NGUYN TC NU NNG C BN

NGUYN TC NU NNG C BNCHNG I: LA CHN THC PHM

I.TM QUAN TRNG CA VIC LA CHN THC PHM:

Mn n ngon v cht lng tt khng ch ph thuc yu t k thut m cn do cht lng thc phm quyt nh. Bi vy, ngi ch bin mn n khng nhng cn nm vng k thut m cn phi bit xem xt, la chn thc phm trc khi a vo khu ch bin.

Chn c thc phm c cht lng tt mang mt ngha rt ln. Trc ht, n s m bo cht lng sn phm ch bin ra ngon, t yu cu v dinh dng, gip tit kim c hao ph, gim gi thnh, gip cho qu trnh gia cng ch bin nhanh, m bo nng sut v k thut, ng thi cng gi c sc khe an ton cho ngi n.

II. PHN LOI NGUYN LIU THC PHM:

Nh chng ta bit nc ta l nc nhit i, cy ci bn ma xanh tt , sng ni nhiu b bin di , sinh vt phong ph do vy nguyn liu ch bin mn n rt phong ph, di do. Da vo ngun gc, c im v qu trnh ch bin cc nguyn liu ngi ta co th phn thnh my loi chnh sau y:

1. Nguyn liu gc thc vt:

1.1. Lng thc: c go, ng, khoai, sn l ngun thc n thng dng v cung cp dinh dng ch yu ca nhn dn hng ngy.

1.2. Cc loi u; c u xanh, u en, u nnh, u a, u vnva c th lm thc n trc tip, va c th ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc nh u ph, gi

1.3. Cc loi rau:

a. Rau ti:

Rau n l: c rau ci, rau ngt, mng ti

Rau n thn: c rau mung, dc mng

Rau n c, r: c su ho, c rt

Rau n qu: c chua, bu b, da chut

Rau n hoa: hoa l, hoa chui

Rau n bp: mng, gi

Rau mc bin: rong bin, rau cu

b. Rau kh: c nm hng, mc nh, ht sen, mng kh, c ci kh Rau cha nhiu mui v c v vitamin cc loi cn thit cho c th.

1.4. Loi du m: c du lc, du vng, du ht ci c tc dng cung cp nhit lng, tng mi thm ca thc n. Ngoi ra cn mt s hng liu nh: hoa bi, ht tiu, qu chi, inh hng, sa nhn, tho qu

2. Nguyn liu gc ng vt:2.1. Tht gia sc: thng c ln, tru, b, d, thhm lng nc ni chung ln (t 74-78 %) nu chn gim i mt na, tht gia sc ch nhiu cht bo v m, tht ln c cng dng rng ri nht. Ngoi ra tht la, nga hay th rng nh hu, nai, h, bo, gu cng u n c.

2.2. Tht gia cm: thng c g, vt, ngan, ngng. So vi tht gia sc, tht gia cm nhiu dinh dng hn, Th tht non, mm, v ngon, d tiu ha.

2.3. Ph tng gia sc, gia cm:bao gm no, li, tim, gan, bu dc rt phong ph v hnh thi, mi v, thnh phn sinh t A,B nht l gan c th ch bin nhiu loi mn n, trong c nhng mn n cao cp.

2.4. Thy, hi sn: rt phong v chng loi, thnh phn dinh dng mi loi c khc nhau.

C, c c nc ngt: c chp, c gic, c r, c gyC nc mn: c chim, c thu, c song, c mc thnh phn dinh dng ca c tng ng tht gia sc, gia cm, c b l ngun cung cp it ch yu cho c th

Tm c cc loi tm , tm he, tm cng l mt ngun nguyn liu quan trng. Hu nh ton b con tm u s dng vo n c. Thnh phn dinh dng tng t nh c, ring hm lng C, ln, sinh t A kh cao.

Thy sn c thn cng nh nghu, s, c, hn cng rt thng dng, v ti, hay dng nu canh hoc ch bin mn n c nc.

Ngoi ra cc loi ba ba, ch cng thuc ng vt di nc, l ngun nguyn liu ch bin cc loi mn n c sn.

2.5. Trng c trng g, vt, ngan, ngng, dng ph bin nhiu l trng vt v trng g. Trng cha nhiu m, m, mui, v c, d tiu ha, do trong ch bin phi hp cc nguyn liu khc s lm cho thnh phn dinh dng cao, thc n thm hon thin.

2.6. Sa: c sa b, d, hm lng dinh dng tng i , l ngun cung cp mt s axit amin m lng thc khng c.

2.7. M ng vt: thng dng m ln, b, d, g, vt

2.8. c sn: l loi nguyn liu sn lng t, khai thc kh khn, dinh dng cao, gi thnh t. Hu ht l sn ho, hi vi nh t yn, mng gu, gn hu, bo ng, hi sm, vy bng c

3. Nguyn liu gc khong vt:

Trong ch bin thc n, nguyn liu gc khong vt khng nhiu, ch yu c mui, ngoi ra cn c mt t dim tiu, phn chuaMui bao gm mui b, mui ging, mui m, mui hl nguyn liu iu v chnh trong nu nng.

III. PHNG PHP LA CHN THC:Yu cu chung ca la chn thc phm l phi m bo thc phm ti (nu l thc n ti sng), t tp cht, v trng, ph hp vi yu cu ch bin v gi thnh h.

1.Lng thc

Lng thc l sn phm cung cp chnh v nng lng v cht bt cacbohydrat trong khu phn thc n. Hin nay trn th gii, c nm loi lng thc chnh gm: ng (bp), la nc, la m (tiu mch), sn (khoai m), v khoai ty. Ring nc ta, lng thc chnh c bn loi l la, ng, sn v khoai lang.

Lng thc khi la chn cn cn c vo ti, ng u, kh sch, nng; Phi c nh bng cn thit v mi v bnh thng. Nu lng thc c mu sm, c men mc, mi hi chua l lng thc c, cht lng km, sinh t v dinh dng gim nhiu.

- Go: l loi thc phm dng lng thc cung cp ch yu cht tinh bt. Tinh bt khi vo c th, qua qu trnh chuyn ha s cung cp cho chng ta dng ng n, y l dng nng lng ch yu ca con ngi.

Go mi s gi c hm lng dng cht ch yu l tinh bt, khng c cc thnh phn nm mc. bit c go c mi, ti ngon hay khng chng ta cn quan st v s vo go. Go mi l go kh, khng b m mc, cc ht u nhau, hnh trn hay di ty ging la, trong, khng c, khng xn, khng c mt cm, khng c mu sc bin i. Nu cn th thy ht go gin, khng v vn hay b bc. Ngi mi go c mi thm c trng.

- Ng (Bp): l mt loi thc phm, c s dng ch bin thnh rt nhiu mn n, thc ung nh sp bp, sa bp Ng cn tt cho sc khe, thanh nhit, b sung thm vo thc n ca ngi b to bn. la chn, bo qun ng ng cch, an ton ph thuc theo yu cu ch bin ca tng mn n. Nn la chn nhng bp ng chc (khi cm trn tay), c v xanh bn ngoi, ht bp u, ng mt, ti sng.

-Khoai m (sn): Khi mua chn c khng chy ch, khng c nhng ng mu xanh dc theo c. Sau khi bc v cn ngm nc trong nhiu gi lm gim bt lng acid cyanhydric gy ng c, c khi cht ngi.

Khoai lang: Nn chn c khoai lang cn cng, ti, khng b thm, dp nt, b nt, st hay gy vn, khng c chy nha, khng c h, sng, khng c su b, khng ln thuc tr su, khng c mi hi chua, mc meo, hoc mi v g l. Khng nn mua c to qu d b x, m ch nn chn c c va. Nhng c b r, c mu en l nhng c b h, hng khng n c. Khng nn bo qun khoai lang trong t lnh, khoai s nhanh chng b hng v b mt mi v, b ho. Nn ni thong mt, khng bc kn trong ti nilon, khng ni m thp.

2. Rau qu

La chn rau qu ti: Vo ma kh, d lng thuc tr su cn st li trn rau qu thng cao hn l trong ma ma v nc ma s lm tri bt nhng thuc cn st li trn rau qu.

Ch yu cn c vo thi v v mc ti, rau ng ma thng t x, xp, cn ci, v khng ng, non, ngt, n ngon v b nh:

- Rau mung: Thi v gn nh quanh nm, tt nht l nhng thng ma nhiu. Nn chn loi c ngn non, thng, vn di, cng to, l xanh v khng su. Chn nhng m rau ngn nh, nhn hi cng nhng n li rt gin v ngon. Rau mung c th luc, nu canh, lm da, nm hoc n sng. Tuy nhin, khi chn bn nn trnh nhng m rau c ngn non vn di m mng v rau d b ngi trng phun thuc kch thch.

- Rau ci xanh: Thi v thng vo thng 9 n thng ging nm sau. Nn chn loi non, l xanh, mng, cung to, dng nu canh, luc hoc xo.

- Rau ngt: Ma t thng 7 n thng 3 nm sau. Nn chn nhng m l non mt, khng su dng nu canh, hm, xo. Rau ngt khng nn chn nhng m qu non, l to, mng. Nn chn nhng m l va phi, dy, sm mu.

- Su ho: ma cng vo thng 11, chn c non, u, chc tay, khng nt v r nh. C th dng xo, nu, lm da gp, phi kh dm dm.

- Bp ci: u ma vo khong thng 11, nn chn nhng bp cun cht, l dy, u l khp kn, khng xe, cung nh, chc tay, khng ngm nc, dng luc, nu canh, hm, xo.

- C chua: chn nhng qu hng, chc tay, rn, khng dp ng, cung ti, ngon nht l c chua hng c rut, nhiu sinh t. C chua dng nu canh, xo, om, lm nc st.

Mp ng:

Nhng qu mp ng to, mu xanh m, mt mt, thn phnh to, da lng bng l nhng qu hi t cy bn nhiu m, cht kch thch sinh trng nn cht lng s km v thng b nhim c khi n. Nn chn nhng qu c kch thc va phi theo loi ging trng, mt v c nhiu gn nh li ti dng th s an ton v cht lng.

-Mng: Ni chung c t thng 3 tr i. Mng ti (mng tre, mng vu) chn nhng cy ngn, dy t, gc to, ngn ti mp. Mng kh chn th dy kh ging nh li ln ngm nc s n to, n ngon.

-B : Ma t thng 4, 5 n thng 7, 8. Chn qu c cung, da cn hi xanh, cm nng tay, bng vo qu b nghe bm bp, gin. Qu no v chc, gin l gi tt, co lp da ngoi cng thy xanh th rut b s rt , n ngon. B thng dng nu canh, xo nu vi tht hoc nu ch.

-Mp: Ma t thng 4 n thng 6. C hai loi qu chnh: mp hng qu nh, v trng, t x n thm ngon. Mp tru qu to, v xanh, nhiu x khng ngon bng, nn chn nhng qu bnh t (khng non, khng gi) rn, nng tay, cung ti. Mp thng dng nu canh hoc xo.

-u c ve: Khi gp nhng qu u c ve di, bng, t lng t, phn t r, khng c vt su bnh th l u c bn nhiu phn bn l, c phun thuc ha hc tr su vo thi gian st khi thu hoch, n loi u ny d b c hi. Nn chn u c cung mu xanh ti, thn mm, ht khng ln, khng nh.

-Gi: Nhng cng gi trn ln, thn trng nn, t r l gi c ngm ha cht. Loi gi ny khi xo s c nc c, n khng ngon v d gy c hi, ngi mua cn trnh. Khi mua gi nn chn gi cong queo, nhiu r v mua v nht r khng b c.

-Bu, b xanh: Nn chn tri sung va mi hi, da cn xanh mn, cn nha v cn phn (lng mng). B ao nn chn tri thng, da tht xanh, cn lng t, nng tay, bm nh mng tay ta thy cm gic mm, cung b ln l b non, t rut, t ht gi.

-Khoai ty: Khng chn c mc mm. Trng hp khoai ty mc mm trong qu trnh tn tr gia nh, phi khot b tt c cc chn mm. Nu mm mc qu nhiu, khng nn s dng na v ch khoai mc mm cha nhiu solanin c th gy ng c.

-Cam: Chn cam chn, y ng vng, cm nng tay, cn cnh l. Cm qu cam trn tay, thy nh l qu t nc, xp, kh. Khng nn chn cam mu vng ti, rng cung l do b chn p, su hi, ong chch... Nn chn qu mu vng m g, chim t nht 1/3 qu, da bng lng, c m m, v mng. Khng chn qu cam snh qu to, da sn si, vng che mt bn - qu b rm nng, nn v dy, sng kh, t nc, khng ngt.

.-Bi: chn c bi ngon ngt, mng nc, cn ch ti phn v bn ngoi: da bng, gai n, tri trn v khi cm ln phi nng tay. Nhiu ngi khng n nhng nt gai trn v bi, nhng chnh l du hiu gip bn nhn bit tri bi gi hay non, bi cng gi th nt gai trn v cng ln.

-Qut: C hai loi qut: qut ta c mu vng cam rt p, tri p, t nc trng. Qut ng chn v mng, da cng, chn vng, cn cnh l, bp mm tay v n hi, khng b dp, cung ti, u t n u. C nhng tri qut bng da, ti cung nhng bn bp thy hi cng, khng n hi, l nhng tri qut non hoc sng - t nc.

-V sa: Tm v xanh, ta nn chn v sa ht g, v mng, nh tri, cm dy, da lng.

-Nhn: Gm hai loi da b v da giy. Nhn da b tht chc, khng nhiu nc.

i vi nhn lng Hng Yn: qu to, v gai, trng dy. Mu vng sm hn, ti lu v c hi v vn chuyn, tiu th ngay.Nhn lng c ci dy v kh, ht nh nhng mng nc. V thm ngt nh ng phn. y qu c 2 d ci lng xp rt kht (khc hn nhn khc).

-Xoi: Trong cc loi xoi th xoi ct l ngon nht. c bit l xoi ct Ha Lc. Khi chn xoi phi chn qu ti ngon, khng xy xt. Ta c th kim tra bng cch cu vo cung v ngi. Nu cung c mi thm, c tinh du ngha l qu ti v khng cht bo qun.

Ngoi ra, qu xoi phi chn vng v cm chc tay. Khng nn chn nhng qu xanh, nn thy mm tay l qu non, c thu hi sm ct gi c lu. Nhng qu chn vng, rn l qu di gc nn ngon, ngt hn...

- Chui: Chui bom, chui gi Chui gi hng n do, ngt, thm. Chui cau tri mu vng, nh hn chui bom. Chui s (chui xim) xim en ngt hn xim trng. Khi chn chui nn chn da qu thng c chm mu en (chui trng cuc). Chui c mu vng chm hng, c nhng vch mu en. Ngoi v c np nhn. Khng nn chn nhng qu c v mu vng, khng t vt.

-Da hu: Chn v en, cng, bng nghe cc cc, b thy nng tay, c nhiu ng gn, v bng, cung xanh nh, ho kh li l gi.. Cn nhng qu da c cung ho do hi non nn cung khng teo li. Nm da trn u, hi lm xung. Xem t qu da ln hay b (cng b cng tt). ng thi xem n c lm vo hay khng, lm v cng su th cng ngt. i vi qu da hnh cu ta phi ch , nu n lm su th thng l qu chn qu. Phn gip t ca qu da cng vng cng tt, nu c xanh v hi vng l qu da cn non. Ngoi ra, trnh da xp v qu gi, khi chn cn chn qu trn u, nng tng xng kch c. Sau , t hoc m tri da, nu nghe ting ku trm c l da chn, khng b xp.

-Mng cu (na): Chn da cng lin nhau, mng cu la (v hi ng ) ngt hn mng cu xanh. Nn chn qu c v mm l mng cu dai, v cng l mng cu b. La qu gai to, mu trng ng khng thm en v nt n. Mng cu b chn qu trn, mt to, k mt trng, da xanh non, cung nh, chn mm khng nt. Mng cu dai v ngt, t ht hn mng cu b, la qu c v mng, mt n v phng, hi nt nhng vn cn cung, l mng cu chn cy, n ngt v thm. Cch chn la mng cu xim: Tt nht nn chn mng cu xim ca min Ty, v vng t u i cho ging mng cu c v ngt thanh. Chn tri cn ti v to, dy cm.

3. Tht gia sc

3.1. Tht ln

Nu chn ln sng cn cn c 4 tiu chun: u nh, da mng c mu sng bng, c rn chc, bo, xng b. Ln loi ngon thn hnh bo cn xng (vai n, da nhn, ngc phnh, tht lng dy, t l tht khong 70%).

Nu tht ln lm lng th chn loi da mng, m dy bng, mu sc trng, nc mu hng, tht rn chc. Khng chn loi tht nho, mu sm, c mi v khc. Gn sn, ng xng lin ty, th tht kt cu cht ch, n hi tt.

i: i g (i lin) luc hoc kho tu. Lm nhn bnh nn chn nc dm. Nc lng dng nng, rim, ch bng.

M: dng thng gm m lng, m gy, dy bu trng trong. M sa nhiu nc nhng ng nhit thng v khng c mi thm nh m tht. M chi: c dng nh khn lm pate, ch m, b cun. Chn m chi khng dnh lng v rch.

Tht ba ch nn chn da mng, m trong, mn, c nhiu tht lm b cun, gi cun.

Gi heo nn chn gi trc d lc xng.

Sn: sn c u sn l sn non, sn gn xng sng th gi ch dng nu nc dng.

Xng ng v xng ui nu nc dng trong v ngt.

3.2. Tht b

Tht b ci ngon hn b c, nn chn loi tht c th kh ro, mu ti. Tht b tt b mt c lp mng mng, cha kh, trn nhn, khng nhn nheo, da mng, m dy. M c loi trng, loi vng. Loi vng nht, nh bng ti sng, mt tht kt cu cht, c tnh n hi, nc canh tht trong. Tht b xu b mt c lp mng cng kh, nhn, th, mu xn, kt cu th tht nho, c mi i, nc canh c.

Tht b chn loi tht c mu ti, kh ro, x tht mn. Tht ngon nht l phi l, sau n tht i.

B kho th dng tht bp chui hoc tht bc nhc.

M b c mu vng ti (phn bit: m tru c mu trng). ui b, chn b dng nu ng.

Tht b mm, khng mi, dng xo ln.

4. Tht gia cm

G, vt, ngan, ngng ni chung nn chn nhng con bo, khe, nhanh nhn. Nu con trng, c mo ti, lng mt, c nh bng v tht chc.

Nhng con c ng chm chp, r, bt khng giy gia, mo tm, m si bt, mt t, lng rng hoc dnh bn l loi c bnh, khng nn n.

4.1. Tht g

Chn g: Chn con khe mnh, mo ti, da v lng mm mi, l chn lng nh, hu mn khng t v , i to, chc, chn nh.

G mi ngon hn g trng. G mi t, mt sng, mo , c dy, hu mn kh ro, xch nng tay, nu nui nn chn chn m.

G mi du mp, khng , di bng tri lng, nu lm g rt xng nn mua g mi du.

Gi g nn chn nhng con g va mi ln hoc g mi t.

G cng nghip tht mm, mau chn, nn chn con c trng lng 2 kg tr ln.

Nu mua g lm sn nn chn con c mu vng nht bi vng m c th do ngi bn ngm vo nc c pha bt st.

4.2. Tht vt

Chn mua con trng thnh v bo, c trn, da c v da bng dy, mc lng, m nh v hi cng, xch thy nng tay, lng cnh mu vng, phao cu dy, lng cnh ra , khng nn chn vt gi. Vt gi m cong v cng. Vt non m dp v mm. Vt dng nu cc mn: vt nu thm, tim, hon. Tht vt c ngon hn vt ci.

4.3. Chim b cu

Chn b cu mi ra rng, c dy. B cu quay, t l, tim b cu, chim p tn yn l mn n cao cp.

5. Thy hi sn

5.1. C

- Mt c: C ti mt s li v trong sut, gic mc n hi. Nu thy mt c lm vo trong hc mt, c mu c v gic mc mt nhn nheo hoc rch nt th l nhng biu hin ca c n.

- Hu mn: C ti c hu mn (trn) tht su vo bn trong, c mu trng nht v bng c lp, cn c n th hu mn mu hng hay bm, li ra ngoi, bng c phnh to.

- Mang c: C ti c mu hng, dnh cht vi hoa kh, khng nht, khng c mi hi. Mang c n mu xm, khng dnh cht vi hoa kh, c nht, c mi hi.

- Vy c: C ti c vy ng nh, bm cht vi thn c, khng c nim dch, khng c mi hi. Vy c n khng sng ng nh, d trc khi thn c.

Ngoi ra, ming c ti ngm kn, cn c n, i th ming h m. Tht c ti rn chc, n hi, khng li vt n ca ngn tay vo tht c. Cn c n th ngc li.

5.2. Tm, tp

Ni chung nn chn loi cn ng y, mu v cn xanh. Trng hp cht nhng u ui vn hon chnh, thn vn gi c cong nht nh, v cn sng, tht cn chc v non th cht lng vn cn tt.

Tm t nn chn tm cn sng, to con. Khi luc hay rang c mu .

Tm bc l loi tm c v mm v trng dng chin bnh xo. Tm bc th to hn tm bc thng dng qut lm ch, chn tm tht trong, u mnh cn nguyn vn.

Chn tm nc ngt. Chn mua tm quan trng l phi chn c nhng con cn ti, m bo gi tr dinh dng v ch bin mn n c ngon. Mun chn tm ti cn ch mt s im sau:

- V tm: Tm ti c v cng v sng mn, trong khi tm n v mt i sng bng.

- Mu sc: Con tm khi ti c mu xanh v khng ng vng, cn tm b n th thng b ng sang mu hi .

- Mi: Tm ti khng c mi kh chu, cn tm b n t nhiu cng s bc ra mi kh chu.

c bit khi chm vo con tm, nu thy cng tm b rng hoc u b ri ra th cng l tm b n, nn trnh mua nhng con tm ny. Cn nhng con tm ti v khe, khi b chm vo chng thng nhy ln hoc ng nguy chn lin hi, y l nhng con tm nn chn mua.

5.3. Cua: C hai loi

Cua ng: C mu tm nu bn riu. Cua ci n ngon hn v nhiu gch vng v bo. Cua ci khc vi cua c ch ym to. Nn chn loi cua cn sng. Loi cht, nu x mai ra gch cn c th vn n c, nu gch va khng nn n.

Cua bin: Nn chn cua cn sng, chc th, bm hai bn ym thy cng, v dy th cua chc, cua c nhiu tht v gch hn cua ci, cua ci c ym ch u.

5.4. S

Nn chn con cn sng, ngi khng c mi hi, nng tay (s h ming v khi s vo th ming s khp cht li).

5.5. c

Nn la c cn sng (dng tay ng nh vo ci mi c th c s khp kn mi li). c mp th mi c gn pha ngoi v c. Tri li, nu c cht hay m th mi tht su vo trong v c (s c mi hi).

6. La chn hi sn kh

6.1. Mc kh

Trn th trng thng gp hai loi mc l mc di v mc hnh bu dc. Mc kh ngon nguyn con mnh chc, bng sch, tht dy, mu hng nht ti sng.

Loi km cht lng hn thng c nhng m mu thm trong phn thn v lng, hai mt c nhng nt mu nht.

6..2 Bo ng kh

Loi ngon phi nguyn con, kh chc, c mu vng nht hoc hng phn, gn nh trong sut v c mi thm nh.

6.3. Tm kh

Loi ngon c kch c ng u, mu hng sm, nh, c v nht, mnh kh.

6.4. S kh

c lm t cc loi s ti nh s dng, s ip, s huyt... sau khi luc chn tch v ra sch em phi kh. Loi ngon c mu nh vng, b mt c nhng ht nh mu trng, ht khng b nt vn, khng c tp cht, tht chc dy, cng, c mi thm c trng, v nht.

6.5. Hu kh

Thng c hai loi, sng v chn. Tht hu ngon phi chc, khng vn, mt ngoi khng ln ct v v s vn, c mu vng. Nu thn nh mng, c m hi ln mu en l loi km cht lng.

Ch bin hi sn ng cch

Sau khi mua hi sn nh tm, mc, nu cha ch bin ngay, nn ct vo ngn lnh nht trong t lnh. Bn c th gi chng 1-2 ngy. Ring cc loi c, s, nghu, khng nn cho vo ti nylon, ct cht ming v chng cng cn c th. Tt nht, nn gi loi hi sn ny trong ti vi sch, rc nc ln cho c m, khng cn gi trong t lnh. Trc lc ch bin, nn loi b nhng con cht, ra hi sn di vi nc sch.

Khi r ng, nn hi sn trong ngn mt qua m. Nu cn dng nhanh, bn c th t chng di vi nc lnh hoc cho vo l vi sng. Khng nn r ng hi sn bng cch ngm vo nc m hoc ra ngoi nhit bnh thng trnh nhim khun. Hi sn ng lnh cn thi gian di r ng mi m bo c hng v v dinh dng.

7. Trng

Trng tt l nhng qu trng ti n ngon, b, m bo sc khe. Trng ti th v sch, mt v hi ram rp ch khng nhn bng nh trng p, khng c m, vt v hin tng rn nt, nhc ln thy nng tay. Soi trng di nh sng mt tri hoc n thy bung khng kh u trng h t, ton qu trng trong sut hoc hi hng v khng c bng en ca lng hi lch v bn cnh. Ngc li vi tnh trng trn l trng xu, khng nn n.

IV. PHNG PHP BO QUN THC PHM

Trong cc c s ch bin thc n cng cng, nh hng khch sn, thc phm c th mua v em ch bin ngay, song c nhng th phi d tr mt thi gian ngn mi a ra ch bin. Qu trnh d tr do nhng bin i ca cc thnh phn vn c trong thc phm v tc ng ca cc yu t bn ngoi, thc phm s d b thay i, gi tr dinh dng gim dn. V vy, vic chm sc bo qun tt thc phm va l nhm mc ch gi cho thc phm khi b hao ht v mt s lng, va nhm ko di thi gian s dng v gi tr dinh dng cc thc phm sn c.

1. Nguyn nhn gy nn s bin cht ca nguyn liu:

1. Vi sinh vt: gm nhng sinh vt nh li ti nh vi khun, men, nm, mc, chng c th lm cho nguyn liu bin i mu sc, mi v, qunh, cui cng b h hng thi ra khng dng c. Ni chung vi sinh vt c rt nhiu trong t, nc, khng kh v rt d xm nhp vo nguyn liu.

2. Trng b: nh mi, kin, gin, chut, rui chng va c th trc tip n gy hao ht v mt s lng va c th lm bin cht cc nguyn liu ct tr trong kho, nht l rui, chut cn mang theo nhiu loi vi trng sinh bnh nguy him nhim vo thc phm.

3. Nhit : Nhit mt mc no s lm cho thc phm bin cht nh tht chng thiu, i, c n, trng va, rau qu ng vng, ng dp.

4. m: m khng kh c nh hng rt ln ti qu trnh ct tr thc phm. Vi sinh vt trng b rt d hot ng v pht trin iu kin m t. m cao thng lm cho thc phm mc, vn cc, ln men

5. nh sng: nh sng mt tri khi chiu trc tip vo thc phm c th lm cho mt s thc phm bin mu, ho a, mt thnh phn dinh dng, c khi cn lm thay i cm mi v nh du m c mi kht

6. Mi trng v sinh: nhiu thc phm rt d b dnh bi, hoc nhim mi v khc do mi trng ct tr, chng hn nh chung rau vi c th rau rt d nhim mi c.

2. Cc phng php bo qun

2.1. Phng php vt l

2.1.1. Phng php lm kh

Thc phm thng c m cao, to thun li cho vi sinh vt pht trin. Mun thc phm c bo qun lu hn, phi lm kh thc phm, khng cho vi sinh vt pht trin.

2.1.1.1. Phng php sy t nhin (phi nng)

L phng php dng nhit ca nh sang lm kh sn phm. Thch hp bo qun cho cc loi ng cc, cc loi hi sn p mui nh tm, c,mc i vi rau qu c th hong kh khng cn nng.

2.1.1.2. Phng php sy nhn to

L phng php lm kh mt lng ln sn phm trong thi gian ngn. c tin hnh trong thit b nh c tc nhn sy, iu chnh nhit sy. C nhiu phng php sy nhn to nh sy kh, sy phun, sy thng hoa Phng php sy kh thng p dng sy kh cc loi khoai sn. Sy phun v sy thng hoa dung trong bo qun sa.

2.1.2. Phng php s dng nhit2.1.2.1. Phng php nhit thp

Lm lnh

L phng php lm lnh ch yu bo qun rau qu ti. Nhit bo qun xung gn 00C. nhit ny, cc tinh th nc cha xut hin, h thng men trong thc phm, vi sinh vt yu i, km hm s bin i cht v l, ha, sinh v hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Thi gian bo qun bng phng php ny c th vi ngy hoc vi thng.

Lm lnh ng (ng lnh)

L phng php h nhit ca thc phm xung di nhit ng bng ca dung dch nc ca thc phm. Phn ln nc trong thc phm bi ng bng, hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt b kim ch r rt. Bo qun tht, c nhit -32 n -350C, rau qu -20 n -270C.

2.1.2.2. Phng php nhit cao

L phng php dung nhit cao 60-800C tiu dit vi sinh vt c trong thc phm v loi b cc vi sinh vt gy h hng ko di thi gian s dng. Ngi thng dung phng php ny thanh trng hp bng phng php kh trng vi nhit trn 1000C trong thi gian di.

2.1.3. Phng php ht chn khng

phng php ny, ngi ta t nhng sn phm thc phm vo nhng bao b khng thm kh v ht khng kh trong ra, to ra mt mi trng chn khng. Phng php ny thng kt hp vi cc phng php vt l khc, thng l phng php lm lnh v lnh ng.

2.2. Phng php ha hc

S dng cc cht ha hc c ch cc tc nhn lm bin i thnh phn ha hc trong thc phm. Ch yu l c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, cng nh h enzyme cho chng tit ra, lm cn tr qu trnh t bin i ca thc phm.

Cc cht cho vo thc phm phi c tnh khng khun, khng nm mc v khng nm men mnh, c tnh chng oxy ha xy ra trong qu trnh bo qun v ch bin thc phm. Khng gy c cho ngi s dng, khng lm thay i tnh cht l, ha ca thc phm. Khng to ra nhng phn ng ph, sn phm c hi trong thc phm. Cc cht bo qun ha hc thng c s dng dng ha tan, thng l SO2, nitrit (NO2), nitrat (NO3), aciad benzoic, acid sorbic, acid acetic, CO2, O3.

2.3. Phng php sinh hc (ln men)

L phng php s dng cc vi sinh vt ln men to ra acid lm thay i mi trng pH, mi trng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy h hng thc phm v ko di thi gian bo qun thc phm. Trong qu trnh ln men cc vi khun ln men tit ra acid lactic v acid acetic lm acid ha mi trng, lm kim hm, tiu dit vi khun gy h hng cho thc phm.

CHNG II: XY DNG THC NMt ba n hp l l ba n c s phi hp cc loi thc phm vi y cc cht dinh dng cn thit theo t l thch hp cung cp cho nhu cu ca c th v nng lng v v cc cht dinh dng. thc hin c mt ba n hp l, (ba n gia nh thng ngy, ba n cui tun hay ba n lin hoan) chng ta cn phi tnh ton v lp k hoch trin khai p ng yu cu nh: trong ba n , chng ta n ci g, n nh th no, mn no n trc, mn no n sau, mn no n km vi mn no... V vy, chng ta phi xy dng thc n cho mi ba n.

I. KHI NIM

1. Thc n

Thc n l bng danh mc ghi li tt c nhng mn n d nh s phc v trong ba n gia nh thng ngy, ba tic lin hoan, chiu i, ba n c theo trnh t nht nh Mi t nc, mi dn tc u c thc n ring, trnh t sp xp v cc mn n trong thc n phn nh phn no phong tc tp qun v n ung v s di do, phong ph v s lng, cht lng thc phm, trnh vn minh, vn ha ca dn tc .

2. Xy dng thc n

Xy dng thc n l ln k hoch, thit k v sp xp cc mn n, thc ung d nh phc v trong thc n mt cch a dng v hp l.

II. CC YU T NH HNG N VIC XY DNG THC N

1. Nhu cu nng lng

y l yu t cn thit duy tr sc khe. Nu dinh dng khng hp l, d thiu hoc tha nng lng trong khu phn n u khng tt cho c th. c th duy tr s sng, lm vic v ngay c lc ngh ngi con ngi lc no cng cn c lng nng lng nht nh.

a. Chuyn ha c: cho cc c quan chc nng lm c vic nh h hp, tiu ha, tun hon trong lc ngh ngi.

b. Sinh hot: l i ng, c sch bo

c. Lao ng: ty theo tnh cht ngh nghip, ty theo la tui, gii tnh, kh hu m c nhu cu nng lng thay i.

Theo nhiu nghin cu, mt ngi bnh thng sng min nhit i c nhu cu nng lng thay i theo mt s i tng sau:

TuiTrng lng (kg)Nhu cu nng lng (Kcalo)

1-3 tui

4-6 tui

7-9 tui

10-12 tui

13-15 tui

Ph n

Nam gii11

15

20

26

39

40

45

50

50

55

601100

1400

1800

2100

2600

1800

2000

2000

2600

2900

3000

Nu chi th thao th cng thm vi trm Kcal. Ngoi ra, nhu cu nng lng cn thay i ty theo cng v thi gian lao ng.

Loi lao ng (gm 5 loi)Nhu cu nng lng (Kcalo)

Nh (tr tu)

Va

Nng va

Nng

Rt nng2000- 2400

2600- 2800

3000- 3200

3400- 3800

> 4000

Thc n l ngun cung cp nng lng duy nht cho c th, nn cht lng ba n phi hp l. Theo khoa hc dinh dng, nn phn phi nh sau: bui sng 25%, bui tra 40%, n x 10% v bui ti l 25%. Ngoi vic gii quyt tha ng nhu cu v nng lng chng ta phi ch cn i cc cht. Cht dinh dng gm 3 loi: glucid, lipid, protid. Ngoi ra, cn c cc loi vitamin, mui khong. Bi vy, ch khi no cc cht ny t l cn i v hp l th c th mi hp thu v s dng tt c.

Glucid: 60-70%

Lipid: 18-27%

Protid: 12-15%

Hoc theo trng lng: P: 1, L:1, G: 5

T s P v/Ptv: 0,5 - 1

L v/L tv: 1 - 1,5

T s Ca/Pht pho: 0,7 cho ngi ln v 1 i vi tr em.

1g P cho 4 Calo

1g L cho 9 Calo

1g G cho 3 Calo

2. ngha

Da vo ngha ca tng ba n m ta xy dng thc n cho hp l.

3. Ngn qu

Da vo s lng ngn qu cho php m chng ta xy dng thc n ph hp.

4. Ma mng, thi tit

Thi tit, ma mng cng nh hng n vic xy dng thc n. Ngi xy dng thc n phi bit cch chn la thc phm theo ma v thi tit c mt thc n y lng v cht dinh dng m t tn ngn qu.

5. i tng phc v

Vic xy dng thc n ph thuc vo tng i tng phc v c th. Mi i tng c nhu cu nng lng khc nhau do , cn cc thc n khc nhau.

III. NGUYN TC XY DNG THC N

1. S lng v cht lng mn n ph hp vi tnh cht ca ba n

i vi ba n thng ngy th thc n c t 3, 4 n 5 mn. Thng s dng cc loi thc phm thng dng, ph bin, d tm, ch bin n gin. Cc nguyn tc t chc ba n hp l trong gia nh l:

Nhu cu ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh.

iu kin ti chnh.

S cn bng cht dinh dng

Thay i mn n

Mm cm gia nh

* Mun t chc mt ba n chu o cn phi:

Xy dng thc n

Chn la thc phm cho thc n

Ch bin mn n

Trnh by bn n v thu dn sau khi n

i vi ba c, lin loan, chiu i th thc n dn t 4-5 mn tr ln. Thng s dng thc phm cao cp, ch bin cng phu, trnh by p.

2. Cu trc thc n

Thc n phi cc mn n chnh theo c cu ca ba n, c th chia mn n thnh cc loi sau:

Cc mn canh hoc sp

Cc mn rau c trn hoc gi

Cc mn ngui: gi, ch, dm bng, tht ngui, tht quay, tht x xu, xc xch.

Cc mn xo: tht xo cn ty, bng ci xo tm tht, mc xo, u h xo, u que xo, gi xo, rau mung xo

Cc mn mn: c kho, tht kho, tht sn rm mn, g xo xo t, tm kho tu.

Cc mn trng ming: bnh ngt, tri cy..

Mi loi thc n cn c cc loi thc n va nu v c th thay i mn n theo tng loi thc n ca cc nhm, ty theo yu cu ca tng thc n.

3. Ph hp vi cc iu kin thc t

iu kin kinh t: Thc n s ph thuc vo s tin c chi cho ba n.

iu kin thi tit: Da vo iu kin v kh hu, thi tit m chng ta xy dng thc n hp hp l:

+ i vi ma nng: n cc mn n c nhiu nc, t bo, t gia v kch thch, d tiu.

+ i vi ma lnh: n cc mn n t nc, nhiu cht bo, cht ng bt.

iu kin nguyn liu: Thc phm theo thi v, ma no thc n ny, c sn ti a phng, d tm, m bo v s lng cng nh cht lng thc phm v chi ph thp.

4. m bo yu cu v mt dinh dng ca ba n v hiu qu kinh t

Cn bng dinh dng gia cc nhm. Thc n cn bo m cc cht dinh dng: 4 nhm thc phm P, L, G, Vitamin v mui khong.

Nn thay th nhiu loi thc phm khc nhau trong cng mt nhm. Cng mt loi thc phm phi s dng cho tt c cc ch n, i tng trong ba n.

Chn mn n thch hp vi iu kin kinh t ca gia nh. Thc n s dng nhng thc phm sn c ca a phng, ph hp theo ma: va m bo dinh dng va r tin, n ngon ming, c hiu qu kinh t.

V d: Ma h nng nc, trong thc n thng s dng cc mn n nhiu nc nh canh c, tm, cua, hn c bit l mn canh chua c tc dng gii nhit.

i vi ba n gia nh hng ngy nn ln thc n theo tun: ph hp vi vic s dng loi thc phm v vic bo qun thc phm, vic chun b thc phm trong ch bin cng ch ng hn.

Thc n cn thay i lin tc, ngi dng ngn. V d: ba tra n tht, ba chiu n c.

IV. THC N DNH CHO CC BA TIC

Ty vo hon cnh v iu kin kinh t sn c, kt hp vi tnh cht ca ba n lin quan m chun b thc n cho ph hp.

1. Tic t phc v

Trong ba n ny, thc n c xy dng bao gm nhiu mn khc nhau, k c v cht lng, s lng mn n. Cc mn trng ming v thc ung c by trn mt chic bn, cc dng nh: dao, mung, na, chn, da, ly... c by sn v tr d ly, khch t chn mn n no tu thch, ph hp vi nhu cu ca mnh.

2. Tic c phc v

Thc n c n nh trc: Ty theo tng trng hp c th, s lng ngi n, kinh ph... m thc n s ch r s lng mn n.

S mn n: 4-5 mn tr ln. Ty theo iu kin vt cht, ti chnh, thc n c th tng cng lng v cht.

C cu mn n: Thc n thng c k nh sau:

Sp: mn n ny c mt hoc khng c trong thc n ty thuc vo s thch ca ngi s dng

Mn n khai v (nu c): chua, tht ngui, gi, nem, ch...

Mn n chi (sau khai v): thng l nhng mn chin, xo, hp....

Mn n no ( mn chnh,giu m ): gm nhng mn nu, n km bnh m

Mn n thm: rau, canh ( hoc lu): gm nhng mn canh, lu, tim, n km bn, m hoc cm.

Mn trng ming: tri cy hoc bnh ngt

Thc ung: ru khai v, nc ngt, nc khong, nc tr, bia....

Thc phm cn thay i a dng ha loi tht, c, rau c....

Tht: nn c heo, b, g, tm, cua...

Rau c: nn chn va c rau l, va c rau c hoc rau tri...

Phi tn trng trnh t ca cc mn n ghi trong thc n: mn no dn n trc, mn no dn n sau cng vi v nc chm thch hp. Trnh a nhng mn tng t ra cng mt lc.

3. Xy dng thc n

Chn mn n thuc cc th loi va nu phn c cu mn n (mi loi 1 mn) cu to thnh thc n theo ng thnh phn v c cu. Cn m bo:

Tnh cht ca tng ba tic: tic mn, tic bn, tic t chn, t phc v...

S ngi d tic

S mn n

Lng thc n cn dng

Kh nng ti chnhCHNG III: GIA V TRONG CH BIN MN NI.KHI NIM:

Gia v l nhng loi thc phm, rau thm (thng c tinh du) hoc cc hp cht ha hc cho thm vo mn n, c th to nhng kch thch tch cc nht nh ln c quan v gic, khu gic v th gic i vi ngi m thc. Gia v lm cho thc n c cm gic ngon hn, kch thch h thng tiu ha ca ngi n khin thc phm d tiu ha, ng thi c th ch ha theo nhng nguyn l tng sinh, m dng phi trin i vi cc loi thc phm c bit.

II. PHN LOI GIA V:

A.Phn loi theo ngun gc:

1.Gia v c ngun gc thc vt: gm nt s loi rau gia v

- Cc loi l: nguyt qu, hnh hoa, rau rm, h, hng thm, hng ch, cc tn, mi tu, ng, ta t, th l, l chanh, l i, l inh lng, cn ty, ti ty, l xng sng, l lt, l qu, l gc, l gng, l cc tn, l m tam th, l t, l mc mt, l bi, kinh gii, ng om, rau mi, hng tho, l me, l da- Cc loi qu: mc mt, chanh, bi, t, tho qu, da xanh, chui xanh, kh chua, qu me, qu dc, qu su- Cc loi ht: ht tiu, ht ng, ht di- Cc loi c: s, ring, gng, ti, hnh ty, c ning, hnh c, ngh, c kiu, bt aoCc loi thc vt khc: qu chi, i hi, dng tiu hi, sa nhn, inh hng, bt dnh dnh, nm hng, nm ng c, nc g vang, nc da, nc ct da- Cc loi gia v c ch bin, phi trn hn hp: tng, tng en, tng t, thnh, m tt, du thc vt, b thc vt,, chao, mt s loi nc st nh st mayonnaise, kem, ng v hng, hng lu, bt cri- Mt s loi rau mui chua, mt s loi thuc bc (to tu, k t, sa nhn, sm, cam tho v.v.), cc loi rau ngt nh rau sng v.v.

2. Gia v c ngun gc ng vt- Mm cc loi (lm t c, tm, cua, cy, ri, tp v.v.) nh mm tm, mm tp, mm tm chua, mm ri, mm cy, mm cua ng, mm b hc, mm ba kha, mm nm- Cc loi nc mm lm t c (nh c cm, c thu, c chm, c i, c ngt v.v.)- Tinh du c cung, long din hng, pho, ti mt ca mt s ng vt, m ln, sa, b ng vt, du ho- Mt s loi tht ng vt ly cht ngt nh s sng, tm nn- Gia v khc: mt ong- Gia v ln men vi sinh- M, dm thanh, bng ru, ru trng, ru vang3. Gia v c ngun gc v c- Acid citric (to chua, thay th cho chanh), mui n, ng, m chnh, bt ngt, bt canh, ng thng

B. Phn loi theo v:1. V NGT

1.1. M chnh (Bt ngt )

Xut x

Nm 1908, gio s Kikunae Ikeda, trng ai hoc Tokyo, a chng minh c rng glutamate ma ng trch ly t tao bin kh to nn v ngt c trng (ging v ngt tht) cho cac mon canh va nc dung trong mon n cua Nht v ng t tn cho v ca glutamate l v umami. Nm 1909, m chnh c thng mi ha vi thnh phn chnh l glutamate gip cung cp v umami m cho cc mn n. Hn 100 nm qua, m chnh c s dng rng ri ti hn 100 quc gia trn th gii.

Tnh cht

M chnh l mt loi gia v c v umami vi thnh phn chnh l glutamate, dng tinh th mu trng, khng mi, d ha tan trong nc v c v ngt du trong nc gn ging nh v ca tht nn c 3 u im sau:

- Khng nh hng ti mi ca mn n.

- Khng lm nh hng ti mu sc ca mn n. Mi mn n c mt mu sc ring theo yu cu ca k thut ch bin nh: mu ca c chua; mu vng ca ngh, ca c ri; mu nu, mu cnh gin ca mch nha, mt ong, ca ng caramel... Bn cnh , trong ca nc dng ph, bn, nc dng cho cc mn sp, cc mn canh v nc trong cc mn tn... cng c ngi Vit rt coi trng. Khi cho m chnh vo mn n no, th mu sc vn gi nguyn theo ng yu cu k thut ca mn n .

- Khng nh hng ti v mn ca mn n. M chnh c s dng lm tng v umami ca mn n bn cnh v umami sn c t nhng ngun nguyn liu c cha glutamate nh tht (heo, b, g..), rau c (c chua, nm rm, bp ci) Do , liu lng s dng m chnh hng ngy l khng xc nh v s ty thuc vo khu v ca tng ngi (theo kt lun ca T chc Y t Th gii, 1987).

Phng php s dng

M chnh c xem l mt gia v an ton vi liu lng s dng hng ngy khng xc nh theo kt lun ca cc t chc y t v sc khe hng u trn th gii nh T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), C quan Qun l Thuc v Thc phm Hoa K (FDA) lm bin i cu trc ca m chnh th m chnh phai bi t lin tc 300oC trong 2 ting ng h. Tuy nhin, qu trnh nu nng thng thng khng bao gi t c iu kin ny v nhit cao nht c th t c l 260oC, l nhit si ca du. Do , trong iu kin nu nng thng thng, m chnh vn gi nguyn tc dng ca n. Tuy nhin, ty vo mn rn hay mn nc m chng ta c th nm trc hay sau t hiu qu cao nht:

i vi nhng mn n c lm chn bng cht bo v bng la trc tip (nh cc mn quay, rn, nng...), thi gian tm p gia v phi hp l t 15 n 20 pht m chnh c ha tan v c iu kin thm thu trong thc phm. Nu tm p trong thi gian ngn, m chnh cn nguyn ht, khi tip xc vi nhit cao ca du, m th m chnh kh ha tan ht, nn khng th pht huy ht tc dng.

i vi nhng mn nhiu nc nh cc mn tn, ni nc ph v cc mn n khc c thi gian un lu chng ta nn nm nm m chnh khi chun b nu xong, v trong thi gian un nu, nc s bay hi nn lm tng mn ca mn n. Do , nu chng ta nm nm qu sm th v ca mn n s khng t c nh mong mun.

1.2. ng

Vai tr ca ng ch yu l tng hng v, lm cho mn n c mu sc p mt khi un hi chy. ng c v ngt, tt cho kh qun v l lch.

Nu n phi cho mui trc, sau n ng v cui cng l gim. Khng nn cho ng vo thc phm qu sm. Khi thc hin cc mn rn v nng, ch nn dng t ng p thc phm. Nu dng nhiu, mn n rt d chy kht, b sm mu gy mt thm m v c v ng.

Khng nm m chnh (bt ngt) vo cc mn canh chua (v d nh canh c qu nu chua). M chnh rt kh ha tan trong nc chua, ng thi nc dng s l kh n v lm gim v chua ca su hoc me. Tt nht, bn nn dng bt nm hoc ng thay th.

Qu nhiu ng khng ch gy ra nhng vn v kim sot cn nng, su rng, tng lng ng trong mu i vi nhng ngi b tiu ng, m n cn thay th nhng cht dinh dng tt trong c th. Tin s Gerbstadt ni: Bn cnh vic ng cung cp lng calo khng cn thit, c th bn cn cht dinh dng chuyn ha ng, nn s ly i nhiu vitamin v khong cht trong c th bn.

2. V MN

2.1. Mui

Mui n NaCl l gia v to v mn tt nht cho sc khe. Trung bnh c th cn 10-15 gam mui NaCl/ngy, trong thc n t nhin c sn 3-5 gam, phn cn li c b sung vo thc n hng ngy. Bn cnh vic b sung vo thc phm to v mn, mui cn c tnh st khun, c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, gip sn phm c bo qun lu hn. Hin nay, nhiu sn phm s dng mui bo qun nh tht mui, nc mm, mm c to ra c nhng hng v c trng cho sn phm vi s hi ha ca v mn v cc v khc.

Trong ch bin thc n, mui thng c dng p vo cc loi tht, c hoc tm trc khi ch bin v nm vo mn n trong khi ch bin. Khi ch bin cc mn tht, c hoc tm, nu p cht mui vo, mn n s ngon hn. Tuy nhin, vi mn tht kho nu p nhiu mui, tht s b cng, khng ngon; v vy ch cn p vi ng, hnh, tiu v rt t mui. Khi kho nn cho thm nc mm vo. Khi luc tht hoc nu cc mn tht, nu mun tht gi c v m , khng gim cht ngt, nn cho mui vo trc. Khi nu nc dng hoc canh, cn gi v ngt t tht, nn cho tht vo trc, nu la nh khong 15 n 20 pht ri mi cho mui vo. i vi cc mn xo, nn cho mui ngay sau khi cho rau v cc thc phm khc vo.

Vai tr ca mui ch yu l mang n s m , tinh t trong tng mn n. Mui dng p cc thc phm sng, c bit l thy hi sn kh mi hi.

Mui c tc dng l mm thc n, li d bay hi. Nu trong lc nu, v tnh cho hi nhiu mui, bn c th th vo vi lt khoai ty, hay vi ming u ph mn canh, kho ca bn s va ming hn.

Trong lc lm bp, tu theo mn n m cho mui vo trc hay sau khi un nu. Nu cn ming tht m, khng b gim cht ngt, bn nn cho mui vo trc. Khi nu canh, cn c v ngt t xng, tht nn un si canh ri mi cho mui vo. Khi xo nu, hy cho mui ngay lc m va tan, khong 30 giy hay 1 pht sau hy cho rau v cc thc khc vo. Cch nm nh vy s gip loi b c 95% c t aflatoxin trong mui.

Trong mui n (NaCl) c thnh phn Na+ (ion khi trong mi trng nc) c tnh kim mnh, m trong u (cc loi ng cc ni chung) c thnh phn ch yu l amylose v amylosepectin khi gp xt s b ion ha tng phn nn cc loi thc phm s tng tc. V th, s dng mui n thay v mui ha cht s gip ch bin thc n tt hn.

i vi cc mn n t u, trc khi nu bn phi ngm u vo nc m pha t mui n, gip u trng nc n ra, khi nu s mau chn v bi hn. Hn na, mt t mui n s nh la v gic, cm thy ngt thanh v m hn.

Mui c dng ph bin v gip mang li hng v cho ba n. Nhng n cng l mt loi gia v c th gy ra mt s vn v sc khe. Lng nh mui gip bo qun thc n nhng nu qu nhiu s gy nguy him cho sc khe, gy nh hng ln nhng chc nng tim mch, dn n cao huyt p, au tim, t qu v yu thn.

2.2. Nc mm

Nc mm l loi gia v c trng vi hng v c bit. Ngoi tc dng kch thch s thm n v tiu ho, nc mm cn cha nhiu cht b dng nh cht m v cc loi vitamin A, D v B12. Do , khi ch bin, khng nn un lu nc mm trn bp.

Vi mn canh, nc mm c cho vo sau cng, ri nhc ra ngay, nu khng s mt ngon do hng v nc mm b bin i. Vi mn tht kho, nn kho tht gn mm vi cc loi gia v khc ri mi cho nc mm vo v kho thm mt thi gian ngn na, tht s khng b cng v thm ngon hn.

Mt s loi nc mm pha chua ngt thng c dng chung vi mn chin, n chung vi rau sng nh ch gi, bnh tm, bnh cng, c chin, tm chin bt. V chua trong loi nc mm ny lm gim cm gic ngy ca du, m trong mn n. Mt s loi thc phm nh cc mn ln, c ko chin gin, kh c khoai nng thng c dng vi nc mm me. Mn c tr chin dng nc mm c thm gng, c tc dng tt cho tiu ha. Tht luc, c trong canh chua hoc nu cho th dng vi nc mm sng (nc mm nguyn cht, khng pha) vi t hoc tiu.

Mt s lu khi ch bin mn n cn c v mn l khng nn cho mui tinh vo mn c om chui u hoc ba ba om chui u. Mui s to nn cht trong mn n, lm mt ngon. Thay v dng mui n, bn hy dng nc mm. Bn cnh , bn cng trnh dng nc mm, mui p vi tht b v mn ca loi gia v ny s lm tht cng li.

2.3. Nc tngNc tng c th c sn xut t bnh du u nnh, bnh du u phng (u nnh, u phng... c p ly du), trong bnh du u phng c s dng nhm to nn hng thm, v bo c trong nc tng. Ch c mt s t nh sn xut l s dng ht u nnh ti ch bin ra nc tng. i vi cc loi nc tng s dng bnh du u nnh, bnh du u phng nh l nguyn liu chnh th cc nh sn xut phi p dng qui trnh thy phn bng axt. Qui trnh thy phn ny lm cho cc nh sn xut rt kh kim sot c hm lng c t 3-MCPD. Cn i vi loi nc tng s dng ht u nnh l nguyn liu chnh th li p dng qui trnh ln men t nhin, tc ht u nnh s c vi con men ging v c thy phn t cc hot ng ca nm men, nm mc nn khng c nguy c sn sinh ra c t 3-MCPD.

Trong qu trnh nu nng, nc tng thng c nm chung vi mt s mn xo. V th, mn xo khng b chua, bn nn nm nc tng khi va nhc mn n xung khi bp. i vi mn sn nng, sn khng b dai, kh th khng p vi mui, ch p nc tng hoc nc mm. Khi p nht thit phi c cht mt ong, cht nc ct chanh v mt t du n. Khi nng, khng n ming tht m phi cho tht chn t nhin v thng xuyn pht nc p ln sn, trnh tr nhiu ln. Ngoi ra, cn c k thut nng hai ln. Ln u nng s ri cho tr li vo nc p, thnh thong tr cho sn thm. Khi gn n mi ly ra nng li cho sn chn hn.

3. V CAY

3.1. Ht tiu

Trong ht tiu c mt lng tinh du rt nh lu gi hng thm, do cch tt nht khi s dng tiu l n n u mi xay n . Ht tiu xay sn lu ngy s mt mi. Khi ch bin, i n khi thc n chn mi cho tiu vo hoc ch rc vo mn n khi dn ra a hoc t. Khi nu nhng mn cay, hy rang cc gia v cay (t kh, tiu...) trn cho kh nhit cao trong vng vi pht trc khi nghin nh cho hng v thm ngon. Tiu cn c tc dng kh mi tanh ca cc loi thc phm giu protein nh c, tht rng, cuaTrong y dc, vi s hin din ca piperin, tinh du nha, cc v cay, nng c tc dng lm m bng c dng vi hnh trong cho gii cm.

Gia v ny gp phn lm mn n thm dy mi, ch hp vi nhng ai n c cay. Nu v tnh mn n cay qu, bn cho ming trng rn vo, v cay s gim hn.

Thng thng, bn hay cho ht tiu vo thc n trc khi kho nu. Nhng theo cc nh dinh dng hc th hy i n khi thc n chn. Nu cho trc, ht tiu s bin thnh cht c d gy ung th.

3.2. t

t l gia v c s dng hu ht trong cc ba n gia nh Vit Nam. t dng pha nc chm, nm canh c, canh tm, c bit l trong cc loi thc n c mi tanh. Nhiu ngi khi n thiu t s c cm gic khng ngon ming. nc ta, ngi min Trung v min Nam dng nhiu t lm gia v hn ngi min Bc. Hu ht cc mn n ca min Trung v min Nam u c t, c bit l cc thc n c mi tanh.

L loi gia v rt cay ngon, c dng trong cc mn nc chm nh nc mm t, mui t rt hp dn. Mn im tm hay ba cm hng ngy m thiu t th thiu i mt phn hp dn.

t Lt l loi t to c tri mu xanh, khng cay, c nhiu vitamin B,C, xo vi tm tht n rt thm v gin.

t gip tiu ha nhanh, n ngon ming.

3.3. Gng

Gng c v cay, thm, c tc dng kh mi tanh. Ngi min Bc thng n trng vt ln km vi rau rm v gng thi ch. Khi nu cc mn c vi gng, tt nht l cho gng vo sau khi mn n si khong 10 pht. min Trung, gng c s dng lm tm chua. Gng cn c dng ch bin nc chm n vi c, tht vt, dng nu ph b c tc dng kh mi hi ca b, dng vi cho c, cho lng, hoc trong mn ch tri nc.

Gng thng c dng p tht, c v kh mi tanh. Trong gng c cha men Zingibai lm tht mau mm. Khi s dng, bn nn ra sch v dng lun v v c tc dng cha bnh v tng hng v. Chng ta khng nn dng nhng c gng lu v c cha c t lu hunh gy hi cho gan.

Gng l mt loi c c v cay, m, c mi thm nng c bit. C tr vng nng n vi nc mm gng l mt mn n khoi khu. Canh ci b xanh mt vi lt gng to nn mi thm c o, hp dn. Cc mn g xo mn cng vi x t gng, c hp l gng l nhng mn n dn gian hp dn. Dn Nam b c phong tc dng gng non hoc l gng non n cng mm c st sng vi cm ngui. Gng cn dng nhiu trong cc mn n khc, nhng tuyt i khng dng gng kho vi c tra, c bng lau, c h v cc loi c ny khi nu vi gng c mi tanh khng n c. Bn cng khng nn p gng vi tht b cu, v chng s lm t i v thm bo ca tht.

3.4. Sa t

Sa t l v khng th thiu khi nu cc mn lu. Tuy nhin, bn ng bao gi nm sa t vi cc mn trn nh gi c, tm, b hoc b ti... Sa t c nhiu cht du, khi trn chng s kh kt vo nhau. Ngoi ra, tht s chuyn mu , mi hng, cay mt ngon.

3.5. M tc

M tc mu vng lm t ht mt vi loi thc vt c h hng vi ci du Brassica napus. M tc c ht nh, c s dng lm gia v, bng cch nghin nh sau trn vi nc, gim hay cc cht lng khc to thnh cc loi bt nho lm m tc thng phm. Ngoi ra, ht m tc c p sn xut du m tc, l non c th n nh mt loi rau xanh.

4. V CHUA

4.1. Gim

y l loi gia v gip kh mi v tng hng v cho mn n. Mt s ngi lm mn sn xo chua ngt thng cho gim vo sm. Nh th, mi gim s t mt v ngt, thm c trng ca tht v ng khi rn vng. Ch pha gim vi nc st c v ri ln sn chn vng, un si vi pht, nhc xung. Gim s gip gi c hng thm ng thi lm gim cm gic ngy ca m. Khi ch bin cc mn trn c tht, bn nn dng chanh thay gim.

Gim c th kh tanh, kh bo, tng mi thm, kch thch khu v. Khi xo cc loi rau, c nn cho cht gim vo t u gip bo v cc loi vitamin trong rau c. Bn cnh , p tht vi gim gip loi b vi khun bm trn tht v gip tht mm v thm gia v hn. Vi khong chn (khong 60ml) gim cho mi kilogram tht cng vi gia v tm p ca ring bn, tht thm trong thi gian t 20 pht n 24 gi ty mm v v m m bn mun trc khi em ra nu.

Gim c mi c trng, rt hp vi mn c. Lc nu n, cho thm gim s lm tng hng v, mu sc.

Gim cn c bo qun ni thong mt trnh s bay hi ca hng thm. Nu nh tay cho hi nhiu dm vo mn canh c, bn nn ly v trng g p v, bc vo ming vi v th vo ni canh, v chua gt ca dm s ht. Khi mn n c v ng lm bn ngi ngng, hy cho thm cht gim trng, c th loi b hoc gim v ng i thy r.

4.2. Kh

C hai ging l kh chua v kh ngt. Kh chua thng c mi nh, cn kh ngt thng c mi to v mng hn. Qu khi cn non c mu xanh, khi chn ng sang mu vng. Kh l loi qu c kha, v chua, cch s dng a dng: n ti (loi kh ngt), n km rau sng v chui cht, n km mn n nng hoc chin v nu canh chua.

4.3. Me

Qu me c mu nu, bn trong cha ci tht v nhiu ht c v cng. Ci tht qu non rt chua trong khi ci tht ca qu chn c v ngt hn. Theo nghin cu hin i, trong qu me c nhiu vitamin C, vitamin B, khong 14% axit tartaric v mt s nh axit malic... gip kch thch v gic, ci thin tnh trng km n, mt mi do nng nng hay bun nn, gim khu v do mang thai. Qu me gp phn b nc, in gii, cung cp vitamin, khong cht, v chua mn gip gii nhit. Me l loi qu dn d c bn nhiu cc ch, nht l vo nhng thng u h.

Me c bit n nh l gia v khng th thiu khi ch bin cc mn canh chua. Tri me chn sy kh cng l mn mt khoi khu ca nhiu ngi. Cha ht, v chua, tnh mt c tc dng thanh nhit ca me cn c pht huy cng dng lm thuc cha mt s bnh kh hiu qu.

Phn tht ca tri me thng dng ch bin mn mt hoc cc thc ung, lm gia v ch bin mn n. Tht me phi kh l gia v quan trng ca ngi n v Trung . Me cn c dng cho cc mn salad, sp, cm ca ngi Indonesia hoc nc st chua ngt ca ngi Trung Hoa.

Ngi Vit dng c me sng v chn to hng v chua thanh d chu cho cc mn n, nht l mn canh chua truyn thng ca ngi Nam B. L me cng thng c cho thm vo canh, nhng v chua khng nhiu; thng s dng l me non.

4.4. M

M l mt th gia v truyn thng ca ngi Vit Nam. Ngi min Bc hay dng m to v chua thanh du cho cc mn: mn canh, tht ch nu ring m, chn gi thui nu ring m (thng gi l gi cy). c nu vi chui xanh m khng c m th khng th ngon vi bt c th gy chua no. M c th dng nu riu c, riu cua..., ngha l vi cc mn n cn chua.

Nu khng mua c m, chng ta c th lm m rt n gin nh sau: xin mt cht m ca ai , cho vo l sch rng ming. Cho mt bt cm ngui ph ln mt m, dy np l nh nhng (lu : khng xoy cht), sau mt tun l c h m ngon lnh. Lu : cm cho m n phi l cm ngui c nu do ngon, khng thiu, khng ln canh rau hoc thc n mn (cm thiu, cm nng qu hoc b mn m s cht), khng nht thit phi xp nc. C th cho m n thm ming chui tiu chn ct nt, m cng thm. Nu gy m t u th ngi ta dng cm ngui ngon cho trong l rng ming, cho thm mt mu xng ng mi hm nh (khng mn), trong mt tun hay 10 ngy s c m.

4.5. Gim bng

L loi gia v mang tnh truyn thng v rt c o ca a s ngi Bc. Gim bng ngoi v chua cn c hng ru v t cn nn rt d nh t mi tanh ca cc loi tht c.

Gim bng l mt sn phm sau ca hm ru ln chua t nhin. Ngi ta nu np thnh xi, cho men vo , ri thm nc, cho vo ni chng ct thnh ru trng. Phn xc cm ru sau khi nu c gi l hm. Hm sau khi nu i nu li nhiu ln cho ra ru nc hai, nc ba ri ngi ta mi lc vt li mt t, ct vo chai, t nhin qua mt hai ngy hm s tr chua v c s dng nh mt loi gim bng bnh thng. Nu nhiu ngy, gim bng qu chua th b. Gim bng hin vn cn c s dng trong mt s gia nh gc Bc.

Gim bng thng dng cho mt s mn nh vt, ngan um gim bng. C mt mn n gn b vi gim bng nh hnh vi bng l bn c.

4.6. Tai chua

Tai chua c tn khoa hc l Garcinia cowa Roxb thuc h Mng ct. Qu tai chua rt quen thuc vi ngi min Bc. Thu hoch tai chua ch yu l ly tri. Tri tai chua v chua dng trong m thc Vit Nam nht l nhng mn n min Bc. Tai chua thng dng dng phi kh, c dng nu canh chua. Nhng nhiu ngi min Nam th vn cha quen hoc cha bit n th qu ny. C th mua tai chua kh ti cc siu th hoc sp hng kh cc ch. S d c tn l tai chua v thng c d tr di dng ct lt mng theo cc mi v phi kh nn c hnh ging ci tai.

4.7. Qu su

Sau khi ra qu khong hn hai thng th tri su t n gi nhng cha chn. y l thi im thu hoch su v khi y qu su gi c th gi c su lu hn v cng l lc sn phm su c s dng vo nhiu mc ch nht. Ma su thng ko di khong 2-3 thng (t thng 6 n thng 9 hng nm).

Qu su xanh l nguyn liu nu canh chua ph bin, d nu, d n v to s ngon ming. Sau khi luc rau mung xong, nu c iu kin, ngi ta thng thm vo mt vi qu su l c mt mn canh chua ngon v mt. tng thm hng v, ngi ta ly nc tht luc vi qu su, thm cht hnh, ng cho dy mi. Khc vi me, tai chua, v chua ca su rt ring, m, mt v c mi thm. Su thng dng trong nhng mn n n gin, d nu, khng i hi nhiu nguyn liu ph.

Qu su c th dng nu nhng ni canh chua tht nc, c th lm gia gim cho bt nc rau mung luc hoc bt canh c hay mn sn nu chua. V chua ca qu su to cho bt nc canh mt v chua mt.

.4.8. Dc

Dc c tn khoa hc: Garcinia multiflora, l loi thc vt h Ba (Clusiaceae). Cy dc mc nhiu ni nh Lo, Trung Quc. Ring Vit Nam ch yu vng Bc B. Cy dc c trng lm cnh, dng thp sng, sn xut sn, lm dc liu. Qu xanh v l non dng lm gia v nu canh chua.

4.9. Cy ba

Ba c l trn di, ging l mng ct - Garcinia oblongifolia Champ. ex Benth., thuc h Mng ct - Clusiaceae. Cy g trung bnh, cao 1015 m. Thn c nhiu u li. Cnh ngang, c m vng. L mc i, hnh trng ngc hay hnh tri xoan, mp nguyn. Hoa n tnh, khc gc, ra hoa vo ma h - thu, hoa c mc ngn tn-c. Qu tht hnh cu, khi chn mu vng, 4 ht di, v cng. Cy a sng v m, c kh nng chu hn. Trng bng ht hoc cy con.

Cy mc hoang trong rng th sinh ca cc tnh t H Tuyn, Vnh Ph n Qung Nam - Nng. Ngoi ra, Cy ba mc nhiu vng Khnh An, Khnh Bnh, huyn An Ph, An Giang. Cy ba cng thng c trng ly l ti v qu nu canh chua. Ba ngon l nh v chua thanh, ngn ngt ca tri ba, mt loi tri rng to nh tri chanh, rut c, nhiu mi, khi nu chn hng v tr nn rt m . Tri ba c th dng ti, phi kh hoc p mui lm da dnh n quanh nm.

Thu hi v quanh nm, co b lp v ngoi, thi nh, phi kh. Qu xanh v l non dng lm gia v nu canh chua. L c v chua thng thi nh c dng nu canh chua. Ht c o ht chua, n c, cng dng nu canh chua. i vi ngi Chm An Giang, tri ba c coi nh mt th gia v truyn thng dng kho c, nu canh chua, lm nc mm s chm cc mn nng nh chut nng, c nng... Ngoi ra, v ba thng dng tr: lot d dy, lot t trng, vim d dy, rut, km tiu ho.

V tri ba c tnh sn da v hi ng, mt, hi c, c tc dng tiu vim, h nhit, lm sn da, hn vt thng.

4.10. L giang

Ngi Vit Nam ai cng bit n l giang vi mn canh g nu l giang thnh danh mi ni. qu, rt ph bin nhng hng ro vi l giang qun quanh. C khch n nh khng kp i ch, ch cn bt con g th vn lm nhanh, ngt thm nm l giang v nt, th l c mt mn ngon. Khi s dng l giang cng phi bit cch chn, bi l non th cha chua, l gi li cht. Chn l va n, mn canh mi khng xm, li chua thanh thanh, du du. Ma ma l ma l giang tr m, lc ny l giang ngon nht.

4.11. L gim

V min Ty, mit vn sng nc li ph bin loi l gim, mt loi cy bi mc t nhin ngoi vn, ngoi ng. L c hnh bn tay xanh mt, nhm th s thy v chua nh. Ngay c i hoa, i tri cng c v chua v mng nc, l mt mn n chi th v ca tr qu. L gim c nhiu lng mng nn d gi bi bn, khi n phi ra tht sch v v nt. L gim thng c nu canh chua vi tm t hoc c cht. Ma nc ni, c cht rt nhiu v bo, nu ni canh vi v chua man mc ca l gim, v bo ca con c y m v trng, thm c kho t na th qu l mt ba ngon tng hp tinh ty mn n Nam b.

4.12. Chanh dy

Chanh dy cn c gi l mt mt, lc tin trng hay chum bao trng, tn khoa hc Passiflora edulis Sims, thuc h Lc tin (Passifloraceae). Qu hnh trn hoc oval, khi chn c mu vng hoc ta m, nhiu nc, nhiu ht. Qu chanh dy c v chua, ngt, tnh mt, tc dng thanh nhit, gii kht, lm tng hng phn, tng cng kh lc v b dng. c qu chanh dy ngon, nn chn nhng qu ln, chn cy, v cng, c mu ti sng.

5. V THM

5.1. Ng v hng

Ng v hng l loi gia v xut pht t Trung Hoa, nhng rt ph bin trong nhiu mn n Vit. Ng v hng bao gm 5 v c bn trong m thc l: mn, ngt, chua, cay, ng. Cng thc pha ch ng v hng ca ta v Trung Quc khc nhau. Ng v hng Vit Nam thng c thnh phn: i hi, inh hng, qu, ht ng, tho qu. Ng v hng c s dng trong cc mn vt quay, heo, b hm, cc mn c ri hoc cc mn tht, c nng.

5.2. Ru

Mun gi c mi thm ca ru trong khi nu nng, khng nn cho ht ru vo mn n ngay t u m ch nn dng mt na. Phn cn li, khi hon tt mi cho vo. Tc dng ca ru l kh mi tanh, ng thi to hng thm c trng. Ty mc ch s dng m ngi ta cho ru vo mn n ng thi im thch hp.

5.3. Qu v hi

Khi dng dng cy, bn cho chng vo khi p nguyn liu v lc nu tn dng ht hng thm. Nu dng dng bt, bn nn ha vi mt t nc. Khng cho qu, hi vo du ang nng v s gy chy v mn n c mi hng v v ng.

5.4. Gng

Gng l mt gia v rt quen thuc v hu nh lc no cng c sn ngn bp ca cc b ni tr. Gng khng nhng thm hng v cho mn n m cn lm m c th, gip c th tiu ha v hp th thc n d dng. Ngoi ra, gng cn l mt v thuc qu trong kho tng y hc dn gian. Gng c s dng c c v l, mi ngi c th vn dng t cha bnh cho mnh.

Gng sng va gip kch thch tiu ha va lm mt i nhng mi thc n li trong ming. Ngoi ra, tc dng "hnh kh" ca gng cn tc ng ti s lu thng ca kh huyt, nh hng tt n h tim mch.

5.5. S

L mt loi cy d trng v c khp mi min t nc. n tht b nhng gim m thiu s th hng v s gim i mt na. S c dng lm gia v p c. Khi chin c mi thm rt hp dn. S c nu chung vi c ri v nht l mn ln um s.

5.6. C ring (ging)

y l ging cy hoang di ca vng nhit i, thuc h gng. C ring thng c dng cho cc mn n c v c trng ch bin t tht th rng, tht ln, gi cy.

Ring l loi gia v dng ph bin ch bin vi tht ch, i km vi mm tm. Min Trung dng ring ch bin mn tr, mm tm chua. Trong mn tr, ring c gi nh cng vi ti, p vo tht u heo v cc gia v khc. Ring cng dng ch bin mn n vi c, ln, ch va lm mt mi tanh va ngon ming.

5.7. Hnh

Hnh dng lm gia v trong nhiu mn n nh kho, canh, xo, nu. Phn c hnh thng dng lm gia v p tht, tm, c lm ch, trn gi Tuy nhin nu dng hnh p tht khng nn lu v mn n s c v chua. Mn tht kho, c kho ca Vit Nam khng th thiu hng v ca c hnh.

Hnh l dng nm vo cc mn canh, mn cho hoc cho vo cc mn xo, dng mui da hoc lm m hnh. Rt nhiu mn n Vit Nam s dng m hnh, nh trong mn cm tm b, cc mn bnh min Trung nh bnh bo, bt lc, bnh khoi, cho tm... M hnh va lm tng v thm ngon cho mn n, va to mu sc cho mn n thm hp dn.

y l gia v c mi hng nn bn cn cn thn v liu lng khi dng. Nu p hnh, ti qu tay bn s lm mt mi v c trng ca thc phm.

Khi rn trng vi hnh, cc b ni tr thng trn u hnh vi trng ri cng lc vo cho rn. Thi quen ny s khng tn dng c mi thm ca hnh, lm trng v hnh chn khng u. Cch lm ng l cho hnh vo du trc, xo n khi hnh ta mi thm ri cho trng vo sau.

Khng nn dng hnh ty, ti ty trang tr mn n. Ch dng nu chung vi cc nguyn liu khc tn dng ht mi thm.

5.8. Ti

Ti cng l mt loi gia v thng c s dng trong cc mn n Vit Nam. Ti c dng trong cc loi nc chm, xo, nu, ngm chua, n sng. Khi xo cc mn n dng nhiu loi gia v cn phi thm trc, nn cho ti vo sau cng trnh lm chy ti, mn n s c v ng. Ti l gia v c th p vi nhiu mn nhng bn nn nh khng nn kt hp chng vi cc mn nu cng tri cy. Chng hn mn bnh crp nhn tht trn vi to, ti s lm mt mi thm ca to.

Ti l mt gia v khng th thiu c trong cc mn n nu nng hng ngy. tng thm thm hp dn ca thc phm khi chin xo, ngi ta dng ti phi m trc cho bc mi thm hoc kh mi du n trc khi chin xo. Trong cc dung dch nc chm nh nc mm ti t, ti lm tng thm thm v lm du v mn, thch hp vi khu v mi ngi. Da ti l mt mn n khng th thiu trong cc ba n, nht l trong ngy tt, ngy gi.

5.9. Ng

Ng r (rau mi tu) l loi cy gia v dng n sng hoc nm vo cho, canh khi nu chn, lm cho mn n c thm hng v thm d chu. Ng gai cng l loi rau lm gia v. Do c mi thm nh, ng thng dng n sng hay trn vo thc n khi lm chn, nm vo cho, canh, sp to thnh mi thm, kch thch n ngon ming. Ng gai cho vo mn vt rt hp, hoc cho vo canh chua, xo ln vi tht b, tht b, nu canh khoai m hoc n km vi ph to thnh mi v c bit cho mn n.

5.10. Rau hng

Rau hng cn c gi l rau thm v t tnh c mi thm d chu v hp dn, rau ny n km cc mn gi, mn ti, b nhng gim, ph, c nng trui rt tuyt. Ngoi tnh cht ngon ming, rau hng c cha t 0.3% n 1% tinh du st trng v kch thch tiu ha.

5.11. Rau rm

Rau rm v cay, tnh m, khng c, dng cha au bng lnh, cha rn cn, chm gh, mn tr, kch thch tiu ha, km n, chng nn ma, chng st lm v du tnh dc. Rau rm c trng khp ni v thng c mi ngi dng lm rau sng v gia v vo canh c th st tr mt s c cht c trong hi sn (tm, c...). Thng khi lm thuc, ngi ta dng ti, khng qua ch bin.

5.12. Ta t

Mi thm khng c hp dn nh cc loi rau thm khc nhng l gia v khng th thiu c trong cc mn n v c, ra, baba, cua inh, c bit l cc mn cho c c thm rau ta t cng thm m hp dn.

5.13. Rau qu

Rau qu c mi thm m d chu, thng n vi ph, lng heo, tit canh, gi Rau qu c t 0.4% n 0.5% tinh du c dng cha st, tr chng y hi, co tht d dy, au bng, kh tiu. Bn cnh , n cn c tc dng kch thch sa cho nhng b m mi sinh hoc lm du cn bun nn mt s ngi.

5.14. Kinh gii

c trng mt s a phng lm gia v v thuc cha bnh, thch hp vi cc mn n cn chm mm tm. Kinh gii c 1% tinh du. Ngoi vic lm gia v, rau kinh gii cn cha cc bnh cm st, nhc u, ln si (ban). Kinh gii sao chy cha c bnh kinh huyt.

5.15. L lt

L lt khng n sng v khng c mi thm, dng nu chung vi c, ch nng. Tht b gi l lt nng l mt mn nhu c sc. min ty Nam b, ngi ta dng l cch, l lt xt nh xo chung vi tht chut ng l mn n truyn thng tht ngon. L lt c v nng, c tnh m, chng hn. Trong l lt c cha tinh du cha bnh au xng, t thp, m hi tay. Nu l lt cho sc li, dng cha bnh su rng.

5.16. Dip c (dp c)

Mi hi tanh nn mt s ngi khng n c, nhng khi n c th n bin thnh mt loi rau thm khng th thiu trong nhng mn n cn c rau sng.

5.17. Th l

L mt loi rau gia v n vi c, nhng gim, ch xo, c um rt ngon.

5. 18. Rau mi tu (ng gai)

Mi tu lm gia v, nht l cc mn n ca sn phm bin nh tm cua v c bin gii c cht tanh, gip khai v, n ngon cm. Ng gai c dng trong cc mn canh chua, lu, nht l mn ln um. Rau mi tu c th n sng hoc nu chn. Mi tu c v the, tnh m, mi thm hc, thn v l mi tu c cha tinh du, l thuc tr cc bnh y hi, n ung chm tiu, cm cm, mnh t v v kch thch tiu ha...

5. 19. Rau ng (ng om)

Ng c mt hng v nm gia chanh v th l. Trong m thc Vit Nam, rau ny c s dng thng xuyn nht nu canh chua kiu min Nam, i khi dng km vi ph Si Gn hoc p tht, nu lu. min Bc, vi mn chn gi gi cy th ng v rau rm l hai loi rau gia v khng th thiu khi nu mn n ny.

6. V TO MU

6.1. Ngh

Ngh l mt gia v to mu, ng thi mang li hng v c bit cho nhiu mn n Vit Nam. Trong cc mn bnh xo, bnh khoi, ngi ta s dng ngh lm mu cho bnh. Ngh cn c dng trong cc mn c bung, c bung hoc p vo c. Mn c ri nu khng dng ngh th khng thnh c ri. Bt ngh l loi nguyn liu chim n 15% trong thnh phn bt c ri.

6.2. Mt ong

Dng p tht nng s to mu v mi thm, hp dn. Th nhng bn khng nn cho mt ong vo mn tht kho da. Nc tht snh bo, mt ong khng th lm tht ln mu, li lm mt v thm ca nc da, gim mi ca nc mm.

Trong mt ong c nhiu thnh phn c li cho sc khe nh carbohydrate, cht chng -xy ha, a-xt bo, a-xt amin, cc vitamin v khong cht. Cc cht ny d b phn hy khi un nng, chng ct mt ong nhit cao. Ch nn pha mt ong vo nc m, tr hoc sa khong 40oC tr xung.

Ty theo tng loi thc n ca ong mt m mu v cht lng sn phm mt ong khc nhau. Nhiu nghin cu mi y cho hay, mt ong loi mu en c tc dng chng xy ha mnh hn l mt ong sng mu. Cc cht chng xy ha ny bo v t bo khi tc hi ca cc gc t do v c th lm gim nguy c bnh tim, ung th, suy gim nhn thc v thoi ha im vng. Lu , do mt ong c hng v mnh, nn c th s dng thay ng tinh luyn, cho thm vo tr hay sa chua u tng thm phn b dng.

Khi bo qun mt ong, nn trong l thy tinh, trnh ni nng. Khng nn trong l kim loi v d b bin cht v c th gy ng c khi dng. Khi thy trong l mt c nhiu bt kh ngha l mt ong bin cht nn b i.

6.3. Ht iu du

Ht iu du l ngun cung cp chnh cho mt loi cht mu t nhin, gi l annatto, c mu vng , sn xut t qu. Qu kh v cng thnh dng qu nang mu nu.

Qu khng n c nhng c thu hoch ly ht. Trong ht c cha cht bixin, thnh phn chnh ca annatto. Mu ca ht iu c th c chit ra bng cch ngm ht vo trong nc hoc lm tan trong du nng. N c dng to mu thc phm, chng hn nh b, c v du n. Ht iu nhum c s dng lm ph gia mu gn nh khng c v trong m thc. Qu cha nhiu vitamin A (khong 3,2 g cho mi 100 g qu), selenium, magi, canxi.

CHNG IV: K THUT CH BIN MN N C BN

I.THUT NG THNG DNG TRONG CH BIN MN N C BN

1. Bm: lm nh, lm vn thc phm bng dao cht lin tip lm cho thc phm nh dn.2. Bung: lm chn thc n bng cch nu chn thc phm trong ni kn c nhiu nc.3. Chn( trng): nhng thc phm vo nc si lm thc phm chn ti nh chn rau, chn bnh ph, thi gian tng i ngn t 1-2 pht.4. Dn: nn cht nguyn liu thc phm vo mt thc phm khc nh kh hoa dn tht, dn di, dn lp xng

5. o: dng a hay mung trn u thc n khi ang nu trn bp t di ln, t trn xung thc phm ngm gia v v chn u.

6. (xi): nu xi chn bng hi nc si qua mt dng c hp gi l ch.7. ng: thc n nu chn ng c li khi gp lnh: tht ng.

8. Gh (cm): o go trong ni khi cm xi ri bt la, cm chn ( khng b kh).

9.Gi (qut): lm cho thc phm nh, nhuyn, mn bng chy v ci: gi gi.10. Gi: bc k thc phm bng m chi, l, giy nh ch m, gi bnh gi, gi nem

11. Hm: lm chn thc phm bng cch cho thc phm vo ni y k, un chn cho n khi thc phm nh: nh gi heo hm mng, g c hm thuc bc12. Hp: lm chn thc n bng sc nng ca hi nc cn gi l chng cch thy, trong thc phm khng tip xc trc tip vi nc.13. Hon: cch lm mn n m nguyn liu chnh chn nh, cn cc thnh phn khc them vo ch chn ti, c nc sanh snh nh chn gi hon, vt hon

14. H la: thc phm trn la, mt khong cch thc phm khng b chy sm.

15. Kha: lm chn thc phm bng cch un chn nh vi nc snh, bo, m thm gia v.

16. Kho: lm chn thc phm bng cch nu mn, t nc nh kho th, kho c.17. Lng: ct thc phm thnh tng lt mng bng cch dng dao a theo chiu ngang song song vi mt tht, ch khng theo hng t trn xung nh lng tht, lng c.18. Lc: tch thc phm ra cc thnh phn khc nhau nh lc tht, lc xng.19.Mui: lm chn thc phm khng phi dng nhit m dng mui, bng cch cho nguyn liu vo nc mui hoc trn mui m k mt thi gian nht nh, ri em ra n nh c mui, da mui, trng mui20. Ngm: cho thc phm ngp trong nc, gim theo nh ch bin nh ngm hnh, ti, t.21. Nghin: lm nt thc phm nh nghin ht tiu

22. Nhi: dn23. Nh: mm nhn, cn gi l rc

24. Ninh: nu lu vi la nh cho thc phm chn mm nh vt ninh mng.

25. Nng: lm chn thc phm bng cch t thc phm trn v nng hoc xin vo que t ln than hng tr u cho thc phm chn nh nng ch, nng tht b26. Om (um): lm chn thc phm, nu lu, la nh cho thc phm thm gia v, nc snh nh lng om.

27. Quay: lm chn thc phm bng cch t thc phm vo trn l, c nhit cao, thi gian chn bn trong. Thc phm quay trn hoc tr u, trong qu trnh phi thoa hoc ti nc gia v thng xuyn cho thc phm khng b kh, lp da gin v dy mi thm nh heo sa quay, g vt quay28.Ram: cch ch bin thc phm ph bin min Nam, chin thc phm ln sau them gia v m nh sn ram mn (min Trung c mn ch ram ).29. Rn: lm chn thc phm bng cch cho thc phm vo cho m, c nhit cao, tr u cho thc phm chn vng, thm nh c rn, g rn30. Rang: lm chn thc phm khng dng m, nhit cao, o thc phm ln lin tccho chn vng u, thm, khng chy nh rang bp, rang lc (u phng).31.Rim: nu mn thc n bng cch un nh la, lu, cho gia v ngm vo thc phm k nh rim tht, rim tm.32. Rt xng: ly xng con vt ra sao cho vn gi c nguyn hnh dng khi vt cn sng: than, chn, c ch bin mn n theo nh nh g rt xng, c rt xng

33. Tm bt: nhng thc phm cho dnh bt ( bt kh hay bt t ty yu cu mn n) trc khi em rn.34. Tn: lm chn thc phm bng phng php hp cch thu3ycho thc n chn nh nh tn chim, tn g

35. Thi ch: thi thc phm thnh si nh, di cn gi l thi chn hng nh thi b, thi rau c lm nm (gi).

36. Thi con c: thi hnh khi vung nh bng con c, cho vo thc n nh thi c rt, khoai ty nu mn g ragout37. Thc: trn hai thc phm vi nhau, nho hoc gi nhuyn lm thnh mt hn hp nh thc tm vo tht lm ch, lm mc38. Thun: th cc th ph gia vo sau khi nu chn nh tht b thun rau rm.

39. p: lm cho thc phm ngm gia v bo qun hoc tng v thm, v mn trc khi ch bin nh p mm, p hnh tiu vo tht c.

40. Xo: lm chn thc phm bng cch cho thc phm vo cho phi hnh m, o chn u, cho them t nc lm chn thc phm.41. Xin: ghim thc phm vo que tre hay que st nng chn nh xin tht nng.

II. CC PHNG PHP LM CHN THC PHM1. K THUT LM CHN THC PHM

1.1. Khi nim

Trong ch bin mn n, k thut lm chn l khu cui cng ca k thut ch bin. N kt hp vi khu phi hp nguyn liu v gia v to nn mn n hon chnh.

K thut lm chn l lm cho nhng nguyn liu ti sng tr thnh nhng mn n chn, b, hp v sinh, c mi v thm ngon, to iu kin thun li cho c th d hp thu v tiu ha.

Qua lm chn thc phm, nguyn liu vn nht nho tr thnh nhng mn n m , thm ngon, hp khu v.

1.2. Yu cu c bn ca k thut lm chn thc phm

1.2.1. C chn thch hp

Mn n sau khi lm xong u phi t n chn thch hp. chn ca mn n phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

- Lm cho c th hp thu ti a cc cht dinh dng.

- Hp khu v ngi n.

- i vi tht ng vt: thng l chn mm, nh.

- i vi thc vt: cc loi rau, hoa, qu cn chn ti, cc loi c c bt phi chn b.

Khi ch bin mn n cn nm vng yu cu v chn ca cc loi mn n s dng nhit v thi gian cho thch hp.

1.2.2. C mi v ring

Mi loi mn n u c mi v ring bit, mi v ca mn n l do cch lm chn kt hp vi nguyn liu v gia v trong mn n to nn.

V d: mn canh c v ngt ca tht, xng; mn kho c v ngt v mi thm ca thc phm; mn nng c v ngt m ca tht v mi thm ca gia v tm p

1.2.3. m bo ng mu sc

Vic lm chn cc mn n to nhng mu sc ring, ph thuc vo s bin i cc cht dinh dng trong thc phm di tc dng ca nhit. Lm chn mn n bng nc v hi nc, mu sc mn n t thay i. Lm chn bng cht bo v cht trung gian, mn n thng c mu vng, vng nu, nu sm.

V d: Rau luc phi xanh, c rn c mu vng u

Trn c s , ta vn dng cht ch vic s dng nhit kt hp vi thi gian lm chn m bo thc n ng mu sc.

Mun m bo yu cu trn, ngi nu n phi hiu bit y v nm vng k thut ch bin mn n cng nh bit vn dng cc yu t nh hng trc tip n qu trnh ch bin mn n nh:

Tnh cht ca nguyn liu, gia v.

S ta nhit ca cht t.

S dn nhit ca dng c.

S bin i cc cht khi lm chn.

Yu cu thnh phm ca tng loi mn n. Khu v ca ngi n.

T , quyt nh lm chn mn n bng phng php no cho thch hp.

1.3. Phn loi phng php lm chn thc phm

Trong k thut ch bin mn n c nhiu cch s dng nhit lm chn thc phm, nhng nhn chung ngi ta phn ra hai phng php chnh:

- Phng php ch bin thc phm c s dng nhit

- Phng php ch bin thc phm khng s dng nhit

Mi phng php li gm nhiu dng ch bin khc nhau v nguyn tc v k thut lm chn.

1.3.1. Phng php ch bin thc phm c s dng nhit

Phng php lm chn thc phm trong nc

Phng php lm chn thc phm bng hi nc

Phng php lm chn thc phm trong cht bo

Phng php lm chn thc phm bng sc nng trc tip ca la

1.3.2. Phng php ch bin thc phm khng s dng nhit

Trn du gim

Trn hn hp

Mui chua

2. CC PHNG PHP CH BIN THC PHM

2.1. Phng php ch bin thc phm c s dng nhit

2.1.1. Phng php lm chn thc phm trong nc

Ch bin nng t l phng php lm chn thc phm trong mi trng nc hoc hi nc. Khi p dng phng php ch bin nng t, thc phm c lm chn mi trng c nhit 100oC tr ln.

Mc ch:

Bin i cc loi thc phm sng thnh cc loi mn n chn mm. Lm cho protit ha tan v cht trch ly tit dn vo trong nc. Cht nc tr nn ngt v kch thch s tiu ha. Lm cho gia v ngm vo thc phm, ng thi phi hp nhiu thc phm lm tng mu sc, hng v, to mi c bit ca tng mn n. Cung cp mt lng nc v cc cht dinh dng vo c th con ngi gip cho vic trao i cht.

2.1.1.1. Phng php lm chn thc phm bng nc

Nguyn tc chung:

Khi ch bin mn n theo phng php ny ngi ta b thc phm vo nc (c th l nc lnh, nc si hay nc dng) ri un si lm chn thc phm. Nh vy nhit truyn vo lm chn thc phm c u khp v chia thnh hai giai on:

La truyn nhit lng cho nc.

Nc hp th nhit lng v truyn cho thc phm lm thc phm chn mm.

Yu cu k thut chung:

Nguyn liu dng ch bin mn n nht thit phi ti, khng c nhim trng, nhim bn (giun, sn, su, b...). Nu thc phm b mc bnh hoc i, thiu, phi cng quyt hy b.Phi m bo thi gian lm chn thc phm ca tng mn n; thi gian ny ph thuc vo c im, tnh cht ca thc phm dng ch bin.

Nhit lm chn thc phm u phi t t 100oC tr ln, nhm lm cho thc phm chn v mm.

Hu ht cc mn n khi ch bin theo phng php lm chn bng nc phi ch phi hp mu sc cc nguyn liu, loi hnh ct thi phi u n, nc dng phi trong, c v ngt do thc phm tit ra.

Yu cu thnh phm:

i vi mn n c nc ln ci, yu cu phi ngon, nc ngt.

i vi mn ch n nc, th nc phi ngt v khng vn c.

i vi mn ch n ci, th yu cu chn ti, chn mm, khng nh.

Nhng mn n nh, th khng c nt hoc b.

2.1.1.1.1. Phng php luc

Khi luc thng cho thc phm ngp trong nc, c th cho vo nc trc hoc sau khi nc si, ty theo tng loi.

Nguyn tc:

-Cho thc phm vo nc lnh (luc trng, luc cc loi tht lm nc dng) hoc cho thc phm vo nc ang si (luc cc loi rau, c, qu, luc cc loi tht, m, min), sau un la ln cho si nhanh n khi sn phm chn l c.

Thi gian lm chn tng i nhanh v yu cu thc phm khng chn mm, khng mm nhn.

Nhit lm chn ty thuc vo tnh cht ca tng loi thc phm v yu cu ca thnh phm (mc non, gi, un lu hay nhanh).

Nhit ban u ca nc b thc phm c khc nhau (c th l nc lnh hay nc si) nhng cui cng u phi m bo nhit si 100oC lm chn thc phm.

Lng nc dng trong cc mn luc thng nhiu, phi ngp thc phm nhit truyn vo thc phm mt cch u khp v nhanh. V d: luc cc loi rau, tht, trng

Ch : Nu luc tht ly nuc ngt lm canh, ngi ta b tht vo nc lnh. Khi b tht vo nc lnh th protit ha tan v cc cht trch ly chuyn t tht vo nc nhiu hn. Do ta c mt cht nc ngt c tc dng kch thch tiu ha, dng lm nc canh. Tuy nhin, luc tht heo theo cch ny, tht s km ngt hn so vi khi luc tht cho vo c si.

Cc loi rau qu c mu xanh, trong qu trnh un nu thng mu xanh t nhin ca chng d b bin i. Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ny l do s tc ng tng h gia clorophin vi cc axit cha trong dung dch t bo ca rau qu. Thi gian un nng cng lu th clorophin cng chuyn nhiu thnh pheophitin, do mu xanh ca rau qu cng b bin i. Cc loi rau qu c hm lng axit cng cao mu xanh cng b bin i mnh v nhanh khi un nu (trong thc t ch bin chng ta d dng quan st thy s bin i mu nhanh chng ca me, kh, su khi un nu). hn ch hin tng bin i mu, ngi ta thng luc rau xanh vi lng nc ln trong dng c khng y kn v un si mnh rt ngn thi gian un nu v h thp lng axit trong sn phm (loi axit khng bay hi c chuyn vo nc nu, loi bay hi nhanh chng c y ra ngoi cng vi hi nc). Ngoi ra thc phm mt mu xanh cn do cc cht cht c trong rau qu nh tanin, cactechin (chui xanh, kh, hoa chui )

ngn nga hin tng thm en ca mt s rau, c, qu ngi ta thng ngm chng vo trong nc (nc ny c axit ha nh bng m, chanh) hoc dng nc si (hay hi nc) chn, nhng qua (2-3 pht) sau tin hnh lm ngui nhanh th s gi c mu sc em ch bin tip nh: khoai ty, c nu u ph chui xanh

2.1.1.1.2. Phng php nu canh

Canh l mt mn n c nhiu nc, khng nhng cung cp mt lng nc cho con ngi m cn lm cho mn n c v d n hn v thch hp vi tnh trng kh hu ma h nc ta. Canh l mn n c dng trong cc ba c, yn tic sang trng n nhng ba n bnh thng hng ngy ca nhn dn ta.

Khi n canh khng nhng ngi ta n phn ci l nhng thc phm c lm chn m ch yu l phn nc ngt do thc phm tit ra gm cc protit ha tan v cc cht trch ly c tc dng kch thch tit dch v lm n ngon cm

Canh c rt nhiu mn, ngi ta c th nu canh bng cc thc phm thc vt hoc ng vt hay hn hp c ng vt ln thc vt. Nhng a s cc mn canh, lng nc u nhiu hn lng ci. V d: canh c dm, canh cua rau ay, mng ti, canh tht b thun hnh rm, canh mp rau ay mng ti

Nguyn tc:

Cho cc loi thc phm ng vt vo nc, em un si ly nc dng (c th xo qua trc), b thc phm, thc vt vo, tip tc un to la n gn chn, cho tip gia v vo, n nng.

Cc mn canh u phi c nhiu nc, mt phn nc cho t ban u, v mt phn nc do thc phm tit ra. Cht nc ny i hi phi trong v c v ngt t nhin ca thc phm. V d canh rau ngt nu tht nc, canh sn nu b ao

Thi gian nu canh khng c nh m ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc thc phm, nhng nhn chung canh nu tng i nhanh.

2.1.1.1.3. Phng php ninh, hm

NinhNinh thng dng lm chn cc thc phm x, cng, dai nh mng kh, chn gi heo, tht b loi 3, 4, gn b Ninh c tc dng lm mm nh cc thc phm hoc ly nc dng ngt lm nc canh, nc dng ph. V d nh ninh cc loi xng gia sc, gia cm v c.

Nguyn tc:

B thc phm vo nc lnh (mt s trng hp thc phm ng vt em thui qua trc) un si mnh, ht b bt trn mt nc. y vung un si ln tn khong 3 n 4 gi cho thc phm tit ht nc ngt v mm nh l c.

i vi cc mn ninh ta thng thi tht thnh tng ming to, xng c p dp.

Thi gian ninh lu v khi nc si khng cn un to la (nhng vn phi m bo si 100oC).

V d: Chn gi ninh mng kh, chn gi nu gi cy, tht b nu xt vang, tht heo (g) nu ng, tht ch nu ra mn, d nu c ri

HmNguyn tc:

Hm tng t nh ninh. Nhng thc phm trc khi em hm thng c tm p gia v v c xo rn qua.

Khi hm cho nc vo thc phm t hn so vi ninh. Thi gian lm chn tng i lu nhng nhanh hn so vi ninh. Sau khi un nc si thng un nh la cho thc phm chn nh, khng b nt vn.

Cc mn n ch bin theo phng php hm khng c s dng thng xuyn trong ba n hng ngy ca nhn dn ta nh cc mn canh. N thng dng trong cc ba n lin hoan, ngy tt, ngy gi.

Phn ln tht trong h c ca cc sc vt c xng nh tru b u c mng quanh c bn vng (tr phn tht hng, tht lng). Nn ngi ta ch dng phng php un nng t nh hm, ninh, nu ch bin cc tht .

Colagen l thnh phn chnh trc ht ca m lin kt xp di da, ca m lin kt thuc cc c quan ca gn; cc m sn, m xng. Colagen khng ha tan trong nc, trong dung dch mui trung tnh Nhng khi un si trong nc th colagen b thy phn v chuyn thnh glutin. Dung dch glutin c nht cao, khi ngui th thnh khi keo ng. Tnh cht chuyn ha ca colagen thnh glutin c ng dng trong ch bin tht nu ng, xc xch V d: tht heo nu ng, g nu ng.

Khi thay i mi trng phn ng t trung tnh sang axit s lm tng nhanh s tan r colagen mt cch r rt. iu chng ta u c th gp trong thc t nu nng nh khi ninh, hm tht m c thm nhng gia v cha axit hu c nh xt c chua, ru vang (hay trng), nc chanh V d: mn tht b nu xt vang, tht th nu chanh, tht b nu c chua, tht b nhng dm

2.1.1.1.4. Phng php kho, rim

Kho:Kho l mt dng mn n c s dng hng ngy trong ba n ca nhn dn ta. Cc mn n u phi ni bt v mn, mi thm v nh. Ma ng, ngi ta hay n cc mn kho, lm cho ba n m v n c nhiu hn.

Kho chia thnh hai loi: kho kh v kho nc. Kho kh thng hay c s dng vi cc loi c tanh. Kho nc dng i vi cc loi tht gia sc, gia cm hoc kho c vi cc loi rau, qu dng ly nc chm rau. V d: tht heo kho tu, c thu kho nc ch, c kho nc da, tm kho

Nguyn tc:

Cho nc l hoc nc si, mm mui vo thc phm, un k (thc phm ng vt thng rn qua trc ri mi cho nc mm, mui vo) un si nh la lu, lm cho thc phm mm nh, cn ht nc hoc cn xm xp nc.

Thi gian lm chn cc mn kho tng i lu nhm lm cho thc phm mm nh.

Yu cu sau khi si phi un nh la v y vung kn.

Rim

Nguyn tc:

Khi rim thc phm c p gia v (mm, mui, ng, nc mu, x du). V c bn, nguyn tc ca rim ging nh kho.

Rim khc kho ch rim thng hay cho ng nn ni v ngt v khi n mn rim phi kh, khng cn nhiu nc nh kho.

V d: tm rim, tht heo nc rim

Khi ch bin cc sn phm c nhiu ng nhit cao, sn phm i khi khng cn gi c mu sc t nhin nh ban u m chuyn sang mu vng nu (hi c v ng). Cht mu mi xut hin ny l do s to thnh caramen. S caramen ha xy ra nhit cao. Trong ch bin thng ch xy ra khi sn phm tip xc lu y xoong, ni lc un nu, nn trong cc mn kho (nh kho c) ngi ta thng s dng gia v xp di y ni, khi cn nc sn phm khng b chy. Hoc trong ch bin mt vi sn phm nh tht c kho, bnh caramen i hi phi c mu nu v hng v c trng, ngi ta da vo hin tng to thnh caramen lm nc mu cho vo cc sn phm .

2.1.1.1.5. Phng php om

Nguyn tc:

Mn om tng t nh kho, ch khc gia v cho vo ngoi nc mm, mui cn thm gia v chua nh gim, bng, m, kh, qu dc v nht thit thc phm phi em rn trc khi om.

Cc mn om thng khng mn nh cc mn kho m phi chua. V d: ln om ring gim, c om ring m. Nhng cng c nhng mn om khng s dng gia v chua nh mn g om nm, u ph om c chua

Thi gian lm chn cc mn om tng i lu v phi un nh la cho thc phm mm nh, nc snh v ngon.

Trong phng php om ngi ta s dng nhng gia v c cha axit hu c nh gim, m tm p thc phm lm cho cc m lin kt ca tht mm yu, khi qua ch bin thc phm nhanh nh. Mt s dng tht c em p gim t trc, ri sau mi em rn v om th s chuyn ha colagen s d dng.

2.1.2. Phng php lm chn thc phm bng hi nc

Nguyn tc chung:

Khi ch bin mn n theo phng php ny ngi ta un nc si, bc hi ln lm chn thc phm, trnh cho thc phm khi b ngm vo nc. Nh vy, vic truyn nhit chia lm 3 giai on nh sau:

-La truyn nhit cho nc lm nc si

-Nc si trong lc chuyn thnh hi li truyn nhit lng cho nc.

-Hi nc truyn nhit cho thc phm lm cho thc phm chn mm.

Yu cu k thut chung:

Nguyn liu dng ch bin cc mn n theo phng php ny c yu cu cao hn so vi phng php lm chn thc phm bng nc.

Cc loi tht gia sc phi l phn tht nc, mm, khng c gn, mng. Gia cm khi ch bin thnh cc mn n theo phng php ny thng nguyn con, nn yu cu phi chn loi non, bo. Cc loi rau phi non, t xenlulo.

Ngoi ra, mt s ca hng n ung ngi ta hp cm theo nh sut nhm bo m cho cm gi c gi tr dinh dng cao nhng km ngon so vi phng php nu.

2.1.2.1. Phng php hp

Phng php hp l phng php cho nc vo ni hp un si, t qu hp sn thc phm ln trn. Tip tc un si mnh t 30-40pht cho n khi thc phm chn. Thi gian ch bin cc mn hp khng ng lot, n ph thuc vo khi lng, tnh cht ca tng loi thc phm em ch bin. Ngi ta thng dng hp mt s loi bnh nh bnh bao, bnh t, bnh xu x.. hp mt s mn ca c, tht, trng, c Cc mn n ny c cht lng rt cao do c rt t nc tit ra thc phmMt s ca hng n ung ngi ta hp cm theo nh sut nh vy bo m cho cm gi c gi tr dinh dng cao nhng cm s km ngon so vi phng php nu.

2.1.2.2. Phng php tn

Tn l phng php dng sc nng ca hi nc lm chn thc phm. Ngi ta cn gi tn l hp cch thu. Tn ngha l b thc phm vo lin s, ri t trc tip vo ni nc, un si cho n khi thc phm chn mm l c.

Thi gian ch bin cc mn n theo phng php tn lu hn so vi phng php hp. cho thc phm chng chn ngi ta thng cho thm mt cht nc dng vo lin cha thc phm em tn

Cc loi tht em tn thng l loi tht ngon, non, mm v bo. Trc khi tn, ngi ta rn qua thc phm nhm rt ngn thi gian lm chn ng thi lm tng cht lng ca mn n. V d: g tn thuc bc, b tn

Yu cu sn phm chn nh, khng nt v nc trong.

2.1.2.3. Phng php

Nguyn tc:

Tng t nh hp, un nc trong ni cho si mi cho thc phm vo ch (ch khng cho hi nc ra ngoi nhiu qu lm gim cht lng ca mn n). Tip tc un u la nc si cho n khi thc phm chn mm.

Phng php ch p dng cho mt s loi thc phm c nhiu tinh bt nh np, khoai, sn

Thi gian lm chn cc mn n tng i lu, n ph thuc vo tnh cht ca nguyn liu dng ch bin. V d: thi gian xi lu hn so vi thi gian khoai v sn.

Nguyn liu dng ch bin cc mn n theo phng php phi l loi ngon, khng b mc, gy, su, h (nh khoai) v chy ch nh cc loi sn.

2.1.2.4. Phng php trng

Nguyn tc:

Dng ni nu, trn c cng khung vi kn ming ni. un nc trong ni cho si mnh sau dng mi, trng mt lp bt dn mng trn mt vi, chng 20-30 giy bt chn l c.

Phng php trng ch p dng cho mt s loi bt c xay hoc gi nh, mn em ho ln vi nc theo yu cu ch bin c th. Ngi ta thng dng trng bnh cun, bnh ph, bnh a

Thi gian ch bin cc mn n theo phng php trng rt nhanh, n ph thuc vo mc dy mng v tit din ca bt.

ch bin cc mn n theo phng php trng bt phi u nhau v cng nh cng tt, ng thi cc loi bt ny khng b su mt v mc.

2.1.3. Phng php lm chn thc phm bng cht bo

Nguyn tc chung:

Phng php ny gm nhiu dng, nhng tt c cc dng u tun theo nguyn tc:Cho mt lng cht bo (du, m) vo dng c (xoong, cho, lp l) ri un nng ti nhit cn thit. Cho sn phm vo m nng, b mt sn phm to thnh mt lp v.

y s truyn nhit cho sn phm bng dn nhit, mi trng truyn nhit l cht bo.

Yu cu chung:

S to thnh cc sn phm ca phng php lm chn bng cht bo ph thuc vo cc yu cu sau:

- Cht bo dng ch bin khng ln nhiu tp cht v phi c trong sut cao, v cht bo lm mi trng truyn nhit cho sn phm, lm tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. N nh hng trc tip n ch tiu cm quan ca mn n nh mu sc, mi v v.

- Cht bo phi c im nng chy v im si cao th kh nng tch nhit ca cht bo mi tng. iu ny c lin quan n s chn ca sn phm. Th d m ln nhit 250oC vn khng b chy, dng rn rt tt. Ngi ta thng dng rn nguyn liu kh chn, hoc chn lu nh g, vt, ngng, khi tht tng i ln Cn i vi cc loi du, m c im si thp th dng rn cc loi thc phm d chn v nhanh. Th d: b, du lc (b nhit 120oC 135oC b chy).

Nguyn liu em lm chn:

Tt c thc phm em lm chn u phi ti, khng i, mc, bn. Phi ch ti mc non, gi, mm, cng c th: gia cm, chim mung: chn loi bo, non, khng dng loi gi. Thu sn: khng cn thit phi chn non, gi v vi chng s bn vng ca mng quanh c th khng ng k. Rau qu: khng c chn gi qu, non qu.

Nhit v thi gian lm chn:

Tu theo mc ch v yu cu ca mn n, khi tin hnh lm chn cn phi c nhit v thi gian thch hp to ra sn phm, ngha l iu chnh nhit ca du m trong qu trnh un nng. Mc nng ca du m khi un c 3 mc:

- Nng va: t 130oC 140oC

- Nng: t 150oC 160oC

- Nng gi: t 180oC 200oC

Nhit ny nhn bit bng cch: Nu nng va, khi vy nc vo, nhng git nc b bin dng gn ging hnh cu v bay hi nhanh. Nu nng qu, khi nm mt vt t vo s c ting n lp bp. Nu nng gi, du m s sinh khi. V d: Tht b rn ti hay xo yu cu bn trong ming tht cn lng o (cha chn hn). Trc tin ta nhit ca m phi nng gi (160oC 180oC) th mi cho tht vo. B mt ming tht c to thnh mt lp o bn ngoi nhanh chng, cn tr s tit cc cht bn trong ra ngoi. Lc , nhit gia ming tht t khong 60oC, c mu nht, th ly ra ngoi, v nhit bn thn ming tht chn tip lm cho tht nht chuyn sang hng nht.

Thi gian lm chn sn phm ph thuc vo cc yu t: nhit cht bo c un nng cng cao th thi gian lm chn cng gim. Thi gian lm chn hn thc phm lu hn lm chn ti. Kch thc v khi lng sn phm em lm chn cng b th thi gian lm chn cng nhanh v ngc li.

Mu sc ca cc nguyn liu sau khi c lm chn: cc nguyn liu sau khi c lm chn bng cht bo lp v ngoi u c mu c trng (vng, vng sm, nu). Mu l kt qu ca phn ng to thnh melanoit b mt sn phm. Mu sc ny l mt trong nhng ch tiu cm quan ca mn n v c ngha lm tng v p hp dn, gy tc dng kch thch dch v i vi ngi n. Nhng s to thnh mu sc c khc nhau (nht, sm) do tnh cht ca cc nguyn liu khc nhau v yu cu cm quan ca tng mn n c khc nhau. Cho nn, yu cu mu sc ca cc nguyn liu sau khi lm chn bng phng php ny nh sau: cc nguyn liu thc phm c nhiu tinh bt sau khi lm chn bng rn, quay th lp v phi c mu vng rm. V d: rn khoai ty, khoai lang, cc loi bnh bng bt hay cc loi c tm bt Cc loi tht c mu trng nh g, th, ln, vt, c sau khi rn, quay lp v vng nu hoc nu sm. Cc loi nguyn liu thc phm c tm p cc gia v (nc mm, x du, ng) v cc loi rau qu, sau khi quay hoc rn th lp v to thnh c mu nu sm hn hoc vng sm hn. Tt c nguyn liu thc phm c lm chn bng cht bo (tr xo) mu ca lp v khng c en hoc trng nht, sn phm n ngoi phi gin, trong chn mm, khng kh, c mi v thm ngon c bit.

Cc dng lm chn bng cht bo bao gm cc dng: rn, quay, xo, trng, rang.2.1.3.1. Rn

Cc sn phm lm chn bng rn u c lp v vng, gin, gy cho ngi n cm gic gin th v. ng thi hng v ca mn n rn thm, m , c bit hp dn, gy kch thch dch v tit ra gip cho s tiu ho c tt hn. Nhng mt khc, cc mn rn t nhiu b thm m, khi vo d dy, rut s kh tiu ho hn cc mn n luc nu. V vy cn trnh n nhiu mn rn cng mt lc hoc n vo bui chiu, ti. C 2 cch rn:

2.1.3.1.1. Rn khng ngp m

Nguyn tc:

Cho mt lng m khng nhiu (khong 5 10% so vi trng lng thc phm) vo nhng dng c nng y (cho, qunh) un nng n 140oC 180oC, cho sn phm vo m nng, b mt ca sn phm tip xc vi y dng c, nhn nhit v to thnh lp v rt nhanh, sau tip tc lt trn xung di to thnh lp v ca mt . Ch dng c phi tht sch, trnh sn phm b st.

Thi gian chn ca cc sn phm bng rn tu thuc vo khi lng, tnh cht, kch thc ca nguyn liu thc phm v yu cu ca mn n. Mt khc, b mt tip xc gia sn phm v y dng c cng ln th thi gian s cng rt ngn li. V vy, mun chn nhanh cn em thi nh hoc thi mng nguyn liu lm chn. V d: mn tht b rn ti, un nng m n nhit 180oC (bc khi) b ming tht tm p gia v vo rn. Sau khi rn xong ming tht phi t yu cu cm quan nh sau:

+ Trng thi kh l ch yu, bn trong ming tht cn t nc c mu hng nht, tht mm, khng b dai.

+ Mu sc: nguyn ming tht c mu vng nu sm, bng mt. Khi ct tng ming bn trong c mu hng nht.

+ Mi: Ni mi thm ca ti v mi thm c trng ca tht b khi em rn.

+ V: C v m ca gia v vi v ngt ca tht b.

Ngoi ra cn c cc mn n rn khng ngp m, ch yu cu nhit vo khong 140oC 160oC nh mn: ch mc rn, trng c tht, c tm rn

2.1.3.1.2. Rn ngp trong m

Nguyn tc:

Cho cc sn phm vo ngp hon ton trong m hoc du c un nng n 150oC. T l gia m v sn phm thng khng di 4:1. B mt sn phm tip xc ton b v cng mt lc vi m, lp v o c to thnh nhanh chng v ng u. ng thi, o trn lp o c mu u khp.

Thi gian lm chn nhanh hn so vi rn khng ngp m v b mt sn phm c tip xc ton b v cng mt lc vi m.

Ch : Cc loi qu thng nguyn qu hoc na qu nh mn c chua nhi tht hp, c tm rn

Cc loi c ct thi (khoai ty, khoai lang, xu ho) trc khi rn phi gt v, ra sch lp tinh bt b mt, lm ro khi rn trnh hin tng dnh vo nhau, hoc dnh cht vo y dng c.

2.1.3.2. Quay

Quay bng cht bo l mt phng php lm chn sn phm ging nh rn, v nguyn tc quay v cc hin tng xy ra trong qu trnh quay cng ging nh rn.

Nhng quay khc rn mt s im sau:

- Cc nguyn liu em lm chn l cc nguyn liu thc phm thuc ng vt nh g, vt, chim, ngng, ln

- Kch thc nguyn liu thc phm c th l nguyn c con hoc pha thnh ming kh ln.

- Trong qu trnh quay cng c lc phi y np vung ch khng hon ton m np vung nh rn.

Quay c nhiu cch: quay trong ni gang, quay bng cho, quay di m.

2.1.3.1.1. Quay trong ni gang

Nguyn tc ging nh rn khng ngp m... Nhng khi b mt da vng u ri th cho tip gia v thm (gia v nu c) y vung kn, gim nhit va phi (nh la). Thi gian lm chn tng i lu v kch thc, khi lng ca nguyn liu tng i ln v yu cu sn phm chn mm. V d: mn g quay mm.2.1.3.1.2. Quay bng choNguyn tc:

Tu theo tnh cht ca nguyn liu em lm chn v yu cu ca tng mn n m cho t m hoc nhiu m (khng ngp m hoc ngp trong m). un nng m n nhit cn thit, b nguyn liu vo, khi lp v to thnh th o, trn cho mu ca b mt nguyn liu u khp. Trong sut qu trnh quay khng y np vung.

- Nu quay t m th giai on cui, tc l giai on lp v hnh thnh v c mu ri, th un nh la trnh bn ngoi chy, bn trong sng. Nu quay nhiu m th sut qu trnh quay nhit ca m phi nng gi.

- Thi gian quay cho nhiu m v t m c khc nhau. Nu quay t m th thi gian chn tng ng vi cch quay trong ni gang. Nu quay nhiu m th thi gian nhanh hn hai cch quay trn. Cch quay bng cho ny yu cu nguyn liu sau khi chn lp v ngoi phi gin. V d: nhng mn n quay nhiu m nh chim quay, ngng quay, g quay cn mn n quay t m nh tht ln p cho.

2.1.3.1.3. Quay di m

Quay di m ch p dng quay cc loi gia cm nguyn con nh g, vt, ngng cn da bn ngoi.

Nguyn tc:

Cho nhiu m vo dng c (xoong, cho). un nng m t 170oC 180oC. Lc m nng di lin tip ln nguyn liu (da phi c thm kh nc) v phi di mt cch u khp b mt cho n khi chn lp v v lp v c mu vng p.

Ch : di m u khp, mt tay cm u con vt, mt tay mc m di. Gia cm c di ngay trn mt m, m li c tip tc un nng lin tc trong qu trnh di m, xoay u con vt xung quanh v thnh thong xoay t trn xung di.

Thi gian: Quay di m lm chn chm nht so vi cc cch quay khc nhng mu ca lp v bao gi cng p v bng, ng thi lp v gin, lp tht bn trong khng b kh xc.

Ni chung cc mn n lm chn bng rn v quay t c yu cu tt, ngoi cc yu t v cht lng ca cht bo, cht lng ca nguyn liu c lm chn th yu t quan trng quyt nh cht lng thnh phm l s iu chnh nhit m, m c th y l nhit ca l la.

2.1.3.1.4. Xo

Xo l mt dng lm chn bng cht bo, nhng lng cht bo y rt t so vi lng tng s cc nguyn liu khc mun xo, n chim khong 10-15%. c im ca mn n lm chn bng xo l:

a s cc mn xo gm nhiu nguyn liu c ct thi theo quy nh, h hp li vi nhau. Do , mc chu tc ng ca nhit i vi mi nguyn liu c khc nhau.

Sau khi lm chn nhng nguyn liu trong mn xo khng nht thit phi c lp v vng gin nh rn, quay. Ch c mt s mn trc khi em xo nguyn liu c lp v vng gin ( c lm chn bng rn trc), c loi nguyn liu khng c lp v vng nhng gin, v d nh: mn ph xo gin.

Yu cu cc mn n sau khi lm chn bng xo: nguyn liu khng c chn nh hoc c mt s mn xo i hi phi c t nc snh.

Nguyn tc:

un du (m) nng n nhit 180oC (bc khi) trong cho (hoc qunh). u tin xo gia v (hnh, ti) cho thm ri ln lt cho cc nguyn liu vo, loi no lu chn cho trc, loi no mau chn cho vo sau, hoc cho cc nguyn liu c rn hoc chn, nhng vo nu c. Lin tc o trn cho n khi gn c th cho cc gia v vo (bt nm v mt t ng) o u, c th thm mt t bt nng (ha tan trong nc lnh trc) vo, khuy u cho bt chn l c.

Khi tin hnh xo cn ch cc im sau:

Nhit ca du (m) lun lun cao, ngha l phi un tht to la. Nu khng nguyn liu s b chy nc, thi gian xo s ko di, cc nguyn liu nh rau, c, qu s khng gin m b mm, nu l tht s b dai. Do tnh cht b ho tan trong cht bo ca carotinoit nn khi xo hoc rn, cc loi rau c nhiu carotinoit nh c chua, c rt, t mt phn carotinoit trong thc phm s ho tan vo cht bo v lm cho cht bo c mu da cam. i vi mt s mn n, carotinoit ho tan vo cht bo va lm tng mu sc hp dn ca mn n va lm tng kh nng hp th ca c th i vi carotin (mt s mn canh nh riu cua trc khi cho c chua vo nu cn phi xo qua vi m trc cng nhm mc ch trn).

Dng c tng i rng, xo tng m t mt.

Nu cc mn xo trong c tht (bt k thuc loi tht g) th xo tht trc, xc ra ngoi ring, sau tip tc xo cc nguyn liu khc, cui cng tht vo o u l c.

C mt s mn xo c nguyn liu l qu, c do t m kh chn nhanh, ngi ta thng cho thm mt lng nc, nhng rt t, nhm lm tng tc chn.

Thi gian lm chn bng xo tng i nhanh so vi thi gian lm chn bng rn v quay.

Xo c nhiu cch: xo gin, xo t, xo ln, xo thp cm Nhng tt c cc cch u tun theo nguyn tc xo trn, ch khc nhau v mc ch bin nhit ca tng nguyn liu: chn nhiu, chn t; v s c mt ca cc nguyn liu trong mn xo v trng thi kh, t ca mn xo. V d: tht b xo ln, c xo cn ti, g xo hnh nhn, ph xo gin, c h da xo gin.

Thng thng i vi cc mn xo c thm nc bt th bao gi di y dng c cng cn mt t nc snh v b mt nguyn liu bng mt. i vi cc mn xo ln th bao gi cng kh l ch yu (ming tht sn li).

2.1.3.1.5. Rang bng m

Rang bng m cng l mt dng lm chn bng cht bo. Cc mn n rang bng m sau khi rang u trng thi kh, cc nguyn liu c rang bng m u sn v rn hn, b mt ca chng u bng.

Nguyn tc:

Cho mt lng m khng nhiu vo cho (hoc xoong) khong t 10-20% trng lng nguyn liu. un nng m nhit cao (khong 160oC-180oC). Cho nguyn liu cn rang vo, lin tc o u, sau cho thm gia v. o u cho n khi cc nguyn liu sn li l c.

Thi gian rang bng m tng i lu hn xo.

Cc nguyn liu sau khi rang bng m tr nn bn vng hn i vi tc ng c hc, khi nhai thy rn v chc hn. V d: cm rang.

2.1.3.1.6. Trng m

Trng m l cch lm chn dng rt t m. Lng m dng trng ch lng mng mt lt m trn b mt dng c.

Cc nguyn liu dng trng m u trng thi lng, snh nh bt ho vi nc, hay trng khuy.

Dng c trng l loi y nng