table of contents - images.carsondellosa.com · i am part of the circulatory system. 2. i am part...

Understanding the Human Body

404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers ii

Table of ContentsIntroduction ............................................................................................................................. ivCorrelation to National Science Education Standards .............................................................1

Body Structure Cells: The Building Blocks of Life ............................................................................................. 3 What’s in a Cell? ...................................................................................................................... 4 Tissue Types ............................................................................................................................ 5 Mystery Organs ....................................................................................................................... 6 Scrambled Organs ................................................................................................................... 7 Body Systems .......................................................................................................................... 8

Skeletal System Five Functions of Your Skeletal System ................................................................................... 9 Bones by the Numbers .......................................................................................................... 10 Bizarre Bones ........................................................................................................................ 11 Bone Up on Bones ................................................................................................................. 12 What’s in a Bone? .................................................................................................................. 13 Shape Up Those Bones ......................................................................................................... 14 What Bone Am I? ................................................................................................................... 15 Bare Bones ............................................................................................................................ 16 Double Duty ........................................................................................................................... 17 Odd Thing Out ....................................................................................................................... 18 Joined Together ...................................................................................................................... 19 Which Joint Do You Use? ....................................................................................................... 20

Muscular System The Muscular System ............................................................................................................ 21 What Makes a Muscle? .......................................................................................................... 22 Types of Muscle Tissue .......................................................................................................... 23 Muscle Up! ............................................................................................................................. 24 Move Those Muscles! ............................................................................................................ 25 The Truth About Muscles ....................................................................................................... 26 Major Muscles ........................................................................................................................ 27 Mystery Muscles .................................................................................................................... 28 Muscle Mastery ...................................................................................................................... 29

Circulatory System The Circulatory System ......................................................................................................... 30 Help Wanted! ......................................................................................................................... 31 Heart Parts ............................................................................................................................. 32 Blood Flow ............................................................................................................................. 33 Everything in Threes .............................................................................................................. 34 Circulation True and False ..................................................................................................... 35 Blood, Blood, and More Blood ............................................................................................... 36

Table of Contents


iii404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Lymphatic System The Lymphatic System .......................................................................................................... 37 Faulty Lymphatic Facts .......................................................................................................... 38

Digestive System Yum! ........................................................................................................................................ 39 The Digestive System ............................................................................................................ 40 Coming Through .................................................................................................................... 41 Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion ....................................................................................... 42 Know Your Digestive Organs .................................................................................................. 43 Whose Job Is It? .................................................................................................................... 45 What’s Where? ....................................................................................................................... 46

Respiratory System The Respiratory System ........................................................................................................ 47 Travelogue .............................................................................................................................. 48 Respiratory Parts and Pieces ................................................................................................ 49 Take a Deep Breath! .............................................................................................................. 51 Breathing vs. Respiration ....................................................................................................... 52

Excretory System The Excretory System ...........................................................................................................53 The Urinary Tract ...................................................................................................................54 A Closer Look at Your Kidneys ...............................................................................................55 Urinary System True or False .................................................................................................56 The Skin .................................................................................................................................57 Nervous System The Nervous System ............................................................................................................. 58 A Stimulating Morning ............................................................................................................ 59 The Brain ............................................................................................................................... 60 Neurons ................................................................................................................................. 61 Follow the Path ...................................................................................................................... 62

Endocrine System The Endocrine System .......................................................................................................... 63 Endocrine Info ........................................................................................................................ 64

The Senses Sight ........................................................................................................................................ 65 Hearing ................................................................................................................................... 66 Taste ...................................................................................................................................... 67 Smell ...................................................................................................................................... 68 Touch ..................................................................................................................................... 69

Yucky, Gross Body Report ........................................................................................................... 70Healthy Tips ................................................................................................................................. 71

Answer Key .................................................................................................................................. 72

Table of Contents


404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers iv

Introduction The human body is one of the most complex and fascinating organisms in existence. Having a basic understanding of how it functions is valuable knowledge. This book is designed to be a resource for teachers and parents to enhance and extend a textbook unit on the human body. It can be used as a tool to review already-covered concepts or even as a way to presentnew learning in a straightforward, simple way. The units cover cells, tissues, organs, the major body systems (skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, excretory, nervous, and endocrine), as well as the five senses. Basic information is presented in a text format that is open and less dense than many texts.This makes it more readable and less intimidating for many students. Activities connectedwith the basic information provide opportunities for reviewing what has been presented. Key terms appear in boldface. Many pages include Far Out Facts, which are fun tidbits of information that make the study of the human body even more fascinating. Also included are a number of Webwise websites that provide students the opportunity to further explore particular systems or concepts presented in the activities. Several of the websites relate tovarious body systems and are listed in each appropriate section. A correlation to the National Science Education Standards is included on the next page.

Introduction


3404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers

Cells: The Building Blocks Of LifeFar Out Fact: The average adult male has more than 100 trillion cells in his body.

Webwise: www.cellsalive.com

The human body is made of up of trillions of tiny parts called cells. There are all different types of cells within you. There are bone cells, blood cells, skin cells, heart cells ... and soforth. Cells don’t all look alike, but all cells have some things in common.

Here are some main parts of a cell and what they do:

• Cell membrane: Acts sort of like a skin around the outside of the cell. It helps control which materials can go in and out of the cell. It lets oxygen and food in and waste products out. This helps maintain the chemical balance in and around the cell.

• Nucleus: Acts like the brain of the cell. It controls the cell’s activities, just as your brain controls your body’s activities. A thread-like hereditary material inside the nucleus called chromatin is made of protein and DNA. DNA is like a set of chemical instructions that tell the cell what to do.

• Cytoplasm: Gelatin-like substance inside the membrane containing water and chemicals.

• Organelles: Inside the cytoplasm are a variety of small structures sometimes called organelles. Each has a job in the cell.

• Endoplasmic Reticulum: Moves material within the cell sort of like it was on conveyor belts. It is a folded membrane.

• Ribosomes: Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; others are just in the cytoplasm. They receive directions from theDNA to make proteins.

• Golgi Bodies: Pack up the waste proteins to move them outside the cell.

• Mitochondria: Uses food mol-ecules to make and release en-ergy.

Body Structure

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Golgi bodies

Endoplasmic Reticulum


404105-EB © Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers 4

Name: Date:

What’s in a Cell? Use the words from the word bank to name each part described below. Then use the names of the parts to label the drawing of a cell.

1. Gelatin-like substance where the work of the cell is done

2. Thread-like hereditary material made of DNA and proteins

3. Packages materials to take outside the cell

4. Cells make their proteins on these two-part structures. 5. Directs all the activities of the cell

6. Releases energy for the cell

7. Outer boundary of cell that controls what goes in and out of it

Body Structure

nucleus cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondria

chromatin Golgi bodies ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum



Name: Date:

Tissue Types Certain cells of the same type group together to form tissues. There are four basic types of tissues.

Far Out Fact: Talk about epithelials! Much of the dust on our floors and furniture is actually dead skin cells that we shed by the millions every day!

Fill in the missing vowels in the incomplete words in the paragraphs below to review the four tissue types.

1. C n n c t v tissue supports things and h l d s

them t g t h r. You can find connective tissue

n d r your s k n and in your t n d n s.

Connective tissue is also what keeps your r g n s

in place.

2. p t h l l tissue p r t c t s you by enclosing

and c v r n g other parts of the body. These tissues

make up your s k n and l n e the insides of your

m t h, t h r t, and d g s t v tract.

3. M s c l tissue is made up of muscle f b r s. The three types of muscle tissue

are s k l t l, s m t h, and c r d c. Skeletal muscles

m v the b n s and are v l n t r y

muscles. Smooth muscles are n v l n t r y

muscles and move many of your internal r g n s.

Cardiac muscle is found only in the h r t and is also

n v l n t r y.

4. N r v s tissue is found in the b r n, s p n l c r d, and the

n r v s. It consists of cells called n r n s.

Body Structure



Name: Date:

Mystery OrgansFar Out Fact: The largest internal organ is the small intestine, which would stretch for 22 feet if removed from your body.

Webwise: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/ (click on organs)

Organs are made of groups of more than one type of tissue. Each organ has a specific job to do within the body and often works in combination with other organs. Use the clues below to determine which organ is which.

1. I am part of the circulatory system. 2. I am part of the digestive system.

I have four chambers. I secrete bile to help break down fats.

Parts of me are the aorta and valves. I filter waste products from the blood.

What organ am I? What organ am I?

3. I am the largest organ of the body. 4. I am located in your lower back.

I protect your body and help regulate I am part of the excretory and

your temperature. circulatory systems.

One of my layers is the epidermis. I filter blood and remove fluids.


5. I am part of the endocrine and the 6. I take in oxygen and give off carbon

digestive systems. dioxide.

I secrete digestive enzymes. I am part of the respiratory system.

I secrete the hormone insulin. I contain bronchioles and alveoli.


7. I am part of the nervous system. 8. I am part of the digestive system.

Some of my parts are the medulla, I am where nutrients from digested

the cerebellum, and the cerebrum. food are absorbed.

I am filled with billions of neurons. My inner walls are lined with villi.


Body Structure



Name: Date:

Scrambled OrgansFar Out Fact: If your tissues and organs don’t get oxygen, your blood will turn blue.

An organ is a structure containing two or more different types of tissue that function together for a common purpose. See if you can unscramble the names of these organs of the human body from top to bottom.

Body Structure

1. R B A N I

3. P S E U S G O H A

4. T H R E A

7. O A H S M C T

8. N A E R P C A S

10. Y D I K E N

11. D L R E B A D

14. N S I K

2. Y E E S

13. S B O E N

5. N L S U G

6. A H A M G R I P D

9. V R E I L

12. L S A M L T N I S I N E T E



Name: Date:

Body SystemsWebwise: www.innerbody.com (click on any body system)

Organs and tissues in the human body are organized into systems that work together to perform a specific function. Fill in the chart of some of the body systems by listing some principal parts of each system and what the primary function of the system is.

Circulatory System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Muscular System

Skeletal System

PrincipalParts

Primary Function

BodySystem

Nervous System

Excretory System

Endocrine System

Body Structure



Name: Date:

Five Functions of Your Skeletal System

Far Out Fact: The human head contains 22 bones.

Webwise: Build a skeleton online at www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp (click on skeleton)

No bones about it—your skeletal system is pretty important. Use the words in the word bank to fill in the blanks and see just what your bones do for you!

1. The first function of your skeletal system is to give your body

and it like the framework of a building.

2. The second function of your skeletal system is to help your body . Your

major are attached to your bones and facilitate movement.

3. The third function of your skeletal system is to your major

organs. Your brain in enclosed in the hard . Your heart and lungs

are encased in your . Without this protection, any big bump or

squish could kill you.

4. The fourth function of your skeletal system is to act like a factory. Inside some of your

bones is a soft tissue called . This is where your body produces

.

5. As well as being a factory, your bones are also a warehouse.

and compounds are stored there to use later. These substances

are what make bones .

Skeletal System

marrow hard muscles protect

ribs support move calcium

blood shape cells skull

phosphorus



Name: Date:

Bones by the NumbersFar Out Fact: One quarter of the bones in your body are in your feet.

Solve these math riddles to learn about numbers and bones.

1. (10 x 12 x 2) – 34 = a a = Number of bones in an adult human

2. (17 + 18) x (60 ÷ 6) = c c = Number of soft cartilage pieces a newborn has that later

develop and fuse to make bones

3. 7(16 ÷ 4) = n n = Number of bones in a newborn’s skull

4. (9 x 4) ÷ (30 ÷ 15) = m m = Number of months it takes for a baby’s skull bones to close

up

5. (2 x 2 x 2 x 2) – 2 = f f = Number of bones that shape your face

6. (99 ÷ 9) + (136/136) = r r = Number of pairs of ribs in a human

7. (2 x 3 x 9)/2 = h h = Number of bones in the human hand

8. (2,697 ÷ 2,697)/4 = s s = Length (in inches) of the smallest bone in the body

9. [4(5) + 8(5) + 2(2)] ÷ 8 = c c = Number of curved bones in your cranium

10. [(3 x 3) x (8 + 3)] ÷ 3 = j j = Number of joints in each foot

Skeletal System



Name: Date:

Bizarre BonesFar Out Fact: Your thigh bone is stronger than concrete!

Read over these interesting and unusual facts about bones and other parts of your skeletal system. Then find the bold words in the word search below.

1. Within the tendons that cover your knees are very small bones called sesamoid bones.

2. Wormian bones are found in the joints in your skull.

3. The clavicle is the most commonly broken bone in the body.

4. The coccygeal bones would be the beginning of a tail if you were an animal.

5. The hyoid bone (which supports your tongue) is the only bone not connected to another bone.

6. The “funny bone” is actually at the end of a bone called the humerus.

7. The smallest bone in your body is the stirrup, which is a tiny bone in your inner ear. It is only about 1⁄4″ long.

8. Also in your inner ear, there is a bone called the hammer and one shaped like a snail’s shell (the cochlea).

A E L H C O C L Y N L U P L L

F O R H Z L W N A A K D U Y X

O V L S H J A I E W L N R G L

F U S N C G M G H I B P R P Y

I O R E I R Y N A U N O I P U

M B F X O C E K Q D M M T K G

K O D W C M N Q J I Q E S Q P

H O F O T X O S L O G E R V R

B A C N Y B B T U M E R L U R

W S M I K A Y K V A I D T B S

A Y R M H P N W L S S C E J S

I Z L Z E Y N A X E H P X E C

M N V W D R U V I S G L T G S

X K O G C N F C L A V I C L E

J R H Y O I D N E S V P S X B

Skeletal System



What’s in a Cell? (pg. 4)1. cytoplasm 2. chromatin 3. Golgi bodies 4. ribosomes 5. nucleus6. mitochondria 7. cell membrane

Tissue Types (pg. 5)1. connective, holds, together, under, skin,

tendons, organs2. Epithelial, protects, covering, skin, line,

mouth, throat, digestive3. Muscle, fibers, skeletal, smooth, cardiac,

move, bones, voluntary, involuntary, organs, heart, involuntary

4. Nervous, brain, spinal cord, nerves, neurons

Mystery Organs (pg. 6)1. heart 2. liver 3. skin 4. kidneys 5. pancreas 6. lungs 7. brain 8. small intestine

Scrambled Organs (pg. 7)1. brain 2. eyes 3. esophagus4. heart 5. lungs 6. diaphragm7. stomach 8. pancreas 9. liver

10. kidney 11. bladder 12. small intestine13. bones 14. skin

Body Systems (pg. 8)Answers may vary. Possibilities include:Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord, and

nerves all send messages to control all body functions.

Circulatory System: Heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, and blood circulate food and oxygen to all body cells, as well as carry cell wastes for removal.

Respiratory System: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

Digestive System: Esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, throat, and tongue work together to digest food so that it becomes a form that can be used by the body.

Muscular System: Muscles, tendons, and ligaments control all movement in the body.

Skeletal System: Skull, spine, long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, and marrow support and move the body while protecting organs.

Excretory System: Bladder, kidneys, urethra, ureter, skin, and lungs remove wastes from the body.

Endocrine System: Pancreas, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, and paraythyroids help control the body by releasing chemicals called hormones.

Answer Key

Answer Key

Mitochondria

Cytoplasm

Cell Membrane

Nucleus

Ribosomes

Golgi bodies

Endoplasmic Reticulum



Five Functions of Your Skeletal System (pg. 9)1. shape, support2. move, muscles3. protect, skull, ribs4. marrow, blood, cells5. Calcium/Phosphorus, phosphorus/

calcium, hard

Bones by the Numbers (pg. 10)1. 206 2. 350 3. 28 4. 18 5. 14 6. 12 7. 27 8. 1⁄4 9. 8 10. 33

Bizarre Bones (pg. 11)

What’s in a Bone? (pg. 13)1. periosteum 2. ligaments 3. joints 4. calcium 5. spongy 6. marrow7. cartilage 8. protein 9. compact

Shape Up Those Bones (pg. 14)1. long 2. irregular 3. flat4. short 5. long 6. flat7. irregular 8. short 9. long

What Bone Am I? (pg. 15)1. rib cage, ribs2. humerus, upper arm bone3. cranium, skull

4. femur, thighbone 5. mandible, jawbone 6. ulna, inside lower arm bone 7. radius, outside lower arm bone 8. tibia, shinbone 9. clavicle, collarbone10. tarsals, ankle bones11. pelvis, hipbone12. vertebrae, backbone

Odd Thing Out (pg. 18) 1. change canal to cord 2. change sacral to cervical 3. change cartilage to ligaments 4. change thoracic to sacral 5. change lumbar to thoracic 6. change sacral to cartilage 7. change cervical to lumbar 8. change lumbar to spinal 9. change thoracic to spinal10. change 26 to 33

Which Joint Do You Use? (pg. 20) 1. pivot joint 2. bending knee – hinge joint swinging ankle – gliding joint 3. bending wrist – gliding joint fingers striking keys – hinge joints 4. arm rotating – ball and socket wrist throwing – gliding joint hips moving – ball and socket 5. vertebrae bending – gliding joint arms bending and lifting – hinge joint 6. hips/legs bending – ball and socket pelvis remains steady – immovable joint

The Muscular System (pg. 24) 1. I 2. V 3. V 4. I 5. V 6. V 7. I 8. I 9. V 10. I and V11. Answers will vary. Possibilities include: Eyes: choosing to look, seeing things

automatically and blinking automatically Lungs: breathing automatically vs.

purposefully taking in a deep breath.

Answer Key

A E L H C O C L Y N L U P L L F O R H Z L W N A A K D U Y X O V L S H J A I E W L N R G L F U S N C G M G H I B P R P Y I O R E I R Y N A U N O I P U M B F X O C E K Q D M M T K G K O D W C M N Q J I Q E S Q P H O F O T X O S L O G E R V R B A C N Y B B T U M E R L U R W S M I K A Y K V A I D T B S A Y R M H P N W L S S C E J S I Z L Z E Y N A X E H P X E C M N V W D R U V I S G L T G S X K O G C N F C L A V I C L E J R H Y O I D N E S V P S X B

table of contents - images.carsondellosa.com · i am part of the circulatory system. 2. i am part...

Documents