talaro - bellarmine · pdf filemicrobehuman interactions:
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Foundations in Microbiology
Chapter 13
Fifth Edition
Talaro
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MicrobeHuman Interactions: Infection and Disease
Chapter 13
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• Infection a condition in which pathogenic microbes penetrate host defenses, enter tissues & multiply
• Disease – any deviation from health, disruption of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products
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Resident flora
• includes bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses and arthropods
• most areas of the body in contact with the outside environment harbor resident microbes; large intestine has the highest numbers of bacteria
• internal organs & tissues & fluids are microbefree • bacterial flora benefit host by preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes
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Landscape of the skin
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Distribution of flora
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Colonized regions of the respiratory tract
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• True pathogens – capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses – Influenza virus, plague bacillus, malarial protozoan
• Opportunistic pathogens – cause disease when the host’s defenses are compromised or when they grow in part of the body that is not natural to them – Pseudomonas sp & Candida albicans
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Overview of infection
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Portals of entry
• skin • gastrointestinal tract • respiratory tract • urogenital tract
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Mechanisms of adhesion
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Virulence factors • exoenzymes – digest epithelial tissues & permit invasion of pathogens
• Toxigenicity – capacity to produce toxins at the site of multiplication – endotoxins – lipid A of LPS of gramnegative bacteria – exotoxins – proteins secreted by grampositive and gramnegative bacteria
• antiphagocytic factors – help them to kill or avoid phagocytes, include leukocidins and capsules
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Patterns of infection
• localized infection– microbes enters body & remains confined to a specific tissue
• systemic infection– infection spreads to several sites and tissue fluids usually in the bloodstream
• focal infection– when infectious agent breaks loose from a local infection and is carried to other tissues
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Patterns of infection
• Mixed infection – several microbes grow simultaneously at the infection site
• Primary infection – initial infection • Secondary infection – another infection by a different microbe
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Portals of exit
• Respiratory, saliva • Skin scales • Fecal exit • Urogenital tract • Removal of blood
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Epidemiology
• The study of the frequency and distribution of disease & healthrelated factors in human populations
• Surveillance –collecting, analyzing, & reporting data on rates of occurrence, mortality, morbidity and transmission of infections
• Reportable, notifiable diseases must be reported to authorities
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• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, GA – principal government agency responsible for keeping track of infectious diseases nationwide
• http://www.cdc.gov
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• Endemic – disease that exhibits a relatively steady frequency over a long period of time in a particular geographic locale
• Sporadic – when occasional cases are reported at irregular intervals
• Epidemic – when prevalence of a disease is increasing beyond what is expected
• Pandemic – epidemic across continents
Patterns of disease occurrence
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Reservoirs of infection
• Primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates
• Living reservoirs may or may not have symptoms – Asymptomatic carriers – Passive carriers – Vectors – live animal that transmits infectious disease
• Nonliving reservoirs – soil, water
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Types of carriers
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Vectors
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Patterns of transmission
• Direct contact • Indirect contact
– Vehicle – inanimate material, food, water, biological products, fomites
– Airborne – droplet nuclei, aerosols
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Nosocomial infections
• Diseases that are acquired during a hospital stay
• Most commonly involve urinary tract, respiratory tract, & surgical incisions
• Most common organisms involved gram negative intestinal flora, E. coli, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus
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Nosocomial infections
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Koch’s postulates
1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of a disease
2. Isolate that microbe from an infected subject and cultivate it artificially in the laboratory
3. Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate and observe the resultant disease
4. Reisolate the agent from this subject
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