taxonomy and classification biology i – 2011 17.1 the history of classification 17.3 domains and...
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Taxonomy and ClassificationBiology I – 2011
17.1 The History of Classification17.3 Domains and Kingdoms
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Early Systems of Classification
Classification: the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of requirements
Aristotle classified organisms over 2,000 years ago His system was based on
the presence or absence of blood
His system had two mains groups plants and animals
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Linnaeus’s System
In the 1700’s an important change in classification occurred
Carl Linnaeus made classification a formal science called taxonomy
Taxonomy is a science that identifies, names, and classifies organisms based on their biological relationships
Linnaeus’s system used binomial nomenclature
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Naming Organisms
Binomial nomenclature: is the science of naming living things with two names
All living things need a name that applies to them and the name needs to mean the same thing to all people so it has to be in one language (Latin)
We give things two names called Genus and Species
Homo sapiens The first name is always
capitalized and both names are underlined or italicized
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Comprehension Check• What was the major difference
between Aristotle’s system and Linnaeus’ system of classification?
• Why is binomial nomenclature important to scientists?
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Modern Classification
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Taxonomic Categories: Kingdoms Taxonomic Systems always divided living things into
5 Kingdoms Monera (Bacteria) Protista Animals Plants Fungi
Modern researches found that there were actually too many differences between types of bacteria and they divided the Monera kingdom into two making a 6 Kingdom system
Eubacteria Archaebacteria
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Taxonomic Categories: Domains
Even more recently, researches have found that organisms can be placed into larger groups based on their rRNA
This research is new because scientists have only recently (for the past 50 years or so) been able to study and understand RNA.
Domains are based on rRNA: Bacteria (includes the Eubacteria) Archaea (includes the
Archaebacteria) Eykarya (includes the Protists, Fungi,
Plants, Animals)
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Bacteria Domain
Unicellular Prokaryotic Cells Cell walls made of
peptidoglycan Very diverse group
including free living organisms and deadly parasites
Some can photosynthesize, some can not
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Bacteria
How small are they? What can they do? Where are they found? What can get rid of them?
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Archaea Domain Unicellular Prokaryotic Live in extreme
environments Most will be killed by
oxygen Some can
photosynthesize or chemosynthesize, some can not
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Eukarya Domain Some unicellular, but
most are multicellular All have cells with a
nucleus 4 Sub-groups (Kingdoms)
Protista: things that can not be classified as plant, animal or fungi
Fungi: Secrete digestive enzymes into their food
Plant: Photosynthesizers Animals: Heterotrophs,
high amount of diversity
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Plants
Close your eyes and think about sitting in the middle of a green field in summer. Think about all of the green plants that you would see around you.
How can we keep track of all of these different types of plants?
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Things you might need to know to understand plant keys
Opposite or Alternate
Compound or Simple
Leaflet
Petiole
Leaf Scar
Sinuses, Lobes and Veins
Single/Double Toothed
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Comprehension Check• What is the major difference
between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?
• What would you be more likely to find in this classroom Archaebacteria or Eubacteria?
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Human Systems Multicellular organisms have specialized cells and systems
10 Body System (Integumentary System Not Shown Here!)