t3 b7 national security act of 1947 fdr- entire contents- reference material- 1st pgs scanned (for...

8/14/2019 T3 B7 National Security Act of 1947 Fdr- Entire Contents- Reference Material- 1st Pgs Scanned (for Reference- Fair

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National Security Act of 1947 Page 1 of 1

U . S . D E P A R T M E N T o f S T A T ENational Security Act of 1947The National Security Act of 1947 mandated a major reorganization of the foreign policy andmilitary establishments of the U.S. Government. The act created manyof the institutions thatPresidents found useful when formulating and implementing foreign policy, including the NationalSecurity Council (NSC). The Council itself included the President, Vice President, Secretary ofState, Secretary of Defense, and other members (such as the Director of the Central IntelligenceAgency), who met at the White House todiscuss both long-term problemsand more immediatenational security crises. A small NSCstaff was hired to coordinate foreign policy materials fromother agencies for the President. Beginning in 1953 the President's Assistant for National SecurityAffairs directed this staff. Each President has accorded the NSCwith different degreesofimportance and has given the NSCstaff varying levels of autonomyand influence over otheragencies such as the Departments of State and Defense. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, forexample, used the NSC meetings to make key foreign policy decisions, while John F. Kennedy andLyndon B. Johnson preferred to work more informally through trusted associates. Under PresidentRichard M. Nixon, the NSCstaff, then headed by Henry A. Kissinger, was transformed from acoordinating body into an organization that actively engaged in negotiations with foreign leadersand implementing the President's decisions. The NSCmeetings themselves, however, wereinfrequent and merely confirmed decisions already agreed upon by Nixon and Kissinger.The act alsoestablished the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which grew out of World War II era Office ofStrategic Services andsmallpost-war intelligence organizations. The CIAserved as the primary civilianintelligence-gathering organization in the government. Later, the Defense Intelligence Agency became themain military intelligence body. The 1947 law also caused far-reaching changes in the military establishment.The War Department and Navy Department merged intoasingle Department of Defense under the Secretaryof Defense, whoalsodirected he newlycreated Department of the Air Force.However,eachof the threebranchesmaintained their own servicesecretaries. In1949 the act wasamended to give the Secretary ofDefense more power over the individual services and their secretaries.Additional Reading:

Michael H. Hogan, A Cross o f Iron: Harry S Truman and the Origins of the National Security State,1945-1954 (Cambridge, 1998). Melvyn A. Leffler, A Preponderance o f Power; National Security, The Truman Administration, and theCold War (Stanford, Connecticut, 1992). U.S.Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of theLnteJiigence_Estab|ishn]ent (Washington, 1996)

http://www .state.gOv/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603pf.htm 12/26/2003


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PDD-39 U .S. Policy on Counterterrorism Page 1 of 11

|Presidential.Decision_DirectiYes^^DDl

THE WH ITE HOUSEWASHINGTONJune 21,1995

MEMORANDUM FOR THE VICE PRESIDENTTHE SECRETARY OF STATETHE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURYTH E SECRETARY OF DEFENSETHE ATTORNEY GENERALTHE SECRETARY OF HEALTH AND HUM AN SERVICESTH E SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATIONTHE SECRETARY OF ENERGYADMINISTRATOR, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYASSISTANT TO THE PRE SIDENT FOR NATION AL SECURITY AFFAIRSDIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCEDIRECTOR, UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCYCHAIRMAN OF THE JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFFDIRECTOR, FEDERAL BU REAU OF INVESTIGATIONDIRECTOR, FEDERAL EMERGENCY M ANAGEM ENT AGENCY

SUBJECT: U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism (U)It is the policy of the Un ited States to deter, defeat and respond v igorously to all terrorist attacks on ourterritory and against our citizens, or facilities, whether they occur domestically, in international watersor airspace o r on foreign territory. The U nited States regards all such terrorism as a potential threat tonational security as well as a criminal act and will apply all appropriate means to combat it. In doing so,the U.S. shall pursue vigorously efforts to deter and preempt, apprehend and prosecute, or assist othergovernmen ts to prosecute, individuals w ho perpetrate or plan to perpetrate such attacks. (U)We shall work closely with friendly governments in carrying out our Counterterrorism policy and willsupport Allied and friendly governments in combating terrorist threats against them. (U)Furthermore, the U nited States shall seek to identify groups or states that sponsor or support suchterrorists, isolate them and extract a heavy price for their actions. (U)

http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd39.htm 2/6/2004


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Page 1 of 1

SYSTEM ZiTHI*K, House UNCLASSIFIED ;WASH |

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THE N A T I O N A L P R O G R A M T O P C O K B A T T I K G T E R R O R I S M (jC

The Vice President's Task Force on Co-jribattir.g Terrorism hascompleted an in-depth review o our current policies, capabilities,and resources for dealing with the terrorist threat. I havereviewed the Task force Report and accompanying recommendationsand concluded that our strategy is sound. I have determined thatw e m u s t enhance our ability to confront this throat and to do sowithout compromising our basic democratic and human values. J J * )Terrorists undertake criminal acts that involve the use or threatof violence against innocent persons. These acts are premeditated,intended to achieve a political objective through coercion orintimidation of an audience beycnd the irimediate victims. U . S .citizens and installations, especially abroad, are increasinglybeing targeted for terrorist acts, our policy, programs and'responses must be effective in ameliorating this threat to ourpeople, property and interests. (jAPolicyU.S. policy on terrorism is unequivocal: firm opposition toterrorism in all its forrcs whether it is domestic terror!snperpetrated within U.S.territory, or international terrorismconducted inside or outside U.S. territory by foreign nationalsor groups. The policy is based upon the conviction that toaccede to terrorist demands places more nKtcrican citizens atrisk. This no-concessions policy is the best way of protectingthe greatest number of people and ensuring their safety. At thesame t i r r . e , every available resource will be used to gain the safereturn of American citizens who are held hostage by terrorists.< wThe U.S. G o v e r n m e n t considers the practice of terrorism by anyperson or group a potential threat to our national security andwill resist the use of terrorism by all leccl m e a n s available.The United States is opposed to domestic and internationalterrorism and is prepared to act in concert with other nations orunilaterally w he n necessary to prevent or respond to terroristacts.

-W -SEGRHUNCLASS IFIED

http://ww w.fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsdd/23-2715a.gif 8/27/2003


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History of the National Security Council (1947-1997) Page 1 of22

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History of the National Security Council, 1947-1997ContentsS u m m a r yTruman Administration, 1947-1953Esenhower Administration, 1953-1961Kennedy Administration, 1961-1963Johnson Administration, 1963-1969Nixon Administration, 1969-1974Ford Administration, 1974-1977Carter Administration, 1977-1981Reagan Administration, 1981-1989Bush Administration, 1989-1992Clinton Administration, 1993-1997

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Government Web Sites Appendix: Assistants to the President for National Security Affairs 1953-1997

SummarySince the end of World War II, each administration has sought to develop and perfecta reliable set of executive institutions to manage national security policy. EachPresident has tried to avoid the problems and deficiencies of his predecessors' effortsand install a policy-making and coordination system that reflected his personalmanagement style. The National Security Council (NSC) has been at the center ofthis foreign policy coordination system, but it has changed many times to conformwith the needs and inclinations of each succeeding chief executive.The National Security Act of July 26,1947, created the National Security Councilunder the chairmanship of the President, with the Secretaries of State and Defenseas its key members, to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy, and to reconcilediplomatic and military commitments and requirements. This major legislation alsoprovided for a Secretary of Defense, a National Mlitary Establishment, CentralIntelligence Agency, and National Security Resources Board. The view that the NSChad been created to coordinate political and military questions quickly gave way tothe understanding that the NSC existed to serve the President alone. The view thatthe Council's role was to foster collegiality among departments also gave way to theneed by successive Presidents to use the Council as a means of controlling andmanaging competing departments.The structure and functioning of the NSC depended in no small degree upon theinterpersonal chemistry between the President and his principal advisers anddepartment heads. But despite the relationships between individuals, a satisfactoryorganizational structure had to be developed, for without it the necessary flow ofinformation and implementation of decisions could not occur. Although a permanentstaff gradually began to take shape, the main substantive work occurred in thedepartments.President Truman's NSC was dominated by the Department of State. PresidentEsenhower's predilection for the military staff system, however, led to development ofthe NSC along those lines. The NSC staff coordinated an elaborate structure formonitoring the implementation of policies. The NSC's Executive Secretary became anassistant to the President, but was sufficiently self-effacing not to conflict with apowerful Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/history.html 12/26/2003


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Security Council Page 1 of2

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Home > Government> National Sec urity Council

Establishment of the National Security CouncilThe National Security Council was establishedby the National Security Act of 1947 (PL 235 -61 Stat. 496; U.S.C. 402), amended by theNational Security Act Amendments of 1949 (63Stat. 579; 50 U.S.C. 401 et seq.). Later in 1949,as part of the Reorganization Plan, the Councilwas placed in the Executive O ffice of thePresident.Membership of the National SecurityCouncilThe National Security Council is chaired by thePresident. Its regular attendees (both statutoryand non-statutory) are the Vice President, theSecretary of State, the Secretary of theTreasury, the Secretary of Defense, and theAssistant to the President for National SecurityAffairs. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs ofStaff is the statutory military advisor to theCouncil, and the Director of Central Intelligenceis the intelligence advisor. The Chief of Staff tothe President, Counsel to the President, andthe Assistant to the President for EconomicPolicy are invited to attend any NSC meeting.The Attorney G eneral and the Director of theOffice of Management and Budget are invited toattend meetings pertaining to theirresponsibilities. The heads of other executivedepartments and agencies, as well as othersenior officials, are invited to attend meetings ofthe NSC when appropriate.National Security Council's FunctionThe National Security Council is the President'sprincipal forum for considering national securityand foreign policy matters w ith his seniornational security advisors and cabinet officials.Since its inception under President Truman, thefunction of the Council has been to advise andassist the President on national security andforeign policies. The Council also serves as thePresident's principal arm for coordinating thesepolicies among various government agencies.

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Official portrait of National Security AdvisorDr. Condoleezza Rice

President Condemns Terrorist Attacks inTurkey (11/15/03)Dr. Rice's Comments to Chicago Councilon Foreign Relations (10/8/03)Dr. Rice Briefing on President's V isit toUN General Assembly (9/22/03)National Security Advisor CondoleezzaRice Remarks to Veterans of ForeignWars (8/25/03)National Security Advisor CondoleezzaRice Interview with ZDF GermanTelevision (7/31/03)National Security Advisor CondoleezzaRice Discusses Iraq (7/30/03)Countering "Dirty Bomb" Threat FactSheet (6/2/03)Aviation Security Fact Sheet (6/2/03)Stopping Spread of WMD Fact Sheet(6/2/03)National Policy on Ballistic MissileDefense Fact Sheet (5/20/03)President Bush Vows to Bring Terrorists

http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ 12/26/2003


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Federal Register-Executive Order 12333 Page 1 of 18

Courtesy of the National Archives and Records AdministrationFederal Register

Executive Order 12333-United States intelligenceactivities

Source: The provisions of Executive Order 12333 of Dec.4,1981, appear at 46 FR 59941, 3 CFR, 1981Comp., p. 200,unless otherwise noted.

Table of ContentsPreamblePart 1. Goals, Direction, Duties, and R esponsibilities With Respect to the NationalIntelligence E f f o r t1.1 Goals

1.2 The National Security Council1.3 National Foreign Intelligence Advisory Groups1.4 The Intelligence CommunityL5_Director of Central Intelligence1.6 Duties and Responsibilities of the Heads of Executive Branch Departments andAgenciesLTJSenior Officials of the Intelligence Community1.8 The Central Intelligence AgencyL9_The Department of State1.10The Department of the Treasury1.11 The Department of Defense1.12 Intelligence Components Utilized by the Secretary of DefenseL.ISLThe Department of Energy1.14 The Federal Bureau of InvestigationPart 2. Conduct of Intelligence Activities2.1 Need2.2 Purpose2.3 Collection of Information2_ACollection Techniques2J5_Attorney General Approval2_JLAssistance to Law Enforcement Authorities2.7 ContractingInconsistency With Other Laws2.9 Undisclosed Participation in Organizations Within the United States2.10Human Experimentation2.11 Prohibition on Assassination2.12 Indirect Participation

Part 3. General ProvisionsUJTongressional Oversight3.2_Implementation3.3 Procedures3.4DefinitionsSJLPurpose and Effect

http://www.cia.gov/cia/information/eo12333 .html 6/23/03


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** TIME.com: Nation ~ The Nunn-Lugar Act: Old Fears, New Era Page 1 of 2

AM^ON'MORNINGwithBill Hemmer andSoledad O'Brien

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TIMEN A T I O NMonday, Oct. 01,2001The Nunn-Lugar Act: Old Fears, New EraWhen the Coid War ended, two Senators pieced together a planto divest the former USSR of its nuclear and chemical weapons.Is it time to reprise Nunn-Lugar?By JESSICA REAVES

Largely ignored in recent years and stripped of critical funding as recentlyas July, the Nunn-Lugar Act, or "Cooperative Threat Reduction Program"has garnered public attention since the September 11th attacks. Onceregarded as peripheral, the Nunn-Lugar now looks not only prescient butabsolutely essential.Co-sponsored by Sam Nunn, former Democratic Senator from Georgia, andIndiana Republican Richard Lugar, the Act was first approved in 1991 inresponse to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Designed to limit thethreat of suddenly itinerant weaponry, Nunn-Lugar established a fund topay for the identification, destruction an d disposal of nuclear an d chemicalweapons. The initiative also actively welcomed former Soviet scientistsinto the American community, hoping to lure prospective bomb-makersan d chemical-mixers away from rogue nations.Nunn and Lugar also co-sponsored the 1996 Nunn-Lugar-DomeniciDomestic Preparedness Initiative, which builds on the goals of the originalNunn-Lugar Act and also trains civilians to assist disaster workers after anattack by a weapon of mass destruction, including any biological agents.According to press secretary Andy Fisher, Senator Lugar expects theprogram to be rolled into the larger homeland defense effort headed byformer Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge. Once again, Nunn and Lugarwere ahead of the curve.Advocates of the program are quick to point out Nunn-Lugar's impressivecost-benefit ratio: For slightly less than three-tenths of one percent of U.S.military expenditures, Nunn-Lugar has been responsible for deactivating5014 warheads, destroying 384 I C B M s and eliminating 365 ICBM silos.And while Lugar a senior member of the Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee, continues to lobby for funding for the program, the 2002federal budget calls for cuts of about $140 million. That's quite a hit for aninitiative whose seven-year operating costs were only $3 billion lessthan the annual cost of missile defense research an d development efforts.

http://www.time.com/time/nation/printout/0,8816,177183,00.html 12/24/2003

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