symmetry - archive_ explain it in 60 seconds

8/9/2019 Symmetry - Archive_ Explain It in 60 Seconds

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etry - Archive: Explain it in 60 Seconds

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Arch ive : Exp la in i t in 60 Seconds

2010

Shielding

Feb 2010

Shielding refers to layers of material that block radiation. We don't need

shielding from cosmic rays; but this steady background radiation does

bedevil scientists and their experiments because it can drown out the

nearly imperceptible signals of rare subatomic processes...

2009

Scint i l la tors

Dec 2009

Scintillators are transparent materials that allow scientists to detect

particles and other forms of radiation. When radiation hits a scintillator,

the material absorbs some of its energy and makes it visible by emitting

a flash of light...

In tens i ty Front ier

Jul 2009

The Intensity Frontier

three broad approach

particle physics resea

characterized by the temploys...

Cherenkov L ight

Aug 2009

Cherenkov light appears when a charged particle travels through matter

faster than light can. This effect is the optical equivalent of a sonic

boom...

Vir tua l Part ic les

Jul 2009

Virtual particles are s

particles that cannot

detected, but which a

physical quantitiess

the mass of a particle

electric force between

charged particlesin

measurable ways...

Charm Quark

May 2009The charm quark is one of six quarks that, along with leptons, form the

basic building blocks of ordinary matter. It is hundreds of times more

massive than the up and down quarks that make up protons and

neutrons...

Neutra l ino

Mar 2009Dark matter accounts

83 percent of all matt

universe. Whereas m

Earth and in stars is m

atoms and nuclei, sci

know that dark matte

2008

Par t i c le Acce le ra to rs

Dec 2008

Particle accelerators (often referred to as "atom smashers") use strong

electric fields to push streams of subatomic particlesusually protons or

electronsto tremendous speeds...

Magnet Quench

Nov 2008

A magnet quench is a

yet fairly routine even

particle accelerator. I

of a large supercondu

magnet, such a...

Neutr ino Masses

Sep 2008

Neutrino masses are extremely difficult to measure. Physicists think the

origins of neutrino masses are closely tied to subatomic...

Z boson

Aug 2008

The Zboson is a hea

that is one of the carr

weak force. Its discov

completed the Standa

of particle physics...

Rare Decays

Mar/Apr 2008

Rare particle decays could provide a unique glimpse of subatomic

processes that elude the direct reach of even the most powerful...

Th e W boson

Jan/Feb 2008

The Wboson is one o

particles that transmit

fundamental forces o

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2/74



is responsible for two

most surprising disco

the 20th century...

2007

Terascale

Dec 2007

The Terascale is an energy region named for the teraor million millionelectronvolts of energy needed to access it. Physicists are standing at

its threshold, poised to enter this uncharted territory of the subatomic

world.

J e t s

Oct/Nov 2007

Jets are sprays of pafly out from certain hig

collisions. Physicists

use the most energet

look inside the quarks

make up protons.

Theory

Sep 2007

A theory, in everyday language, differs little from a guess or a hunch. But

in science we reserve the word for a well-developed idea based on

experimental evidence.

Dark Energy

Aug 2007

Dark energy is the we

most abundant stuff i

universe. It is causing

expansion of the univ

speed up, and the de

our universe rests in

Part ic le Event

Jun/Jul 2007

A particle event is a particle collision or interaction that is observed by

some type of particle detector.

Str ing Theory

May 2007

String theory propose

fundamental constitu

universe are one-dim

"strings" rather than p

particles.

Posi t ron

Apr 2007

A positron is the antimatter equivalent of an electron, with the same

mass but opposite electric charge. When the two meet, they annihilate

into a flash of energy.

Dark Matter

Mar 2007

Dark matter is, mildly

a very strange form o

Although it has mass

not interact with every

objects and it passes

through our bodies.

Simulat ions

Jan/Feb 2007

Simulations are used in physics to explore many "What if?" scenarios. In

particle physics, they are used for application from designing new types

of accelerators and detectors to evaluating the final analysis of data.

2006

Postdocs

Dec 2006

Postdocs are scientists who have completed their PhD research and

who continue to develop their scientific skills by working for a few years

at a university or other research institution.

Acce le rat ion o f P

Oct/Nov 2006

Imagine a surfer ridin

If the surfer paddles a

speed and gets on a

the right time, the suraccelerated to the sp

wave.

X-ray Lasers

Sep 2006

X-ray lasers will deliver extraordinarily intense beams of X-rays in very

short bursts ten billion times brighter than those in other light sources.

The Higgs Boson

Aug 2006

A fundamental particl

predicted by theorist

Higgs, may be the ke

understanding why el

particles have mass.

Elementary Part ic le Phys ics

Jun/Jul 2006

What rules govern energy, matter, space, and time at the most

The Standard Mo

May 2006

The Standard Model


3/74



2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL, 60510, USA

elementary levels? theory that physicists

have to describe the

blocks of the universe

Light Sources

Apr 2006

Light sources are accelerator-based machines that produce

exceptionally intense, tightly focused beams of light...

Quarks

Mar 2006

Quarks are fundamen

building blocks of ma

are most commonly f

inside protons and ne

Luminos i ty

Feb 2006

Luminosity is a measure of how efficiently a particle accelerator

produces collision events.

2005

B fac to r ies

Dec 2005/Jan 2006

Bfactories are scientific machines that explore the conditions of the

early universe by creating and analyzing huge numbers of B mesons,

particles that contain a bottom quark.

The Grid

Nov 2005

Like its electrical nam

computing grid is a m

technology, infrastruc

standards.

CP Violation

Oct 2005

Are the laws of nature the same for matter and antimatter? Why are all

the stars made of matter and not antimatter?

Superconductors

Sep 2005

Superconductors are

remarkable materials

conduct electricity wit

resistance when cool

temperatures.

In ternat iona l L inear Col l ider

Aug 2005

The ILC is a proposed machine for discovering the hidden mechanisms

of the microphysical world.

Extra Dimens ions

Jun/Jul 2005

Detecting extra dimen

hard because they m

rolled up smaller than

accessible to current

experiments.

Neutr ino Mix ing

May 2005

Neutrinos are able to change from one "flavor" to another as they travel

through space because of their wavelike nature.

Large Hadron Col

Apr 2005

Protons racing throug

kilometer tunnel will p

collisions that unveil t

of matter, space and

Supersymmetry

Mar 2005

Supersymmetry, if it exists, doubles the number of particles in nature,

with each particle having a "superpartner".

E=mc2

Feb 2005

Einstein's famous equ

says that mass is ano

of energy. The conve

has far-reaching

consequences.

2004

Grav i ta t iona l Lenses

Dec 2004/Jan 2005

A wineglass makes a good model to explain a unique aspect of

Einstein's General Theory of Relativity.

Ant ima t te r

Oct/Nov 2004

Antimatter is made up

particles with equal b

opposite characterist

everyday particles of


4/74




5/74

etry Magazine


HOME ABOUT CONTACT PAST ISSUES SUBSCRIBE RS S SEARCH

di tor ia l :c i ence oppor tun i t i es

eep underground

US deep underground lab would

ow this country to be a leader in

any areas of science. Our magazine

nds to focus on particle physics, but we recognize that

ology, geomicrobiology, and other fields also need a

ep science facility to progress, and we discuss some of

ose possibilities in this issue.

Read more

Commentary :Luc ia Votano

"Underground physics has a glorious

past at its back. Here at Gran Sasso,

we see a future just as bright ahead,

with the potential for unique

contributions to the discovery of the laws of nature and the

understanding of the evolution of the universe."

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epar tment :

gna l t o Background

onic Booooumshakes art world;eanderthal crashes SNOLAB; China

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Depar tment :

s y m m et r ybreaking

A summary of recent stories, publishedweekdays, in symmetrybreaking,

www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/

Read more

eature:

XO Takes C lean to an

x t reme

ome particle physics experiments

quire an extraordinary degree of

eanliness and quiet. How far will they

to achieve this? Try etching tools with acid, setting up

op in a deep salt bed, putting equipment on stilts, and

oreographing a 2100-kilometer truck ride so not a

oment would be lost.

Read more

Feature:

Gran Sasso: A Tale of

Physi cs i n t he Mounta ins

In an epic story of fairy-tale beauty

and world-leading science, human

courage and determination confront

adversity and Gran Sasso laboratory comes forth to see

the stars once more.

Read more

eature:

r i ng ing Dark L i fe t o L igh t

e stunning realization that up to half

life on Earth may exist underground

s transformed biologists' thinking

out the origin and evolution of life

re and on other planets. They're hoping to take the

arch for "dark life" to new depths at a proposed

derground laboratory.

Day i n the L i fe :

Soudan Lab

Just before 7:30 on a bitter cold

morning in northern Minnesota,

engineer Jim Beaty begins the last leg

of his daily commute. He steps into a

dark brown metal box with five coworkers. Someone slides

the door closed. In pitch dark, with its engine thundering,

the elevator shudders as it travels a half mile below

USEL: B ig P lans for Deep Science

ans are under way to turn the former Homestake mine in South

akota into the first US national laboratory for underground science

d engineering the largest and deepest facility of its kind in the

orld.

Download Ful l Issue

Protons no t as s t range as expec ted

Apr i l 27, 2010

The G-Zero experiment that measures the amount of s

quark contributions to the proton has found that there i

less strangeness than previous theories and experime

indicated.

A long -l os t ob jec t on t he Moon w i l l he lp tes

genera l re la t iv i ty

Apr i l 26, 2010

In 1971, a Soviet moon lander called Lunokhod 1 sent

signal back to Earth. Since that time, scientists have be

keeping an eye out for it but not had any luck. Now, sapress release from the University of California, San Die

lander has been found, and a simple but important pie

cargo on it is intact.

Superconduc t i ng cav i t i es cou ld he lp reduce

nuc lea r was te rad io tox i c i ty

Apr i l 22, 2010

The European MYRRHA is an experimental facility aim

demonstrate the technical feasibility of nuclear waste

transmutation in an accelerator-driven system. The ma

of the accelerator will consist in a series of supercondu

cavities.

Emai l Update L i s tReceive email notifications of the release of future is

of symmetry:

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EMAIL more options

Deep underground, physicists se

traps to catch dark matter, neutri

rare particle decays, and other ex

phenomena. These protected

subterranean lab spaces are high

valued by scientists in a number

fields for their isolation and their

access to depths where geologic

and microbial processes help sha

the Earth and the nature of life it

Illustration: Sandbox Studio.

View Issue PDF

CMS cosmic cha l l engeDec 2007

Scientists working on the Compa

Muon Solenoid test the detector

particles that rain down from spa

View Logbook Arch i ve

Read more

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etry Magazine


Read moreground.

Read more

cce lera tor App l i ca t i ons :

in ing

oking for ways to get more metal out

ore, scientists are turning to a

chnology born in particle accelerator

search the synchrotron

htsource. These machines also play a role in analyzing

ne waste and developing safe ways to dispose of it.

Read more

Logbook :

Neut r i no Osc i l la t i on

In June 1998, the Super-Kamiokande

collaboration revealed its eagerly

anticipated results on neutrino

interactions at the Neutrino '98

conference in Japan. They presented strong evidence that

three known types of neutrinos apparently transform into

each other, a phenomenon known as oscillation.

Read more

xp la in i t i n 60 Seconds :

hielding

ielding refers to layers of material

at block radiation. We don't need

ielding from cosmic rays; but this

eady background radiation does

devil scientists and their experiments because it can

own out the nearly imperceptible signals of rare

batomic processes.

Read more

2010 symmetry. A joint Fermilab/SLAC publication. PO Box 500 MS206, Batavia, IL 60510, USA

Supersymmet ryMar 2005

Supersymmetry, if it exists, doub

the number of particles in nature

each particle having a

"superpartner"...

View 60 Seconds Arch i ve
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7/74

etry - About symmetry




About symmetry

SSN Number: 1931-8367

symmetryis a magazine about particle physics and its connections to other aspects of life and science, from interdisciplinary collaborations to

policy to culture. It is published 6 times per year by Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, both

national laboratories funded by the Office of Scienceof the US Department of Energy.

The magazine is published in print and electronic editions, and anybody can subscribe free of charge through our subscription form.

We encourage your feedback and submissions of letters to the editor. See our contact pagefor details about contributing to the magazine or just letting us know your th

To read more about the focus of symmetry, see the note from the editorin the first issue of the magazine.

Symmetry s ta f f

Editor-in-Chief

David Harris650 926 8580

Deputy Edi tor

Glennda Chui

Managing Edi tor

Kurt Riesselmann

Senior Editor

Tona Kunz

Staf f Wri ters

Elizabeth Clements

Calla Cofield

Kathryn Grim

Kelen Tuttle

Rhianna Wisniewski

In terns

Kristine Crane

Tia Jones

Lauren Schenkman

Michael Wall

Publisher

Rob Brown, SLACJudy Jackson, FNAL

Contr ibut ing Edi tors

Roberta Antolini, LNGS

Peter Barratt, STFC

Romeo Bassoli, INFN

Stefano Bianco, LNF

Kandice Carter, JLab

Lynn Yarris, LBNL

James Gillies, CERN

Silvia Giromini, LNF

Youhei Morita, KEK

Tim Meyer, TRIUMF

Perrine Royole-Degieux, IN2P3

Yuri Ryabov, IHEP ProtvinoYves Sacquin, CEA-Saclay

Kendra Snyder, BNL

Boris Starchenko, JINR

Maury Tigner, LEPP

Ute Wilhelmsen, DESY

Tongzhou Xu, IHEP Beijing

Gabby Zegers, NIKHEF

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etry - Contact Us


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9/74

metry - Past Issues



February 2010 View full table of contents

DUSEL: Big Plans for Deep Sc ience

Plans are under way to turn the former Homestake mine in South Dakota into the first US national laboratory for underground science and engineering &nash; the

and deepest facility of its kind in the world.

EXO Takes C lean to an Ex t reme

Some particle physics experiments require an extraordinary degree of cleanliness and quiet. How far will they go to achieve this? Try etching tools with acid, sett

shop in a deep salt bed, putting equipment on stilts, and choreographing a 2100-kilometer truck ride so not a moment would be lost.

Gran Sasso : A Ta le o f Phys ics in t he Mounta ins

In an epic story of fairy-tale beauty and world-leading science, human courage and determination confront adversity and Gran Sasso laboratory comes forth to s

stars once more.

December 2009 View full table of contents

Fermi s Exc e l len t Adven tu re

Since its launch in June 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope has shed light on some of the brightest, most explosive events in the universe and opene

tantalizing windows into dark matter and the nature of space-time.

Preserv ing the Data Harves t

Canning, pickling, drying, freezing physicists wish there were an easy way to preserve their hard-won data so future generations of scientists, armed with more

tools, can put it to good use. Theyve launched an international search for solutions.

Recycle, Reuse, Re-accelerate

Chugging along in the background, old physics machines are the workhorses behind many cutting-edge projects, from the worlds most powerful X-ray laser to thHadron Collider and a lab that tests microchips bound for Mars.

October 2009 View full table of contents

Grad Students Fo l low t he Data

Worried about getting the experimental data they need to finish their PhDs, about two dozen graduate students have left the long-delayed Large Hadron Collider f

experiments at the Fermilab Tevatron. Most say they wont be gone for long.

Cleaner L iv ing Through Elec t rons

Studies show that blasts of electrons from a particle accelerator are an effective way to clean up dirty water, nasty sewage sludge, and polluted gases from smok

Now researchers need to make the technology more compact and reliable.

Crashing t he S ize Bar r ie r

Like surfers on a monster wave, electrons can ride waves of plasma to very high energies in a very short distance. Scientists have proven that plasma accelerat

Now theyre developing it as a way to dramatically shrink the size and cost of particle accelerators for science, medicine, industry, and myriad other uses.

August 2009 View full table of contents

Superconduc t ing Techno logy , Ch icago Sty le

Fermilab is cooking up a hot technologyand the serving is ultracold. The laboratory is stepping up efforts to develop and test superconducting radio-frequency c

key technology for the next generation of particle accelerators and the future of particle physics.

No t a M o m e n t t o L o s e a t t h e L HC

Physicists from the Large Hadron Colliders experiments turn an unexpected shutdown to their advantage.

Danc ing Wi th Phys ic is ts

For her latest work, choreographer Liz Lerman took members of her dance troupe to CERN, where they reveled in the fog, danced in the aisles and found inspir

wide-ranging conversations with scientists.

Ju ly 2009 View full table of contents

Growing a D iverse Work fo rce

When it comes to training, hiring, and retaining women and members of ethnic minorities, particle physics lags far behind other fields of science. Staffers at three

labsFermilab, SLAC, and Brookhavenare tackling the problem at every level.

Dark Energy Camera Scans Anc ien t Sk ies

Gazing into space, scientists wonder why the universe is expanding ever faster. What mysterious force is at work? By recording the light from hundreds of million

galaxies from a mountaintop in Chile, they hope to find out whats going on.

Hel iums Shr ink ing Bubb le

Helium is the lifeblood of large particle accelerators. As the worlds supply dwindles, the particle physics community must take steps to preserve this precious com

learn to live without it.

May 2009 View full table of contents

A New Leader fo r CERN

In his first few months on the job, CERN Director-General Rolf-Dieter Heuer opens new lines of communication, oversees repairs to the Large Hadron Collider, a

promotes a worldwide strategy for particle physics based on a strong mix of global, regional, and national projects.

Chas ing Charm in Ch ina

American scientists are flocking to the Beijing Electron Positron Collider, whose recent upgrades make it the premier place to study charm quarks and their kin.

Cred it Where Cred i t i s Due

In the swirling sea of thousands of people who contribute to a major particle physics experiment, how can a young physicist pop to the surface and get noticed?

search
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international committee offers ideas.

March 2009 View full table of contents

Resu l t o f the Week

Behind every big breakthrough is a series of small steps that build on each other to enhance our understanding of the universe. At Fermilabs Tevatron collider, p

have been telling the unfolding story of their experiments in weekly installments for more than five years.

Prob ing the Hear t o f the Atom

The familiar elements of the Periodic Table come in a number of forms, or isotopes, some found only fleetingly in the most violent events, such as exploding star

creating those rare isotopes in the lab, physicists are learning how the atomic nucleus works and deciphering the natural history of the elements.

Cosmic Weather Gauges

Particle physics joins forces with other fields to look at two important factors shaping weather: temperatures high in the atmosphere and the dampness of the dirt

our feet.


symmetrybreak ing

A summary of recent stories, published weekdays, in symmetrybreaking, www.symmetrymagazine.org/breaking/

Par t ic le phys ics bene f i t s : Add ing i t Up

Stories abound about how particle physics benefits education, the economy, and society as a whole. Quantifying those benefits would help particle physics better

demonstrate its value to the country.

A Fearless ly Crea t ive Work fo rce

Many of the people trained in particle physics move on to industry, where their skills are in high demand. There you can find a theorist exploring for oil or an accel

scientist working on cancer treatments.

The Power o f Pro ton Therapy

When it comes to getting rid of cancer, the sharpest scalpel may be a proton beam. Technology conceived and hatched in high-energy physics is now treating th

patients per year, with fewer side effects.

November 2008 View full table of contents

BaBar and the Very T iny Par t ic le

In which the 500 members of the BaBar experiment buy enough time for one last adventure: capturing the bottom-most bottomonium.

The Dark Un iverse Debate

Who will be the first to prove the existence of dark matter and dark energy? A particle physicist and an astrophysicist go head to head.

Where Old Phys ics Stu f f Goes to L ive

The Fermilab boneyard is no burial ground; its a place where unwanted parts find new homes and lives. Theyre matched with scientists who can put them to go

donated to local schools and parks, or sold for recycling.

September 2008 View full table of contents

L i fe a t t he LHC Reaches Fever P i tch

As the big collider ramps up, four physicists talk about working late, finding time to play, and staying connected to family and friends.

Mapp ing the D ig i ta l D iv ide

Physicist Les Cottrell is the meteorologist of Internet weather. His project tests the strength of Internet connections around the worldand finds Africa lagging fa

farther behind.JLab 's New Di rec to r

For Hugh Montgomery, the leap from particle physics to nuclear physics is shorter than you might think.

Gal le ry : Dav id K i r kby

Its a snail shell! It's a Koosh ball! Its physics! A physicist-photographer finds cosmic meaning in everyday things.


New Too ls Forge New Front ie rs

US particle physics is pushing forward on three frontiers. Each has a unique approach to making discoveries, and only by pursuing all three can scientists addre

questions about the laws of nature and the cosmos.

Bonn ie and the ArgoNeuTs

Inspired by heroes of Greek mythology, physicists are on a quest to find a cheaper, more efficient way to capture neutrinosone of the strangest and most fasc

particles in the universe. Liquid-argon detectors may hold the key to discovering whether neutrinos are the reason that stars, planets, and people exist.

A Bumper Crop o f Phys ics P la tes

In our October/November issue, we asked readers to share stories and photographs of physics-related license plates. Here are the responses.

March/Apr i l 2008 View full table of contents

From Atom Smashers to X- ray Mov ies

When particle accelerators gave birth to the powerful X-ray microscopes known as synchrotrons, they revolutionized the study of virtually every field of science. N

Linac Coherent Light Source promises to make an equally big leap, making movies of atoms and molecules in action and changing the way we think about matter

Secre ts o f the Pyramids

In a boon for archaeology, particle physicists plan to probe ancient structures for tombs and other hidden chambers. The key to the technology is the muon, a co

electron that rains harmlessly from the sky.

Outs ider Sc ience

Amateur scientists make important contributions in a number of fields, from astronomy to ornithology. But very few have the background needed to succeed in hig

physics.

Gal le ry : M i ro Dance Theate r

The dancers race around the circle, faster, faster. Wham! They collide, spinning off in various directions. Far from accidental, the choreographed collisions tell th

science at Fermilab.
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January/February 2008 View full table of contents

Sho r t Cu t s f o r Ne wc o m e r s a t t h e L HC

It can take weeks to get into the groove of analyzing data from an unfamiliar detector. A new starter kit cuts that time to hours.

From Eye to S igh t

A particle physics technology is revolutionizing the study of how we see.

Phys ic is ts Rock !

Wherever physics goes, music follows, from the lyrical strains of flute and violin to Blue Wine, Les Horribles Cernettes and Drug Sniffing Dogs.


Across the Ocean, Ye t C lose to Home

Among the 10,000 people working on the Large Hadron Collider, 1000 hail from universities and national labs in the United States.Enter ing H iggs Hab i ta t

The LHC will allow scientists to explore the territory where the long-sought Higgs particleor maybe even a whole family of themresides.

Pro tec t ing the LHC From I tse l f

While human safety is always the first concern at the Large Hadron Collider, the machine also needs shielding from its own proton beams, which pack the energ

speed trains.

Gal le ry : In t he Labyr in th

Its heavy, dusty, dirty work: Deep in the bowels of the LHC detectors, workers are connecting a rats nest of cables.

October /November 2007 View full table of contents

Free for Al l

Forget about paying for journal subscriptions. If a new proposal takes hold, particle physics journals would get their funding from labs, libraries, and agencies tha

research, and readers could peruse them for free.

On the T ra i l o f Cosmic Bu l le ts

Do the most energetic particles in the universe come from super-massive black holes? New results from the Pierre Auger Observatory make that case.

The Wrong Stuf f

When bad physics pops up in a movie or TV show, scientists try to set things right.


Fermi lab s Pa th t o t he Fu tu re

A new report gives top priority to developing the International Linear Collider, while laying out a plan for science that could be done along the way.

The End o f the HERA Era

Celebration, anticipation, and a little wistful reflection: The final shift of the HERA accelerator brought more than 1000 people to Hamburg for a last hurrah.

The Ar t o f the Unseen

As technology evolves, posters are easier to produce and pass around. But it still takes skill and imagination to illustrate the most abstract ideas of physics.

Gal le ry : Amy Lee Segami

With an ancient art that involves floating inks on water, an engineer captures the intricate swirls of nature.


The Par t ic le Phys ics L i fe L is t

symmetry presents a list of not-to-be-missed experiences for fans of particle physicsfrom the first cyclotron to wild turkeys, Galileos lens, and the worlds bigge

detectors.

Donors Dream Big

Drawn by the chance to help answer the most fundamental questions about the universe, philanthropists are starting to make significant investments in physics re

A L a b Aw a y Fr o m Ho m e

One of the most effective ways for physicists to learn new skills is to spend extended times visiting other labs. During those trips, they learn a lot more than just s

June/Ju ly 2007 View full table of contents

Secre ts o f a Heavywe igh t

A dozen years after it first appeared on the world stage, the top quark is still one of the hottest topics in particle physics.

Ta lk and Cha lk

Swimming against a cultural tide, physicistsespecially theoristscling to their blackboards.

Indus t ry Eyes the Next B ig Co l l ider

Technology developed for the International Linear Collider could help make nuclear waste safer, cargo inspection easier, and drug design more effective.

Gallery: Roshan HoushmandTracks left by particles in bubble chambersspirals, curves, and linesare the basis for Houshmands Event Paintings.


The Search fo r Dark Energy

What is this stuff that fills the vacuum of space, accelerates the expansion of the universe, and accounts for 70 percent of everything? More than two dozen expe

aim to find out.

The Grea t St r ing Debate

When Brian Greene and Lawrence Krauss tangle over string theory, wisecracks fly.

When the New Ne ighbor s a G ian t

At one potential site for the International Linear Collider, people in the community are getting to know the project years in advance.

Essay : Launched in to Sc ience

"Reading about science was not quite enough. I needed to get up close and personal with the scientists and their heroic experiments." Pierre R. Schwob
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Apr i l 2007 View full table of contents

Masters o f Improv

Like the TV detective Angus MacGyver, physicists make do with materials as ordinary as Coke cans and aspirin

A Quest fo r Ba lance in Canada

Canadian subatomic physics needs a shot of new money to take full advantage of new facilities and an influx of brainpower, a report says.

Smal l Cogs Dr ive a B ig Mach ine

University scientists are the backbone of particle physics. At Vanderbilt, theyre developing ways to handle massive amounts of data from the Large Hadron Coll

No-show Neut r ino

The first results from the MiniBooNE neutrino experiment show no hints of a fourth neutrino, but contain a puzzling signal that could lead to new physics.


Toward an In te rna t iona l L inear Co l l ide r

The International Committee for Future Accelerators (ICFA) announced the release of the Reference Design Report for the ILC in Beijing in February.

Universa l Accord

The "concordance model" is a cosmic recipe that unifies all astronomical observations to date, and though researchers do not yet understand what the ingredien

made of, they know it tastes right.

Work ing Outs ide the Ac ce le ra to r

A PhD in particle physics can be a stepping stone to a career outside physics research.

Deconst ruc t ion : KATRIN

Part of the KATRIN neutrino experiment made a European odyssey of 9000 km even though it started and ended its trip in Germany.

January/February 2007 View full table of contents

BaBar s Window on the Weak Force

The BaBar B-factory experiment at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center looks to double its data in a mere two years as it hunts for hints of spectacular new physi

guide future experiments.

Evo lu t ion o f a Co l l ider

As physicists and engineers devise ways to make the International Linear Collider perform better at a lower cost, the design evolves, sometimes with tweaks, butimes with major reconfigurations.

And They L ived in Phys ics B l iss Forever Af te r . . .

When physicists marry physicists, the beginning may be a "big bang," but issues of life, love, and family gravitate toward the universal.

Day in the L i fe : Stan fo rd Guest House

Guest houses are common among particle physics labs. But in many ways, the Stanford Guest House, situated on the grounds of Stanford Linear Accelerator Ce

different.


The Teva t ron Br ings I t On

As Fermilab's Tevatron produces more particle collisions than ever before, experimenters are making discoveries, from exotic particles to ultrafast matter-antima

oscillations. Will they also find the Higgs particle?

L is ten ing fo r Wh ispers o f Dark Mat te r

The Cryogenic Dark Matter Search is seeking the first definite observation of a dark matter particle. Detecting the particle involves listening for a tiny vibration am

background of noise.

The Many Lives of Fermi 's Magnet

The Chicago Cyclotron Magnet, known as Enrico Fermi's magnet, has just been retired from Fermilab after a rich 35-year history. Through its various reincarnatio

magnet has been a key part of many experiments.

Day in the L i fe : LCLS Ground Break ing

SLAC's Linac Coherent Light Source will be the world's first hard-X-ray laser. On October 20, local luminaries joined the SLAC staff to celebrate the ground brea

landmark project.


Close Quarters

During their visits at other labs, physicists learn that it's a small world after all, especially when they stay in no-frills dorms. The lab life helps build professional ne

and long-lasting friendships across the planet.

Catch ing neu t r inos in Ch ina

The first particle physics experiment with leadership almost equally split between China and the United States would be located deep beneath the mountains of S

China, looking for neutrino interactions.

The European St ra tegy fo r Par t ic le Phys ics

The CERN Council Strategy Group has presented its recommendations in particle physics, focusing on a policy for Europe to "maintain and strengthen its central

the field.Deconst ruc t ion : ILC Cryogen ics

The proposed International Linear Collider will use 16,000 superconducting cavities made of niobium, and scientists around the world are working on the cryogen

needed to keep the cavities cool.


New L i fe fo r a L inac - How the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center is transforming the world's longest linear accelerator into a novel X-ray laser.

The Rise and Fa l l o f the Pentaquark - The pentaquark search serves as a model for the ways in which particle physics explores the nature of mattere

the search is unsuccessful.

Pac k in g I t I n - Globe-traveling physicists put some of their best thinking into strategies for their bagsall carry-ons, of course.

Deconst ruc t ion : Par t ic le Pocke t Card - In the early 1950s, Nobel-Laureates-to-be Norman Ramsey and Ed Purcell created cards of physical constants t

themselves using most frequently.
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metry - Past Issues



In t roduc ing t he Large Hadron Co l l ide r - Physicists are excited by the LHC, with access to physics at an energy scale about ten times higher than has b

exploration so far.

In to a New Wor ld o f Phys ics and Symmet ry - CERN theorist John Ellis charts the LHCs voyage to a New World of discovery, exploring physics at the

with the capacity to create new forms of matter.

Ext rac t ing Phys ics f rom the LHC - LHC experiments will involve physicists by the thousands, working with the most complex and sophisticated particle de

ever built.

The Un i ted Sta tes and the LHC - The US government has contributed more than a half billion dollars to the construction of the LHC particle collider and t

experiments in Europe.

The Un i ted Sta tes and the LHC - LHC Meets Industry Building the parts for the Large Hadron Collider has presented many challenges but taught many le

both particle physics laboratories and their industry partners.


A Repor t L ike No Other - Can the unique EPP2010 panel steer US particle physics away from a looming crisis? Physicists and policy makers are dependin

SNS: Neut rons fo r 'mo lec u la r mov ies ' - A new research facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has produced its first neutrons, presenting new opportu

studying materials from semiconductors to human enzymes.

Bat t l ing the C louds - Electron clouds could reduce the brightnessand discovery potentialof the proposed International Linear Collider. Innovative solution

the way and might reduce the cost of the machine, too.

A (Magnus) Force on the Mound - Professional baseball player Jeff Francis of the Colorado Rockies brings a strong arm and a physics background to the

field: "I bet Einstein couldn't throw a curveball."


Asian Commi t tee fo r Fu tu re Acce le ra to rs - In 2020, Asia may have the largest GDP among the three regions working on the International Linear Collid

believe that the time is ripe for us to realize the truly global ILC," says ACFA chair Shin-ichi Kurokawa.

KEKs ambi t ious fu tu re - Japans high-energy physics laboratory KEK is undergoing a transition as it expands its science program with upgraded and new f

Ind ia s Dr ive fo r Sc ience - Particle accelerator research is a key element in Indias vision of nation-building, from providing health benefits to achieving ener

independence. Low labor costs help in building projects of international acclaim.

The Rise o f HEP in Korea - In a country recognized for the production of cars and electronic goods, physicists are making plans to add their efforts in high-physics to the countrys future list of accomplishments.

Br ing ing Sc ience to V ie tnam - You cant start a high-energy physics program in a remote third-world country overnight. But you might be able to do it in fi


Voices : D ip loma Mi l l s - Criminals offering fake degrees from non-existing institutions are a threat at many levels. They also destroy the credibility of higher e

systems.

24/7: Labs That Never Sleep - When people and machines run 24 hours a day, seven days a week, a lot of the mundane is needed to produce the marvel

ILC Indus t r ia l i za t ion : Get t ing Down t o Bus iness - Laboratories and institutions alone cannot manufacture the many components of the ILC, requiring

for industry.

HEPAP Redux - The new members of the High Energy Physics Advisory Panel heard from leading government policy-makers, to whom they provide expert ad

Hunt ing t he Or ig in o f A lzhe imer s - Originally a particle physicist, Christian Habeck now conducts neuroimaging and analysis research that could help ch

future for Alzheimers victims.


Voices: CERN Strategy Group - The CERN Council is seeking input on the long-term vision for European particle physics.

Out o f the Box : Des ign ing the ILC - Scientists working on the proposed International Linear Collider have made important design decisions.

Break ing fo r Fami l ies - Women physicists find taking a family leave from research is often hazardous to their career.

Sl ippery Subs tance - Water continues to reveal mysteries and surprises as researchers investigate its structure.

Day in the L i fe : Bur l Skaggs - SLACs Burl Skaggs has a rather unusual commute. Every weekday, he flies 108 miles to work.


Voices: Count ing Papers - Is the total number of references to a paper in other literature a measure of its scientific quality?

GLAST in to Space - Satellite-based detectors will search for dark matter, the evolution of stars, and cosmic accelerators.

ICFA: The Commi t tee Beh ind t he Fu tu re o f Par t ic le Co l l ide rs - The International Committee for Future Accelerators is at the core of international co

Quantum Diaries: A Year in the L i fe - The online diaries of 33 particle physicists provided a glimpse of their lives in 2005.

Br igh te r Fu tu re - Collider luminosity is the key to particle physics discoveries, and labs have made great improvements recently.

December 2005 /January 2006 View full table of contents

NOA: A Neut r ino Appearance Exper iment - What happened to the universe's antimatter? The NOA experiment hopes to find out if neutrinos played a

Eco-Sc ience- Many of the world's leading physics labs have preserved and restored their sites' unique ecosystems.

The Search fo r Ex t ra D imens ions- Theorists think that the fabric of space-time might consist of many more dimensions than meets the eye.

Graduate School Gourmet - With little money or spare time, these physicists found unique ways to make it through graduate school.

November 2005 View full table of contents

Meet the Gr id - Grid computing is a new way to share resources and computing power across the Internet that will be vital to future scientific collaboration.
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14/74

metry - Past Issues


Sciences on t he Gr id - Physicists and biologists were some of the first to use grid computing, but other scientists are kick-starting their own efforts.

GEANT4The Phys ics S imu la t ion Too lk i t - The software package GEANT4 is an ongoing worldwide collaboration to simulate and design science instrum

Comput ing the Quarks - To make predictions and perform calculations involving the strong force, physicists are building custom supercomputers.

October 2005 View full table of contents

Snowmass 2005 - Nearly 700 physicists from around the world met in Snowmass, Colorado, to advance plans to create an International Linear Collider.

Asymmet r ic Ins igh t - An experiment with polarized electrons probed the strength and asymmetry of the weak force over multiple energy scales.

More o f the Un iverse - With a three-year extension, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey will expand its investigations to include dark matter and dark energy.

War & Pea c e - A community activist contrasts confrontational Superconducting Super Collider days with the new Fermilab public participation effort.


Super -fas t Super -sens i t i ve Detec to rs - Experimenters around the world are studying various design options for a detector at the proposed International L

Collider.

The Secre t L ives o f Sta rs - To reveal details of the births and deaths of stars, cosmologists watch their lives through computer simulations.

Niob ium - More than 500 tons of niobium would go into building ILC acceleration structures. What's so special about this material?

Science : A R icher Exper ience o f L i fe - Michael Salamon brings an outward vision to the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.


Global ILC Ef fo r ts - Physicists and accelerator experts from around the world are collaborating on the design of the International Linear Collider.In The i r Hands : The Fu tu re o f Par t ic le Phys ics - The members of the EPP2010 panel have realized that the field of particle physics is at an important

moment.

CLIC: The Compact L inear Col l ider - A small international collaboration of scientists works on the design of CLIC, a higher-energy linear collider concept

Postcards f rom the Terasca le - By discovering the laws of nature at Terascale energies, we can understand the physical laws that define our chilled-down


Spect rum o f D iscovery - The future of SLAC's research encompasses scales from the subatomic through the biological and material to the cosmological.

Ci ty -Sta tes o f Sc ience - The teams behind the Large Hadron Collider's experiments are of unprecented size. Life in the new collaborations will surely be diff

Two Tr ibes Become One - A physicist who has devoted his career to developing linear colliders confronts changes in the global physics community.

No L i t t le P lans - Pier Oddone outlines Fermilab's future by invoking architect Daniel Burnham: "Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men's blood."


The Elus ive Neut r ino - Experiments are beginning to unravel the secrets behind a mind-boggling quantum effect: neutrino oscillations.

Search ing fo r the Neut r ino ' s Iden t i t y - Neutrinos are different from other matter particles. Could they even be their own antiparticles?

Vi r tua l St ruc tu re - You don't have to relocate to join Barry Barish and his global team that will manage the design of the International Linear Collider.

Spr ingt ime a t Daresbury - A laboratory in the north-west of England transformed itself into a powerhouse of accelerator physics and technology.


Benvenuto - INFN Frascati offers opportunities for scientists from many disciplines, says its new director Mario Calvetti.

Rid ing the P lasma Wave o f t he Fu tu re - A creative group of scientists is reinventing particle acceleration as we know it.

The New High-Energy F ron t ie r - US scientists have built critical components for the LHC, and they will play a key role in future discoveries.

Neut rons fo r Cancer T rea tment - Physician Aidnag Diaz and his team have set out to save lives and to explore the future of neutron therapy.


Science f rom a Ho le in the Ground- US scientists from fields as diverse as microbiology and particle physics are proposing to go underground to answe

questions.

X-ray Blaze on an Invis ib le Wor ld - With laser-precise x-ray vision, the Linac Coherent Light Source will be an unprecedented tool to see how ultra-fast, u

things work.

What ' s in a Name? - Names are important but physicists have done a mixed job in naming their creations and discoveries.

Vis ions o f Par t ic le Phys ics - Award-winning photographer Peter Ginter has developed one of the most extensive portfolios of particle physics photography

world.
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metry - Past Issues




Opportun i t ies , Dec is ions Aw a i t Oddone - "We are living in a time of remarkable opportunity for particle physics," says incoming Fermilab director Pier O

Let I t Ra in - The most energetic particles in the universe have a message for us. The Pierre Auger Observatory is listening.

Eins te in Ic onography - Albert Einstein is a cultural icon. His image adorns coffee mugs, action figures and many other novelty items.

Beyond the Standard Mode l - What is wrong with the Standard Model of particles and interactions? Why are physicists so sure that there is something beyo

December 2004 /January 2005 View full table of contents

Sold on Cold - Why have particle physicists lowered the temperature on a new accelerator? How cold will the International Linear Collider be?

The Growth o f In f la t ion - For 25 years cosmologists have struggled to adapt one of the greatest inventions: inflation. Is a final solution near?

SESAME: An Oas is o f Peace in the M idd le Eas t?- With help from Europe and the US, scientists in Jordan are building a lab for collaboration among ne

countries.


The Road to Be i j ing - How an international panel reached a technology recommendation for the proposed International Linear Collider.

Ext reme Neut r inos - Searching for the secrets of the universe in the depths of the earthon the sea bottom and in the Antarctic ice.

Fami l ies o f the Wor ld - How families of scientists cope with the distinctive demands of an increasingly international field.
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