syllable-counting tone allomorphy in bariintro bari bari (owen 1908, spagnolo 1933, yokwe 1986) i...
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Syllable-counting Tone Allomorphy in Bari
Jochen Trommer & Daniel [email protected]
Universität LeipzigInstitut für Linguistik
mfm 25May 26, 2017
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The 1σ-Syndrome in Bari Tone Morphology
Monosyllabic bases differ idiosyncraticaticylly
from polysyllabic bases
in tone presence, quality & alignment
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Antipassive Tone (Yokwe 1986:42,43,45,46)
Same Tone – Different Alignment
H LHL1 σ pé → pé-jà ‘shoot’ ré → rè-jâ ‘sweep’> 1 σ bóró → bóró-jâ ‘smear’ kàbûr → kàbúr-jà ‘agitate’
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Antipassive Tone
Same Tone – Different Alignment
H LHL
1 σ
H -L
pe ja
L H L L
re ja
> 1 σ
H -L
bo ro ja
L H L L
ka bur ja
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Our Interpretation:
The 1σ-Syndrome
≈
Syllable-counting tonal allomorphy
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Claim I
Allomorphs of tonal Morphemes
exhibit syllable-counting allomorphy
which must be captured by morphological selection
(Bye 2008, Embick 2010, Paster 2006, 2009, 2015)
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Intro Claims
Claim II
Tonal Allomorphs of Morphemes
may select the strata on which they apply
Stem Level→ early allomorphs
Word Level→ late allomorphs
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Intro Claims
Antipassive Tone
Antipassive ↔ (Early) -L / σ
Antipassive ↔ (Late) -L / σσ . . .
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Intro Claims
More general Claims
I Tonal Independence Hypothesis: Tonal exponents may beindependent morphologically (in selection and stratal affiliation)from corresponding segmental exponents
I Allomorphic Independence Hypothesis: Phonologicallyconditioned allomorphs may be independent morphologically (inselection and stratal affiliation) from their coallomorphs
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Bari
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Intro Bari
Bari (Owen 1908, Spagnolo 1933, Yokwe 1986)
I Eastern Nilotic language spoken in parts of Southern Sudan,Northwest Uganda & the Democratic Republic of Congo
I Polysynthetic, mainly suffixing, grammatical verb toneand complex phrasal tonology
I H(igh), L(ow) tones and word-final F(alling) (HL) tones
I All data discussed in this talk from thecomprehensive tonal grammar of Yokwe (1986)
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Intro Bari
Bari
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Intro Bari
Nilotic Languages
Nilotic
Western
Dinka-Nuer
DinkaNuer. . .
Luo-Burun
JumjumDhoLuo. . .
Southern
|
KalenjinTatoga
Eastern
Bari. . .
KukuBari. . .
Teso. . .
MaasaiTurkana. . .
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Intro Bari
Bari Verbs
I 2 lexical tone melodies: H and LHL
I Inflection for:tense/aspect/mood (non-past/habitual/imperative),valency ((anti-)passive, benefactive, causative, instrumental)direction (ventive/itive)
I Non-tonal expression by suffixes (prefixes & reduplication)
I Additional tone (or tonal overwriting)
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Intro Bari
Instrumental Tone (Yokwe 1986:59)
H LHL1 σ pe → pe-éı ‘shoot’ Nı → Nı-éı ‘raise’> 1 σ áujud → áujud-dı ‘sharpen’ sapuk → sapug-gı ‘overturn’
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Intro Bari
Instrumental Tone
H LHL
1 σ
H -L
pe -éi
L H L -L
Ni -éi
> 1 σ
H -L
áu jud -di
L H L -L
sa pug -gi
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Intro Bari
Instrumental Tone
Instrumental ↔ (Late) -L
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Intro Theoretical Assumptions
Theoretical Assumptions
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Intro Theoretical Assumptions
Theoretical Assumptions
I Autosegmental Containment: (extending Prince & Smolensky 1993)
Underlying materialis never literally deleted, but retained in the output,(but may be marked as phonetically invisible).
I Stratal OT: Root-Level Stem-Level, and Word-Level Evaluationsfeed each other serially. Different levels have potentially differentoptimality-theoretic constraint rankings
I Constraint Cloning: (cf. Cloning in Correspondence Theory, McCarthy & Prince 1995)
All markedness constraints are assumed to exist in two versions,one referring only to phonetically visible material,and one to all material in a given structure.
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Intro Theoretical Assumptions
Representation of Association Lines (Zimmermann & Trommer 2011)
Morphological association lines Epenthetic association linesphonetically visible: phonetically invisible: phonetically visible:
X
Y
X
Y
X
Y
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Intro Theoretical Assumptions
Allomorphy by Prosodic Subcategorization (Paster 2006, 2015)
I Affixes can be morphologically specified for the prosodic shapeof the base to which they attach
I Subcategorization is arbitrary(and hence potentially non-optimizing)
I Subcategorization targets the input not the output of affixation(the base, not the resulting derived form)→ potential for opacity
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Basic Analysis
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Basic Analysis
Basic Analysis
Tone allomorphs . . .
I . . . select monosyllabic or longer bases
I . . . specify phonological content (H vs. L)
I . . . select affiliation to Stem-Level (dominant)
or Word-Level phonology (recessive)
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Basic Analysis
Additional Assumptions
I All segmental affixes are early (stem-level)
I Lexical tone melodies are underlyingly not associated to roots
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Basic Analysis
The Morphology-Phonology Interface
Three Steps:
1. Selection
2. Stem-Level MorphophonologyI Stem-Level AffixationI Stem-Level Phonology
3. Word-Level MorphophonologyI Word-Level AffixationI Word-Level Phonology
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Basic Analysis
Passive Tone (Yokwe 1986:62,63)
Different Tones – Different Alignment
H LHL1 σ lók → lók-â ‘entrap’ mók mòk-â ‘catch’
sàpûk → sàpúk-á ‘turn over’> 1 σ bújút → bújút-á ‘sharpen’dìlílì → dìlílì-já ‘winnow’
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Basic Analysis
Bari Passive Tone Allomorphy (Yokwe 1986:62,63)
Different Tones – Different Alignment
H LHL
1 σ
H L
lo ka
L H L L
mo kaH H
áu ju ta
L H L H
sa pu ka> 1 σ
–
L H L H
di li li ja
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Basic Analysis
Passive Tone Allomorphs
Passive ↔ (Late) -L / σ
Passive ↔ (Early) -H / σσ . . .
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Basic Analysis
Passive Stem-Level Allomorph (Base > 1σ)
Root Level+
Selection
L H L
di li li
Stem-Level AffixationL H L H
di li li ja
Stem-Level PhonologyL H L H
di li li ja
Word-LevelL H L H
di li li ja
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Basic Analysis
Passive Word-Level Allomorph (Base = 1σ)Root Level
+Selection
H
lo k
Stem-Level AffixationH
lo ka
Stem-Level PhonologyH
lo ka
Word-Level AffixationH L
lo ka
Word-Level PhonologyH L
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Basic Analysis
Passive Dominant Stem-Level Allomorph (Base > 1σ)
Root Level+
Selection
L H L
sa pu k
Stem-Level AffixationL H L H
sa pu ka
Stem-Level PhonologyL H L H
sa pu ka
Word-LevelL H L H
sa pu ka
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Basic Analysis
Markedness and Faithfulness Constraints
*R Assign ∗ to every syllable with a phonetic rising tone
*F Assign ∗ to every syllable with a phonetic falling tone
MAX | Assign ∗ to every association linewhich is in the input, but not in the output
DEP | Assign ∗ to every association linewhich is in the output, but not in the input
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Basic Analysis
Constraints on Tone Association
H→ σ Assign ∗ to every H-tonewhich is not associated to a syllable
[τ→ σ Assign ∗ to every PWord-initial tonewhich is not associated to a syllable
L→ σ Assign ∗ to every L-tonewhich is not associated to a syllable
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Basic Analysis
Constraint on Morphophonological Alignment
Assign ∗ to every σ associated to a tone of color κ’intervening between two syllablesCONTIGUITY τassociated to tones of morphological color κ(where κ , κ’)
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Basic Analysis
Passive Polysyllabic Base (Stem Level)
Input: = c. *R H→ σ [τ→ σ L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
L H L H
di li li ja****
b.
L H L H
di li li ja*! *****
c.
L H L H
di li li ja*!* * **
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Basic Analysis
Passive Polysyllabic Base: Dominance (Stem Level)Input: = e. *R H→ σ [τ→ σ L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
L H L H
sa pu ka* ***
b.
L H L H
sa pu ka*! ****
c.
L H L H
sa pu ka*! * ***
d.
L H L H
sa pu ka*! ***
e.
L H L H
sa pu ka*!* * **
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Basic Analysis
Passive Monosyllabic Base: Recessiveness (Word Level)
Input: = c. *R MAX | L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
H L
lo ka* *
b.
H L
lo ka*! *
c.
H L
lo ka*!
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Extensions
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Extensions Antipassive
Antipassive Tone (Yokwe 1986:42,43,45,46)
Same Tone – Different Alignment
H LHL1 σ pé → pé-jà ‘shoot’ ré → rè-jâ ‘sweep’> 1 σ bóró → bóró-jâ ‘smear’ kàbûr → kàbúr-jà ‘agitate’
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Extensions Antipassive
Antipassive Tone
Same Tone – Different Alignment
H LHL
1 σ
H -L
pe ja
L H L L
re ja
> 1 σ
H -L
bo ro ja
L H L L
ka bur ja
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Extensions Antipassive
Antipassive Tone
Antipassive ↔ (Early) -L / σ
Antipassive ↔ (Late) -L / σσ . . .
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Extensions Antipassive
Antipassive Monosyllabic Base (Stem Level)
Input: = e. *R H→ σ [τ→ σ L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
H L
pe ja**
b.
H L
pe ja*! ***
c.
H L
pe ja*! * *
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Extensions Antipassive
Antipassive Polysyllabic Base (Word Level)
Input: = c. *R MAX | L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
H L
bo ro ja* *
b.
H L
bo ro ja*! *
c.
H L
bo ro ja*!
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Extensions Ventive
Ventive Tone (Yokwe 1986:48-50)
Tonal Affix vs. No Affix
H LHL1 σ dép → dép-ún ‘hold’ mó → mò-kún ‘catch’> 1 σ bújút → bújút-ún ‘sharpen’ sàpûk → sàpúk-ùn ‘overturn’
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Extensions Ventive
Ventive Tone
Tonal Affix vs. No Affix
H LHL
1 σ
H H
dep un
L H L
mok un
H
> 1 σ
H
áu jut un
L H L
sa puk un
(cf. L-deletion with trisyllabic passive roots)
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Extensions Ventive
Ventive Tone
Benefactive ↔ (Early) -H / σ
(Benefactive ↔ Ø / σσ . . . )
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Extensions Ventive
Ventive Monosyllabic Base (Stem Level)Input: = e. *R H→ σ [τ→ σ L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
L H L H
mo kun* ***
b.
L H L H
mo kun*! ** **
c.
L H L H
mo kun*! ***
d.
L H L H
mo kun*! *! ***
e.
L H L H
mo kun*!* * **
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Extensions Benefactive
Benefactive Tone (Yokwe 1986:24-25)
Syllable Counting vs. Mora Counting
H LHL1 σ ló → ló-kín ‘spread’ mó → mò-kín ‘smell’> 1 σ búdú → búdú-kín ‘hasten’ tòkû → tòkú-kìn ‘preach’
But: sút→ sùt-ákìn ‘bet’
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Extensions Benefactive
Benefactive Tone (Yokwe 1986:24-25)
H LHL1 µ ló → ló-kín ‘spread’ mó → mò-kín ‘smell’
dér → dér-ákín ‘cook’ sút → sùt-ákìn ‘bet’> 1 µbúdú → búdú-kín ‘hasten’ tòkû → tòkú-kìn ‘preach’
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Extensions Benefactive
Benefactive Tone
Benefactive ↔ (Early) -H / µ
Benefactive ↔ Ø / µµ . . .
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Extensions Imperative
Imperative Tone (Yokwe 1986:81-82)
Tone Addition vs. Overwriting
H LHL1 σ der → der-e ‘cook’ mok → mok-e ‘catch’> 1 σ áujut → áujut-e ‘sharpen’ sapuk → sapuk-e ‘overturn’
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Extensions Imperative
Imperative Tone
Tone Addition vs. Overwriting
H LHL
1 σ
L- H
der e
L- L H L
mok e
> 1 σ
L- H -L
áu yut e
L- L H L -L
sa puk e
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Extensions Imperative
Imperative Tone
Imperative ↔ (Early) L- / σ
Imperative ↔ (Early) L- -L / σσ . . .
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Extensions Imperative
Imperative Monosyllabic
Input: = c. *R H→ σ [τ→ σ L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
L- H
der e**
b.
L- H
der e*! ***
c.
L- H
der e*! * *
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Extensions Imperative
Imperative Polysyllabic
Input: = d. *R CONT H→ σ [τ→ σ L→ σ *F DEP |
+ a.
L- H -L
bo ro ne* ****
b.
L- H -L
bo ro ne*! ***
c.
L- H -L
bo ro ne*! ****
d.
L- H -L
bo ro ne*! * **
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Default Tone (Yokwe 1986:24-25)
H LHL1 σ ló ← ló-kín ‘spread’ mó ← mò-kín ‘smell’> 1 σ búdú ← búdú-kín ‘hasten’ tòkû ← tòkú-kìn ‘preach’
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Verbal Default Tone
Tonal Affix vs. No Tonal Affix
H LHL
1 σ
H H
lo
L H L
mo
H
> 1 σ
H
bu du
L H L
to ku
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Verbal Default Tone
v ↔ (Early) -H / σ
(v ↔ Ø / σσ . . . )
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Default Suffix - Monosyllabic LHL rootInput:e *R MAX | H→ σ [τ→ σ τ→ σ *F DEP | NOGAP
a.
L H L -H
mok*!* * ****
+ b.
L H L -H
mok* ** ** *
c.
L H L -H
mok*! * * ** ***
d.
L H L -H
mok*! * ** * ***
e.
L H L -H
mok*!* * **** * ***
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Tonal Allomorphy
1 σ > 1 σPassive Recessive -L Dominant -HAntipassive Dominant -L Recessive -LVentive Dominant -H ØBenefactive Dominant -H Ø (for µs)Default Dominant -H ØImperative Dominant L- Dominant L- -LInstrumental Recessive LCausative Dominant L- -L
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Arguments for the Selection Analysis
1. Tone in affixed forms differs idiosyncratically from identical tonemelodies in unaffixed forms (e.g. mò-kín ‘smell-Benefactive’ vs.tòkû ‘preach’, both monosyllabic and with underlying LHL tone).
2. Both quality (H vs. L) and dominance values of affixal tones mightbe restricted to 1σ or to longer forms.
3. Patterns as the Antipassive are unnatural since under standardassumptions on tone mapping recessiveness (i.e. final contourtones) are expected to occur preferentially in shorter, not in longerforms.
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Summary
I 1σ-syndrome ≈ Syllable-counting tone allomorphy
I Tone allomorphy in Bari is arbitrary –must be captured by affix-specific selection
I Morphological Independence of tonal and segmental affixesfor strata and selection
I covers a wide range of apparently heterogeneous patternsin the language
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
References
Bye, P. (2008). Allomorphy: Selection, not optimization. In Blaho, S., Bye, P., and Krämer, M., editors, Freedom of Analsyis?,pages 63–92. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
Embick, D. (2010). Localism versus Globalism in Morphology and Phonology. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
Owen, R. C. R. (1908). Bari grammar and Vocabulary. J. & E. Bumpus, London.
Paster, M. (2006). Phonological Conditions on Affixation. PhD thesis, University Of California, Berkeley.
Paster, M. (2009). Explaining phonological conditions on affixation: Evidence from suppletive allomorphy and affix ordering. WordStructure, 2(1):18–47.
Paster, M. (2015). Phonologically conditioned suppletive allomorphy: cross-linguistic results and theoretical consequences. InBonet, E., Lloret, M.-R., and Mascaró, J., editors, Understanding Allomorphy: Perspectives from Optimality Theory, pages218–253. Equinox, London.
Spagnolo, L. M. (1933). Bari grammar. Missioni Africane, Verona.
Yokwe, E. M. (1986). The tonal grammar of Bari. PhD thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
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Extensions Verbal Default Tone
Overview
IntroClaimsBariTheoretical Assumptions
Basic Analysis
ExtensionsAntipassiveVentiveBenefactiveImperativeVerbal Default Tone
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