tablas gpsa

8/16/2019 Tablas Gpsa

1/8

SECTION 23

Physical Properties

This section contains a number of charts, correlations, andcalculation procedures to be used for predicting physical prop-erties of hydrocarbons and components found with them.Fig. 23-1 shows the nomenclature used in this section.

Fig. 23-2 is a table containing frequently used physical prop-erties for a number of hydrocarbons and other selected com-

ponents. Immediately following is a detailed list of referencand footnoted explanation for the values in Fig. 23-2.

Physical properties for eighteen selected compounds can found in GPA Standard 2145, "Table of Physical Constants Paraffin Hydrocarbons and Other Components of NaturGas."

B = second virial coefficient for a gas mixture,

[kPa (abs)]-1

B′ = mole fraction H2S in sour gas stream, Eq 23-6

Bii = second virial coefficient for component iBij = second cross virial coefficient for components i

and j

bi1/2 = summation factor for component i

CABP = cubic average boiling point, °C

d = density, g/cc

G = relative density (gas density)

Gi = relative density (gas gravity) of ideal gas, MW/MWa

Giid = molecular mass ratio of component i in mixture

Hv = gross heating value per unit volume of ideal gas,

MJ/m3

K w = Watson characterization factor, Fig. 23-12

k = thermal conductivity, W/(m • °C)

ka

= thermal conductivity at one atmosphere, W/(m • °C)

M = mass fraction

m = mass, kg

MW = molecular mass, g mole

MABP = molal average boiling point, °C or K

MeABP = Mean average boiling point, °C or K

n = number of moles (mass/mole weight)

P = pressure, kPa (abs)

Pc′ = pseudocritical pressure adjusted for acid gas

composition, kPa (abs)

Pvp = vapor pressure at a reduced temperature of 0.7

Pw o = vapor pressure of water, 7.3811 kPa (abs) at 40°C

R = gas constant, 8.3145 [kPa (abs) • m3]/(K • kg mole)for all gases (see Section 1 for R in other units)

S = relative density at 15°/15°C

T = absolute temperature, K

t = ASTM D-86 distillation temperature, °C or K,

Eq 23-11

Tc′ = pseudocritical temperature adjusted for acid gas

composition, K

V = volume, m3

VABP = volumetric average boiling point, °C

W = mass, kg

WABP = weight average boiling point, °C

yi = mole fraction of component i from analysis on dr

basis, Eq 23-37x = mole fraction in liquid phase

yiw

= mole fraction of component i adjusted for water

content

y = mole fraction in gas phase

Z = compressibility factor

Greek

ε = pseudocritical temperature adjustment factor,Eq 23-6

θ = MeABP/Tpcρ = density, kg/m3

µ = viscosity at operating temperature and pressurecentipoise

µ A

= viscosity at 101.325 kPa (abs) (1 atm) and opera

temperature, centipoise

ξ = factor defined by Eq 23-20

σ = surface tension, dynes/cm

ω = acentric factor

η = kinematic viscosity, centistokes

Subscripts

a = air

b = boiling

c = critical

i = component i

L = liquid

m = mixture

pc = pseudocritical

r = reduced state

V = vapor

v = volume

w = water

Superscripts

id = ideal gas

w = watero = reference state

FIG. 23-1

Nomenclature

23-1


2/8

See Note No.

Compound

MethaneEthanePropanelsobutanen-Butane

Isopentanen-PentaneNeopentane

n-Hexane2-Methylpentane3-MethylpentaneNeohexane2,3-Dimethylbutane

n-Heptane2-Methylhexane3-Methylhexane3-Ethylpentane2,2-Dimethylpentane2,4-Dimethylpentane3,3-DimethylpentaneTriptane

n-OctaneDiisobutylIsooctanen-Nonanen-DecaneCyclopentaneMethylcyclopentaneCyclohexaneMethylcyclohexane

Ethene(Ethylene)Propene(Propylene)1-Butene(Butylene)cis-2-Butenetrans-2-ButeneIsobutene1-Pentene1,2-Butadiene1,3-ButadieneIsoprene

Ethylbenzeneo-Xylenem-Xylenep-Xlyene

Isopropylbenzene

Methyl alcoholEthyl alcoholCarbon monoxideCarbon dioxideHydrogen sulfideSulfur dioxide

AmmoniaAirHydrogenOxygenNitrogenChlorineWaterHeliumHydrogen chloride

16.043 -161.5130.070 -88.5944.097 -42.0758.123 -11.7958.123 -0.51

(35000)*

1369.8530.89379.61

-182.45* 4599.-182.79* 4880.-187.62" 4240.-159.59 3640.-138.35 3784.

72.150 27.83 151.31114.70

-159.89 3381.72.150 36.05 -129.71

270.03365.

72.150 9.50 -16.58 3199.

86.177 68.7286.177 60.2486.177 63.2686.177 49.7286.177 57.96

37.297 -95.3150.6845.73

-153.67-162.89

73.4155.34

-99.825-128.53

3030.3010.3120.3080.3130.

100.204 98.37 12.342100.204 90.03 17.226100.204 91.85 16.155100.204 93.47 15.265100.204 79.17 26.32100.204 80.47 24.85100.204 86.04 20.94100.204 80.86 25.41

-90.55-118.26

-118.58-123.78-119.21-134.44-24.56

2740.2730.2810.2890.2770.2740.2950.2950.

114.231 125.65114.231 109.08114.231 99.21128.258 150.78142.285 174.1170.134 49.2284.161 71.8384.161 80.7898.188 100.94

4.146 -56.768.417

12.966-91.160

-107.351.358 -53.480.4814 -29.63

73.99 -93.82733.75 -142.4324.64 6.55012.211 -126.59

2490.2490.2570.2280.2100.

425.

4508.3784.4073.3471.

28.054 -103.7342.081 -47.6856.108 -6.2356.108 3.7256.108 0.8856.108 -6.9170.134 29.9554.092 10.8454.092 -4.4168.119 34.05

(9700)

459.0338.3366.5477.4141.65269.436.1123.8

-169.15*-185.25*-185.35*-138.90-105.54-140.34-165.21-136.19-108.89-145.95

5040.4665.4043.4243.3964.4000.3513.

(4502)

(3856)

26.038 -84.01*78.114 80.0792.141 110.60

106.167 136.17106.167 144.39106.167 139.09106.167 138.32104.152 145.23120.194 152.38

24.387.8952.8732.0512.5282.6482.001.47

-80.8"5.532

-94.98-94.963-25.18-47.8613.2630.63-96.021

6139. 308.31 0.004324898. 562.12 0 .003324106. 591.76 0.003433606. 617.16 0.003523734. 630.29 0 .003483536. 617.01 0 .003543511. 616.19 0 .003574050.3209.

(646)* 0.003330.00355

32.042 64.6746.069 78.2628.010 -191.4544.010 -78.464*34.082 -60.26664.065 -9.94

35.4417.903 —

2859.7630.2

-97.65 8097.-114.1 6148.-204.99* 3494.

-56.56* 7374.-85.48* 8963.-75.47* 7884.

17.0305 -33.3228.9625 -194.34

2.0159 -252.850*31.9986 -182.954*28.0134 -195.79870.9054 -33.9518.0153 99.974*

4.0026 -268.9536.461 -85.14

1555.

— — —

1146.7.3849

6547.

-77.69*

-259.347*-218.792*-209.997*-100.95

0.000

-114.17*

11350.3771.1293.5043.3398.7977.

22064.227.5

8310.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS *See the Table of Notes and References

Critical constants

190.56 0.00617305.41 0.00489369.77 0.00454407.82 0.00446425.10 0.00439

460.35 0.00427469.65 0.00434433.71 0.00420

506.4 0.00429497.46 0.00426504.4 0.00426488.66 0.00417499.86 0.00415

539.2 0.00426530.06 0.00420535.16 0.00403540.46 0.00415520.36 0.00415519.66 0.00417536.26 0.00413531.06 0.00397

568.4 0.00420549.96 0.00422543.86 0.00410594.7 0.00433617.7 0.00439511.6 0.00371532.75 0.00379553.5 0.00366572.15 0.00375

282.34 0.00466365.55 0.00448419.92 0.00426435.54 0.00417428.59 0.00424417.86 0.00425464.74 0.00421

(444)* (0.0043)*

(484)0.00407(0.0041)*

512.60 0.00368513.88 0.00362132.86 0.00329304.11 0.00214373.37 0.00288430.8 0.00190

405.5 0.00425132.43 0.0032333.0 0.03185*

154.59 0.00229126.21 0.00318416.86 0.00175647.10 0.003102

5.20 0.01436324.68 0.00222

12345

678

910

111213

1415161718192021

222324252627282930

31323334353637383940

414243444546474849

505152535455

565758596061626364

12345

678

910111213

1415161718192021

222324252627282930

31323334353637383940

414243444546474849

505152535455

565758596061626364

(6000)*

—

4277.

AcetyleneBenzeneToluene

1691.

—

Styrene

—

—

— —

—

631.1

1.00040*1.21403*1.29558*1.3251*1.33631*

1.356581.360241.345*

1.377461.374171.379181.371571.37759

1.390171.387431.391191.395941.384751.384081.393421.39196

1.399811.394881.393921.407731.414111.409271.412401.428921.42566

(1.241)*1.313*1.351*1.368*1.359*1.358*1.3746

— —

1.4253

—1.50431.499601.498561.507951.499801.498391.54961.49400

1.330281.363451.00036*1.00049*1.00061*1.00062*

1.00036*1.00028*1.00013*1.00027*1.00028*1.3878*1.333471.00003*1.00042

F o r m u l a

N u m b e r

M o l a r m a s s

( M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t )

B o i l i n g P o i n t , å C

1 0 1 . 3

2 5 0 k P a ( a b s )

V a p o r p r e s s u r e ,

k P a ( a b s ) , 4 0 ˚ C

NOTE: Numbers in this table do not have accuracies greater

than 1 part in 1000; in some cases extra digits have been added

to calculated values to achieve internal consistency or to permit

recalculation of experimental values.

A. B. C. D.

F r e e z i n g p o i n t , ˚ C

1 0 1 . 3

2 5 0 k P a ( a b s )

R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x ,

n D

1 5 ˚ C

P r e s s u r e ,

k P a ( a b s )

T e m p e r a t u r e ,

K

V o l u m e , m

3 / k g

C H4 10

C H3 8

C H4 10

C H2 6C H4

C H5 12C H5 12C H5 12

C H5 10

C H6 14C H6 14C H6 14C H6 14

C H6 12

C H7 16C H7 16C H7 16C H7 16C H7 16C H7 16C H7 16C H7 16

C H8 18C H8 18C H8 18C H9 20

C H7 14

C H2 4C H3 6C H4 8C H4 8C H4 8C H4 8C H5 10C H4 6C H4 6C H5 8

C H2 2C H6 6C H7 8C H8 10

8 10

8 10

8 10

C HC HC HC H8 8C H9 12

C H6 14

C H6 12

10 22C H

CH O42 6C H O

COCO2

HCl

H S2

SO2

He

Cl2H O2

O2

H 2

N2

N2 O2+NH3

5/99

N u m b e r

FIG. 23-2

Physical Constants

Revised (5-99)23-2


3/8

FIG. 23-2 (Cont’d)

Physical Constants

23-3


4/8


Physical Constants

23-4


5/8


Notes and References for the Table of Physical Constants

23-5


6/8



23-6


7/8



23-7


8/8

a. Values in parentheses are estimated values.

b. The temperature is above the critical point.

c. At saturation pressure (triple point).

d. Sublimation point.

e. The + sign and number following specify the number of cm3 of

TEL added per gallon to achieve the ASTM octane number of

100, which corresponds to that of Isooctane (2,2,4-

Trimethylpentane).

f. These compounds form a glass.

g. Average value from octane numbers of more than one sample.

h. Saturation pressure and 15°C.

i. Index of refraction of the gas.

j. Densities of the liquid at the normal boiling point.

k. Heat of sublimation.

m. Equation 2 of the reference was refitted to give:

a = 0.7872957; b = 0.1294083; c = 0.03439519.

n. Normal hydrogen (25% para, 75% ortho).

p. An extrapolated value.

q. Gas at 15°C and the liquid at the normal boiling point.

r. Fixed points on the 1968 International Practical Temperature

Scale (IPTS-68).

s. Fixed points on the 1990 International Temperature Scale(ITS-90).

t. Densities at the normal boiling point are: Ethane, 554.0 [29];

Propane, 581.0 [28]; Propene, 609.1 [5]; Hydrogen Chloride,

1192 [43]; Hydrogen Sulfide, 949.0 [25]; Ammonia, 681.6 [43];

Sulfur Dioxide, 1462 [43].

u. Technically, water has a heating value in two cases: net

((2.466 MJ/kg) when water is liquid in the reactants, and gross

(+1.879 MJ/m3) when water is gas in the reactants. The value

is the ideal heat of vaporization (enthalpy of the ideal gas less

the enthalpy of the saturated liquid at the vapor pressure).

This is a matter of definition; water does not burn.

v. Extreme values of those reported by reference 19.

A. Molar mass (molecular mass) is based upon the following atomic weights: C = 12.011; H = 1.00794; O = 15.9994; N =

14.0067; S = 32.066; Cl = 35.4527. The values were rounded

off after calculating the molar mass using all significant figures

in the atomic weights.

B. Boiling point: the temperature at equilibrium between the liq-

uid and vapor phases at 101.3250 kPa.

C. Freezing point: the temperature at equilibrium between the crys-

talline phase and the air saturated liquid at 101.3250 kPa.

D. The refractive index reported refers to the liquid or gas and is

measured for light of wavelength corresponding to the sodium

D-line (589.26 nm).

E. The relative density: ρ(liquid, 15°C)/ ρ(water, 15°C). The den-

sity of water at 15°C is 999.10 kg/m3.

F. The temperature coefficient of density is related to the expan-sion coefficient by: (∂ρ / ∂T)P / ρ = –(∂ρ V/ ∂T)P /V, in units of 1/T.

G. Pitzer acentric factor: ω = –log 10(P/Pc) –1, P at T = 0.7 Tc

H. Compressibility factor of the real gas, Z = PV/RT, is calculated

using the second virial coefficient.

I. The density of an ideal gas relative to air is calculated by di-

viding the molar mass of the of the gas by 28.9625, the calcu-

lated average molar mass of air. See ref. 34 for the average

composition of dry air. The specific volume of an ideal gas is

calculated from the ideal gas equation. The volume ratio is:

V(ideal gas)/V(liquid in vacuum).

J. The liquid value is not rigorously CP, but rather it is the heatcapacity along the saturation line CS defined by: CS = CP – T

(∂ V/ ∂T)P(∂P/ ∂T)S. For liquids far from the critical point, CS ≈

CP.

K. The heating value is the negative of the enthalpy of combustion

at 15°C and 101.3250 kPa (abs.) in an ideal reaction (one where

all gasses are ideal gasses). For an arbitrary organic com-

pound, the combustion reaction is:

CnHmOhS jNk (s,l,or,g) + (n + m/4 – h/2 + j) O2(g) →

n CO2(g) + m/2 H2O (g or l) + k/2 N2(g) + j SO2(g),

where s, l and g denote respectively solid, liquid and ideal gas.

For gross heating values, the water formed is liquid; for net

heating values, the water formed is ideal gas. Values reported

are on a dry basis. To account for water in the heating value,

see GPA 2172. The MJ/kg liquid column assumes a reaction

with the fuel in the liquid state, while the MJ/m3 ideal gas

column assumes the gas in the ideal gas state. Therefore, the

values are not consistent if used in the same calculation, e.g. a

gas plant balance.

L. The heat of vaporization is the enthalpy of the saturated vapor

at the boiling point at 101.3250 kPa minus the enthalpy of the

saturated liquid at the same conditions.

M. Air required for the combustion of ideal gas for compounds of

formula CnHmOhS jNk is:

V(air)/V(gas) = (n + m/4 - h/2 + j)/0.20946.

COMMENTS

Units: reported values are in SI units based on the following:mass: kilogram, kg

length: meter, m

temperature: International Temperature of 1990

(ITS-90), where 0°C = 273.15 K.Other derived units are:

volume: cubic meter, m3

pressure: Pascal, Pa (1 Pa = N/m2)

energy: Joule, JGas constant, R:

8.314510 J/(K •mol)

0.008314510 m3(kPa/(K •mol)

1.987216 calth /(K •mol)1.985887 Btu(I.T.)/(R(lb•mol)

Conversion factors:

1 m3 = 35.31467 ft

3 = 264.1721 gal.(U.S.)

1 kg = 2.204623 lbm

1 kg/m3 = 0.06242795 lbm/ft

3 =0.001 g/cm

3

1 kPa = 0.01 bar = 0.009869233 atm = 0.1450377 psia

1 atm = 101.3250 kPa = 14.69595 psia = 760 Torr

1 kJ = 0.2390057 kcalth = 0.2388459 kcal (I.T.)

= 0.9478172 Btu (I.T.)


Notes for the Table of Physical Constants

Revised (5-99)23-8

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