syllabus for m.sc. in botany - midnapore college pg.pdf · syllabus for m.sc in botany department...

Syllabus for M.Sc. in Botany

Duration: 2 years (Four Semesters); Total Marks -1200

(Theory-800, Practical-400)

Department of Botany

Midnapore College (Autonomous)

Midnapore- 721 101

Ph. No. 03222273590

Syllabus for M.Sc in Botany Department of Botany

2 Midnapore College (Autonomous)

Semester I

Paper: BOTPG-101 Subject Marks

Theoretical (50 marks)

Microbiology 50

Paper: BOTPG-102


Phycology and Bryology & Pteridology 25+25

Paper: BOTPG-103


Mycology and Plant Pathology 25+25

Paper: BOTPG-104

Theoretical (50 marks) Gymnosperm & Paleobotany and Plant Anatomy 25+25

Paper: BOTPG-105

Practical (50 marks)

Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology 50

Paper: BOTPG-106


Phycology, Bryology, Pteridology, Gymnosperms and Anatomy 50

Total Marks = 300 (Th-200+Prac-100)



Semester II

Paper: BOTPG-201


Biophysics and Biochemistry 50

Paper: BOTPG-202


Plant Physiology 50

Paper: BOTPG-203


Plant taxonomy 50

Paper: BOTPG-204


Economic Botany and Pharmacognosy 50

Paper: BOTPG-205


Biochemistry and Plant Physiology 50

Paper: BOTPG-206

Practical (50 marks) Plant taxonomy and Pharmacognosy 50

Total Marks = 300 (Th.200+Prac.100)



Semester III

Paper: BOTPG-301

Theoretical (50 marks) Cell and Molecular Biology 50

Paper: BOTPG-302


Genetics 50

Paper; BOTPG-303

Theoretical (50 marks) Ecology and Phytogeography 50

Paper; BOTPG-304

Theoretical (50 marks) Special paper*I (A/B) 50

A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology.

B= Microbiology

Paper: BOTPG-305

Practical

Cell Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics and Ecology 50

Paper: BOTPG-306 Special Paper *I (A/B) 50

Practical


B= Microbiology

Total Marks =300 (Th-200 +Prac-100)



Semester IV

Paper: BOTPG-401

Theoretical (50 marks) Plant Breeding and Bios tat. 50

Paper: BOTPG-402

Theoretical (50 marks) Biotechnology and Tissue Culture 50

Paper: BOTPG-403


Bioinformatics, and Instrumentation 50

Paper: BOTPG-404

Theoretical (50 marks) Special Paper*II (A/B) 50


B= Microbiology Special Paper*

Paper : BOTPG-405

Practical (50 marks) Project work 50

Paper: BOTPG-406

Practical (50 marks) Special Paper *II (A/B) 50

A = Plant taxonomy and Ecology.

B= Microbiology Special Paper.

Total Marks =300 (Th-200+Prac.-100)

*Special papers: Microbiology/ Plant Taxonomy and Ecology

Grand Total Marks -1200 = (Theo.-200+200+200+200) =800

(Prac.-100+100+100+100) =400



Syllabus in detail

Semester-I

Paper: BOTPG-101 : Microbiology

Theoretical 50 marks

1. History, discoveries and contributions, differences between prokaryotes and

eukaryotes. five kingdom concept, classification of microbes, scope and areas of

microbiology, importance of studying microbiology.

2. Microscopy- light (bright field, dark field, phase contrast and fluorescence) and

electron (SEM and TEM).

3. Principle characteristics used in the classification and identification of microbes,

bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology.

4. Method of sterilization-dry and moist heat, UV and X-ray,

5. Nutrition of microbes, principles behind formulation of media, enrichment culture

technique, anaerobic culture principles.

6. Growth curve, mathematical nature and expression of growth, exponential and

arithmetic growth, generation time, effect of nutritional concentration on growth,

synchronous growth, batch culture and continuous growth.

7. Morphology, fine structure and chemical nature of capsule, cell wall, flagella, pili,

genome, cytoplasmic membrane (PLP and fluid mosaic model ). Gram staining

principle, reserve substances, endospore.

8. Microbial metabolism, fermentation and respiration, ED-pathway, nitrification, sulfur

oxidation, nitrogen fixation.

9. Organization and replication of genetic material in bacteria, plasmids, genetic

recombination-conjugation, transformation and transduction, gene mapping.

10. Viruses, structural organization and chemistry of viruses, viral replication (TMV) and

bacteriophage, plaque assay of viruses, classification, cultivation, lytic and lysogenic

cycle, antiviral drugs, flu virus and its importance.

11. Applied microbiology, production of wine, beer, yogurt, SUFU, citric acid, amylase.



12. Chemotherapy, fundamentals, chemistry, mechanism of action and therapeutic uses of

penicillin, non-medical use of antibiotics, bioassay of antibiotics.

13. Immunology: general idea of immunity, types of immunity, properties of antigen and

antibodies, nature of immunological reaction, diagnostic application, monoclonal

antibody, ELISA, Toxin, Vaccine.

Paper: BOTPG-102 : Phycology and Bryology & Pteridology


Phycology 25 marks

1. Classification of algae following Smith (1955) up to division with general characters and

examples. Thallus organization and life cycle pattern in algae.

2. Endosymbiotic theory: origin of plastid. Origin and evolution of sex in algae.

3. Chlorophyta; Charecteristic features and evolutionary trends.

4. Chrysophyta: Charecteristic features and evolutionary trends.

5. Phaeophyta: Charecteristic features and evolutionary trends

6. Cyanophyta : General features & ecology; heterocyst structure and function; affinities

7. Rhodophyta: General features: specialties in sexual reproduction, post –fertilization

changes

8. Economic importance of algae, single cell protein, medicine, food supplements,

phycocolloids. Algal toxins and algal bloom.

9. Role of algae in Indian agriculture.

10. Ecological importance of algae.

Bryology 12 marks 1. Morphology, structure, reproduction and life history, distribution, modern system of

classification with class characters.

2. General account of Anthoceros, Porella and Bryam.

3. Economic and ecological importance of Bryophytes.

Pteridology 13marks 1. Modern classification of Pteridophyta.

2. Morphology, Anatomy and reproduction of Equisetum, Adiantum and Azolla

3. General account of fossil Pteridophytes - Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida .

4. Evolution of Stelar types in Pteridophytes; Heterospory and origin of seed habit;

5. Economic importance of pteridophytes.



Paper: BOTPG-103 : Mycology and Plant Pathology


Mycology 25 marks

1. Introduction: Importance of studying mycology; general characteristics, latest placement of

fungi in separate kingdom. Any modem classification (Hawksworth, 1995) with characters

upto phylum; cell wall composition; heterokaryosis and parasexuality; sexual compatibility; life

cycle patterns. 2. Fungal diversity: general characteristics, thallus organization, ecology and reproduction of

fungi belonging to different fungal groups.

3. Fungal growth, nutritional and physical factors operating growth, idea of saprotrophs,

biotrophs, hemibiotrophs, merotrophs, symbionts.

General account of:

i) Myxomycota

ii) Oomycota: Phytophthora.

iii) Zygomycota: Synchitrium.

iv) Ascomycota: Types of ascocarps and process of ascus and ascospore formation.

v) Basidiomycota: mating system. Fruiting structures and spore dispersal.

vi) Deuteromycota: A general account with emphasis on sporulating structures of the members.

Vii) Spore dispersal mechanism in fungi.

4. Mushroom- cultivation technology, nutritional and medicinal properties of mushrooms.

5. Mycorrhizae- Types, Salient features, role and application as biofertilizer and bioprotector in

forestry and agriculture

Lichen: Thallus organization, reproduction and economic importance.

Plant Pathology: 25 marks

1. Introduction: History; Concept of Plant Disease; Terms and Definitions; classification

(based on occurrence and causal organism); Koch’s postulates, Importance of plant

pathology. 2. Mechanism of infection (brief idea about pre-penetration, penetration and post-

penetration), role of cell wall degrading enzymes, toxins and growth regulators 3. Plants defence mechanism against pathogens: structural and biochemical defenses,

phytoalexin 4. Plant Disease Management: quarantine; cultural; physical; chemical; biological; integrated.



5. Plant Diseases: Disease caused by fungi, bacteria, virus, nematodes, parasitic plants and

algae. 6. Causal organism, etiology, and control of loose smut disease of wheat, damping off

disease of seedlings.

7. Seed borne plant pathogen.

Paper : BOTPG-104 : Gymnosperms & Paleobotany and Plant Anatomy


Gymnosperms 15 marks

1. Classification of Gymnosperms and their distribution in India

2. Diagnostic features and evolutionary trends in the orders Pteridospermales, Cycadales,

Bennettitales, Coniferales, Ginkgoales, Gnetales.

3. General account of Pinus, Ephedra and Gnetum.

4. Economic importance of gymnosperms as-wood, resin, essential oils, drugs and food.

Paleobotany 10 marks

1. Definition and types of plant fossils according to their mode of preservation.

2. Dating of rocks; outline of Standard Geologic time Scale. Major events of plant life

through geologic history.

3. Concept of form-genus.

4. Plant life through Indian Gondwana. (Sequence and Classification).

5. Introductory idea of Continental Drift Hypothesis with reference to Sea-door Spreading

and Plate Tectonics.

Anatomy 25 marks

1. Apical meristem: Organization of shoot-apex, root-apex concept. Changes in shoot apex

during transition to flowering.

2. Stomata: Types (Metchalfe and Chalk), Ontogeny.

3. Stele: Types and Evolution.

4. Secondary growth: Normal (intra- and extra-stelar), Anomalous (with common examples) . 5. Origin, differentiation and phylogeny of xylem and phloem.

6. Origin, histology, tissue differentiation and vascularization of leaf.

7. Nodal anatomy and its phylogenetic significance.

Paper: BOTPG-105 : Microbiology, Mycology and Plant Pathology

(Practical) 50 marks

Microbiology 20 marks

1. Simple staining of bacteria

2. Gram staining of bacteria

3. Endospore staining of bacteria



4. Negative staining

5. Study of curd microorganism

6. Isolation of bacteria from soil.

Mycology : 20 marks

1. Study of : Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Polyporus. Ascobolus, Agaicus

2. Slide identificatyion: Synchitrium, Penecillium, Cyathus, Phytopthora

3. Sterilization methods; Preparation of Media, Slants and Stabs; Isolation and

Subculture of fungi.

Plant Pathology 10marks 1. Study of different disease types.

2. Study of black stem rust of wheat, red rot of sugarcane.

3. Study of root colonization by Arbuscular mycorrhizae.

Paper: BOTPG-106 : Phycology, Byrology, Pteridology, Gymnosperm and Anatomy

Practical 50 marks Phycology 14 marks

1. Work out of the following algae with reproductive structure (Free hand drawing and

drawing under drawing prism with magnification): Anabaena, Nostoc, Vaucheria,

Polysiphonia.

2. Study of (a) Permanent slides: Oscillatiria, Spirogyra, Ectocarpus, Centric and Pennate

diatom; (b) Macroscopic specimens : Fucus, Sargassum

Bryophytes: 08 marks Study of Anthoceros , Porella, and Bryem.

Pteridophytes: 08 marks

Study of vegetative and reproductive parts of Equisetum, Adientum, Azolla.

Gymnosperms 08 marks

1. Morphological study: Cycas (microsporophyll and megasporophyll), Pinus (female

and male cone), Gnetum (female and male cone). Anatomy of Cycas and Pinus leaf.

2. Study from permanent slides: Cycas (L.S. of ovule), Pinus (L.S. of male and female

cone), Ginkgo (L.S. of female strobilus), Gnetum (L.S. of male cone and ovule).

Ephedra (ovule).

3. Study from permanent slides/ photographs: T.S. of stem of Rhynia, Lepidodendron,

Calamites, Lyginopteris, reproductive structure of Lepidocarpon and leaf fossils

Ptilophyllum and Glossopteris.

Anatomy 12 1. Study of Stomatal types

2. Study of Normal and Anomalous Secondary growth.

3. Anatomy of date palm leaf, Colocacia leaf, Mirabilis stem, Nymphaea petiole, Peperomia

stem.

4. Maceration of stem.



Semester II

Paper: BOTPG-201 : Biophysics and Biochemistry


Biophysics and Biochemistry 50 marks

1. Structure of atoms, molecules and chemical bonds.

2. Principles of biophysical chemistry (pH, buffer, reaction kinetics, thermodynamics,

colligative properties).

3. Stabilizing interactions (Van der Waals, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic

interaction, etc.). 4. Composition, structure and function of biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,

nucleic acids and vitamins).

5. Metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins.

6. Conformation of proteins (Ramachandran plot, secondary, tertiary and quaternary

structures; domains; motif and folds).

7. Conformation of nucleic acids (A-, B-, Z-DNA), t-RNA, micro-RNA).

8. Stability of protein and nucleic acid structures.

9. Secondary metabolites - Biosynthesis of terpenes, phenols and nitrogenous

compounds and their roles.

10. Enzymes: Classification, definitions of isozymes, allosteric enzymes, feedback

inhibition, competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of enzymes, mechanisms of

enzyme action, enzyme kinetics.

Paper: BOTPG-202 : Plant Physiology


Plant Physiology 50 marks

1. Photosynthesis: Light harvesting complexes; mechanisms of electron transport;

photoprotective mechanisms; CO2 fixations -C3, C4 and CAM pathways.

2. Respiration and photorespiration: Citric acid cycle; plant mitochondrial electron

transport and ATP synthesis; alternate oxidase; photo respiratory pathway.

3. Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate and ammonium assimilation; amino acid biosynthesis;

symbiotic nitrogen- fixation



4. Plant hormones: Present day concept of phytohormones and plant growth regulator

(PGR); Chemistry biosynthesis, storage, breakdown and transport of phytohormones; their

physiological effects and mechanisms of action; agricultural roles of PGRs.

5. Sensory photobiology: Structure, function and mechanisms of action of phytochromes,

cryptochromes and phototropins; stomatal movement; photoperiodism and biological clocks.

6. Solute transport and photoassimilate translocation: Uptake, transport and translocation

of water, ions, solutes and macromolecules from soil, through cells, across membranes,

through xylem and phloem; transpiration; concept of source, sink and translocation system of

plants, mechanisms of loading and unloading of photoassimilates.

7. Stress physiology: Responses of plants to biotic (pathogen and insects) and abiotic (water,

temperature and salt) stresses; mechanisms of resistance to biotic stress and tolerance to

abiotic stress.

Paper : BOTPG-203 : Plant Taxonomy


Plant taxonomy 50 marks

1. Taxonomy and Systematics: Concept and objectives.

2. Plant Nomenclature: ICN, Principles, Rules, Recommendations and appendices;

Type concept, valid publication and rejection of names. Proposed Bio Code and

PhyloCode.

3. Tools of Taxonomy: Field collection methods, Herbarium, Botanic Gardens and their

importance in teaching and research, GIS (Geographical Information System) in

Botany.

4. Concept of taxa; categories and hierarchy; species concept.

5. Recent systems of Angiosperm classification including APGII (2009).

6. Taxonomic literature: Types, definition and examples.

7. Phenetics and Cladistics: Principles, methods, merits and demerits.

8. Biosystematics: Methods, Categories and relationship with traditional taxonomy.

9. Angiosperms diversity: Salient features, phylogeny and evolutionary trends in

Magnollidae,Hamamelidae, Caryophyllidae, Asteridae, Alismatidae, Commeliniidae,

and Liliidae (sensu Cronquist,1981), concept of palaeoherbs and eu-dicots

(tricolpates).

10. Biodiversity: Concept, levels, values, hotspots and hottest hotspots, megadiversity

centers of world, loss of biodiversity, IUCN threat categories, in situ and ex situ

conservation measures.



11. Data sources of Taxonomy: Anatomy, embryology, palynology, cytology and

phytochemistry, serology, and molecular systematics.

Paper: BOTPG-204 : Economic Botany and Pharmacognosy


Economic Botany 25 marks

Economic Botany: Non timber forest produces (fibre and flosses; grass oil, oil seeds; grasses,

bamboos and canes; tanins, dyes and gum; resins and oleoresins; drugs, spices, poisons;

edible products). Importance of NTFP.

Ethnobotany: Definition, branches, relevance, methods and status in India. Herbalism and

Phytotherapy; Preparation of herbal drugs for commercial market.

Floriculture-Horticulture: Cultivation and hybridization of Rose, chrysanthemum, Dahlia

Tube-rose, Gladiolus; Cultivation of indoor and decorative foliage plants, Preparation of

Bonsai, Pomology of mango, guava, lichi.

Pharmacognosy: 25 marks

1. Classification and pharmacological action of plant drugs.

2. Origin of secondary metabolites – a brief account of acetate pathway, mevalonate and

deoxyxylulose phosphate pathways, shikimate pathway

3. Carbohydrates – starch, cellulose derivatives, gums.

4. Glycosides, general account, biosynthesis, glycosidal drugs

5. Cyanogenic glycosides and glucosinolate compounds.

6. Alkaloids, definition, properties, classification, alkaloidal drugs – Datura stramonium,

Atropa belladona, opium, Cinchona, tea, ergot, Rauvolfia, Holarrhena, Catharanthus –

alkaloidal constituents, uses, allied drugs.

7. Phenolic compounds produced by plants, types, biological activity, drugs – Senna, Aloe,

Hypericum, Capsicum.

8. Steroidal compounds, different types, biological activity and pharmaceutical importance

9. Volatile oils, composition, drugs – clove, Mentha, Eucalyptus, Foeniculum, Cinnamomum,

citronella

10. Resins, different types, uses

Paper: BOTPG-205 : Biochemistry and Plant Physiology

Practical 50 marks

Plant Biochemistry 25 marks

1. Preparation of buffers and solutions.



2. Preparation of a standard curve for carbohydrates and determination of carbohydrate

levels in unknown samlples using anthrone reagent.

3. Preparation of a standard curve for proteins and determination of protein levels in

unknown samples using Folin-phenol reagent.

4. Preparation of a standard curve for amino acids and determination of amino acid

levels in unknown samples using ninhydrin reagent.

5. Extraction and comparative study of chlorophyll levels in leaves of different age.

6. Preparation of a standard curve for IAA and determination of IAA levels in unknown

samples using Salkowsky reagent.

7. Comparative study of the activities of amylase enzyme in different plant samples.

8. Comparative study of the activities of catalase enzyme in different plant samples

Plant Physiology 25 marks

1. Effect of respiratory promoters/ inhibitors on the rate of aerobic respiration.

2. Effect of photosynthetic promoters/ inhibitors on the rate of photosynthesis.

3. Determination of isotonic concentration and osmotic pressure of cell sap. '

4. Isolation of chloroplasts and demonstration of Hill reaction.

5. Determination of total acidity of cell sap.

6. Determination of percentage of seed viability by TTC test

7. Determination of water potential of cell sap by Chardakovs method.

8. Effect of inhibitors on the uptake of water by seedlings.

Paper: BOTPG-206 : Plant Taxonomy and Pharmacognosy

Practical 50 Marks

Plant taxonomy 30 marks

1. Workout of plant specimens and description of vegetative and reproductive characters

from representative families locally available.

2. Training in using local floras and other literature and herbaria for identification of

specimens described in the classes.

3. Study of various taxa of a genus, location of key characters and preparation of keys at

species level.

4. Field excursions (at least one distal) for familiarization with and study of vegetation

type (s) and flora (s) of areas outside the state, and in the local areas.

Pharmacognosy 20 marks

1. Choice of solvent for extraction of alkaloids, phenols.

2. Chemical tests for the detection of alkaloids, phenols, anthraquinones, cardenolides,

anthocyanins, betacyanins, carotenoids.

3. Extraction and chromatographic detection of some common plant drugs.

4. Study of unorganized drugs – starches, gums, resins etc.



Semester III

Paper BOT PG-301: Cell and molecular Biology


Cell Biology 25 marks

1. Membrane structure and function: Structure of model membrane, lipid bilayer and

membrane protein diffusion, osmosis, ion channels, active transport, ion pumps, mechanism

of sorting and regulation of intracellular transport, electrical properties of membranes.

2. Structural organization and function of intracellular organelles: Cell wall, nucleus,

mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, plastids,

vacuoles, chloroplast, structure & function of cytoskeleton and its role in motility.

3. Organization of genes and chromosomes: Operon, interrupted genes, gene families,

structure of chromatin and chromosomes, unique and repetitive DNA, heterochromatin,

euchromatin, transposons.

4. Cell division and cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis, their regulation, steps in cell cycle, and

control of cell cycle.

.

Molecular Biology 25 marks

1. DNA replication, repair and recombination: Unit of replication, enzymes involved, replication

origin and replication fork, fidelity of replication, extrachromosomal replicons, DNA damage and

repair mechanisms.

2. RNA synthesis and processing: Transcription factors and machinery, formation of initiation

complex, transcription activators and repressors, RNA polymerases, capping, elongation and

termination, RNA processing, RNA editing, splicing, polyadenylation, structure and function of

different types of RNA, RNA transport.

3. Protein synthesis and processing: Ribosome, formation of initiation complex, initiation factors

and their regulation, elongation and elongation factors, termination, genetic code, aminoacylation of

tRNA, tRNA-identity, aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, translational proof-reading, translational

inhibitors, post- translational modification of proteins.

4. Control of gene expression at transcription and translation level: Regulation of phages, viruses,

prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene expression, role of chromatin in regulating gene expression and gene

silencing.

Paper: BOT PG- 302: Genetics :


Genetics 1. Mendelian principles: Dominance, segregation, independent assortment, deviation from

Mendelian inheritance.

2. Concept of gene: Allele, multiple alleles, pseudoallele, complementation tests.



3. Extensions of Mendelian principles: Codominance, incomplete dominance, gene

interactions, pleiotropy, genomic imprinting, penetrance and expressivity, phenocopy,

linkage and crossing over, sex linkage, sex limited and sex influenced characters.

4. Gene mapping methods: Linkage maps, tetrad analysis, mapping with molecular

markers, mapping by using somatic cell hybrids, development of mapping population in

plants.

5. Extra chromosomal inheritance: Inheritance of mitochondrial and chloroplast genes,

maternal inheritance.

6. Quantitative genetics: Polygenic inheritance, heritability and its measurements, QTL

mapping.

7. Mutation: Types, causes and detection, mutant types – lethal, conditional, biochemical,

loss of function, gain of function, germinal verses somatic mutants, insertional

mutagenesis.

8. Structural and numerical alterations of chromosomes: Deletion, duplication,

inversion, translocation, ploidy and their genetic implications.

9. Recombination: Homologous and non-homologous recombination, including

transposition,

10. Population genetics – populations, gene pool, gene frequency; Hardy-Weinberg law;

random genetic drift; speciation; allopatricity and sympatricity;

11. Cancer: Genetic rearrangements in progenitor cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes,

cancer and the cell cycle, virus-induced cancer, metastasis, interaction of cancer cells with

normal cells, apoptosis, therapeutic interventions of uncontrolled cell growth.

Paper:BOT PG- 303: Ecology and Phytogeography


Ecology 35 marks

1. The Environment: Physical environment; biotic environment; biotic and abiotic

interactions.

2. Habitat and niche: Concept of habitat and niche; niche width and overlap; fundamental

and realized niche; resource partitioning; character displacement.

3. Population ecology: Characteristics of a population; population growth curves;

population regulation; life history strategies (r and K selection); concept of

metapopulation – demes and dispersal, interdemic extinctions, age structured populations.

4. Species interactions: Types of interactions, interspecific competition, herbivory,

carnivory, pollination, symbiosis.



5. Community ecology: Nature of communities; community structure and attributes; levels

of species diversity and its measurement; edges and ecotones.

6. Ecological succession: Types; mechanisms; changes involved in succession; concept of

climax.

7. Ecosystem: Structure and function; energy flow and mineral cycling (CNP); primary

production and decomposition; structure and function of some Indian ecosystems:

terrestrial (forest, grassland) and aquatic (fresh water, marine, eustarine).

8. Biogeography: Major terrestrial biomes; theory of island biogeography; biogeographical

zones of India.

9. Environmental pollution; global environmental change; biodiversity-status, monitoring

and documentation; major drivers of biodiversity change; biodiversity management

approaches.

10. Conservation biology: Bioresource and uses of biodiversity, Principles of conservation,

major approaches to management, Indian case studies on conservation/management

strategy (Project Tiger, Biosphere reserves).

11. Bioremediation and phytoremediation.

12. Biosensors.

Phytogeography 15 marks

1. Phytogeographical regions of India and world, plant flora of those, continuous and dis

continuous distribution. Endemism (Theories, types and distribution of endemic plant

families), disjunction: Invasions and Introductions.

2. Major forest types of India and their composition.

Paper:BOT PG-304 Special paper I* Special paper*I (A/B) 50 marks

(Theory)


B= Microbiology

Special Paper-I- A= Plant taxonomy and Ecology



Paper-304 (Special - Taxonomy of Angiosperm and Ecology) – 50 Marks Group –A

Taxonomy of Angiosperm: (30 Marks)

Sl. No. Contents in Details No. of

Lectures

1. Brief history of Taxonomic Study in India including the contribution of

W. Roxburgh, N. Wallich, J.D. Hooker, G. King, K.P. Biswas, D. Prain,

Rev. Father H. Santapau, D.B. Deb.

06

2. Classification: Recent classification by R.F. Thorne, APG III (2009),

APG IV (2016). 03

3. Data sources of Taxonomy: Palynology, Secondary metabolites, Ultra

structure (Plastid), Molecular data (Chloroplast, Mitochondria, Nuclear

DNA), DNA barcoading, e-taxonomy, Reverse Taxonomy.

06

4. Tools of Taxonomy: Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, GIS and RS,

Significance in Botany 04

5. Nomenclature: Addition and changes in latest code (Melbourne Code

2012), Principle, Typification, Priority and Limitation of the Principle of

Priority, Valid Publication, Rejection and Name and changes, Name of

cultivated plants and Hybrid plants. Brief idea about Biocode and

Phylocode.

06

6. Circumsription and Phylogy of orders (Croncruist, 1988),

Magnoliales, Rosales, Caryophyllales, Asterales, Alismatalis, Liliales,

Orchidales.

07

7 Cladistic Study: Concept of cline, polarity, anagenesis, cladogenesis,

Homology, Analogy, Parallelism and Convergence, Monophyly,

Polyphyly, Paraphyly, Holophyly, Dendrogram, Cladogram. Method for

construction of Cladogram, Merits and Demerits.

04

Group- B

Ecology (20 Marks)

8. Ecology: concept, significance, scope, resistance, Resilience, Gaia

hypothesis, physical environment, solar radiation, atmosphere,

Hydrosphere.

06

9. Ecological concept of species- ecological amplitude, Homeostasis,

tolerance, adaptation, Concept of niche, speciation.

04

10. Soil Ecology: Soil components, soil formation, soil profile, soil texture,

soil erosion and its control ; Soil pollution & effect, conservation.

05

11. An over view on allelopathy & Environmental Toxicology. 06

12. Ecological factors: Light, temperature, water, fire. 03



Post graduate syllabus in Botany

Special paper: Microbiology

Special- I, Paper- BOTPG-304, Full Marks- 50(40+10)

Theory:

1. Classification and diversity of microorganism: different kingdom concept, general

accounts of archaebacteria, actinomycetes, spirochetes, rickettsias and

mycoplasmas, detailed account of photosynthetic bacteria.

2. Microscopy: principles and use of Phase contrast microscope, SEM, TEM, AFM.

3. Staining methodology: procedure of staining of different organisms (Gram, acid fast,

endospore).

4. Bacterial growth: Definition, generation time, growth curve, diouxic growth, bacterial

media, nutritional parameters.

5. Classification and mode of action of antibiotics: antibacterial (penicillin,

streptomycin, ceplalosporin, sulphonamides), antifungal ( triazoles and imidazoles),

antiviral (acyclovir, zidovudin), antiprotozoal (metronidazole, ornidazole), microbial

assay, mechanism of drug resistance.

6. Control of microorganism by physical and chemical agents : methods of sterilization

and mode of action of different chemicals as disinfectant.

7. Microbiology of soil: Biogeochemical cycles (nitrogen, sulphur, carbon, phosphorus),

Biological N2 fixation, nitrogenase and its alternative forms, regulation of nitrogenise.

8. Microbiology of water: sources of water pollution, distribution of microorganisms in

aquatic environment, potable water, determination of quality of water (plate count,

MPN), sewage treatment and its reuse.

9. Microbiology of air: sources of air pollution, different microbes involved in diseases.

10. Microbial genetics: DNA as genetic material, fine structure, replication;

transformation, transduction and conjugation, genome mapping; gene expression-

Lac and Trp operon, attenuation.

11. Plant-microbes interaction: microbes as pathogens of plants, animals and human

systems.

12. Enzymes: regulation, kinetics, mode of action and uses of amylases and proteases.



Paper: BOT PG- 305: Cell Biology, Molecular biology, Genetics and Ecology

(Practical) 50 marks

Cell Biology, Molecular biology, Genetics: 30marks

1. Idea about the preparation of pre-treating agents, Fixatives and stains for cytological

practical

2. Orcein and Feulgen staining of metaphase plates; Preparation of karyotype and

Ideogram, determination of mitotic index.

3. Study of meiosis in pollen mother cells, determination of chiasma frequency

4. Chi square test for Goodness of Fit of fixed ratio hypothesis.

5. Measurement of Central tendency and Dispersion ( SD- calculation)

6. Identification of different normal and abnormal stages of Mitosis with respect to their

feature and function.

7. Identification of different stages of Meiosis with respect to their feature and function.

Ecology 20marks

1. Determination of species area curve by Quadrat method.

2. Determination of density, frequency and basal cover of species.

3. Determination of organic matter in soil.

4. Determination of index of similarity / dissimilarity between two communities.

8. Determination of nutrient content of soil by kit- method.

9. Colorimetric determination of nitrogen and phosphorus of soil.

Paper: BOT PG- 306 Special paper*I (A/B) 50 marks

(Practical Paper)


B= Microbiology

Special practical: Paper – I (A) : (Plant taxonomy and Ecology.)



Paper-304 (Special- Practical -Taxonomy of Angiosperm & Ecology) – 50

Marks Paper-306 (Special- Practical -Taxonomy of Angiosperm &

Ecology) – 50 Marks

Taxonomy of Angiosperm

1. Collection of local plants, Identification of Families, Writing of Field

notes (Both in local and long tour/excursion)

2. Comparative study of different groups of plants and make an artificial

key of the families.

3. Detailed description, drawing, labelling, of dissected plants of different

families of the local flora(At least 15)

4. Description, Drawing, Labelling of the dried specimens (At least 10)

5. Floral diagram of some selected families.

Ecology

1. Different methods of vegetation study Life forms (Field Species)

2. Density, Abundance

3. Determination of IVI, dispersion, dominance, diversity and similarity

indices.

4. Determination of root shoot ratio. Litter decomposition studies.

5. Water holding capacity

6. NPK study in soil, Study of Organic matter

Special practical: Paper – I (B) : (Microbiology)

1. Study of fermentation of sugar by different bacteria.

2. Starch and protein hydrolysis.

3. Microbial assay of streptomycin (agar cup, disk and turbidity method).

4. Potability of water through IMVIC and MPN method.

5. Study of bacterial growth curve.

6. Enumeration of bacteria by plate count.

7. Isolation of fungi and bacteria from soil.

8. Determination of MIC of different bacteria against Streptomycin.

9. Preparation of survival curve of a bacterium after UV exposure and isolation of

mutants.



Semester IV Paper: BOTPG-401 : Plant Breeding and Bio stat

(Theoretical) 50 marks

Plant Breeding 35 marks

1. Importance and propagation of horticultural plants: a. Propagation through seeds. b.

Propagation through cuttings i.e., leaf, stem and roots. c. Grafting- normal and special

grafting procedures.

2. Plant breeding objectives. Traits of interest for field crops, fruits and vegetable crops

(yield, duration, adaptability and tolerance / Resistance to Biotic and A biotic stresses.

Centre of origin & diversity of crops.

3. Selection. Back cross breeding and usefulness of marker–assisted selection.

4. Development of inbred cultivars and commercial hybrids.

5. Heterosis, Combining ability and Heritability.

6. Mutation breeding. Induced polyploidy in plant breeding. Importance of haploids and

dihaploids

7. Polyploidy; Genetic variability.

8. Application of biotechnology in plant breeding. Bt-cotton and Bt-brinjal, Herbicide

resistant crops and Golden rice.

Biostatistics 15 marks

Biostatistics

1. Introduction: The scope of biostatistics; Classification of study design, Observational

studies and Experimental studies.

2. Exploration and presentation of data: Scales of measurement, Tables, Graphs,

Histograms, Box and Whisker plots, Frequency polygon, Scatter Plots.

3. Descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency, measures of dispersion-

variance, SE,SD. chi square test

4. Probability: Definition, mutually exclusive events and addition rule, independent

events and multiplication rule.

5. Comparing three or more means: ANOVA – one way, two way,

6. Basic idea of Correlation and Regression: Pearson’s correlation coefficient,

Paper: BOTPG-402 : Biotechnology and Tissue culture 50 marks

(Theory)

1. Molecular cloning techniques;

2. Isolation of specific nucleic acid sequences; generation of genomic and cDNA libraries in

plasmid, phage, cosmid, Ti- plasmid, BAC and YAC vectors;

3. Blotting techniques, PCR, DNA fingerprinting.

4. Agrobacterium- mediated gene transfer in common plants, electroporation, particle

gun and microinjection.



5. Techniques of DNA and protein sequencing. 6. Transgenic animals and plants, molecular approaches to diagnosis and strain

identification.

7. Genomics and its application to health and agriculture, including gene therapy.

8. Cell and Tissue culture in plants: suspension culture, single cell clones.

Organogenesis; Somatic embryogenesis; Transfer and establishment of whole plants

in soil; Somatic embryo and artificial seeds

9. Shoot-tip culture: Production of virus free plants and micro propagation

10. Embryo culture and Rescue; Haploid Culture. Micropropagation, Somaclonal variation

11. Microbes in agriculture: Biofertilizers - Bacterial, Cyanobacterial, Mycorrhizal and

Azolla. Mass production of Rhizobium Azotobacter and mycorrhiza.

12. Food biotechnology: principles of food preservation- Asepsis, Removal of

microorganisms, anaerobic condition - High and low temperature, Drying, Food additive.

Canning, contamination and spoilage of canned food.

Paper: BOTPG-403 : Bioinformatics and Instrumentation 50 Marks

Bioinformatics 1. Introduction to bioinformatics and data generation, its relation with molecular

biology. Examples of some related tools(FASTA, BLAST, BLAT, RASMOL),

databases(GENBANK, Pubmed, PDB ) and software(RASMOL,Ligand

Explorer).Data generation;

2. Biological Database and its Types NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ etc.

3. Sequence Alignments and Visualization -Local alignment and Global alignment.

4. Applications of Bioinformatics.

.

Instrumentation:

Basic principle and function of-

Microscopy: Light microscopy-resolving power and variation of numerical aperture. Phase

contrast, SEM, TEM, and AFM.

Sterilization: Types of instruments and principle behind them.

Centrifugation.

Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry: Different spectroscopic techniques their principle and

use. Mass spectrometry.

Chromatography: Partition chromatography, GLC, and HPLC,

Gel electrophoresis: basically SDS-PAGE.

Paper: BOTPG-404 : Special Paper - II 50 marks

(Theoretical)

Special practical: Paper – I I(A) : (Plant taxonomy and Ecology.):---



Paper-402 (Special- Taxonomy of Angiosperm & Ecology) – 50 Marks Group –A

Taxonomy of Angiosperm: (20 Marks) No. of

Lectures

1. Taxomomic Literature: Definition with examples of classical books,

Flora, Manual, Revision, Monograph, Index, Catalogue, Dictionary,

Bibliography, Journal/Periodical of India and Abroad.

04

2. Centre of origin of cultivated/ crop plants ; angiosperm diversity of

India, endemic and threatened plants of India, concept of endemic,

exotic plant and invasive species,

02

3. Species concept, Speciadron, Vaniadian and isoladian, Phenotypic

plasticity. 04

4. Biodiversity and Conservation: Definition of biodiversity α, β and γ

diversity, Mega diversity, Hotspots, Hottest hotspot, Importance of

biodiversity. Degradation of biodiversity, In-situ & Ex-situ conservation,

Technique of Ex-situ conservation, Seed bank, Gene bank, Tissue

culture, Activities of IUCN, MAB, CITES, UNEP,CBD,WWF,SSC,

TRAFFIC, Red data book, Categories of IUCN for in-situ and ex-situ

conservation, Activities of BSI for conservation, Activities of NBPGR

and IBPGR.

07

5. Distribution of Families: Cosmopolyton Families, Tropical Families,

Temparate Families, Discontinuous Families. 04

6. Phytochoria of the world, Dispersal and Migration of plants. 04

7. General account on Insectivorous Plants, Parasitic Plants and Epiphytic

Plants. 03

Group-B

Ecology (30 Marks)

1. Ecosystem: Components, concept, function, productivity, energy

transfer, biogeochemical cycle, Forest, Grassland, Desert ecosystem.

Biomes: Major biomes of India, Wetland & Costal Ecology.

05

2. Community Ecology: Classification, Continuum concept, ordination,

Environmental Gradient Analysis, Succession Models, Diversity indices. 05

3. Pollution Ecology: Pollutants, Air, Water, Thermal, Soil industrial,

Radioactive pollutions and effects, Nuclear hazards, Heavy metal

contamination toxicity, Aerosols; General idea on bio-indicators.

06

4. Bioremediation, Phytoremediation, Waste management. 04

5. Environmental Acts (National and International): Brief idea about

management of forest, plants and animals. 05

6. Global Environmental Change: Climate Change, Global Warming,

Green house gasses. 06

7. Population Ecology: Principle (density, natality, dispersal, etc.), species

interaction. 05

8. Microbial biodiversity 04



Special Paper: II (B) (Microbiology)

1. Virus: isolation, cultivation and purification; prions and viriods; general account of

SARS, AIDS, Swaine Flu.

2. Oncogenes and cancer: types, causes and regulation.

3. Plasmids: types, properties, used as vectors ( cosmid, phagemid, fosmid, M13)

shuttle vector, Ti plasmid.

4. Genetic engineering: restriction endonuclease, topoisomerase, gyrase, methylases,

polymerases, terminal transferase ; genomic and cDNA library, Ethics in genetic

engineering, PCR, southern blotting.

5. Microbial leaching of metals: leaching of gold/copper, desulphurication of coal.

6. Food microbiology: fermented milk product (cheese, acidophilus milk, kefir, yogurt),

beverages (beer, wine), oriental fermented food- TOFU.

7. Fermentation technology: different types of fermentation and fermentor and their

mode of operation.

8. Industrial microbiology: production of lactic acid, glutamic acid, citric acid and

penicillin.

9. Immunology: immunity, types, immunological memory; immunoglobulin classes,

mechanism of antibody diversity, monoclonal and polyclonal antibody, clonal

selection and immune tolerance, hypersensitivity; vaccine- types.

10. Immunological and serological methods: precipitation test, ELISA, complement

fixation test, agglutination test, western blotting technique.

11. Bioremediation: uses of microbes in controlling pollution.

12. Bioinformatics: basic idea.

Paper: BOTPG-405 : Project Work

Practical 50 marks

Project work

The project will be selected by the student from their special paper of choice and the project

work will be started during their 3rd

semester classes after selection of special paper.

Paper: BOTPG-406 : Special paper- Practical

Practical 50 marks



Special practical: Paper: II – II(A) : (Plant taxonomy and Ecology.):

Paper-406 (Special- Practical -Taxonomy of Angiosperm &

Ecology) – 50 Marks

Taxonomy of Angiosperm

1. Character assessment of the studied plants as evolutionary status

(Following Hutchinson).

2. Use of computer for correct nomenclature, synonym, basionym etc.

3. Assessment / Estimation of species of different genera of Indian families

for West Bengal/ India (Based on Flora).

4. Solve of nomenclatural problem.

5. Study of pollen morphology of some selected plant species.

Ecology

1. Determination of BOD and COD in water sample.

2. Pollution studies- relative water content, ascorbic acid, chlorophyll,

carotinoids, estimation.

3. Pollution studies : Relative water content

4. Study of Phytoplankton in different water bodies.

5. Study of toxic elements from industrial effluents.

6. Estimation of soil physical propaties- colour, texture, sticky point,

density, porosity.

Special practical: Paper: II (B)(Microbiology)

1. Estimation of sugar, protein, DNA and RNA.

2. Determination of amino acid by TLC.

3. Determination of molecular weight of a protein by gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

4. Isolation of plasmid from bacteria.

5. Agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid.

6. BLAST search and alignment of genomic sequence, preparation of phylogenetic tree.

7. Isolation of Azatobacter from soil and Rhizobium from root nodule.

8. Study of immuno-diffusion technique.

9. Visit to a place of microbiological interest.

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