tajwid lessons 1 8 complete+notes

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Tajw¢¢¢¢d The Science of Reciting the Qur’ān Correctly

Prerequisite: Any Muslim aged 16 or over is welcome to register. This course is not recommended for individuals who are still learning to recognize the Arabic alphabet. It is recommended for individuals who have some basic ability to recite the Qur’ān and wish to improve their pronunciation and understanding of the rules for reciting the Qur’ān correctly. Note: This is not a reading-practice class to help individuals improve their fluency. In-class reading practice will be minimal.

Lesson 1: Preparing to recite the Qur’ān & Correct Pronunciation of the Arabic Alphabet (makhārij)

Importance of Reciting the Qur’ān Correctly One of the many miracles of the Glorious Qur’ān is that regardless of the number of times it is recited, one never gets tired nor bored with its recitation. Allah says in the Qur’ān:

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Indeed the believers are those who tremble with fear when Allah is remembered and when the verses of the

Qur’ān are recited before them, it increases their belief and upon Allah they have complete trust. (8:2)

One of the salient points mentioned in this verse is that when a believer recites the Qur’ān in the correct manner, it increases his faith and belief in Allah. Part of reciting the Qur’ān in the correct manner is to recite it with Tajw¢d.

Allah also says in the Qur’ān:

"�2,!� �3. �/��4�� "� �'�

…and recite the Qur’ān as it ought to be recited (lit. ‘with Tart¢l’). (73:4)

When asked about the meaning of Tart¢l, Imam Ali [a] replied, “It means that the Qur’ān should be recited with Tajw¢d and with due observance to the rules of waqf (pausing or stopping at the end of the verse).”

Tajw¢d means to recite every letter correctly, i.e. from its proper origin of pronunciation and with its stipulated rules.

According to some scholars, the verse:

- � 5�)�� &'�� .6�/ �� 7��8-"!� �7��/��9��) �'�"�2,!� ��%�: ��%�;

And the Messenger shall say: O my Lord! surely my people have treated this Qurān as a forsaken thing.

(25:30)

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has two interpretations. Firstly, it could mean that they had renounced the Qur’ān by not believing in it and practicing upon it. And secondly, it could mean that they used to recite the Qur’ān in such a poor manner that it sounded senseless and meaningless. Reading the Qur’ān without Tajwid could also be included in the second interpretation.

Meaning of Tajw¢¢¢¢d The word ‘Tajw¢d’ literally means ‘to improve’, ‘to make better’. It can also be said to be the recitation and pronunciation of every letter of the Qur’ān from where the sound is supposed to come with its proper characteristics such as: Lengthening (Isti’la - ا<=>;ء), Shortening (Istifāl Thinning (Tarq¢q - CDEFG), Thickening (Tafkh¢m - HDIBG) and other phonetic rules such as ,(ا<=ABل -pronouncing clearly (Idh-hār - رAKLا), absorbing/assimilating (Idghām - مAOاد), changing (Iqlāb - ب;Eا), and hiding (Ikhfā - ءABRا). So we could say:

Tajw¢¢¢¢d of the Qur’ān is the knowledge and application of the correct rules of recitation so that the reading of the Qur’ān is as close as possible to the recitation of the Prophet Mu¦¦¦¦ammad [s].

Terminology

FT °arf (pl. Hurūf) Letter (of the Alphabet)ف

WآFT °araka (pl. °arakāt) Short Vowel (Fat-ha, Kasra, Dhamma)

.FI] Makhraj (plجMakhārij)

Place of origin of sound – i.e. correct pronunciation

_Eو Waqf (pl. wuqūf) Pause / Stop

ab Jazm / Sukūn A small circle over letters denoting theمletter has no ¦araka. The letter becomes sākin.

defgG Tanw¢n Nunnation. Double ¦arakāat i.e. two fat-has, two kasras or two dhammas that together give the sound of ن (Nun).

ieijG Tashd¢d / Shadda Doubling the sound of a letter (so that it is stressed) but adding the sign over it. Such a letter is said to be mushaddad.

WgO Ghunnah Twang – nasalized pronunciation of the letter م or ن. There is no other nasal letter in Arabic.

Wel Āyah (pl. Āyāt) Verse of Qur’ān

f> Surah (pl. Suwar) Chapter of Qur’ān (Total: 114)رة

:ab Juz (pl. Ajza) One of 30 parts of the Qur’ān (UrduءSipara)

stر Rub’ Mark indicating ¼ of Juz

_vw Nisf Mark indicating ½ of Juz

yz{ Thuluth Mark indicating ¾ of Juz

}i] Madda Elongation

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Prerequisites to Reading The following are external etiquettes (ādāb) that a Muslim should observe when reciting the Qur’ān:

1. Purity of body and clothes and place. It is recommended to brush teeth beforehand.

2. Perform Wu¤u – Wajib (Obligatory) to touch the letters of the Qur’ān.

3. Sit facing the Qibla in a dignified manner. Hold the Qur’ān respectfully or place it on a table or a Qur’ān stand (mirfa’).

4. Cover your head with a cap (males) / scarf (females) as a sign of respect for the Qur’ān.

5. The intention when reciting the Qur’ān should be to gain the pleasure of Allah.

6. Start recitation with 16:98 (ta’awudh) and then bimillahi… (except for Surah Tawbah – Chp. 9).

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7. Do not leave the Qur’ān open or unattended.

8. Read clearly and distinctly without rushing, shouting, etc. Avoid disrupting the recitation to talk to people, yawning loudly, laughing, etc. The voice of the reciter must not be too loud so as to disturb others, especially those engaged in other forms of worship.

9. Participate actively as if the verse has just been revealed to you. For example, when reading in private, stop at a verse of warning and seek protection from Allah, and stop at a verse of mercy and ask The Merciful for His Bounty.

10. Try and evoke humility and even crying out of awe/love of Allah when reciting the Qur’ān.

11. Reflect on the words of Imām Ali Zayn al-Abidin [a] (in a supplication): “O Allah, make the Qur’ān a ladder by which I may climb to the place of safety.”

Correct Pronunciation

Arabic Alphabet (,-./012ا672وف ا)and their Names

ا ب ت ث ج ح خKha °aa J¢m Tha Ta Ba Alif

د ذ ر ز س ش ص

¯ad / Swad Sh¢n S¢n Za Ra Dhal Dal

ض ط ظ ع غ ف قQaf Fa Ghayn ‘Ayn ²a ±a ®ad

ك ل م ن O / ه و يYa Waw Ha Nūn M¢m Laam Kaf

ء ة Ta Marbu§ah Hamza

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Note: Students familiar with the Urdu and Farsi alphabets should pay special attention to the pronunciation of the letters in blue. The origin of Letters

ا و ي ر ل نAl-°urūf al-Dhu Laqiyya – Tip of tongue

touches upper hard palate Al-°urūf al-Hawāiya – Emptiness of the Mouth

O / ه ح ع خ غ ض

Upturned sides of tongue touches gums of

upper back teeth

Upper portion of Throat Centre of Throat Back of Throat

Al-°urūf al-Halqiya – From the Throat

ت د ط ث ذ ظ

Al-°urūf al-Lithawiyya – Tip of tongue touches edge of upper two front teeth

Al-°urūf al-Ni§§iyya – Dental – Tip of tongue touches gum of upper two front teeth

ز س ص ب م فAl-°urūf al-Shafawiyya – Lower lip touches edge of two upper front teeth Al-°urūf al-Asaliyya – Tip of tongue rises to

upper palate, touching gums behind upper two front teeth

ق ك ج ش

Al-°arfān al-Shajriyatān – Centre of tongue touches

upper palate Al-°arfān al-Lahwiyān –

Back of tongue rises and touches soft palate

Arabic Short Vowels (I’raab)

Vowel Name English Equivalent

- Fat-ha A

- Kasra I

- ®amma U

The Arabic long vowels (Alif Maqsurah, Madda Alif, Madda Yaa and Madda Waw) will be covered later on. Mispronouncing In Arabic, every letter has a unique sound. When learning to recite the Qur’ān properly, one must make every effort to learn how to pronounce each letter correctly. Due to the vastness of the Arabic language, any small mistake in pronunciation of a letter or word may

change the meaning of that word. For example, the word �zE means ‘heart’; if read �zآ, it will mean ‘a

dog’. The word �E means ‘say’; if read as آ�, it will mean ‘eat’. Knowledge of tajw¢d is far¤ al-kifāyah, meaning some of the Muslim community must know it and its knowledge cannot be forsaken.

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Mispronouncing the Arabic letters, and therefore misreading the Qur’ān is called d�� (Lahn) in Arabic. It is further divided into �z�ا� d�� – Explicit Misreading and �BIا� d�� – Implicit Misreading. Lahn Jali is when a letter is clearly mispronounced as another letter (see the Similar Sounding Letters below). And this is considered a sin if done intentionally. One must learn to pronounce them correctly as it also affects one daily prayers (salaat) when reciting Surah al-Fatiha, etc. Examples:

��!��8�/�� B�#�"=�+,!� �$.) CDE�"�� !� &'�> - Surah al-Bara-ah, 9:3

In the above verse, if rasuluhu is read as rasulahu then it changes the meaning to a blasphemous one saying that Allah is free of the polytheists and His messenger!! (As opposed to “… and so is His Messenger”).

��+-�� 0�=;�� &�!� $�) �F��G�� D��+��H,!� - Surah al-Fā§ir, 35:28

In the above verse, if Allaha is read as Allahu then it changes the meaning to a blasphemous one saying that Allah fears those of His servants who are learned!! (As opposed to “only the learned amongst His servants fear Him”.) Other examples that change a verse’s meaning to blasphemy:

�� +�H��> �$��%&!� �I��"�J

- Surah al-Fātiha, 1:7 reading an’amta as an’amtu

��"�� 0��1�� K��/ ��:

- Surah al-Baqara, 2:124 reading rabbuhu as rabbahu

�L��!�� 3�1�� - Surah al-Baqara, 2:251

reading qatala dawudu jaaluta as dawuda jaalutu Lahn Khafi is when a letter is not mispronounced but the reader nonetheless spoils the beauty of the Qur’ān by not following the rules of variation in pronouncing the same letter. For example, the letter ر is sometimes pronounced heavily and sometimes lightly. These subtle differences will be discussed in latter sessions.

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Similar Sounding Letters The following Arabic letters are somewhat similar in sound. If not pronounced correctly, they often change the meaning of a word completely.

ا ع ت ط ث س ص “s” almost like

Sum “s” as in Sin “th” as in

Thin

ه ح Strong explusion

of breath like sound produced when blowing on spectacles to clean them

“h” as in hang

“h” as in “house”

“h” as in “hut” ك ق

Like “k” but from back of

throat

“k” as in Cup, Kite, King, Cat

ز ذ ظ ض “dh” as in That,

This, The “z” as in Zeal

خ غ

The letters that occur in Arabic, that are not common in other languages are:

ح خ ص ض ط ظ ع غ

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Lesson 2: Sun (Shamsiya) and Moon (Qamariya) Letters

The Arabic alphabet is made up of 28 letters. Of these, 14 are called Sun Letters ( jD��Wا� ��Fوفا ) and the remaining 14 Moon Letters ( eF��اW .(ا��Fوف Sun Letters

When the definite article (ال) is attached to an indefinite word, the tanw¢n on the last letter changes to a short vowel (single haraka). For example, ¤ammatayn changes to a single ¤ammah:

ا�F�}jة → F��ةTree The Tree

Furthermore, if the first letter of the indefinite word is a “Sun” letter than after the ال is prefixed, the ل is not pronounced. Instead the first “Sun” letter is stressed. This is reflected with a shadda ( ) on the Sun letter. See the Sun letter ش in the example above. The 14 Shamsiyya letters are:

ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن

Note: If there is another letter or word before the definite article ال, then even the Alif in the ال is not pronounced. The ال is ignored completely. However, the Sun letter is still read as a mushaddad letter.

For example: ةF�}jا� ��G

This tendency to assimilate or join to the Sun letter, bypassing the ل or ال is called Idghām. Later, we shall see other instances when Idghām is used in Qur’ān recitation. Moon Letters The remaining 14 letters of the Arabic alphabet are called Qamariyya (Moon) letters and they are:

ا ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م و ه ي

These letters can be remembered by memorizing the phrase: In the case of Moon letters, the tanw¢n also changes to a short vowel:

i��] → i��ا Mosque The Mosque

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The difference however is that the Lām is always pronounced. If the definite article ال is the start, then both the Alif and the Lām are pronounced. And if there is a letter/word preceding the ال then only the ل is pronounced and the Alif is dropped.

For example: i��ا ��

The tendency to pronounce a letter/word clearly (such as in this the ل before the Moon letter) is called Idh-hār. Later, we shall see other instances when Idh-hār is used in Qur’ān recitation. Other Examples: Definite article before Moon letters are in blue and before Sun letters are in red.

��> !��M��+-A ,!��H ��(�) ,!��N��"�2 ��,!��"��(�; �O�G�� !��L��P�&<

�Q��! ��:��(�� !��'�K��-�-" ��RS��/��G? $�� !�� T��,U

�� 1-��> !��V,W-( ,!��X-(�Y�+,<�+ Z[�\�8 �]�� → !��[�\-A �]��

Rules of Sun and Moon Letters Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –

Students Manual. Published by Hujjat Saturday Workshop, UK, p. 109.

Further examples can be extracted by opening any page of the Qur’ān.

Exceptions:

If ل or ال appear as a part of a word (noun or verb) and not as part of the definite article ال, then it is pronounced clearly even if the following letter is a Sun letter. For example:

�� ا�–�� ا� –� � - ��1,��,<�2 This exception is, of course, not true in the case of other rules of Tajw¢d that we shall study later on, such

as the rules of Idghām, where �� is pronounced as �� ر��. For now, what is important to remember is that the rules of °urūf al-Shamsiyya and °urūf al-Qamariyya are only relevant in relation to the definite

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article ال (which is the equivalent of the English word “The”) that is prefixed to an indefinite noun so as to make it a definite noun. The definite article ال never appears in the middle of a word. Rules of Lām – Exceptions Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


Tip: If you can’t remember which letters are Sun Letters and which ones are Moon letters, there is a quicker way to detect this:

Look at the letter after ال, does it have a shadda ( )? If it does, then it is a Sun letter and the ل is not to be pronounced. Look at the table below. Can you tell quickly which ones are Shamsiyya and which ones are Qamariyya?

�X-(�Y�+,<�+,!� �'�K��-�-"!� ��H,!� �[�\-A!� �V,W-(!� �,U�T� �L��P�&<!� �N��"�2,!�

Note: This tip is applicable in most copies of the Qur’an. In some texts (such as books of duas), the shadda may be missing. One still however needs to follow the rules and read it with a shadda.

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Lesson 3: Rules of Nūn Sākin and Tanw¢¢¢¢n - Idh-haar & Iqlaab

Nūn Sākin and Tanw¢¢¢¢n - Introduction

Nūn Sākin is a ن (Nūn) free from any vowel (Haraka). Tanw¢n is a a term that refers to double harakas

that occur at the end of words i.e. . Tanw¢n also produces a ن like (nasal) sound which is pronounced but not written. When these two (Nūn Sākin and Tanw¢n)come into contact with other letters, they have an

effect on how the ن sound is pronounced. (M¢m Sākin م also has an effect but this will be discussed later on.)

Whenever there is a ن (Nūn Sākin) or (Tanwīn), we need to look at the next letter depending on which, there are four possible rules on how the Nūn is pronounced:

Idh-hār (1/ر`aا): Which means to make clear, distinct. In this case the ن sound is clear & distinct.

Idghām (م/bدaا): Which means to assimilate, join. In this case the ن is merged into the next letter either partially or completely.

Iqlāb (ا��ب): Which means to change, convert. Here the ن is changed into another letter.

Ikhfā (ء/cdaا): Which means to hide, conceal. The ن is hidden so it is not clearly pronounced but neither is it merged (like Idghām).

In the table below: The Idh-hār letters are in blue. Iqlāb in green. Idghām in Red. And all the remaining (in white) are Ikhfā letters.

ا ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف ق ك ل م ن O / ه و ي

(Al-Idh-hār) اa`1/رIdh-hār means to make clear, distinct. If after ن (Nūn Sākin) or (Tanw¢n) there appears any of the following six letters (called Czوف ا��FT (Hurūf al-Halq)) then the ن (Nun) sound should be pronounced clearly and without “ghunna” (nasal twang):

ا ه ع غ ح خ

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Examples:

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah Al-°°°°urūf al-Halqiyya Letter

15 82 ,��#�� (�'��1 �$�) �7��G�9,!�

2 35 �\�#�� )��(� �P�/4�O �?�_� ��+�1,Y�

108 2 �� a.��"�! b3�c�d�� "

ح

4 35 ��,' �e�1,W �f��2� ��+��(�� ,��g�H��d

4 35 &'�� !� �'��# ��+ �e��h�G

80 18 �)$ �>5� .EiD �e��2��

خ

6 54 ��-��> �)$ ��3�+ �](�)

6 54 ��(� ��j�� ,3�2�d �\�8Z[ ��]��

ع

7 43 ��(��k�� ) 5�d ��O�J�:�/ .)$ �Pl3

35 28 &'�� &�!� ��k��Zk �PZ/��W

غ

5 32 �)$ �>�3� �a�!�� (G�1�#

38 29 ��1�#Z6 �>�F��(,!�k� �a��!�� Zm�/��G�) ��"-�-O��b!

112 4 �W�# ��&! $�]�� !��> ��ZO�?

f / ا

3 104 �'��"�),n�� o��"H�+,!�� (�'� ��$ �"�](�+,!�

13 7 ��+-�� > Z/�%(�) b3�]�!�� i[ �:i��

ه

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Idh-hār Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


Other Forms of Idh-hār: We have seen this when discussing Hurūf al-Qamariyya (The Moon Letters).

(Al-Iqlāb) ا¢E;ب

Iqlāb means to make change, convert. If after ن (Nūn Sākin) or (Tanw¢n) there appears the letter with “ghunna” (nasal twang). This is م sound should be pronounced like the letter (Nūn) ن then the بregardless of whether the ن and ب are in the same word or at the end and start of two separate words.

The م is literally hummed rather than pronounced as in the words hum, slumber and timber. Examples:

Written Pronounced

i<t d] i<t ]H £ADء[ا اAD£wء

EgF£ E�F£ F£g¤ ¤�F£

Examples of ب;E¢ا from the Qur’ān (of Nūn Sākin and of Tanw¢n). If you look at your copy of the

Qur’ān, you might see a small م indicating the need for Iqlāb:

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah

2 18 �Jp ��Z,] Z5+�� d �Q �'��H��"��

2 27 �O�� &�!� �)$ ��OH ��g��)

2 181 �+�d$ ��!-O �OH�� ) ��H�+�8 ��+-��q�d ��+,U��

2 282 '�� ,��H,W� �q�d��-� ��A�dZf ��] ,��2- �� !�

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Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 4 134 �H��+�8 �� !� �'��#�� h�c 63 11 �G�e ��&�!�� Zh�'��+H� ��+ 98 4 �) �&!�� $�X�(.��G,!� �� D�� ) �OH 104 4 ��! �&��#�G(�X�+�<� ,!� 5�d &'�%

Iqlāb Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


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Lesson 4: Rules of Nūn Sākin and Tanw¢¢¢¢n – Idghām & Ikhfā

(Al-Idghām) ا¢دAOم

Idghām means to assimilate, join. If after ن (Nūn Sākin) or (Tanw¢n) there appears any of the following six letters, then the ن (Nūn) or Tanw¢n is dropped and the following letter (one of the six below) is pronounced with tashdeed (i.e. stress):

ي ر م ل و ن

These six letters can easily be remembered by memorizing the word نfz]Fe Note:

Idghām can only occur between two words. Unlike Iqlaab, if there is a Nūn Sākin in the middle of a word followed by one of the Idghām letters, there is no merging, instead the Nūn Sākin is pronounced with

absolute clearly i.e. with Cz¥] رAKLإ.

In the Qur’ān, Nūn Sākin only occurs in the same word with two Idghām letters: و and ي. And that too, it occurs in only the following four words:

Examples of Idghām:

Pronounced Written Pronounced Written

]}� �{[ م ي ← [d ي ← ]}F F{[ م ر ← [d ر ← }H] ← م م }H] ← م d] ]}� �{[ م ل ← [d ل ← ]}f f{[ م و ← [d و ← ]}d d{[ م ن ← [d ن ←

The letters of Idghām are further divided into two groups: Idghām Bilā Ghunnah (Without Ghunnah) and Idghām Ma’al Ghunnah (With Ghunnah).

,kb lm م/bاد - Idghām Bila Ghunnah (Idghām without Ghunnah)

The letters of Idghām Bilā Ghunnah are ر and ل

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When these two letters occur after Nūn Sākin or Tanw¢n, they are pronounced as a mushaddad letter and

the Nūn Sākin or Tanw¢n is dropped completely. Idghām Bilā Ghunnah is also called مAG مAOاد (Idghām

Taam) i.e. Complete or ا��]A© because it drops the Nūn Sākin or Tanw¢n (Idghām al-Kāmil) ادAOم completely. Examples of Idghām Bila Ghunnah (Kāmil): Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 104 1 ��r3 b!b3�] iN�k�+�: iN�k�+s!

96 7 �>' -/�F� 0�(t�18�

96 15 �#�&� �Y�!$ &! ��1(�� H�WA�(�! �X��J�-(!��

101 7 ��d 5�d �=��iX -/iX��u�

112 4 �!�� ]��$ &!�� W�# ZO�?�>

51 57 ��) �O��/�> ��(�) .)$ ./if� ��)�� O��/�> '�> �'��+�H,<��

67 15 ��#�� )$ ./�� !�� /��=K(!� Idghám Bila Ghunnah / Idghām Kāmil Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


Wgªا� s] مAOاد - Idghām Ma’al Ghunnah (Idghām with Ghunnah)

The remaining four letters of Idghām are the letters of Idghām Ma’al Ghunnah: م ,ن ,ي and و

These four letters can easily be remembered by memorizing the word f�ge

When these four letters occur after Nūn Sākin or Tanw¢n, there is only a partial joining. The letters و and .are literally hummed ن and م are pronounced from the nose (with ghunnah) whilst the letters ي

Idghām Ma’al Ghunnah is also called ا�gAE« Idghām al-Nāqis (Partial Idghām) because the Nūn - ادAOم Sākin or Tanw¢n is dropped only partially.

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Examples of Idghām Ma’al Ghunnah (Nāqis): Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 104 2 E�%&!� �M�+�� )�4! ��F��-O��

104 9 5�d �+��iO K)iN��-O�+ 99 7 �+�d$ ��,3�+H �7��2,g�) iN-/�� e��" ��F�" 111 1 �-G� ��O�� 5��> ��!iv ��-v� 75 22 ��ZF ��Y�)�i% -�rN�"�u� 75 36 �v�A ��> �'��A��q,!� �>' ��m�"1 w�O�8 75 37 �!�> �a�� W,<��4X .)$ x5�(-) 0�(+�� 75 40 �V��!�> �a�!�� i/��2�� 0�� >' ��5�� 0� ��+,!�

Idghām Ma’al Ghunnah / Idghām Nāqis Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


(Al-Ikhfā) ا¢ABRءIkhfā means to make hide, conceal. If after ن (Nūn Sākin) or (Tanw¢n) there appears any of the remaining 15 letters (after we remove all the letters causing Idh-hār, Iqlāb and Idghām) then the ن (Nūn) sound should be pronounced with a light nasal sound (ghunnah) that is between Idh-hār and Idghām. Another way of putting this is: Ikhfā is Idghām without doubling (tashd¢d) whilst retaining the ghunnah (nasal twang). Some have said it is called Ikhfā (hiding) because it conceals or hides the Nūn Sākin or Tanw¢n.

ت ث ج د ذ ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ف ق ك Comparative English Pronunciation of Idh-hār vs. Ikhfā:

Idh-hār Ikhfā Pin Pink Shun Shunt Fine Find

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Ikhfā can take place between two words (as will always be the case with the Tanw¢n) or in the middle of a word (for Nūn Sākin).

Examples: Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 103 2 &'�� q,!��A��'� 5�W�! i"A�e

111 3 0��c��8 ��/ ��L� iv��!

113 2-5 �)$ �." ��) �y��e �)��$ �." iy�8��P �� v�� )��$ �." �L��U�&W-(!� 5�d �O�2�H,!�

�)��$ �." iO�8��? �� O�A�? 107 5 �$��%&!� �: ��$ �J�� '��:��8 106 4 E�%&!� ��+�H,z�> .)$ ��i{� ��(�)�� $.) io��e 105 4 ��)"� iN�/��9� �� .)$ �8i3�.9 101 6 �-)�n�d �)$ �U��2 ��(��) 96 16 ��J��iX �#iX�� iX�Y�z��e 78 40 �-�� #��/�%��> ��%�� G��" �[�� "�|(�� }D"�+,!�

Ikhfā Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. References:

- How to Recite the Qur’ān – Students Manual. Published by Hujjat Saturday Workshop, UK,

p. 96-7.

- Qur’ān (with coloured coded Tajwid Rules), p. 12-13.

18

Lesson 5: Qalqala, Rules of Raa, Laam & Nun Qutni

(Al-Qalqala) ا�� Qalqala literally means to shake, vibrate or echo. In Tajw¢d, qalqala is to pronounce certain letters with an echo when they appear with a sukūn on it. The letters of qalqala are 5:

ق ط ب ج د

These letters can easily be remembered by memorized the phrase ib �¥E The following are examples from the Qur’ān. Care should be taken not to echo the letters to an extent where it will sound as if the letter has a fat-ha on it.

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah Qalqala Letter 7 12 ��e,25�(�1 $�) i/�-� ��e��,2��1 $�)

ق

37 10 �~�<�e �;,!�,<�X�W ��H�G �n�d Z6�� UZv

ط

76 8 ��,<��.G�? 0�� [��H&<!� �'��+�H

2 34 ,�� (,�� X�]��\�+,��! ,��O�98� �[�� O�9�A�d,�� &Q�� V��

ب

37 19 ��+-��q�d �5�: ��rN�" rN�O�?�� ج

33 4 ��)�� 3�H�� >��#D�� >��#D��( د

87 14 ��O0&#�k� $�) ��,d�>

The following are more examples where qalqala is applied when stopping (e.g. at the end of a verse or when breathless). In this case, even if the last letter did not have a sukūn it becomes sākin irrespective of the vowel sign. (Exceptions to this rule will be discussed in Lesson 7).

19

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah Qalqala Letter 37 5 ��)�� +��(�� /��K6 �/��=�+,!��f

ق

11 70 �-�� (,��8/�> 0�!�� [�� !iI ط

37 10 �~�<�e �;,!�,<�X�W ��H�G �n�d Z6�� UZv

ب

2 197 �Q�� A�d�f �Q�� 7��O�� 5�d � ,!�.� ج

37 7 �4|,W�?�� $.) b3�# i'��<�� /�-)i� د

Later, in advanced Tajw¢d classes, one studies the divisions of qalqala to al-qalaqala al-sughra, al-mutawasita, al-kubra, etc. Briefly speaking, the lesser qalqala (al-sughra) occurs when one of the qalqala letters is in the middle of a word. (See Surah al-ªdiyāt, Chp. 100). The moderate qalqala (al-mutawasita) occurs when one stops at the qalqala letter (e.g. to breathe or end of verse) and there is no shadda. (See surah al-Ikhlās, Chapter 112 and Surah al-Falaq, Chapter 113). The greater qalqala (al-kubra) occurs when a stop is made on a doubled (mushaddad) letter of qalqala i.e. letter of qalqala with sukūn and shadda. For example: Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 15 85 ��)�� (,2��e �L��+-A!� ��/RS�� )�� +��(�� &Q�� ,!��.y &'��

�X��-A!� rX�� WJ��d ��,W-c!� �3��+�9,!� 21 112 �7�� .6�/ �]?� � ,!��.y ��(K��/�� $�+?-"!� �'��H�1A�+,!� 0�� )

�'��W�c� 111 1 �-G� ��O�� 5��> iv��! � ��-v

Qalqala Practice: Open your copy of the Qur’ān and recite Surah al-ªdiyāt, Surah al-Ikhlās and Surah al-Falaq.

20

Rules of Ra

1. A Raa (ر) with a fat-ha or ¤ammah should be pronounced heavily or with a full mouth, regardless of

whether it has a shadda or not. The same is true if the ر has tanw¢n of fat-ha or ¤ammah. It is

pronounced with heaviness (Tafkh¢m – HDIBG). This is similar to the “r” in the English word “raw”. Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah

2 26 $�) Ky� ,!� ��-��>-/�W�# �$��%&!� �-)�>�� .��",��

2 28 �W,]� �~��#�"�#��?�n�d 4� ��)�> �1(�#�� &�!�� '�

2 177 �&!�G,!� �V-" �6�"t�+,!�� f�"=�+,!� �3�G�� ]�:�� ,��s!�� '�> �G,!� -$�]��!��-"�"�e�� [��,!�� !�� $�)� $�)

18 36 $�Y�!��K/ 0�!�� KL��/5.�

105 3 ��z �� 3�8/�>��"�3��> � 24 53 �G�e ��&�!� &'��ZhH� ��+�� '��+

2. A Raa (ر) with a kasra should be pronounced lightly/sharply or with an empty mouth, regardless of

whether it has a shadda or not. The same is true if the ر has tanw¢n of kasra. It is pronounced lightly (with Tarq¢q – CDEFG). This is similar to the “r” in the English word “rather”.


2 54 �� 0�!�� ,��1�d�/�]��

2 75 �d �'��# O��"�� !� �[�\�# �'��H�+A�� (.) Zy�

6 97 �G,!� �L��+�� 5�d �� ,��O�1��1�!." �G,!�� "

113 2 � $�)."��e ��) �y

21

3. When a fat-ha or ¤ammah appears before a Raa Sākin (ر) the Raa Sākin will be pronounced with a full mouth. Sometimes, the Raa Sākin (ر) is a result of stopping (waqf) at the end of a verse. If the letter before it also has a sukūn then look at the letter before that. See the last example below.

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 11 7 �� L��+-A!� y��e E�%&!� ��:��/RS �'��#�� i[�-��> �X-1�8 5�d ��

"��D��+,!� 0��

2 252 ,!� �$�+�! �a-��"�+�B��8

34 13 � �E��G�� $.) r3��]-=!�/

4. If a kasra appears before a Raa Sākin (ر), the Raa Sākin will be read with an empty mouth.

Sometimes, the Raa Sākin (ر) is a result of stopping (waqf) at the end of a verse. Even if the Raa has a kasra with Tanw¢n, if you stop, it becomes a Raa Sākin therefore how it is pronounced will depend on the letter before it.


2 6 (� �! [�> �� /�%��>�> �� CD��8/�%�'��(�)*�� Q �:

89 28 �/4X-��u"-) 4X��u��/ �a.��/ 0�!�� 5�H�� 97 1 �k��> �-��O�2,!� �X��! 5�d �F��(,!�/

How would pronounce the Raa if you stop at the end of the verse? 97 3 �� ~,!�> $.) Z"��e �/O�2,!� �X��!i" 74 32-33 �+�2,!�� &��#�" [32]

�"��> ,�� 3�&�!��]33[

Note: There are exceptions where Raa is pronounced heavily even if the Raa Sākin (ر) is preceded with a letter bearing kasra. These exceptions however are best covered at an advanced letter of Tajw¢d.

22

Raa bi al-Tafkhim wa al-Tarq¢¢¢¢q Practice: Instructor will provide a photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –

Students Manual. Published by Hujjat Saturday Workshop, UK, p. 101-103

Resonant Raa When the letter Raa has a shadda, it is stressed and rolled further just like the English words irreplaceable, irresponsible, irreparable, irresistible, etc. Of course, it continues to be pronounced heavily or lightly, even when rolled, depending on the haraka (vowel) it bears. Resonant Raa Practice: Instructor will provide a photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


Nun Qutni

This is a small Nun ن that is sometimes written below an ا (alif). It is pronounced instead of the ا if the

reciter is continuing on from the previous word. Otherwise, it is ignored and the ا is pronounced. Nun Qutni Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


Rules of ل

The letter ل is usually pronounced with a thin sound or empty mouth. However, the ل in ® and -��&�!� is pronounced with a broad sound or full mouth when the letter before it has a fat-ha or a ¤ammah. This is both whilst reading the Qur’an and speaking in general. It is done by way of respect for the name of God.

The ل is therefore called Lām al-Jalāla (The Lām in reference to the Lofty or Glorious). When the letter

before ® has a kasra then it is pronounced with a thin sound (as it is hard to articulate it otherwise).

Examples of Thick Lām in the word t

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 4 171 ,��!��2� �Q�� !� 0��.y� ,!� &Q��

8 32 ,��!�� ,��-��&�!�-y� ,!� ��: ��%��: �'��# '��

10 10 �a�� G�8 ��d �:�� -��&�!�Z[�\�8 ��d ��1-��

23

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 5 114 ��"�) �$�� 0�A�� 7��-��&�!� ��(-��/

112 1 ,3�� &�!� ��:ZO�?�>

�8�/��&�!� �7

Examples of Thin Lām in the word t Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 40 78 �&!�� &�!� �',��q�� q�d��&�!� �")�> D��

4 35 ��?�\J�� O��"�� '�� !� �ybd�� +�� '��# �� !� &'�� +��(��h�G�e

3 26 -��&�!� �3��a,��+,!� �a�!��) ��G�8��&�!� �3 A��@� � ��>�� !��

Notes

1. The letter ل should not be pronounced heavily in any other case e.g. in adhān when pronouncing Laa ilāha, etc.

2. If the letter before the ل has a sukūn, then look at the letter before that. If it has a fat-ha or ¤ammah, it is pronounced thick. If it has a kasra, it is pronounced thin.

3. If the ل is preceded by tanw¢n, then this will necessitate a Nun Qutni, which will have a kasra, therefore the ل is pronounced thin.

Lām al-Jalālah Practice: Instructor will provide photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


24

Lesson 6: Tashd¢¢¢¢d & Rules of Madda

ieijG (Tashd¢d)

The sign is called a shadda or tashd¢d. It literally means ‘to make strong’. A letter bearing tashd¢d is called

a mushaddad (دij]) letter. It is actually a double letter that has been amalgamated, the first bearing sukūn and the second bearing a haraka. (So the sukūn hides in the shadda and its letter is removed.) When a mushaddad letter is read, it must be stressed, as in the name “Muhammad”. When tashd¢d occurs in more than one letter in a word, it is important to stress the correct letters. For example:

$�) ."� �L��U�&W-(!� '�� :�-(&]-) '�> �o-�&<��

Tashd¢¢¢¢d Practice: Instructor will provide a photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


iا�� (Madda) Madda literally means to elongate. When a letter bears the sign of Madda, it is elongated to the measure of two, four or 6 harakas. Types of Madda

1. Madda Asli 2. Madda Muttasil 3. Madda Munfasil 4. Madda Laazim 5. Madda Aaridh

The Original Madda - Madda Asli (wyz{ا |}�ا2) In Arabic, there are 3 letters that match the three haraka signs which are generally termed the vowels of

Arabic. These three letters are (ا و ي) and the their matching haraka signs are kasra ( ), dammah ( ) and fat-ha ( ) respectively.

25

When these three letters (ا و ي) have a sukūn and they are preceded by a letter that has their matching Haraka sign, then the letter with the Haraka is elongated to two harakas. In such instances, the three letters

.are known as the Madda Letters (Hurūf al-Madda) (ا و ي) Examples are given in the Practice sheet provided by the intructor. At times, a fat-ha followed by an alif sākin is replaced by a vertical fat-ha above the letter. And at times, a kasra followed by a yaa sākin is replaced by a vertical kasra below the letter. These too are read with the elongation of 2 harakas. (The vertical sign is also called Alif Maqsurah). The difference between one haraka and two would be like the difference (in English) between the following words:

Bin and been Fit and feet Fur and Far Burn and Barn Original Madda Practice: Instructor will provide a photocopy of examples to practice on. Reference: How to Recite the Qur’ān –


Practice reading the following verses from the Qur’an. Can you tell where to pull and where not to? Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah

2 255 ��H�� ) �$�� O��> ��)�� W,��e �Q�� '��<��

45 28 ��1�# �[��,!� �'��k9� ��) �1(�# �'��+H�

109 6 �$�� 5�!�� ]�(�� ]�! 26 80 �B�W=�� d ��u�"�) ��

21 78 ��+�] �� ,�� '��+��8�� '

21 19 �'��"�A �1A�� !�� G�� $�� '��"�G,]�1A�� ! 26 49 ��#�h�G�]�! ��-�� ]�! �'�� ,'�> �3G�� ! �1(�)� �7��

The Joint Madda – Madda Muttasil

When a huruf al-madda (ا و ي) is followed by a hamza in the same word, the madda is known as Madda muttasil. The elongation length will be 4-6 harakas. (Note: the huruf al-madda have a sukūn and are preceded by their matching haraka e.g. waw sākin preceded by a dammah, etc.)

26

Surah Ayah Extract from Verse Surah Ayah Extract from Verse 2 6 �� CD��8

110 1 ��&�!� �"c�� D�� 13 25 �/�-O!� }D��8 ��!��

4 110 ��D��8 ,3�+H�� $�)��

89 23 i%�Y�)�� RD5��

4 4 D��A-(!� ,��

The Detached Madda – Madda Munfasil

When a word ends with a huruf al-madda (ا و ي) and the following word begins with a hamza (ء/ا) then the madda is known as Madda Munfasil. The elongation length is (intermediate) 3-5 harakas (average 4 harakas). Surah Ayah Extract from Verse Surah Ayah Extract from Verse 97 1 �F��(,!�k��> �-�� 108 1 �m��(��<��> �-�� 2 235 �� !� &'�> ,��+��

66 6 �$��%&!� ��K��> �� 4 135 ,��u�"H� ��> ,��,�� '��

51 21 ��d�> �]�A�W��> 5�d��

The Compulsory Madda – Madda Laazim The Madda sign that appears over the Huruf al-Muqata’at at the start of some surahs in the Qur’an must be pronounced and is therefore called Madda Laazim. It must be elongated to 6 harakas. Surah Ayah Extract from Verse Surah Ayah Extract from Verse

2 1 �� 19 1 �H��#

42 1 ?

68 1 '

The Abrupt Stop Madda – Madda Aaridh

If after any huruf al-madda (ا و ي) there appears a sukūn which is caused by a waqf (stopping) (i.e. end of a verse) then such a madda is called Madda Aaridh. The length of such a madda is 3-5 harakas. Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 46 32 �>�a�Y�!� 5�d i7��u iB�GK)

27

Surah Ayah Extract from Ayah 67 27 E�%&!� �1(�# �� '��-O�

19 37 $�) �O��=-) i[�� i��|��

28

Lesson 7: Stop Signs (wuqūf) and its Rules How to Stop If any of the three haraka signs or any tanwin sign appears on the last letter of the word and you stop (e.g. at the end of a verse) then the last letter should be read with a Sukūn / Jazm. However if the last letter has a fat-ha or fat-hatayn followed by an Alif/Yaa or Madda, then the last letter is read as if it has a fat-ha on it. (In fact fat-hatayn is always followed by an Alif except in the case of Taa

Marbutah ( ة )). Surah Ayah Extract from Verse Surah Ayah Extract from Verse 78 28 ��&%�# ��(� ��j�� &%�#�� 92 16 0&!�� 6&%�# E�%&!� 79 19 0�=;�1�d �a.��/ 0�!�� 89 20 ��+�� G�? �7��+,!� 79 2 �4<=�� L��<� �-(!�� 91 1 ��:�� u�� V+-=!��

So this would not apply to, for example, 88:4 (4X��)��? ��/�� 0��c� ) because it has a fat-hatayn but no alif.

If the last letter where you stop bears the sign of Taa Marbutah (ة) it should be read as Ha Sākin ( ) when stopping. For example:

-�� ← 4N-�� °g±Dt ← rX�(.��

��/°D² ← 4X��u��/ If the first letter of a word is an alif without a sign or with a nun qutni (i.e. hamzat al-wasl) and instead of joining from the previous word, you decide to stop and then start with this word. Then the alif will either have a kasra or a dammah, depending on the haraka of the 3rd letter (the letter after the alif that does not bear a sukūn). If the 3rd letter has a dammah, read the alif with a dammah. If it has a fat-ha or kasra, read the alif with a kasra. (Exceptions to this rule are covered at a more advanced level.)

iB�GK) i7�\�u 5�W�! �~�8�� ,��1,��

5�e�> �'��/��: E�/��> �� O �

12:8-9 20:30-31

29

Stop Signs (ف�� (ر��ز ا2� The end of a verse in the Qur’ān is typically indicated by a circle. The reciter usually stops at the end of a verse to take a breathe before continuing. In case the circle also has one of the following signs over it, then follow the rules given besides it in the table below. Sometimes these signs may appear in the middle of a verse. The rule must still be followed.

Sign Name Rule Examples from the Qur’ān

و�� زم مWaqf Laazim

Must Stop. 19:16

ط

_E

Cz¥] _Eو Waqf Mutlaq

°Dz¤ _Efe

Yuqif ‘alayhi

Necessary Stop

Better to Stop.

Recommended pause.

18:8

2:285

°BEو

°=©>

س

¯ + _Eو Waqfah

Saktah

Short for Saktah

Better to Stop but briefly only without taking a

full breathe.

2:286

83:14

18:1

� �-y� �� وLaa Waqf

Must Not Stop (esp. if it occurs in the middle of a verse).

20:14 5:53

zµ¶

�µ ز

ص

ا��µf او�¶Al-wasl Awla

�µfe iE

Qad Yuusal

وf�] _EزWaqf

Mujawwaz

«RF] _Eو Waqf

Murakhkhas

Better Not to Stop.

18:13-4 36:18

18:24

19:17

و�� /.� جWaqf Jaaiz

Permissible to Stop or Continue. Makes no difference.

36:19

s] s]

W�wA<] _Eو Waqf

Mu’anaqah / Muqarabah

These occur in pairs. Either stop at the first one or the second, but not at both.

25:32 2:2

آ«ا�º كKadhaalika

Follow the same rule as that of the previous sign

Dz¤ �DE° وE_ قQeela ‘alayhi

Waqf

It is said by some that this is a waqf however it is uncertain. Therefore continue but if you stop, there is no need to go back and repeat

any words.

18:4-5

;E °Dz¤ _Eو ¼ �DE Qeela Laa

‘alayhi Waqf

It is said by some that there is no waqf (stopping) here. However it is uncertain. So it

is better not to stop.

30

Sign Name Rule Examples from the Qur’ān

٥ There is a difference of opinion between the Kufi (Kufian) and Misri (Egypt) scholars on whether there is a verse ending here or not.

رآfع عRuku’u (Makra’)

Sometimes it is on the side of the page. It marks the end of a section. The number on top of the ع indicates the number of ruku’us since the start of the surah. The number in the ع

indicates the number of verses in this ruku’u. The number below the ع indicates the number

of ruku’us since the start of the Juz.

In cases where there are more than one sign together, you should follow the sign that is above all the others. In summary then, there are 5 types of stops: Example

1. Compulsory م 2. Prohibited (esp. in middle of verse) � 3. Permissible (either way) ج

4. Precautionary (better to stop/not to stop) ط or ص

5. Moderate Pause i.e. Saktah س Wajib Sajdah One is required to prostrate when one of the following 14 verses are recited. For four of them it mandatory to prostrate and forbidden to recite them when one is in the state of najasah (janabah, haid, etc.). For the rest of the verses, it is recommended to prostrate. The wajib Sajdah verses are highlighted in blue.

No. Surah Name Surah No.

Ayah No.

1 Al-‘Arāf 7 206 2 Al-R’ad 13 15 3 Al-Na¦l 16 49 4 Al-Isrā 17 107 5 Maryam 19 58 6 Al-Hajj 22 18 7 Al-Furqān 25 60 8 Al-Naml 27 25 9 Al-Sajdah 32 15 10 ¯ād 38 24 11 Fu¥¥¥¥¥¥¥¥ilat / Hā M¢¢¢¢m Sajdah 41 37 12 Al-Najm 53 62 13 Al-Inshiqāq 84 21 14 Al-‘Alaq 96 19

31

Lesson 8: Revision The instructor will review all material taught from Lesson 1. The instructor will also play a tape with some surahs of the Qur’an and point out the rules of Tajw¢d. References: 1. Qur’ān (with coloured coded Tajwid Rules). Published by Tahrike Tarsile Qur’ān, Inc. (New York,

USA), 2003. 2. How to Recite the Qur’ān – Students Manual. Published by Hujjat Saturday Workshop, UK. 3. Basic Reader for the Holy Qur’ān, Syed Mahmood Hasan, Published by Goodword Books, 2003.

4. Kitabu Cha Tajweed, Amiraly M H Datoo, Published by Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania, 1991. 5. Qur’ān Made Easy, compiled by Raza H Rizwani, Islamic Seminary Publications.

6. Various websites. Search for “Tajweed” on the Internet.

tajwid lessons 1 8 complete+notes

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