

ules Boyco? and Cave 4irin, kee' e0'osing the disastrous local

conseuences for cities that host s'ort mega.events) Local, grassroots communities have

resisted !eing coloni*ed, e0'loited and surveilled in every city (here a s'orting mega.

event, such as the Olym'ics or the soccer (orld cu', has taken 'lace) Individuals and

communities have resisted !eing tem'orarily and 'ermanently re.housed or incarcerated)

Individuals have resisted !y organi*ing, !y 'rotesting and !y su!verting) Individuals have

!een killed, disa''eared, incarcerated for resisting s'ort mega.events)

One central 'ro!lematic facing me is ho( to theori*e the movements of the IO+ and

JIJA, as non.territorial, su'ranational, 'rivate em'ires to host cities across the glo!e (hile

activists have grassroots, local, sometimes indigenous, connections to the local) Ho( can I

connect the translocal conte0t of host cities, (hile the 'rivate em'ires rove from continent

to continent1 The (isdom is !eing generated !y activists) Activists give voice to the ideas

and analysis of (hat Hardt and egri call the -multitude/ v) GThese 'rotesters in the streets,

in social forums, and in 5Os not only 'resent grievances against the 'resent system !ut

also 'rovide numerous reform 'ro'osals, ranging from institutional arrangements to

economic 'olicies 6Hardt Q egri, "##%= N"N8) Antiracists and feminists of color activists

are familiar (ith the multitude 6Hardt Q egri, "##%= $#$8 and the internal di?erences

(ithin intersecting categories of gender, race, se0uality, class and nation 6+arastathis,

$$


12/31

"#$N8) +arastathis stresses ho(


13/31

'rotests, they had no o'inion, little a(areness and no 'olitical solidarity) 2hat (as going

on here1 Es'ecially in @ancouverDa city that has a long history of gay, les!ian and trans

inclusion in s'ort, as Ann Travers 6 8 has documented) Ho( could so many leading gay and

les!ian s'ort advocates !e so committed to the Olym'ics (hile !eing una(are, or

'olitically distant from, issues of housing rights, environmental issues, femicide of

a!original (omenDall issues intimately connected to the settler colonial history of the

city1

The disconnect, the lack of solidarity shook me to the core) It shook me dee'ly

!ecause I (as in a similar 'olitical 'lace as a ueer English settler arriving in @ancouver "

years ago) This (as an echo of my o(n com'licity) I didn/t get taught a!out settler

colonialism (hen I settled) I didn/t have any language, !eyond -cultural relevance/ and

-multiculturalism/) But I felt it) Jelt it in (aves) 2ith the @ancouver games, the lack of

solidarity !et(een the Pride Houses and the indigenous 'rotests felt like one hell of a !ig

(ave (ashing over me)

The uestion that trou!led me is ho( and (hy gays and les!ians, (ho (ere

'reviously e0cluded as ueer -Others/, are no( seeking access into this coloni*ing system

of elite and mega.s'orts) This is (hen theory matters) T(o small (ords

D-homonationalism/ and -necro'olitics/Dhailed me and I turned around, as Althusser

(ould say) Homonationalism and necro'olitics gave me a (ay to think a!out the Pride

Houses/ su''ort for the Olym'ics and disregard for the -o Olym'ics On Stolen Land/

convergence) That is, ho( settler colonialism (orks)

)omonationalisms

2hat is homonationalism1 It/s the 'rocess of gays and les!ians !eing (elcomed

into s'ort ifthey align (ith the interests of the nation.state and (hite su'remacy) 5ays

and les!ians have !ecome !enchmarks of -diversity/ and res'ecta!le su!:ects (ithin some

$N


14/31

nation.states) Settler homonationalism is uite di?erent in +anada than in Bra*il, than it is

in the US, Israel or Fussia) The racial and se0ual logics of colonialism di?er in each

conte0t, so homonationalism 'lays out very di?erently also) Settler colonial governments

in +anada and Israel no( sho(case gay and les!ian inclusion in s'ort as evidence of their

multicultural or li!eral social 'oliciesD!oth di?er from the homo'ho!ic nationalism in

Fussia/s settler colonial territory of Sochi) Put sim'ly, homonationalism is s'eci9c to it/s

national conte0t)

Foving +olonialism Q Homonationalism

But remem!er, I/m also arguing that the glo!al model of s'ort im'osed !y the IO+

and JIJA is a (ay to rove across the glo!e im'osing a uniform -state of e0ce'tion/ that

tem'orarily coloni*es the host city) Homonationalism sits !et(een the non.territorial

em'ire of the Olym'ic 'ro:ect, and anti.colonial activism (ithin a host city)

Homonationalisms are=

$) 'articular at the nationalscale") unuestioning of the colonialconte0tN) susce'ti!le to imperial logic of glo!al uniformity and e0'ansion4. thus, complicit (ith the IO+ and JIJA/s glo!al reach asprivate empires.

This is (hy homonationalism is hel'ful to understand (hy L5BT s'ort activists follo( the

logic of glo!al uniformity, (hich fails to uestion colonialism) It also signals the im'ortance

of learning from ho( anti.colonial activists (ork from the regional s'eci9city of countering

colonialism) So, again, researching -glocal/ im'act of glo!al s'ort al(ays need to take into

account the colonial conte0t, other(ise roving colonialism remains un.named) I see this as

the ma:or di?erence !et(een gay and les!ian 'ro.s'ort activists and anti.colonial s'ort

activists right no() It is a di?erence that calls for solidarity (ith 'olitical struggles against

the ongoing, yet locally 'articular, im'act of coloniality)

The nascent Pride House movement uses this same logicDdevelo' a -glo!al/

net(ork of Pride Houses (herever a mega.s'ort event ha''ens, transfer the @ancouver

$%


15/31

tem'late for Pride House to London, to Sochi, to Toronto) After @ancouver, Pride House

organi*ers met (ith London organi*ers) Jor Sochi, a -remote Pride House/ (as set u') In

Toronto, the +IB+ !ank is the cor'orate s'onsor for the u'coming PanAm Pride House)

+onsider the im'erialism that under'ins this (ish for a glo!al Pride House

movement) This im'erialism, nor com'licity (ith the roving colonialism of mega.events

(as not 'art of the discussion in @ancouver) Ashley &c5ee, organi*er of the PanAm Pride

House in Toronto, started a critical discussion a!out the Pride House movement and is

o'ening a s'ace to talk a!out homonationalism and indigenous issues)

&y colleague and ASSS scholar Itani argues that homonationalism (orks !ecause

mega.s'ort events (ork as an -a?ective !u?er/) Pleasura!le identi9cations (ith s'ort and

(ith nationalism lead some gays and les!ians, (ho (ere 'reviously e0cluded as ueer

-Others/, to su''ort the militari*ed, neoli!eral im'eratives of these s'ort mega.events)

Homonationalism ta's into feelings of vague o'timism and !rief eu'horia, even if, as >ules

Boyco? 6"#$N8 descri!es, the festival is militari*ed and the cele!ration serves the needs of

ca'ital) et, in several conte0ts homonationalism also aligns (ith the logics and 'ractices

of settler colonialism 6&orgensen, 8) This makes it im'ortant to understand ho(

homonational su!:ects align (ith coloniality, militarism and (hiteness, and too often fail to

recogni*e their internal di?erences or seek out coalitions)

$


16/31

PAFT N Z ATI.+OLOIAL A+TI@IST &ECIA Q SPOFT

Corporate an$ Activist (e$ia

e0t, I analy*e my encounters (ith media during my 'ro:ect to learn from anti.

colonial and indigenous activists on the one hand, (hile raising uestions a!out ueer

com'licities (ith the roving colonialism of s'ort mega.events)

Thanks to cor'orati*ed T@ s'ort, a s'ort mega.event is a su'reme o''ortunity to

(hite(ash, green(ash and 'ink(ash government agendas on a glo!al scale)

5overnments (ork through cor'orate T@ media to disguise (hat is really taking 'lace on

the land (here a stadium is !eing constructed) T@ s'ort media (on/t !roadcast the im'act

of mega.events on local communities in host cities !ecause there is no -market/ for these

stories in the cor'orate media market) Billions of T@ vie(ers around the (orld do not get

to (atch the e0'loitation, eviction, dis'lacement and death of local 'eo'le) Only

alternative media re'orted on the death of Jirst ations elder Harriet ahanee during the

construction of a high(ay for the @ancouver Olym'ics) ou have to search alternative

media to 9nd re'orts of the eviction of Bra*ilian indigenous 'eo'le from their -Living

&useum/ to make (ay for the soccer stadium ne0t door in &aracan[, Fio de >aneiro) These

are the unheard stories of indigenous 'eo'le and communities !eing removed, relocated

or destroyed !ecause a ne( stadium must !e !uilt) Even local ne(s a!out corru'tion,

environmental issues and local 'rotest have short ne(s cycles) Peo'le soon forget the

local issues, and the cri''ling city de!ts) The ne0t games (ill take 'lace some(here else)

>ust as the ne(s cycle is short, interest in the local devastation is short) ational 'ride,

rivalries and ho'es can !e 'layed out again soon, in another four years, on another track

or !igger stadium some(here else) This is (hat matters, (hether -our/ national team (ill

'revail ne0t time, (ill get closer to or on the 'odium, and (hether -our/ national 'ride (ill

$


17/31

!e !roadcast for the (orld to (atch thanks to (hoever can a?ord to !uy !roadcast rights

from the IO+ or JIJA)

Alternative media, also referred to as critical media, e0'resses vie(s that challenge

-+a'italist mass media/ 'ut for(ard mainstream content that su''orts the interests of

ca'ital, 'atriarchy, racism, se0ism, nationalism and so on 6Juchs, "#$#8) +hristian Juchs

descri!es ho( critical media aims to Ggive voice to the voiceless, media 'o(er to the

'o(erless as to transcend 9ltering and censorshi' of information !y cor'orate information

mono'olies, state mono'olies or cultural mono'olies in 'u!lic information and

communication 6') $"8)

Cimension +a'italist &ass &edia Alternative &edia

>ournalistic Production Elite :ournalism +iti*ens/ :ournalism

&edia Product Structures Ideological Jorm and +ontent +ritical Jorm and +ontent

Organisational media

Structures

Hierarchical media

organisations

5rassroots media

organisations

Cistri!ution structures&arketing and 'u!lic

relations

Alternative distri!ution

Fece'tion 'ractices &ani'ulative rece'tion +ritical rece'tion

Ta!le N= Potential dimensions of traditional and alternative media 6Juchs, "#$#8

&edia analysis (as not at the centre of my methodology, !ut as I travelled to do

site.visits and intervie(s, I (as inserted into cor'orate mediasca'es and sought out anti.

colonial media activism)

I encountered +OFPOFATE media (hile travelling, getting to do my research=

A free glossy maga*ine in a hotel room on the >ordanian side of the Cead Sea)

Saturation advertising on the (alls and stairs of my local su!(ay underneath the

OISE !uilding in Toronto)

$


18/31

I searched out A+TI@IST media=

Ad!usting Su'er!o(l ads

Anti.mascots for the Sochi Olym'ics

Indigenous documentaries in Fio de >aneiro

Egy'tian Ultras/ activism during the >anuary "thFevolution)

+or'orate &edia= +AA, US avy in >O &aga*ine

In "#$$, I visited my 'artner/s family in >ordan, (e also did intervie(s (ith activists

and s'ent time in +airo) 2e took a tri' to Petra, and as (e drove, (e 'assed multi'le

ty'es of >ordanian 'olice and 'aramilitary forces) Turning of the Cead Sea high(ay into the

Holiday Inn, (e drove 'ast !ored.looking -tourist/ 'olicevistanding on the !ed of a

machine.gun mounted truck) In the hotel room there (as a recent co'y of G>O, a

>ordanian lifestyle and culture maga*ine 6(ith a monthly circulation of a!out 7,### co'ies

a month8) Jlicking through G>O, I (as caught !y this image of a US college men/s

!asket!all game

WUS +arrier +lassicX

The game (as the -"#$$ 3uicken Loans +arrier +lassic/ !et(een orth +arolina and

&ichigan State Universities) It (as 'layed on a US aircraft carrier, a shocking e0am'le of

(hat Sammi


19/31

But consider ho( this image had travelled) 2hat does it mean that the -+arrier

+lassic/ !asket!all game had found its (ay into the glossy >O maga*ine, in a hotel room on

the Cead Sea in >ordan, overlooking the Israeli occu'ied Palestine)

This image of militari*ed s'ort sho(s the im'erial reach of US em'ire across the

-informal, non.territorial/ !oundaries 6Hardt Q egri, "### Steinmet*, "#$%8) That it

crossed my 'ath . free in a hotel on the Cead Sea . as I (as immersed in intervie(ing anti.

colonial activists (as a frightening reminder of the glo!al and intimate reach of cor'orate

media) Alternative media does not (ork (ithin the same logics as cor'orate media, so

com'aring the reach or im'act is a distraction) &ore than this, it is a 'olitical and

methodological decision to foreground activist 'ers'ectives and activists/ media in a

methodology)

Ultras 'rotest cor'orate soccer T@

+or'orate media can !e a vital, and sometimes !rutal, tool of the state) I

encountered this (hen &anal and I visited +airo aiming to learn a!out the >anuary "th

Fevolution 9rst.hand) 2e (ere hosted !y Egy'tian activist and 9lmmaker, adia


20/31

later 'rotests in &ohammad &ahmoud St) As a result, the state security forces !egan to

target the Ultras, many (ere killed, in:ured and im'risoned) Then, in Je!ruary, "#$", at

game !et(een Al &asri and Al Ahly in Port Said, more than % s'ectators (ere killed,

mostly Ultras) Ultras held 'rotests against 'articular T@ stations that (ere s'inning

analysis that !lamed Ultras for the violence) Satellite T@ soccer media in Egy't !laming

Ultras for the 9ghting in the Port Said stadium, de'icting them as -thugs/ or -!alttagi/)

Ultras 'rotested t(o T@ 'resentersD Ahmed Sho!eir and Shela!iD(ho freuently did this)

Sho!eir hosted a soccer sho( called -Joot!all Today/ on the satellite channel called

-&odern S'ort/)

WScho!ier T@ sho(

Sho!eir (as constantly vilifying Ultras and inciting violence against) He re'resented

the connection !et(een Egy'tian men/s soccer clu!s o(ners, the &u!arak regime and its

security forces) Here is a video of Ultras 'rotest at +airo/s &edia Production +ity (here

Sho!eir/s daily sho( is 9lmed=

WUltras

The Ultras succeeded in cancelling Sho!eir/s 'rogram that day) closing do(n Sho!eir/s

sho( illustrates ho( vital cor'orate s'ort television can !e to the state and counter.

revolutionary forces in Egy't) This (as one of so many Ultras 'rotests 6Ham*eh Q Sykes,

"#$%8Dthey (ere also !attling against state security forces, military courts, the Egy'tian

Joot!all Association (ho (anted to resume the 'rofessional league in stadiums, (ithout

s'ectators, !efore the Ultras achieved :ustice for the Port Said massacre)

Internet Activism= o Sochi


21/31

methodological decision to foreground activist 'ers'ectives and activists/ media in a

methodology) &anal and I intervie(ed t(o activists (ho (ere 'rotesting against the Sochi

Olym'icsvii) Here is an e0cer't from my 9eld notes=

Field notes: 25 December 2011 Amman, Jordan

I am in a taxi !rtling aro!nd te fo!rt circle in Amman. It"s #ristmas Da$ 2011.

%o more r!nning do&nstairs from m$ cildood bedroom to open presents ' !s!all$ an,

Action (an to$ in militar$ fatig!es. )is morning I"m pla$ing &it a ne& *oxie recording

app on m$ i+ad, preparing for an intervie& &it #ircaissian anti-l$mpic activists. From

te &indo& of te taxi I see living, breating $o!ng men in militar$ fatig!es on sec!rit$

detail o!tside otels, embassies and omes. ($ partner"s fater"s connections opened te

door for tis intervie&, patriarc to patriarc. ($ partner g!ides me tro!g te Arab

m!slim social protocol translates from Arabic into /nglis translates te translated

Ad$ge !npacs te political context and s!btext.

ere I am, rst and foremost, a namesae of 34$es". )is is &ere te 4$es+icot

Agreement is still a part of dail$ conversation, indeed condemnation. )e 4$es+icot

Agreement a secret colonial deal bet&een te ritis, Frenc and imperial 6!ssia in 1718

&ic betra$ed ritis promises of Arab independence. ere m$ /nglis, soft spoen

to!g it ma$be, carries te &eigt of tis deceitf!l colonial istor$. I need to co!nter te

betra$als of colonialist (ar 4$es &it eac sentence I !tter in tis intervie&. At te start

of te intervie&, I am met &it a formal generosit$. At te end of te intervie&, I depart

carr$ing gen!ine expectations of responsibilit$.6Sykes, "#$%= 7"8)

&y res'onsi!ility is to share, and educate a!out, the history of indigenous +ircassians and

the genocide !y successive Fussian colonial regimes) Sochi (as the site of a colonial

"$


22/31

genocide of +ircassian 'eo'le on &ay "$, $M%) Fussian forces killed or de'orted one and

a half million +ircassians) The +ircassians, mainly muslims, (ho (ere de'orted to Turkey

no( live dis'ersed throughout the +ircassian dias'ora in >ordan, Syria, Le!anon, Palestine,

+anada and the United States) The Olym'ics (ere scheduled for "#$%, (hich is the $# th

anniversary of the +ircassian genocide) After the intervie(, !ack home in Toronto, I

continued to research the online activist cam'aign called -oSochi/ (hich had three aims=

to relocate the (inter Olym'ics to a di?erent Fussian city

to gain Fussian oKcial recognition of the +ircassian genocide and

the re'atriation of +ircassians from the dias'ora)

Activists in Istan!ul held an anti.mascot com'etition) The oSochi activists in Istan!ul

reali*ed they could not sto' the Olym'ics so, t(o months, !efore the games !egan they

changed to a -


23/31

called for a !oycott, (hile others su''orted out les!ian and gay athletes Ggoing to Sochi,

(in the medals, sho( the (orld 6Lensky:, "#$%8)

The international L5BT 'rotests did not critiue Putin/s use of the Sochi games to

9nally erase any Fussian/s memory that Sochi (as, and is, the homeland of +ircassians)

The L5BT 'rotests against SochiDim'ortant through they may have !eenD(ere com'licit

(ith Fussian colonial narratives a!out the history of Sochi) But (hy did the international

outcry over Fussia/s homo'ho!ic la(s fail to -

iss!es. I"m tining abo!t 6!ssian colonial istor$, I"m dra&n deeper tan ever into ritis

colonial istor$, and o& I need to do someting to co!nter te 4$es+icot betra$al. #an

tis procontext tat I researced in tis pro


24/31

(ere numerous anti.ads on ou Tu!e) Here is one messaging Sodastream as Occu'ation,

O''ression and A'artheid= WS'oof Ad Sodastream 'resents)))Ho( to 'ro9t from

Occu'ation, O''ression and A'artheid . ouTu!e) 6n)d)8) Fetrieved Se'tem!er "%, "#$%,

from htt's=((()youtu!e)com(atch1

v\7Nv&n'5cC7AQinde0\"Qlist\PLUvNvr&s+nL]SnhLuMN+UBT7cNX

5ay s'ort has !ecome 'art of the Israeli government 'olicy -Brand Israel/ (hich (as

'iloted in Toronto) This -'ink(ashes/i0the realities of state racism (ithin the Israeli state,

military violence against indigenous Palestinians and illegal occu'ation of Palestinian land

6Puar Q &ikdashi, "#$" Shulman, "#$"8) -Pink.(atching/ is an activist res'onse that

documents and 'u!lici*es 'ink(ashing) Harita(orn and &ikdashi 6"#$"8 caution (hen

'ink.(atching focuses only on critiuing Israeli (ithout linking this ho( the US su''orts

this) They urge (estern ueers to focus on 'ink(atching their o(n locations) This means

interrogating the history and 'resent realities of ueer settler 'olitics at -home/) Here is a

s'oof.ad !y ueers in San Jrancisco that does this (ell) They use street theatre to e0'ose

the s'onsorshi' deal !et(een Sodastream and the San Jrancisco %7rs foot!all team, and

to !oycott a local store in the +astro) W%7ers Interru't Big 5ame to Say Cum' SodaStream

. ouTu!e) 6n)d)8) Fetrieved Se'tem!er "$, "#$%, from htt's=((()youtu!e)com(atch1

v\E]r7:cfk]Qlist\PLUvNvr&s+nL]SnhLuMN+UBT7cNQinde0\$#X Last (eekend,

Electronic Intifada re'orted that Sodastream has closed do(n it/s factory in the occu'ied

2est Bank)

Activist Cocumentary= Aldeia &aracana

Across the +entralSouthern Americas and Ara! (orld, Paul Amar 6"#$N8 suggests,

securiti*ation has Gfaced mass social resistance and 'o'ular 'olitical o''osition that had

accumulated over decades of struggle against the security.state and militari*ed forms of

"%
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_r9Njcfk_Y&list=PL6YUqv3vrMsCnL_SX5nhL5Xu83CUBT9c3&index=10https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_r9Njcfk_Y&list=PL6YUqv3vrMsCnL_SX5nhL5Xu83CUBT9c3&index=10https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_r9Njcfk_Y&list=PL6YUqv3vrMsCnL_SX5nhL5Xu83CUBT9c3&index=10https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_r9Njcfk_Y&list=PL6YUqv3vrMsCnL_SX5nhL5Xu83CUBT9c3&index=10


25/31

rule 6'') "N7."%#8) In >une "#$N, massive 'rotests eru'ted in cities across Bra*il that

started to 'u!licly make links !et(een hosting s'ort mega.events and the evisceration of

health, education and 'u!lic services) Protesters called for the e0cessive government

e0'enditure on the "#$% 2orld +u' and "#$ Olym'ics to !e re.directed to(ards health,

trans'ort and education) The Bra*ilian 'rotests have !rought the 'ro!lems created !y

s'ort mega.events into the center of the anti.glo!ali*ation movement and the glo!al

'u!lic imagination) Ho(ever, indigenous 'eo'le in Bra*il made the connection !et(een

mega.s'orts and neoli!eralism much earlier)

The &aracan[ @illage is located ne0t to Fio/s iconic soccer stadium) It is -living

museum/ and the 'lanned site of the 9rst Indigenous University in Bra*il) Jor the

indigenous Leaders of &aracan[ 'rotests against the 2orld +u' and Olym'ics is, 'art their

G$N years of struggle against coloni*ation, and it goes alongside their ongoing 'rotests

against the !uilding of massive hydroelectric dams, oil e0traction and deforestation of the

Ama*on) The &aracan[ @illage had !een occu'ied !y indigenous 'eo'le since "##) The

indigenous community (as forci!ly evicted 'rior to the "#$% 2orld +u', although the

!uilding has not !een demolished) Here are t(o cli's from a documentary, !y Cario de

Cominicus, (here 'eo'le narrate the signi9cance of the site (ith their !acks turned

to(ard the camera) This re'resents ho( the JIJA and levels of government have turned

their !acks on the issues of Bra*il/s indigenous 'eo'le and the Aldeia &aracan[)

WAldeia &aracan[ on @imeo) Fetrieved Se'tem!er "#, "#$%, from

htt'=vimeo)com%%N#X

Jernando Soares is an indigenous activist (ho had !een living in the &aracan[

@illage after he (as removed from his home) Jernando also e0'lained this (as one of

three occu'ations in Fio de >aneiro) Punks and anarchists had occu'ied a site the Port

area, (hile a collective of !lack (omen, referred to as 2arriors, occu'ied another site in

"


26/31

Fio) Soares descri!ed ho( in such occu'ations across Fio, Gthere had !een mi0ing

!et(een anarchists, 'unks, ueers and suatters) He descri!ed ho( some ueers came

to live in the indigenous village at &aracan[, either !ecause they needed housing or they

had come to Gconnect to their indigeneity) +hallenging their claims to indigeneity, the

e0ternal 'u!lic uestioned (hy anarchists, 'unks and ueers (ere living in the indigenous

village) This, in turn, created internal divisions (ithin the village itself) It is im'ortant to

note that the solidarity !et(een indigenous and ueer activists in the &aracan[ @illage

emerged, ho(ever tem'orarily, as a result of evictions and lack of housing) Jor ur!an

indigenous 'eo'le, forced eviction from the &aracan[ @illage is horri!ly connected to

centuries of dis'lacement and removals !y settler colonial elites) 3ueers, suatters and

anarchists, !ecause many of them do not have the sacred, indigenous relationshi' to the

land, are 'ositioned di?erently (ithin Fio/s colonial history) Their struggle is against

neoli!eral economic system) This tem'orary coalition !et(een ueer suatters and the

indigenous 'eo'le inside the &aracan[ @illage contained !oth anti.neoli!eral, anti.'overty

housing 'olitics and sacred, ceremonial relations to the land) 2hile the ueer suatters

(ere inside the &aracan[ @illage, their anti.'overty struggles !ecame a 'art of (ider anti.

colonial struggle, even though tem'orary and not all of them shared the $N years of

indigenous struggle against colonialism) 2e could call this a tem'orary ueer anti.colonial

coalition) Here (as, in Fio, an e0am'le of solidarity !et(een ueer activists and anti.

colonial activists)

*n/Conclusion

I have shared (ith you several cases from my current 'ro:ect) Ho( to -do/ research

in solidarity (ith activists1 2hen does ueer solidarity !ecome ueer com'licity1 This is

my version of a !roader uestion a!out (hen does orth American s'ort sociology in

"


27/31

solidarity (ith activists against the US em'ire, and (hen does our s'ort sociology !ecome

com'licit (ith US em'ire) There is a lovely uote from Siska Sassen 6"##78= Gou have to

9nd the disci'lining condition in your o(n researchCon^t d(ell on the self.evident) One

has to study and !uild on the little case, !ut !y itself it is not enough) Ciscover ho( it

illuminates the larger more intracta!le case, or level of reality) Ceci'her the glo!al 6')

$NN8) But ho( to deci'her the glo!al1 This is the conversation I ho'e (e can e0'and

during this conference)

There is al(ays a tension !et(een research done in the 5lo!al orth, !y (estern

scholars such as myself, that aims for solidarity and (hen it !ecomes a''ro'riation or

com'licity) This tension runs throughout this 'resentation and, I suggest, may !e another

to'ic that (e take u' during this ASSS) Since coloniality, US em'ire and 'er'etual (ar

are the current nightmares of our 'resent, (hen and ho( does our s'ort sociology (ork in

solidarity (ith anti.colonial activists, and (hen does it !ecome com'licit1 2hen do ueer

'olitics in s'ort, !ecome com'licit (ith em'ires of the US, the IO+, JIJA and the IAAJ1

So I come, too late, to linking ueer s'ort research to colonialism) In some

moments, this may (ork as an act of solidarity !ut it is never enough nor ever 90ed) Like

ueering as a ver! rather than ueer as a noun, Fu!Rn thinks a!out solidarity as 'ra0is, as

a actionDto solidari*e)

Jor this lecture, I acted on the res'onsi!ility given to me to share the history of the

+ircassian genocide, es'ecially (ithin les!ian and gay academic and 'olitical s'aces I

have access to) Jor me, it meant centering a research 'ro:ect around=

the genocides that s'ort refuses to ackno(ledgeDto -


28/31

Perha's for all of us, it means connecting the horrors of US oil (ars (ith interests of

the IO+ and JIJA, and e0'osing ho( colonial and national logics still :ustify these terrors)

Jor this ASSS, as (e think a!out Activists and Activism, (hat (ays do each of us

encounter colonialism and the US em'ire1 +an (e foster research imaginations to counter

this, and other forms of, em'ire1

%eerences

Amar, P) 6"#$N8) )e 4ec!rit$ Arcipelago: !man4ec!rit$ 4tates, 4ex!alit$ +olitics, and

te /nd of %eoliberalism) Cuke University Press)

Andre(s, Cavid Q Fit*er, 5eorge) 6"##8) The gro!al in the s'orting glo!al) >lobal

%et&ors, 6"8, $$N.$N)

3ui:ano, A) 6"##8) +oloniality and modernityrationality) #!lt!ral st!dies, 216".N8, $M.

$M)

Boyko?, >) 6"#$%8)Activism and te -l$mpics: Dissent at te games in *anco!ver and

=ondon) Futgers University Press)

Butter(orth, &ichael Q &oskal, Stormi) 6"##78) American foot!all, ;ags and -fun/= The Bell

Helico'ter Armed Jorces Bo(l and the Fhetorical Production of &ilitarism)

#omm!nication, #!lt!re and #ritiB!e, ", %$$.%NN)

+arastathis, A) 6"#$N8) Identity +ategories as Potential +oalitions) 4igns, C6%8, 7%$.7)

Carnell, S) +), Q Hayhurst, L) &) 6"#$$8) S'ort for decoloni*ation E0'loring a ne( 'ra0is of

s'ort for develo'ment) +rogress in development st!dies, 116N8, $MN.$7)

della Porta, C), &assimiliano, A), Loren*o, &) Q Feiter, H) 6"##8) >lobaliEation from belo&:

)ransnational activists and protest net&ors) &innea'olis, &= University of

&innesota Press)

PRre*, E) 6$7778) )e decolonial imaginar$: 9riting #icanas into istor$) Indiana

University Press)

Juchs, +) 6"#$$8) 2ikiLeaks= 'o(er ")#1 Surveillance ")#1 +riticism ")#1 Alternative media

")#1 A 'olitical.economic analysis) >lobal (edia Jo!rnal: A!stralian /dition, 56$8)

5a*tam!ide.JernYnde*, F) A) 6"#$"8) Cecoloni*ation and the 'edagogy of solidarity)

DecoloniEation: Indigeneit$, /d!cation 4ociet$, 16$8)

5emyhood) 6"#$$8) Gitab Al?ltras @)e ?ltras oo) +airo= Car Ci(an)

"M


29/31

Ham*eh, &) Q Sykes, H) 6in 'ress8) Egy'tian Ultras and the >anuary "th Fevolution=

Anti.+or'orate, Anti.&ilitarism and &artyrdom &asculinities) >ournal of Anthro'ology of the

&iddle East)

Hardt, &), Q egri, A) 6"##78) /mpire) Harvard University Press)

Hardt, &ichael Q egri, Antonio) 6"##%8) (!ltit!de: 9ar and Democrac$ in te Age of

/mpire) e( ork= Penguin Books)

Harvey, >), Horne, >) Q Safai, P) 6"##78) Alter.glo!ali*ation, glo!al social movements and

the 'ossi!ility of 'olitical transformation through s'ort) 4ociolog$ of 4port Jo!rnal,

286N8, NMN.%#N)

) 6"#$%8) 4ex!al Diversit$ and te 4oci 201H -l$mpics: %o (ore 6ainbo&s)

Palgrave &acmillan)

Carnell, S) +), Q Hayhurst, L) &) 6"#$$8) S'ort for decoloni*ation E0'loring a ne( 'ra0is of

s'ort for develo'ment) +rogress in development st!dies, 116N8, $MN.$7)

&aguire, >) 6$7778) >lobal sport: Identities, societies, civiliEations.London, U), Jalcous, &), Q >ackson, S) >) 6"##M8) The media s'orts cultural com'le0 Local.

glo!al dis:unctures in e( 4ealandAotearoa)Jo!rnal of 4port 4ocial Iss!es, C26$8,

%M .$)

Schulman, S) 6"#$"8) Israel+alestine and te B!eer international) Cuke University Press)

Siska Sassen 6"##78) In ), Q Jahey, >) 6Eds)8) 6"##78) >lobaliEing te researc

imagination) Foutledge)

"7


30/31

Starr, A) 6"##8) >lobal revolt: a g!ide to te movements against globaliEation) London,

U


31/31

i &ichael Hardt and Antonio egri 6"##%8 e0'lain Gthe multitude, although it remainsmulti'le and internally di?erent, is a!le to act in common and thus rule itself 6') $##8)

They descri!e the -multitude/ as an active, 'lural social su!:ect in contrast to a singularsocio.'olitical !ody such as Ga 'arty, a 'eo'le, or a nation 6') NN$8) The multitude is notthe same as Gthe cro(d, the masses, and the mo! 6') $#$8 !ecause these need to !e ledin some(ay and cannot act on their o(n) The multitude can act, and acts on the !asis of(hat di?erent constitutes share in common) GThe multitude is an internally di?erent,

multi'le social su!:ect (ho constitution and action is !ased not on identity or unity 6muchless, indi?erence8 !ut on (hat it has in common 6') $##8)ii5eorge Steinmet* is a sociologist at &ichigan State (ho is leading the formation of asu!.9eld in the -historical sociology of colonialism and em'ire/, (hich runs alongside-'ostcolonial sociology/)

iiiSteinmet* 6"#$%8 distinguishes four !asic im'erial strategies as=$) Pre.modernland !ased em'ire 6e)g Foman8

") &odern territorial em'ire 6e)g) +hinese, Fussian8N) +olonialism 6e)g) British8%) Informal, non.territorial em'ires

ivThe -end of neoli!eralism/ has, Amar argues, seen a shift from li!erali*ation to

securiti*ation, a shift that is all too evident (ith s'ort mega.events) Securing s'ortevents has !een acce'ted as !eing G'rotective and 'atriotic 6') "N78 in the US+anadaand Euro'e, (hereas across the +entralSouthern Americas and Ara! (orld Git facedmass social resistance and 'o'ular 'olitical o''osition that had accumulated overdecades of struggle against the security.state and militari*ed forms of rule 6'') "N7."%#8)v&ichael Hardt and Antonio egri 6"##%8 e0'lain Gthe multitude, although it remainsmulti'le and internally di?erent, is a!le to act in common and thus rule itself 6') $##8)

They descri!e the -multitude/ as an active, 'lural social su!:ect in contrast to a singularsocio.'olitical !ody such as Ga 'arty, a 'eo'le, or a nation 6') NN$8) The multitude is notthe same as Gthe cro(d, the masses, and the mo! 6') $#$8 !ecause these need to !e led

in some(ay and cannot act on their o(n) The multitude can act, and acts on the !asis of(hat di?erent constitutes share in common) GThe multitude is an internally di?erent,multi'le social su!:ect (ho constitution and action is !ased not on identity or unity 6muchless, indi?erence8 !ut on (hat it has in common 6') $##8)viThese -tourist/ 'olice (ere 'rotecting the hotel entrance from terrorist threat, follo(ingthe !om!ing of three American o(ned hotels in Amman in "##)viiCr) Fouhi Sh/haltough is +hair of the >ordanian Association of +aucasus +ircassianJriends) Cr) &ohammad Ham*ou (rites a!out +ircassian historian and follo(ing theintervie( 'resented me (ith his recent !ook, The +ircassian +ase 6"#$#8)viiiIn the &a/ale Adumin settlement)i0Pink(ashing, e0'lain >as!ir Puar and &aya &ikdashi 6"#$"8 is Gthe 'rocess !y (hichthe Israeli state seeks to gloss over the ongoing settler colonialism of historic Palestine !y

redirecting international attention to(ards a com'arison !et(een the su''osedly stellarrecord of gay rights in Israel and the su''osedly dismal state of life for L5BT3Palestinians in Occu'ied Palestine 6')$8)

sykes-alan ingham lecture-nasss 2014

Documents