Chapter 5SUMMARY AND SUGGESTIONS FOR

MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF

FRESHWATER FISH GERMPLASM

RESOURCES OF KERALA

(ffinprcr 5 Summary arrr{_5‘uggesrz'rirr.s

5.1. Summary

With the signing on the convention on biodiversity, the countries

become privileged with absolute rights and responsibility to conserve and

utilize their diverse resources for the betterment of mankind in a sustainable

way. South-east Asia along with Africa and South America were considered

to be the most biodiversity rich areas in the world (Briggs, 1974). With its

variety of ecological conditions, and its position at the confluence of three

biogeographic realms, (Paleartic, Afro~tropica| and lndo-Malayan) the Indian

subcontinent enjoys a tremendous diversity of plant and animal species

(Gadgil and Meher-Homji, 1990). India, one among the mega diversity

countries (Molur and Walker, 1998) occupies eighth in the world and third in

Asia In freshwater fish diversity (Dahanukar et al. 2004). The Eastern and

Western Ghats are known to have about 55% of lndia‘s terrestrial and

freshwater biodiversity (Jayaram, 1999) and have a place among the 21­

biodiversity hotspots of the world. ln the world Bank technical paper, special

mention has been given to the streams and river systems originating from the

Kerala part of Western Ghats for their rich and varied freshwater fish diversity

with high degree of endemism (Kottelat and Whitten, 1996). The tremendous

potential associated with the sustainable utilization of fish germplasm

resources of various river systems of Kerala for food, aquaculture and

ornamental purposes have to be fully tapped for economic upliftment of

fisherman community and also for equitable sharing of benefits among the

mankind without compromising the conservation of the rare and unique fish

germplasm resources for the future generations.

Systematics, germpfasm ewfuation amfpattem of¢fi'sm'6u!:'on amfafiumfance qffiesfiwaterfirfies 57

Cfiapter 5 Summary ancf_5‘uggestz'ons

Identification, evaluation and prioritization of fishes are the important

tasks required to be addressed in their conservation and sustainable

utilisation. A perusal of the literature revealed that most of the previous works

on freshwater fishes of Kerala were rather confined to taxonomic listing of

fishes within some specific geographical areas. Given the high levels of faunal

diversity and endemism reported so far, there is an urgent need to understand

the fish diversity and distribution pattern of freshwater fishes of Kerala in a

more comprehensive and holistic way. More over, though a number fishes

have been added to faunistic list of Kerala either as new descriptions or new

records, practically there is no literature is available by revalidating the

species so far known from the river systems of Kerala. A rive_r system wise

database on the commercially important and potential ornamental and

cultivable fishes and an assessment of their biodiversity status either as

threatened or non-threatened are also still wanting. The dynamics of spatio­

temporal variations in species abundance and assemblages in freshwater

bodies, particularly in the case of fishes, are the emerging global issues,

however, these topics are not getting priority in the Indian context. The

present study was conceptualized and undertaken mostly aiming at bridging

these gaps by generating an authentic data base on systematics of freshwater

fishes of Kerala, assessing river wise germplasm for their sustainable

utilisation and delineating their distribution, abundance and assemblage

pattern.

The study was carried during April 2000 to December 2004. 25 major

river systems of Kerala were surveyed for fish fauna for delineating the

pattern of distribution and abundance of fishes both seasonally and

.$:y.rtematr'cs, gemrpfizsm evafuation amfpattem rjr{istn'6ut:'on arrJa6zmd'ance qffresliwaterfislies 458

Cfiapwr 5 Summary anr{$uggestr'0izs

geographically. A variety of fishing methods were employed for collection of

specimens. 1:50.000 topographical maps of Survey of India and Water Atlas

of Kerala (Anon, 1991) were used to trace the river system, their secondary

and tertiary tributaries and pinpointing the location sites for survey. A total of

474 locations were surveyed during the study period. 6 major river systems

viz. Periyar, Chalakkudy, Kabbini, Bharathapuzha, Pamba and Kallada were

selected to study spatio-temporal pattern of fish abundance and

assemblages. 134 locations within these river systems were surveyed

repeatedly giving due representation to the pre-monsoon, monsoon and post­

monsoon seasons for a period of three years (2001-2003). Different

statistical packages such as PRIMER-5, PAST and SPSS-11.5 were used for

different analyses.

145 freshwater fish species belonging to 12 orders, 28 families and 66

genera were described in the present study. The fishes were identified up to

species level with the help of authentic keys. The families, subfamilies and

genera were briefly introduced. The keys and descriptions were prepared

user friendly. Except for monotypic taxa, all other taxa are following

dichotomous keys. The various species under a genus are arranged and

presented based on the order in which they appear in the key. But the

sequence of suborders, families, sub families and genera are arranged and

described according to their known phylogenitic and inter-generic affinities.

Description of individual species is followed by a remarks section which deals

mainly with aspects of conservation and fishery, habitat and fishing method

etc. A photograph of the species in live condition is also provided.

8 fish species which are new to science were described from different

.S_vstr:rrratz'cs, germpfirsrrz c'ua[ua£i0rr arrJpattr'rrr rfJrLstn'6utr'orr arrcfaiiuncfance of fresliwater fislies 459

Cfiaprgr 5 Summary ancf5ugge.rtz'0ns

river systems of Kerala as part of the present study. Among them

Nemacheilus periarensis, Homaloptera silasi, Garra mlapparaensis, Garra

travancoria and Garra emarginata are the new species described from

Periyar river system, Salarias reticulates from Chalakkudy, Tor remadevi

from Pambar and Garra nilamburensis from Chaliyar river system. Garra

ceylonensis belongs to the family Cyprinidae is a new record of fish species

from Indian region which is so far known only from Sri Lankan waters. Tor

putitora, Mystus menoda, Labeo kontius and Puntius bovanicus are new

records from Peninsular region, sharing their extension on to southern part of

Indian subcontinent. 14 fish species were found shared their presence in

other river systems of Kerala also. Cuncurring with the studies conducted

else where in the South Asian tropical waters and Western Ghats, order

Cypriniformes emerged as the largest order in its numerical strength of

species with 87 species followed by Siluriformes with 23 species. Family

Cyprinidae was the largest family accommodating 21 genera and 67 species

while the genus Puntius of this family accommodated the highest number

with 17 species. The results of germplasm inventory and evaluation of fish

species were presented both for the state and also river wise. The results of

evaluation of fish species for their commercial utilization revealed that, of the

145, 76 are ornamental, 47 food and 22 cultivable. 21 species are strictly

endemic to Kerala rivers. The revalidation on biodiversity status of the fishes

assessed based on IUCN is so alarming that a high percentage of fishes (59

spp.) belong to threatened category which is inclusive of 8 critically

endangered (CR), 36 endangered and 15 species under vulnerable (VU)

category.

Systematics, germpfixsm evafuation ancfpatzem of di'stn'6ution amfafiunrfance qffiesfiwaterfirlies 460

(‘fiapu-r 5 Summary arrJ$uggem'0rzs

The river wise fish germplasm inventory surveys were conducted in 25

major river systems of Kerala. This type of investigation is practically new to

the ichthyological studies of the subcontinent which is absolutely necessary

for making frame work for the species, areas and river systems to be

prioritised for management and conservation. The germplasm resources of

the different river system were evaluated for their commercial utilization viz.

ornamental, cultivable and food fishes while biodiversity assessment was

done following IUCN criteria whereas nature and degree of endemism was

adjudged on the basis of available literature.

While examining the nature of fish species diversity exist in the river

systems based on the Jaccard's similarity coefficient, a distinct difference

was noticed between east and west flowing river systems. Highest similarities

in species diversity were observed between Nileswaram and Peruvamba

(0.7) followed by Kuppam and Chandragiri (<0.6) while it was least between

Chalakkudy and Pambar river systems. A pioneer attempt was made to

establish the influence of geographical dimensions on the fish diversity of

river systems and the results showed that Periyar river system showed

highest species diversity (512.2) followed by Chalakkudy and

Bharathapuzha. The river systems were categorised based on the index

values and expressed as “excellent” or hot spots of fish diversity and ‘Good’,

‘moderate’ and ‘poor’. The regions showing rich species diversity and

deserving immediate protection in individual river system were demarcated.

When the river systems were compared based on the river index values per

kmz of the catchment area, Tirur river system, which was one among those

recorded low index value, showed highest (0.38) and is followed by Pambar

Systematics, gennpfasm evafuatiorz arrdpatrem ofd'r'srn't3irr1'0rz am{a5urrJance offies/rwaterfirfres 461

Qfiapggr 5 Summary anr{.S‘ugge.rt1'0n.r

(0.29), Kuppam (0.27) and Karyangod (0.25). The large and highly diversified

river system like Periyar (0.094), Bharathapuzha (0.06), Pamba (0.089),

Achenkoil (0.012) have shown only low values. This is indicative of the fact

that species diversity is not uniformly distributed all along the river length and

there is a downstream increase or addition in species richness. Smaller river

systems which are characterised by the presence of fish fauna seen in the

downstream therefore are richer than the longer river systems having more

diversified habitat structure.

The species diversity in terms of species richness for different river

systems were plotted against the physical dimensions of the river systems

such as length and catchment area, it appeared that the diversity showed a

direct relationship with these parameters. Conversely, a declining trend was

obtained while plotting the species diversity in the unit area of the river

system against these parameters. It appears that the species richness

generally increases and the unit diversity in terms of richness decreases with

an increase in length and catchment area of the river system. While studying

the influence of latitude on the species diversity, it appeared that the species

diversity increased from north of Kerala up to central Kerala and thereafter

showed a decline. Smaller river systems generally showed less diversity

while it is vice versa in the case of large river systems. A zone wise

comparison of species richness on the basis of 1° latitude revealed that

highest number of fish species were found at central Kerala region (Zone Ill).

However, the results of species diversity available per kmz catchment area

showed that zone l is the richest. While comparing the five zones with the

help of Jaccard index values, two distinct clusters were emerged showing a

S_ys!ernarr'c.r, gennpfasm c'i*a{uatt'0rr ancfpatrcm o_fr{i'srn'5utr'on arrafatitrrzrfance of fresfiwater fir/ies 462

Cliaprer 5 Summary am{.S'ugge.rti0ns

high similarity between Zones l and V (55%) and a moderate similarity

between cluster representing Zones ll and IV (50%). Zone lll was unique in

species richness. This is another justification of area-species diversity

relation as the longest river systems of central Kerala contributed heavily to

the aggregation of species diversity in this region. However, the unit diversity

values were highest for the northern and southern Kerala which

encompassing the smallest geographical areas and the river systems having

smaller length and catchment areas. The results equivocally proved that

latitude has no direct bearing on the species diversity but the same is more

influenced by the length and catchment area of the river system.

The regional distribution pattern of fish species in different river

systems showed extreme variation in their diversity. Puntius filamentosus and

Rasbora daniconius were collected from all the river systems, hence

emerged as species having extensive geographical distribution. Majority of

the species viz. Puntius denisoni, Barilius canarensis, Tetradon travancoricus

and Garra hughi were found restricted to a few river systems while species

such as Lepidopygopsis typus, Cirrhinus reba, Osteochilus (Kantaka)

brevidorsalis, Mesonemacheilus remadevi, M. pambarensis and Channa

micropeltes were found restricted to one or a few locations within a specific

river system. The longitudinal distribution of fish species showed highly

diversified pattern within the different altitude ranges. Puntius filamentosus

and Rasbora daniconius were characterised by a uniform distribution in all

the three stretches of the river systems surveyed whereas Bhavania

auastralis was found more or less confined to the upper stretches of the river

systems while the distribution of Channa striatus and Nandus nandus were

Systematics, germpfizsm e'val'uat:'on amfpatzem qfd':Lrtn'5uti'0n and'a6um{ance qffresfiwaterfirlies 463

Cfiapteni Summary and'_$ugge.rtions

confined to the lower reaches. The presence of critically endangered species

were found extremely restricted to the upper stretches of some of the

selected river systems. While comparing the fish faunal distribution in the

different altitudinal zones, high resemblance were observed for the higher

altitudinal zones for the major river systems followed by their middle and

lower reaches. This is indicative of the high similarity associated with well­

defined habitat structure especially seen at the upstream regions of the larger

river systems. The similarities between the smaller river systems were not so

significant which indicate the absence of well differentiated habitats in these

river systems.

The abundance pattern of fish species showed highly significant

difference between seasons, locations and species in all the major sixriver

systems of Kerala viz. Periyar, Chalakkudy, Kabbini, Pamba, Kallada and

Bharathapuzha. The variations in diversity and species richness in each river

system over space and time are explained with the help of advanced

statistical programme (PRIMER-5, SPESS-11 and PAST). The three-way

ANOVA applied to test the seasonal and annual variability showed significant

difference between seasons, between stations and between species

invariably in all the three years (P<0.05) in Periyar river system. High

seasonal specificity and high location specificity was observed for species in

2001 and 2003 (p<0.05) indicated by high significant season-species

interactions (A*C) and station-species interactions. In Chalakkudy river

system, seasonal variation in species abundance were very obvious, as

indicated by high season-species interactions (p<0.05) and high station­

species interaction (p<0.05). In Kabbini river system, seasonal differences

Sy.rternatic.r, germpfizsm e'va[uatz'on amfpattem qfJisrn'6utr'on anrfafiurufance of fresliwater fisfies 464

Cfiapggr 5 5ummary and Suggestions

were high during 2001 and 2002. Species abundance vary significantly in all

the years (p<0.05) which is more obvious in the case of seasons indicated by

high season-species interaction (A*C)(p<0.05) in all the years. ln Pamba river

system, invariably in all the years, fish species abundance differed from

location to location and also from species to species (p<0.05). Seasonal

variations were found only during 2003 (p<0.05). In Kallada river system

during 2002 and 2003, species abundance was not significantly different

between seasons (p>0.05). But station wise difference was not negligible in

any of the years (p<0.05). So also is the abundance with respect to species

(p<0.05). In all the years species abundance varied with respect to locations

(p<0.05).

The results based on Bray-Curtis indices showed a diversified pattern

of similarity between fish assemblages of both at spatial and temporal scales.

Variation in species abundance were more similar between the pre-monsoon

and post monsoon seasons and quite considerably dissimilar during

monsoon periods. The number of clusters formed were generally high during

off-monsoon seasons indicating high habitat heterogeneity which lead to very

distinct and localized species assemblages during these seasons. Species

richness and abundance were generally high in locations such as

Pooyamkutty of Periyar, Chalakkudy and Athirapally of Chalakkudy river

system and ‘this would indicate the necessity of protecting these regions as

aquatic sanctuaries. Thannikudy and Mlappara of Periyar, Orukombankutty of

Chalakkudy, Muthanga of Kabbini and Walakkad of Bharathapuzha river

system were observed as regions which harbour many rare species with

extremely low relative abundance. Puntius filamentosus, Danio malabaricus,

S_y$Lematics, germpfiirm evafuation and‘ pattern qfrfism'6utz'on amfafiumfance qffiesfiwaterfirfies 465

Cfiapter5 Summary anrfjuggestions

Barflius gatensis and Garra mullya showed high relative abundance in almost

all the seasons and years in all the river systems studied and their

assemblages were consistent throughout the study period. Highly habitat

specific clusters were formed‘ by those of Lepidopygopsis typus,

Crossocheilus perr'yarensr's, G. micropogon periyarensis in Periyar, Puntius

jerdoni and Esomus thoramoicos of Chalakkudy, Silurus wynaadensis and

Glyptothorax annandalie and Labeo kontius and Kantaka brevidorsalis in

Kabbini. The species can only be conserved by the preservation of these

unique habitats where their occurrence is natural.

The altitudinal segregation of locations based on which the species

were clustered revealed that the assemblages occupy distinct altitudinal

ranges in a river system and exhibit remarkable similarity in their pattern of

clustering between pre monsoon and post: monsoon seasons. The overall

clustering pattern showed comparatively less inter-annual variability than the

seasonal variability. The results of MDS analysis also showed that clusters of

locations were mostly based on their altitudinal similarity and can be more or

less differentiated in to those representing upper, middle and lower stretches.

Generally, the highly diversified river systems such as Periyar and

Chalakkudy. exhibited more of, distinct clusters in the pre monsoon and post

monsoon seasons. Overall, the study confirmed that the variation in species

abundance over a time period in different river systems were more similar

over space than time.

While analyzing the spatio-temporal variations in community structure

of the fishes in the different river systems it appeared that in Periyar river

system average species richness was maximum during pre-monsoon season

Systerrzatics, gerrnphsm e'va[uatz'on amfpatterrz of di'.rm'6utr'0n amfafiumfance of fiesfiwater fi.rfze.r 466

Cfiapter 5 jummary and Suggestions

followed by post monsoon. On the other hand, the spatial variability for

species richness was least during post monsoon period. Species

concentration was maximum during monsoon followed by post monsoon.

Shannon-Wiener diversity was least during monsoon while maximum during

pre-monsoon. Pielou’s index of evenness is found to be more or less of same

uniformity in the distribution of individuals among the various fish species. ln

Chalakkudy river system, unlike Periyar river system, species richness was

maximum during post monsoon and species concentration index was almost

same in all the seasons with least values during post monsoon. But spatial

variation was very less during monsoon season. Pielou’s evenness index

showed a steady increase from the beginning to the end of the year. Average

abundance was maximum during pre.» monsoon and minimum during

monsoon. In the Kabbini river system, during the study period from 2001 to

2003, a steady increase in the species richness was observed from the

monsoon to post monsoon. Maximum concentration was observed in

monsoon season while species diversity was maximum during post

monsoon. invariably in all the years, monsoon season was least productive.

Species evenness followed the identical pattern of distribution of species

diversity in the three years of study. Average number of species and average

abundance also exhibited the same pattern of seasonal distribution. As in

Periyar and Chalakkudy river systems, in Kabbini river system also, species

evenness was a better index for comparison followed by species diversity

index. All the three river systems showed least spatial variation in the three

year study period. In Kabbini river system, pre monsoon was comparatively

rich being more productive in terms of number of species and number of

_S_y.rtematz'cs, germpfixsm evafuation and pattern of Jistnfiution arzdafiundhnce of _frc.r/iwater fisfzes 467

Cfigpzer 5 Summary ancf Suggestions

individuals, monsoon with higher species concentration, pre monsoon with

higher diversity and highest uniformity during post monsoon period. In the

Pamba river system pre monsoon appeared as the best productive season

with respect to the species richness, diversity and evenness. But maximum

value with respect to the concentration and average number of individuals

were observed in post monsoon. In all the cases of community structure

indices, values during post monsoon perlod was higher than that of monsoon

and pre monsoon.

The predictive multiple regression model fitted in different seasons and

years for the various river systems showed that the ecological parameters

such as altitude of the location, distance from the sea and latitude have

strong bearing on the spatial distribution and abundance of fishes. The

predictive capacity of the different models found extremely varied between

the seasons, years and also between the river systems and most

interestingly, the individual parameters were found having specific effects in

each river‘ system. Generally, the highest percentage of accuracy in

prediction was observed during post monsoon season followed by pre­

monsoon due to the clear segregation of species assemblages at specific

habitats during these periods. The advantage of interactive models, more

specifically the three-factor combined interactive models over the single

factor and linear regression models were well ascertained during the present

study. However, when a variable is not found substantially increasing the

predictive efficiency, considering the cost of collection of data involved, two­

factor models or even single factors (some cases) alone are sufficient to

predict the explained variability, thus helping in saving the cost and time

Systematics, germpfasm evafuation anzfpattern of cf1'.stn'6utz'on anJa6und'ance cjfresliwaterfisfies 468

(‘fiapur 5 Summary anc{_5‘uggestions

involved in the collection of the unimportant parameters in the future studies.

The main reason attributed to this is the insignificant importance/dominancy

of one or two parameters in each river system under study. Altitude and

distance from the sea were emerged as the most dominant parameters and

their interactive effects alone were found sufficient to explain the spatial

variability in species abundance in a number of cases in different river

systems. The relatively high percentage of unexplained variability observed in

some seasons and river systems indicated the inefficiency of any type of

models based on the present parameters to predict the spatial variation in

abundance during the specific season. This denotes the important roles of

other ecological parameters such as biotic relationships and also historical

factors in determining the abundance distribution of freshwater fishes.

5.2. Suggestions for conservation and management of freshwater fish

germplasm resources of Kerala:

The following management measures are proposed based on the findings

from this study which would be useful in the conservation and sustainable

utilization of freshwater fish germplasm resources of Kerala:

1. Database on the freshwater fish fauna and fish biodiversity of Kerala is

incomplete at present. It is felt that there is an urgency to intensify the

fish sampling surveys in a systematic way in all the 44 rivers of Kerala

to strengthen and revalidate the database of freshwater fishes of

Kerala.

2. lt is high time to resolve the taxonomic ambiguities prevailing in some

of the fish groups using modern tools such as molecular systematics.

Genera such as Tor, Garra, Barils and Puntius etc. requires urgent

$_ysternati'cs, germpfasm er-Pafuation amfpartcrn ofJr'.rtn'6z:t1'un amfafiuncfance qffresfzwaterfis/res 469

Cliapter 5 Summary and'_S'uggestz'ons

revision in view of the intricacies and complexities involved in the

identity of species of these groups.

The results of the present study is indicative of existence of several

new fish species in the streams and rivulets located in remote areas of

the forests and therefore, new exclusive surveys are required to

surface fish species new to science, new distributional records etc, for

the river systems.

The results of fish germplasm evaluation revealed that there exist

many potential endemic ornamental and cultivable fishes in Kerala. lt

is found imperative to utilize these species sustainably for improving

the aquaculture production and aquarium trade of the country which

would definitely fetch more income and generate employment. Captive

breeding and rearing techniques for the indigenous ornamental and

cultivable fishes shall be attempted and standardized and the

technology so developed may be transferred to the stake holders. Any

attempt to export the ornamental fishes procured directly from the wild

shall be discouraged as it may not only leads to species

endangerment but also germplasm piracy.

As the habitat-species relationships and species interactions are found

very strong in the river systems of Kerala, rather adopting single

species protection plans, multi-species or community conservation

plans shall be planned and implemented.

Adopt location specific management plans such as establishment of

sanctuaries, closed seasons, mesh size regulations etc. in biodiversity

5_ystematz'cs, germplasm evafuatiorz amf pattern ofJ1lrtn'6ution and’a5und'ance qffiesfiwaterfirfies 470

Cfiapter

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

5 Summary and'5uggestz'ons

rich areas and regions harbouring a large number of endemic!

endangered fish species.

It is high time to declare aquatic sanctuaries at par with the

sanctuaries for the wild animals in Western Ghats for conservation of

endemic endangered fish germplasm resources.

Endangered freshwater fishes shall be brought under the purview of

the wild life act. (1972, amended 1991) at par with the marine fishes.

The natural breeding and nursery grounds of the endangered fish

species shall be protected by declaring them as aquatic sanctuaries.

Establishment of broodstock maintenance centers and hatcheries

exclusively for indigenous endangered fish species are also found

imperative to assure preservation of fish germplasm resources of the

country.

Regulate the human interventions in the river systems such as sand

mining, ban unethical fishing practices; prevent discharge of polluted

water, etc. as measures of habitat preservation of freshwater fishes.

Necessary steps shall be initiated for the transplantation and

translocation programme on a war footing for the species which have

a restricted distribution in some specific habitats and low abundance to

similar other habitats within the same river system or a separate river

system, and thus replenish their natural population in the wild.

The pioneer database generated as part of the present study on the

pattern of fish species abundance and community structure based on

catch per effort from the major river systems of Kerala can be well

used as a role model in initiating similar studies in-other river systems

3ystematz'cs, germpfasm e'val'uatr'on and pattern of <{r'.rrn'6u:z'on amfafiuncfance of fresfiwater firiies 47]

C/igptgf 5 Summary andjuggestions

also. These type of information can be passed on to the Govt. to adopt

management programme to augment the fish production of those

species which are getting disappeared and become sparse in

abundance.

The research priorities can be focused on ecology of freshwater fishes

to understand the complex and dynamic habitat-species assemblages

and the role of ecology and geomorphology in controlling the species

distribution and abundance in river systems. Sophisticated techniques

such as GIS can well be utilized for such studies.

Lack of proper regulations and rules form a major reason for the

depletion of inland fishery wealth of Kerala. Govt. of Kerala may enact

Inland Fishery Regulation Act (l<.lFRA) at par with KMFRA at the

earliest. Collective effort by State & Central Govt. agencies, Local

bodies, NGOs and research communities are required for the adoption

and implementation of location specific conservation and management

plan.

Successful fish conservation on a long-term basis is mainly dependant

on habitat protection which in turn can be achieved only through public

awareness. Educate the fishermen community, local people,

governmental and non-governmental agencies, students and the

general public regarding the importance of conservation of freshwater

fish fauna of the state.

5y$f¢’t"<1!IC$, gefmpfasrn e'ua(uatz'on amf pattern of¢{ism'5utz'on arzd'a6um{ance of fiesliwater fit/ies /1'14