marine RuduSauri

Tbilisis ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi

@`teqnikuri universiteti”@

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

m. RuduSauri

Tbilisis ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi

registrirebulia stu-s

saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos

mier. 02.07.2009, oqmi #6

Tbilisi

2009

naSromis _ “Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX saukuneSi” kvlevis obieqtia XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis Tbilisis guberniisa da uSualod qalaq Tbilisis ekonomika, romelic saqarTvelosa da ara mxolod saqar-TveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul interess iwvevda. aRniSnuli perio-dis saqarTvelos qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis ekonomikuri cxov-reba arnaxul dinamizms iZens, Camoyalibebas iwyebs kapitalisturi warmo-eba. saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebic swored Tbilisis magaliTzea ganzogadebuli.

warmodgenil naSromSi asaxulia is ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi da ekono-mikuri ganviTarebis tendenciebi, romliTac xasiaTdeba saqarTveloSi kapi-talisturi warmoebis warmoSoba. Seswavlilia sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli im samrewvelo obieqtebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, Sromisa da dasaqmebis pirobebi, romlebmac ZiriTadad gansazRvres ara mxolod Tbilisis, aramed zogadad saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi.

warmodgenilia xelosnuri warmoebis transformacia, wvrili sawarmo-ebis warmoqmna da ganviTareba, vaWrobis gaaqtiureba da safinanso insti-tutebis aRmoceneba.

naSromSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba ucxouri kapitalis da zogadad ucxoelTa rols Tbilisis ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. sakvlev periodSi xelisuflebis mxridan gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucxo-uri (gansakuTrebiT evropuli) kapitalis rols qveynis ekonomikis aRorZi-nebisaTvis. es sakiTxi, aqtualuri iyo, radgan xelisufleba kargad acno-bierebda, mwiri adgilobrivi kapitalis pirobebSi ekonomikis swrafi dawinaureba ver moxerxdeboda.

avtors damuSavebuli da gamoyenebuli aqvs mdidari saarqivo da statistikuri dokumentacia, aseve masalebi ekonomikis istoriidan.

wigni gankuTvnilia ekonomistTa sazogadoebisTvis, ekonomikuri profi-lis studentTaTvis da zogadad, yvela dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvis.

recenzenti saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis humanitarul-socialuri fakultetis ekonomikisa da biznesis departamentis asocirebuli profesori z. vaSakiZe

© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009

ISBN 978-9941-14-772-2 http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi

formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis

werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

3

Sinaarsi

Sesavali --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Tavi I kapitalizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi ---------------------------------------------- 6

1.1 kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi --------------------------- 6

1.2 Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba reformamdel periodSi ----------------------- 29

1.3 reformisSemdgomi saqarTvelis ekonomikuri ganviTareba --------------------------- 51

Tavi II adgilobrivi kapitali Tbilisis ekonomikaSi

XIX s. bolosa da XX s. dasawyisSi --------------------------------------------------- 64

Tavi III ucxouri kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi XIX s.-

sa da XX s. dasawyisSi ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 115

3.1 germanuli kapitali Tbilisis guberniaSi -------------------------------------------------- 115

3.2 sxva evropuli qveynebis kapitali TbilisSi ------------------------------------------------ 140

daskvna -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 154

gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa -------------------------------------------------------------------- 160

4

Sesavali

warmodgenili kvlevis obieqtia XIX s. da XX s. dasawyisis

Tbilisis guberniisa da uSualod qalaq Tbilisis ekonomika, romelic

saqarTvelosa da ara mxolod saqarTveloSi yovelTvis gansakuTrebul

interess iwvevda. XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis dasawyisis

saqarTvelos qalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT ki Tbilisis ekonomikuri

cxovreba arnaxul dinamizms iZens. saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri

procesebic swored Tbilisis magaliTzea ganzogadebuli.

am naSromSi Seswavlilia sabazro urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis

periodSi TbilisSi arsebuli im samrewvelo obieqtebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi, Sromisa da dasaqmebis pirobebi, romlebmac

ZiriTadad gansazRvres ara mxolod Tbilisis, aramed zogadad

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba.

cnobilia, rom XX s. dasawyisSi komunisturi gatarialebis

Sedegad Camoyalibebis stadiaze myofi saqarTvelos ekonomikis

kapitalisturi ganviTareba Sewyda da sabazro urTierTobebi Secvala

sruliad axalma, ase vTqvaT, eqsperimentulma ekonomikurma modelma,

romelic uaryofil iqna Cvens epoqaSi da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

procesebi kvlav sabazro urTierTobaTa CarCoebSi dabrunda _ amjerad

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi. Aam mxriv, Tbilisis,

rogorc saqarTvelos ekonomikis flagmanis, ekonomikur warsulSi

CaRrmaveba, gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba da Tanamedrove pirobebSi

ekonomikuri procesebis swori gziT warmarTva friad aqtualuria.

naSromSi ganxiluli periodis saqarTveloSi savaWro kapitali

gacilebiT Zlieri iyo, vidre samrewvelo, XIX saukunis meore naxevridan

adgilobrivi msxvili savaWro kapitali TandaTan iWreba mrewvelobaSi,

misma samrewevelo kapitalad gardaqmnam ki Zlieri biZgi misca

saqarTvelos da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis ekonomikas. amasTan, sakvlev

periodSi iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove etapze, xelisuflebis mxridan

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda ucxouri (gansakuTrebiT evropuli)

kapitalis rols qveynis ekonomikis aRorZinebisaTvis. xelisufleba

kargad acnobierebda, rom mwiri adgilobrivi kapitalis pirobebSi

ekonomikis swrafi dawinaureba ver moxerxdeboda.

kvlevisas dadginda, rom kapitalistebi, gansakuTrebiT ki msxvili

kapitalistebi, yovelTvis kargad uRebdnen alRos ekonomikuri

politikis cvlilebebs, da TiTqmis yovelTvis poulobdnen bazarze

warmoqmnili dabrkolebebis, an gamZafrebuli konkurenciis daZlevis

5

gzebs. mewarmeebi warmoebuli produqciis asortimentsa da xarisxs

mosaxleobis msyidvelobiTunarianobis gaTvaliswinebiT, misi gemovnebiTa

da tradiciebisadmi erTgulebiT gansazRvravda, ramac didad ganapiroba

maTi warmatebebi ara mxolod saqarTvelos bazarze, aramed ruseTis

saimperio sivrceSic. kvlevisas gamovlinda, rom ekonomikuri viTarebis

gaTvaliswinebiT kvalificiuri kadrebis momzadebis, profesiuli da

zogadi ganaTlebis sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, drouli da

aucilebelic iyo, radgan specialistebisa da kvalificiuri muSaTa

kadrebis deficitma didad Seaferxa msxvil sawarmoTa sruli

datvirTviT muSaoba, amasTan, sawarmoebSi ZviradRirebuli ucxoeli

muSebisa da specialistebis daqiravebiT izrdeboda sawarmoo xarjebi

da mcirdeboda mogeba.

sagangebo yuradReba eTmoba ucxoelebis samewarmeo saqmianobis

analizs. imJamindeli xelisuflebis varaudiT, TbilisSi ucxouri,

gansakuTrebiT ki germanuli kapitalis (rogorc safinanso, aseve

adamianuri) Semosvlas adgilobrivi meurneobis transformacia da

sameurneo winsvla unda mohyoloda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT xelisuflebis

mxridan ucxoelTa dasamkvidreblad gaweul saxazino xarjebs da

samewarmeo xelSewyobas. vTvliT, rom es molodini Sedegiani aRmoCnda,

magram naklebad efeqtiani.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikas safuZveli

koloniur mdgomareobaSi yofnis pirobebSi eyreboda, sworad

ganxorcielebuli menejmentisa da marketingis meSveobiT arasaxarbielo

politikursa Tu socialur viTarebaSic ki SesaZlebeli gaxda mieRwiaT

Sedegebis maqsimizaciisaTvis.

aRniSnuli naSromis samecniero-praqtikul Rirebulebas

warmoadgens is, rom gamovlinda samewarmeo da administraciuli

xarvezebi da problemebi, romlebic dRemde erT uwyvet zolad gasdevs

qarTul politikursa Tu ekonomikur sinamdviles; upiratesad ki

warmoCinda is dadebiTi samewarmeo gamocdileba, romelic dRemde

inarCunebs aqtualobas.

6

Tavi I

kapitalizmis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi

1.1 kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebani saqarTveloSi

saqarTvelos ekonomikasa da kerZod, burJuaziuli urTierTobebis

ganviTarebisaTvis saTanado pirobebi XIX s.-Si iqmneba. ekonomikis saerTo

aRmavlobis pirobebSi TandaTan rRvevas iwyebs feodalur-batonymuri

urTierToba, viTardeba vaWroba, soflis meurneoba da mrewveloba.

warmoebis feodaluri urTierTobis wiaRSi Cndeba wvrili

kapitalisturi saxelosnoebi, manufaqturebi, aseve safabriko-saqarxno

tipis samrewvelo sawarmoebi.

20-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi SesamCnevi gaxda saqalaqo

cxovrebis SedarebiT gaaqtiureba. yvelaze metad es Tbiliss daetyo,

romelic im periodSi ara marto saqarTvelos, aramed amierkavkasiis

politikur centradac iqca. qalaqis mosaxleobis ZiriTad masas

warmoadgendnen xelosnebi da vaWrebi. vaWar-xelosnebi iyvnen

Tavisufalnic (moqalaqeebi) da araTavisufalnic. qalaqebSi aseve iyo

mcdeloba, rom daenergaT kapitalisturi warmoeba, magram batonymuri

urTierTobis simtkicis gamo es mcdelobebi xSirad marcxiT

mTavrdeboda.

ruseTTan SeerTebis pirvelive wlebidan ruseTis xelisuflebam

daiwyo saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri politikis gatareba, romelic mis

interesebs Seesabameboda, kerZod, mas surda saqarTvelo gadaeqcia iafi

nedleulis wyarod, rusuli saqonlis gasaRebis bazrad da misive

saqonlis aRmosavleTis qveynebSi gasatan satranzito gzad.

ruseTis ekonomikuri miznebis ganxorcielebas saqarTveloSi xels

uSlida aq tradiciulad dakanonebuli sabaJo sistema. adgilobriv

7

xelisuflebas hqonda mcdeloba, rom qarTuli Sida baJebi gauqmebuliyo,

amasTanave gavrcelebuliyo saerTo-saimperio kanonebi, Tumca sabolood

maT sakmarisad miiCnies baJebis akrZalva saqarTveloSi Semotanil

rusul saqonelze, xolo Sida baJebi gaauqmes samxedro da samoqalaqo

moxeleTa interesebidan gamomdinare mxolod kvebis produqtebze.

ruseTisTvis SemoerTebuli qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis interesebi,

romlisTvisac SidabaJebis sistema erT-erTi ZiriTadi xelSemSleli

garemoeba iyo, dRis wesrigSi arc ki yofila dasmuli.

rusul saqonelze baJebis gauqmebas diskriminaciuli xasiaTi

hqonda, vinaidan aseTive RonisZieba ar gatarebula ruseTSi

importirebul qarTul saqonelze. miuxedavad amisa, qveynis ekonomikis,

kerZod, vaWrobis mniSvnelovani aRmavloba SeimCneva XIX s.

dasawyisidanve, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo qveyanaSi mSvidobis

damyarebiT. am ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan Semaferxebel garemod

kvlav rCeboda Sida baJebis tradiciuli sistema, romelic ruseTis

xelisuflebam maSinRa gaauqma, roca am sistemam mis axal ekonomikur

politikas XIX s. 20-ian wlebSi dabrkoleba Seuqmna.

amierkavkasiis bazarze rusuli saqoneli Zalze mcire rols

TamaSobda. amas Sedegad mosdevda mmarTvelobisa da aq ganlagebuli

jaris Sesanaxad gamoyofili fulis niSnebis gadineba iransa da

osmaleTSi. osmalebma, Caketes ra Savi zRva, saqarTvelo mowyvetili

aRmoCnda evropisagan. amave dros irani gabatonda aRmosavleT

amierkavkasiaSi da saqarTveloSi iranisa da osmaleTis savaWro

monopolia damyarda. evropuli saqoneli aq iran-osmaleTis gziT

Semodioda. XIX s-is pirveli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ruseTma ver SeZlo

amierkavkasiis bazris momarageba pirveli moTxovnilebis sagnebiT da

saqarTvelos bazarsac kvlav aRniSnuli qveynebidan Semosuli saqoneli

avsebda. fulis niSnebic sxvadasxvagvari iyo. amgvar viTarebis Sedegi is

iyo, rom amierkavkasiaSi ganlagebuli jaris da mmarTvelobis Sesanaxad

gamoyofili fuli iran-osmaleTSi gaedineboda. es ra Tqma unda didad

8

azianebda ruseTis politikur-ekonomikur miznebs axlo aRmosavleTSi,

romlis bazaric im periodSi ingliss epyra xelT. amis gamo ruseTis

xelisufleba cdilobda saqarTvelosa da mTlianad amierkavkasiaSi gza

gaexsna frangul-germanuli saqonlisaTvis da amiT Seesustebina yarsi-

arzrumis gziT momavali tranziti, romelic inglisis xelT iyo.

1821 wels ruseTis xelisuflebam amierkavkasiaSi SeRavaTiani

tranziti daawesa. kanoni tranzitis Sesaxeb 1822 wlidan Sevida ZalaSi.

am kanoniT ucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi Semotanili yovelgvari saqoneli

SeRavaTiani _ 5%-iani baJiT ibegreboda.1 vaWrebs ki, romlebic aTi wlis

ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi savaWro saxlebs moawyobdnen da biTumad

ivaWrebdnen, Sesabamisi gadasaxadisagan Tavisufldebodnen. tranzitis

mTel gzaze _ Savidan kaspiis zRvamde transportirebis usafrTxoebas

mTavroba kisrulobda. amave dros, kanonis ZaliT biTumad movaWreebi

Tavisufldebodnen gildiuri gadasaxadebisagan da sabinao begarisagan.

SeRavaTebi eZleodaT adgilmamulis SeZenaSi, savaWro da samrewvelo

dawesebulebebis mowyobaSi.

aRniSnuli tranzitiT ruseTis xelisufleba varaudobda, rom

amierkavkasiis gziT moaxerxebda kontinenturi evropis fabrikuli

saqonlis iranSi mizRvavebas, iq konkurenciul brZolaSi inglisis

saqonlis damarcxebas da amave dros amierkavkasiis bazris gawmendas

adgilobrivi da aRmosavluri saqonlisagan.

1822 w. saqarTveloSi ucxouri saqonlis Semotana wina welTan

SedarebiT daaxloebiT 120%-iT gaizarda, xolo 1823 wels 1821 welTan

SedarebiT daaxloebiT 217%-iT. miuxedavad amgvari gaaqtiurebisa,

ucxoel komersantebs am satranzito magistralisadmi ndoba

uneldebodaT, vinaidan xSiri iyo Zarcva-yaCaRoba, garda amisa, maT mier

Semotanil saqonels dakanonebulze gacilebiT maRali baJiT begravdnen;

kerZod, ucxoeli vaWrebi iranSi Casvlamde ibegrebodnen: navsadgurSi _

1 guguSvili p. kapitalizmis warmoSoba da ganviTareba saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi, gv.12, Tb. 1941

9

5%-iT, samegrelosa da imereTSi _ 3%-iT da bolos TbilisSi _ 3%-iT.2

amgvarma damokidebulebam ucxoel vaWarTa interesi gaanela, Tumca

amasobaSi evropasTan vaWrobiT dainteresda adgilobrivi, qarTuli

savaWro kapitali. garda amisa, imis gamo, rom ucxoelebs saqarTvelos

teritoriaze akrZaluli hqondaT sacalo vaWroba, es sfero

adgilobrivi vaWrebis xelSi rCeboda da maTi mniSvnelovani mogebis

wyarodac gadaiqca. sacalo vaWrobaSi miRebulma gamocdilebam qarTvel

vaWrebs ufro farTo komerciisken ubiZga. Tbiliseli vaWrebi evropis

bazarze gavidnen. mag. 1828 w. 23 Tbiliseli vaWris mier evropidan

Semozidulma produqciam 4 400 000 maneTs miaRwia da mTlianad

saqarTveloSi Semotanili saqonlis 67% Seadgina.3 tranzitma

adgilobrivi vaWrebi rusul bazars Camoacila. qarTveli vaWrebi rusul

bazarze adgilobriv saqonels yiddnen, xolo amoRebuli fuliT

rusul saqonels ki ar yidulobdnen, aramed liTonis fuli

gahqondaT sazRvargareT da iqidan evropuli produqcia SemohqondaT.

amierkavkasiis gziT iranSi Sesulma didZalma evropulma

iaffasianma da xarisxianma saqonelma Seaviwroa rusuli da ara

anglisuri saqoneli, rogorc amas ruseTis xelisufleba varaudobda.

inglisuri saqoneli ki, aramcTu iranis bazridan ar idevneboda, aramed

amierkavkasiis bazarsac ipyrobda. 1831 wels ruseTis savaWro-samrewvelo

burJuaziis moTxovniT SeRavaTiani tranziti vadaze 6 TviT adre

gauqmda.4

XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi samrewvelo kapitali

Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. am periodSi da gansakuTrebiT XIX

s. meore naxevarSi mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda vaWroba, mowinave

qveynebidan mza produqciis importma didad gazarda masze adgilobrivi

mosaxleobis moTxovna. garda amisa, 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi da

zogadad amierkavkasiaSi SemoRebul iqna zoma-wonisa da fulis rusuli 2 iqve, gv.15 3 guguSvili p., fulis niSnebi da triali saqarTvelosa da amierkavkasiaSi me-19 saukuneSi, Tb. 1937 4 sexniaSvili c. ekonomikis istoria, naw. I, Tb. 2000 w., gv.342.

10

sistema, romelic erTis mxriv, ruseTs uadvilebda erTiani bazris

formirebas, aTvisebas da amierkavkasiaSi damkvidrebas; meores mxriv ki

saqarTveloSi xeli Seewyo fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTobebisa da

vaWrobis gaaqtiurebas. mimoqcevis ganviTarebam da amasTanave sasoflo-

sameurneo produqciis gasaRebis sferos gafarToebam gazarda glexobis

fulze moTxovnac. soflis meurneoba sul ufro Rebulobda sasaqonlo

warmoebis xasiaTs. Sedegad glexebi sul ufro metad gaxdnen

damokidebulni gasaRebis pirobebze da Sesabamisad vaWrobasa da

vaWrebze. am viTarebaSi, kerZod, kreditis ararsebobisa da qveyanaSi

susti kooperaciis pirobebSi mevaxSeobas gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli

pirobebi eqmneboda. mevaxSeebisagan sesxs ZiriTadad arasawarmoo

mizniT iRebdnen. xelosnebi fuls sesxulobdnen ZiriTadad

gadasaxadebis gasastumreblad da sakuTari minimaluri moTxovnebis

dasakmayofileblad. e.i. iRebdnen dasaxarjad da ara warmoebaSi

dasabandeblad. savaWro kapitalic savaxSo kapitalis gavlenas

ganicdida. saqarTveloSi ganviTarebis am etapze savaxSo operaciebSi

dabandebul kapitals ufro maRali mogeba hqonda uzrunvelyofili,

vidre qalaqis, an soflis warmoebaSi, an Tundac vaWrobaSi moTavsebul

kapitals, radgan sesxze arsebobda sargeblis SedarebiT maRali done.

mevaxSeoba aRniSnul periodSi fuladi kapitalis dagrovebis da

koncentraciis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba iyo, magram rogorc ukve

aRiniSna, mevaxSis kapitali warmoebaSi ar midioda, an TiTqmis ar

midioda. am mxriv raime TvalsaCino progresi warmoebis wesSi, an

mrewvelobasa da soflis meurneobaSi ar SeiniSneba.

miuxedavad imisa, rom mevaxSeoba im periodis uaxles movlenad ver

CaiTvleba (saqarTveloSi mevaxSeoba manamdec arsebobda), savaxSo

kapitals arasodes hqonia saqarTveloSi aseTi usazRvro da TviTneburi

TareSis SesaZlebloba. qalaqis xelosanTa garda maT xelSi vardebodnen

glexebic; mevaxSeebi sakuTriv mevaxSeobis garda vaWrobasac misdevdnen.

magaliTad, Tbilisis sirajebs `erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli moqmedebis

11

mizniT Seqmnili hqondaT gildia. isini inawilebdnen Rvinis warmoebis

raionebs . . . . xSir SemTxvevaSi isini glexebs fuls windawin aZleven;

yiduloben agreTve momavali wlis yurZnis mosavals maT mierve

dawesebuli fasiT. produqciis udides nawils Rebuloben zomagadasuli

sargeblis saxiT”5

saqarTveloSi burJuaziis mxridan klasobrivi brZola ar

warmarTula. amis mTavari mizezi ki savaraudod savaWro kapitalis

warmomadgenlebis erovnuli siWrele unda yofiliyo, aq sakmaod didi

adgili erovnebiT Tu religiiT somxebs eWiraT. es faqti imiT iqcevs

yuradRebas, rom qarTveli feodaluri zedafena maT mimarT aSkarad

mtrulad iyo ganwyobili. isini somxuri burJuaziisadmi Seurigebel

mtrobas iCendnen ara mxolod ekonomikuri xasiaTis antagonizmis gamo,

aramed imis gamoc, rom savaWro kapitalis warmomadgenlebi _

axladwarmoqmnili burJuazia _ ukve aqtiurd imkvidrebda feodaluri

aristokratiis adgils. brZola feodaluri SezRudulobis winaaRmdeg ki

erovnul samosSi iyo gaxveuli.

aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom vaWrebi popularobiT da simpaTiebiT verc

mosaxleobis danarCen fenebSi sargeblobdnen. am periodis araerTi

savaWro-samrewvelo punqtis aRweraSi xazgasmiT aris aRniSnuli, rom

qarTvelebi muSaoben, amzadeben produqcias, somxebi ki maTi nawarmiT

vaWroben, anu ewevian maTs eqsploatacias; rom qarTvelebi Raribebi arian

da somxebi mdidrebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mravali sarwmunoebiT

marTlmadidebeli da kaTolike qarTvelic iyo vaWrobaSi Cabmuli, TviT

somxuri warmoSobis burJuaziis nawili ki TiTqmis gaqarTvelebuli iyo,

es gaRvivebul nacionalur grZnobebs ver anelebda.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos vaWarTa burJuaziul

klasad Camoyalibebis procesSi, maTi klasobrivi interesebis

dacvisaTvis aqtiur brZolas niadagi hqonda gamoclili, radgan rogorc

ukve aRvniSneT, vaWarTa erovnuli siWrele da aseve qveynis mZime

5 gaz. `iveria,” #146, 1899

12

politikuri mdgomareoba ganapirobebda imas, rom maTi socialuri

interesebi xSirad ar emTxveoda qarTul erovnul interesebs.

aRniSnul sakiTxTa irgvliv polemikaSi aqtiurad iyo Cabmuli sxva

qarTuli perioduli gamocemebic. gaz. “droebis” erT-erT

korespondenciaSi qarTvel inteligencias mimarTaven: “gaumarTeT xalxsa

imisTana sazogado rameebi, sadac is yidulobdes yvelafers, rac misTvis

Seadgens usaWiroes sagansa da rasac TiTon akeTebs! gaumarTeviT

imisTana rameebi, sadac is sargebeli, romelic exla miaqvs somexs,

uriasa, nemecsa, frangsa da sxvas, darCes TviTon xalxsa!”6

cxadia, rom saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebis

ganaTlebul wreebSi mevaxSeoba safuZvlian guliswyromas iwvevda. isini

cdilobdnen, rom am problemas gamsesxebeli salaroebis da gamsaRebeli

amxanagobebis daarsebiT SebrZolebodnen. am guliswyromas is ufro

amZafrebda, rom rogorc aRvniSneT, mevaxSeobas umTavresad ucxo tomis

warmomadgenlebi eweodnen.

saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi inteligenciis meoxebiT daarsda kidec

sxvadasxva amxanagoba, magram isini naklebad sicocxlisunarianni

aRmoCndnen. amgvari proeqtebiT nacionalur ekonomikas rom bevrs

verafers uSvelidnen, kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli im periodis

qarTvel moRvaweTa did nawils da presis furclebze qilikobdnen

kidec. mag. igive “droebis” furclebze st. WrelaSvili abuCad igdebs

amgvari amxanagobis ideas da ususurobad miiCnevs: “gamarTeT qalaqelebo,

didi Zmuri sazogadoeba qarTvelebisa, SeadgineT Tanxa, gaxseniT

tfilisSi didi savaWro bina, gamoiwereT evropis fabrikebidgan da

qarxnebidgan saqoneli iafad, hyideT zogi tfilisSive da zogic

gamogvigzavneT sxva qalaqebis da soflebis depoebSi, sadac gavaCaRebT

saamxanago vaWrobasa da amiT bolos movuRebT ucxo Temis uRmerTobas,

Zarcvasa da glejas.”7

6 gaz. “droeba”, # 110, 1875. 7 gaz. “droeba”, # 42, 1883.

13

im periodis gazeTi “droebis” azriT, amgvar safuZvelze

damyarebuli amxanagobebi sicocxlisunarianobas iyo moklebuli. muSa

kvlav mepatroneze rCeboda mijaWvuli da amitomac isini darwmunebulebi

iyvnen, rom amxanagobebi, romlebic materialur sikeTes qmnian,

sargebloba kapitalistebisTvis moaqvs. “droeba” aRniSnavs, asociaciis

pirobebSi, rac unda iyos, muSa damokidebulia mepatronezeo, mepatrone

dRes aZlevs muSas mogebaSi monawileobas, xval SeuZloa waarTvas, muSas

fexi magrad ar udgas, rac kargad esmiT muSebso. Semdeg iqve

vkiTxulobT, rom bevr muSas dauwesebia amxanagoba, romlis patronebic

Tavadve yofilan. amisTana asociacia pirvelad 1830 w. durglebs

dauarsebiaT buSes xelmZRvanelobiT. “droebas” sityva-sityviT mohyavs

maTi statusi: “qvemo xelis momwerni SeverTdiT asociaciaSi kapitalis

uqonlobis gamo da damoukideblobisaTvis. mepatroneebi, ra saqmec unda

iyos, yovelTvis sCagraven muSa kacebs. Cveni Sroma imaT miaqvT. Sromis

gancalkeveba yvelaze mometebulad avnebs muSebis interess da

mepatroneebs umonavebs. am gancalkevebas Seudgeba konkurencia muSebisa,

da maSasadame is amcirebs samuSao fass. araviTari imedi ar aris saqmis

gaumjobesebazed, muSebisagan fulis SeZinebazed, rom iman sneulebaSi da

moxucebaSi xeli Seuwyos.”8

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesSi kapitalistur sawarmoTa done

ar iyo Tanabari. kapitalizmi viTardeboda samuSao Zalis “sasaqonlo

formis” CamoyalibebiT. samuSao Zalis sasaqonlo formas ki,

OganviTarebis procesSi gaaCnda sxvadasxva safexuri da xarisxi. amis

mixedviT erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen kapitalisturi sawarmoebi. am

ganviTarebis safexurebisa da xarisxis dones gansazRvravda

kapitalistur sawarmoebSi Cabmuli muSaxelis socialur-ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis sxvadasxvaoba, anu, sawarmoebi Tavisi ganviTarebis

doniT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan imis mixedviT, Tu ra kategoriis

samuSao Zala hyavda mas: miwerili yma-glexi, batonisgan gaqceuli

8gaz. “droeba”, #17 1866.

14

nebiTdaqiravebuli yma-glexi, batonis nebarTviT wasuli daqiravebuli

yma-glexi, damokidebulebisgan Tavdaxsnili daqiravebuli glexi,

romelic jer kidev ar iyo mowyvetili sakuTar meurneobas, Tu savsebiT

eqsproprirebuli, Tavisufali muSa.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, daqiravebul Sromas gaaCnda

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva done da xarisxi iseve, rogorc kapitalistur

sawarmoebs gaaCndaT ganviTarebis sxvadasxva xarisxi, anu, sawarmos

(manufaqturis, fabrikis) kapitalisturi xarisxis sidide damokidebuli

iyo samuSao Zalis sasaqonlo formis, daqiravebuli Sromis xarisxze.

batonymuri damokidebulebisagan Tavdaxsnili, Tavisufali glexebis da

xelosnebis nebiTdaqiravebul Sromaze damyarebuli sawarmos

kapitalisturi xarisxi ufro maRali iyo, vidre yma-glexebis

nebiTdaqiravebul Sromaze dafuZnebuli sawarmosi. magaliTad, TbilisSi

arsebuli zubalaSvilis Saqris qarxnis kapitalisturad mowyobis

xarisxi ufro maRali iyo, vidre Tbilisis abreSumsaxvevi sawarmosi, an

igive alaverdis, axtalis da SambluRis samTo qarxnebis, radgan

zubalaSvilebis qarxanaSi mxolod nebiTdaqiravebuli Sroma iyo

gamoyenebuli, xolo abreSumsaxvev, aseve axtalis, alaverdisa da

SambluRis qarxnebSi nebiTdaqiravebul SromasTan erTad, iZulebiT

Sromasac iyenebdnen. Tumca aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom es garemoeba

warmoebas ar ukargavda Canasaxovani kapitalisturi sawarmos xasiaTs,

radgan kapitalisturi warmoeba ar gamoricxavda iZulebiTi Sromis

gamoyenebas. magaliTad, iZulebiTi Sromis gamoyenebisgan kapitalisturi

warmoeba mis klasikur qveyanaSi _ inglisSic ki ar yofila Tavisufali.

iZulebiT Sromas manufaqturul periodSi _ XVII-XVIII ss-Si farTod

iyenebdnen rogorc inglisSi, aseve safrangeTSi, germaniaSi, ruseTSi (XX

s-mde) da sxva qveynebSic.

warmoebis is struqtura, romelic XIX s-is saqarTveloSi

arsebobda, gansakuTrebiT safeiqro warmoebaSi, yvela im niSnis

matarebelia, riTac manufaqtura xasiaTdeba. amgvarad, am periodSi

15

manufaqturebi ara marto arsebobda, aramed mniSvnelovnadac iyo

gavrcelebuli.

zogierTi mkvlevari uaryofs saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi

mrewvelobis manufaqturul safexurs, mag. prof. g. baqraZe. misi

mosazrebiT, “wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmosgan da wvrili mrewvelis

saxelosnosgan manufaqtura gansxvavdeba ara marto Sromis danawilebiT,

aramed warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli muSebis raodenobiTac.”9 kapitalistur

manufaqturas igi akuTvnebs iseT sawarmos, sadac dasaqmebulia 15 da

meti muSa.

prof. d. gogolaZis mosazrebiT, manufaqturul sawarmod SeiZleba

CaiTvalos iseTi sawarmoc, sadac daqiravebuli muSebis raodenoba

4-5 kacs, an mets aRwevs da arsebobs Sromis danawileba. e.i. manufaqturis

gansazRvrebisTvis aucilebeli aris is, rom arsebobdes Sromis

danawileba da amis Sedegad damzadebuli produqcia gadiodes bazarze;

xolo muSebis raodenoba damokidebulia imaze, ramdenad msxvilia

manufaqtura. amgvari midgoma ufro marTebulia, vinaidan sxvadasxva

saxis manufaqturuli sawarmosaTvis ganisazRvreba muSaTa raodenobis

sxvadasxva minimumi, rac damokidebulia Sromis danawilebaze _

warmoebis fazaTa raodenobaze, e.i. muSaTa raodenoba da am raodenobis

minimumi ganisazRvreba Sromis arsebuli danawilebis (sadetalo

operaciebis odenobis) intensivobiT.

prof. g. baqraZe miuTiTebs saqarTveloSi “warmoebis mraval dargSi

fabrikebis erTbaSad gaCenis Sesaxeb wvrili saqonluri warmoebisa da

manufaqturis safexuris winaswar gavlis gareSe”10 es procesi mas miaCnia

masobriv movlenad.

saqarTveloSi manufaqturebis SedarebiT mcire nawili gadaiqca

fabrika-qarxnebad, ra Tqma unda, yvela wvrili kapitalisturi sawarmo

ver gardaiqmneboda fabrikad, an qarxnad da es arc iyo savaldebulo.

9 g. baqraZe _ saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis ganviTarebis zogierTi sakiTxis swori gagebisaTvis _ Tsu Sromebi. t. 100, gv. 243, 1963. 10 iqve _ gv. 249.

16

manufaqturebis nawilSi inergeboda orTqlis Zravebi da manqanuri

sistemebi da amgvarad gardaiqmneboda fabrika-qarxnebad; xSirad ki

fabrikebis mowyoba-daarseba xdeboda ara arsebuli manufaqturuli

sawarmoebis gardaqmniT, aramed sruliad damoukideblad. mrewvelobis

ganviTarebis manqanuri periodi ukanaskneli safexuria misi xangrZlivi

ganviTarebis procesSi. ase, rom mrewvelobis axali dargi, an qvedargi

bunebrivia, unda mowyobiliyo axal teqnikur, anu manqanur bazaze, da ar

iyo aucilebeli, rom igi maincdamainc manufaqturis evoluciis

momdevno safexuri yofiliyo. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, manufaqturuli

warmoebis arsebobis mtkicebisaTvis sruliad ar aris aucilebeli

yoveli manufaqturuli sawarmo fabrika-qarxnebad gadaqceuliyo.

unda aRiniSnos, rom manufaqturuli stadia, iseve, rogorc

kapitalisturi warmoeba da zogadad kapitalizmi yvela qveyanaSi

erTnairi simZlavriT ver viTardeba da sxvadasxva qveyanaSi igi

ganviTarebis met-naklebi doniT da TaviseburebiT aris warmodgenili.

saqarTveloSi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSoba da

ganviTareba, rogorc irkveva, gamdidrebuli glexebis, ostat-xelosnebis

da vaWrebis mier kapitalisturi sawarmoebis (manufaqturebis, fabrika-

qarxnebis) uSualod, pirdapiri mowyobis gziT xdeboda. XIX s.-Si

arsebuli kapitalisturi sawarmoebi, ZiriTadad swored am gziT aris

warmoSobili, es iyo masobrivi movlena saqarTveloSi kapitalistur

warmoebaze gadasvlis gzaze. imasac unda SevexoT, rom

kapitalistur mrewvelobaze gadasvlis sxvagvari gzac arsebobs. es

aris vaWarTa mier warmoebis TandaTanobiT daufleba. es procesi iwyeba

vaWar-Semsyidvelis mier nedleulis, magaliTad bambis SesyidviT,

romelsac dasamuSaveblad gansazRvrul fasad mpentavebs urigebda, amis

Semdgom ki gapentili bamba gadaecemoda samRebro da saCiTav

saxelosnoebs. cnobisaTvis, gvian SuasaukuneebSi warmoebis aseTive wesi

iyo ZiriTadad damkvidrebuli italiis qalaq-respublikebSi, mag.

florenciaSi.

17

zemoaRwerili procesi warmodgenas iZleva savaWro kapitalis

pirvel nabijebze kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSobis procesSi da

wvrili mwarmoeblebis (e.w. Sinamrewvelebis) daqvemdebarebis gzaze.

Tumca am movlenas kapitalizmis aRmoceneba_damkvidreba ar mohyolia. es

moxdeboda im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki vaWar-Semsyidvelebi moawyobdnen sarTav,

an saqsov sawarmo-manufaqturebs, sadac Tavs mouyridnen manamde

saxlebSi momuSave daqsaqsul xelosnebs. vaWar-Semsyidvelebs samuSaos

saxlebSi CamorigebasTan erTad da am saqmesTan uSualo kavSiriT ar

mouwyiaT Sromis danawilebaze dafuZnebuli manufaqturebi. amgvari

mowyobiT igi mrewveli kapitalisti gaxdeboda da Seiqmneboda

kapitalisturi warmoeba mrewvelobaSi.

arsebobda kapitalisturi mrewvelobis warmoSobis sxva gzebic,

rogoric iyo saxazino warmoebis mowyoba, an mTavrobis calkeuli

moxelis da zogierTi Tavadaznauris mier samrewvelo sawarmos gaxsna

da a.S.

gviani feodaluri xanis saqrTvelos ekonomikis istoriis

Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs xelosanTa da wvril

vaWarTa saqmianoba, vinaidan xelosnoba saqalaqo meurneobis wamyvan

Zalas warmoadgenda. politikuri viTarebisa da ekonomikuri politikis

cvlilebis Sesabamisad xelosnobac ganicdida metamorfozas.

kapitalistur urTierobaTa gaaqtiurebis fonze xelosnur-amqruli

warmoeba (tradiciuli saxiT) rRvevas iwyebda da adgils uTmobda wvril

kapitalistur warmoebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amqruli xelosnobis daSlis procesi 30-40-

iani wlebidan SeiniSneba, XIX s. pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos

mrewvelobaSi upiratesobas mainc xelosnoba inarCunebda, Tumca misi

xvedriTi wili kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis aqtiuri damkvidrebis

Sedegad TandaTan mcirdeboda. qalaqad xelosnuri warmoebis amqruli

forma mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. xelosnuri

korporacia zRudavda warmoebis ganviTarebas; amqris SigniT

18

konkurenciis zrda bevr xelosans ymis mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, xolo

warmoebas amuxruWebda.

saqarTveloSi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis kvlevisas amqarsa da

zogadad xelosnobis ganviTarebaze aqcentis gakeTeba mniSvnelovania ara

mxolod imitom, rom saqalaqo da gansakuTrebiT Tbilisis ekonomikaSi

mas sakmaod mozrdili adgili ekava, aramed imis gamoc, rom am sferoSic

gamovlinda kapitalizmis warmoSobis Taviseburebebi. magaliTad,

warmoebis kapitalisturi evoluciis kvaldkval, Tbilisis wvril

mwarmoebelTa sazogadoebis or kategoriad gaTiSva, pirvel kategorias

miekuTvneboda amqrul organizaciaSi gaerTianebuli xelosnoba, xolo

meores _ amqarsgareSe xelosnuri warmoeba, romlis zrda-ganviTareba

savsebiT kanonzomier movlenad iqca. am tipis saxelosnoebi im periodis

statistikur cxrilebSi fabrika-qarxnebis gverdiT aRinusxeboda. garda

amisa, amqruli xelosnoba zemoaRweril periodSi Tbilisis ekonomikis

erTgvar imijs warmoadgenda.

mniSvnelovania cvlilebebi, romelic ruseTSi samocian wlebSi

gatarebul finansur reformas da sakredito sistemis kapitalistur

reorganizacias mohyva. es reforma saqarTvelozec gavrcelda. kerZod,

daiwyo kapitalisturi kreditis ganviTareba, Tuki saqarTvelos erTian

safinanso sistemaSi CarTvam erTis mxriv daaCqara saqarTvelos

ruseTTan ekonomikuri integracia, meores mxriv, kreditze moTxovnis

zrdam sakiTxi daayena sakredito dawesebulebaTa daarsebaze. es procesi

ki mevaxSeTa poziciebs sakmaod asustebda.

1866 wels TbilisSi daarsda saxelmwifo bankis ganyofileba, amave

periods ukavSirdeba saaqcio_komerciuli sakredito dawesebulebebis

aRmoceneba rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. daarsda

wvrili Semnaxvel_gamsesxebeli amxanagobebi, agreTve sakredito saxlebi,

romlebic Tumca primitiul formebSi, magram sakmao raodenobiT

eweodnen sasesxo operaciebs. am sakredito dawesebulebebSi aTeul

milionobiT sasesxo kapitali trialebda da did Zalas warmoadgenda

19

saqarTvelos kapitalisturi ganviTarebis gzaze. rac Seexeba sabanko-

sakredito sistemas, misi dawinaureba odnav mogvianebiT xdeba.

XIX s. meore naxevari Tbilisis ekonomikis istoriaSi misi

burJuaziul qalaqad Camoyalibebis periodia. misi mrewveloba

ganviTarebis kapitalistur stadiaze gadavida. kapitalisturi warmoebis

wasis damkvidrebisa da mrewvelobis ganviTarebis maCvenebelia XIX s. 70-

iani wlebidan XIX s. bolomde saqarTveloSi urbanizaciis tempis

daCqareba. urbanizaciasTan dakavSirebuli procesebis Sesaxeb f.

gogiCaiSvili werda: `savaxSo kapitalis mier glexobis Seviwrieba, iseve,

rogorc miwis da niadagis nakleboba, aiZulebs glexobas, rom mTlianad,

an xangrZlivi droiT gawyviton kavSiri soflis meurneobasTan da

wavidnen qalaqebSi muSebad . . . . romlebsac mxolod daqiravebul

muSebad SeuZliaT arseboba da amis gamo mZimed ganicdian qveyanaSi

kapitalisturi warmoebis sust ganviTarebas.”11

f. gogiCaiSvilis gamoangariSebiT, 1886 wlidan 1897 wlamde

saqarTvelos soflebidan qalaqebSi gadavida daaxloebiT 89 890 kaci, e.i.

weliwadSi saSualod miedineboda 8 170 kacze meti. aRniSnul periodSi

qalaqis mosaxleoba mTlianad 123,3 aTasi kaciT (182,5 aTasidan 305,8

aTasamde) gaizarda. es zrda ki ZiriTadad soflidan wamosuli

mosaxleobis xarjze xdeboda.

saqarTvelos qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dinamika saglexo

reformis Semdgom periodSi mocemulia # 1.1 cxrilSi.

rogorc cxrilidan irkveva, 1873 wlidan 1897 wlamde periodSi

saqarTveloSi aSkara xdeba urbanizaciis tempis zrda, anu, qalaqis

mosaxleoba upiratesad soflidan wamosuli mosaxleobis xarjze

izrdeboda. es tendencia ki zogadad kapitalisturi ekonomikis

gaaqtiurebas axasiaTebs. mTliani mosaxleoba gaizarda 696,0 aTasi

kaciT, anu 54,7 %-iT. maT Soris qalaqis mosaxleoba gaizarda 158,5 aTasi

11 gogiCaiSvili f. xelosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1976, gv. 148

20

cxrili #1.1

saq. qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis dinamika reformisSemdgom

periodSi. (aT. kaci)12

saqarTvelos

mosaxleoba (aTasi kaci)

maT Soris

wlebi

sul

qalaqis

M

soflis

qalaqis

wili

saqarTvelos

mosaxleobaSi

%

Q

Tbilis

is

mosaxl.

(aTasi

kaci)

Tbilisi

s wili

qalaqis

mos-Si

%

1873 1272,8 147,3 1125,5 11,6 89,5 60.8

1886 1731,4 182,5 1548,9 10,6 78,4 42.9

1897 1968,8 305,8 1663,0 15,5 160,6 52.2

kaciT, anu 107,6 %-iT, soflis mosaxleoba ki 537,5 aTasi kaciT, anu

47.7 %-iT. monacemebi cxadyofs, rom, qalaqis mosaxleoba ufro swrafad

izrdeboda, vidre soflis.

saqarTveloSi mocemuli periodis demografiul tendenciaSi

gamonaklisi 1886 welia, rac imiT aixsneba, rom am konkretul cnobebSi

Sevida saqarTvelosTan SemoerTebuli istoriuli teritoriebis _

12 Dr. Gogitshaishwili, Das Gewerbe in Georgien (under besonderev Berucksichtigung der primitiven Betriebsfomen.Tubingen,1901,s 120 *1873г. _Сборник сведении о Кавказе, т. VII, Тифлис, 1880. 1886г. _Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края, Тифлис, 1893. 1897г._Сборник стат. сведении по закавказскому краю, часть I, Тифлис, 1902.

21

yarsis, baTumisa da arTvinis olqebis mosaxleoba, sadac

mniSvnelovnad Warbobda soflis mosaxleoba. amitom 1873 welTan

SedarebiT qalaqis mosaxleobis absoluturi - 35.2 aT. kaciT zrdis

miuxedavad, 1886 wels misi wili saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mTlian

raodenobaSi 1%-iT mcirdeba.

arazusti cnobebiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom 1886-dan 1897

wlamde periodSi soflebidan qalaqSi migrirebulTa saerTo raodenoba

daaxloebiT 89,9 aTasi kacia, xolo analogiur periodSi qalaqis

mosaxleoba mTlianad 123,3 aTasi kaciT gaizarda (182,5 aTasidan 305,8

aTasamde). aqedan gamomdinare, qalaqis mosaxleobis 123.3 aT. kaciT zrdis

ZiriTadi faqtori, anu 73% _ soflidan wamosuli mosaxleobaa, xolo

zrdis danarCeni wili _ 33,4 aTasi kaci, anu 27% modis qalaqis

mosaxleobis bunebriv matebaze da aseve imperiis sxvadasxva

guberniebidan imigrirebul pirebze.

cxrilis monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom 1873-1897 ww. Tbilisis

mosaxleoba gaizarda 74,4 %-iT, xolo misi wili saqarTvelos qalaqis

mosaxleobaSi Semcirda 60,8 %-dan 52,5 %-mde, xolo danarCeni qalaqebis

wili 39,2 %-dan 47,8 %-mde gaizarda. es ki imis maCvenebelia, rom

saqarTvelos danarCen qalaqebSic SeiniSneba kapitalisturi ekonimikis

gaaqtiureba.

gansaxilvel periodSi (1886_1897 ww.) ar moipoveba cnobebi

mosaxleobis Sobadobasa da sikvdilianobis Sesaxeb. 1902 wels

gamocemul statistikur cnobarSi ukve mocemulia aRniSnuli informacia

Tbilisis Sesaxeb 1894-1898 wlebisTvis. am oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi

TbilisSi daibada 22 162 adamiani, xolo gardaicvala _ 17 818. mateba

aris 4 344 adamiani. analogiuri monacemebi ufro vrcel periodze rom

arsebobdes, ufro konkretul warmodgenas Segviqmnida, Tu ramdenad

ganapiroba mosaxleobis esoden swrafi mateba Sobadobis gaaqtiurebam da

ra wili hqonda mosaxleobis matebaSi gare migraciebs. safiqrebelia, rom

orive faqtori iyo mniSvnelovani. mSvidobianobisa da zogadad

22

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros Sobadobac aqtiurdeba da aseve didi iyo

mosaxleobis mezobeli qveynebidan, gansakuTrebiT ki somxeTidan

saqarTvelosken migraciis procesic, rac gansakuTrebiT TurqeTis mier

somxebis Seviwroebas mohyva da ris Semdegac ruseTis xelisuflebam

daiwyo am mosaxleobis masiuri Camosaxleba saqarTveloSi.

zogadi kanonzomiereba, rac naTlad ikveTeba zemoT moyvanil

stastistikur monacemebSi, aris is, rom qalaqis mosaxleobis

gansakuTrebiT swrafi zrda mas Semdeg SeimCneva, rac dasrulda

rkinigzis mSenebloba da gaixsna moZraoba transkavkasiur sarkinigzo

magistralze baTumidan baqomde Tbilisis gavliT. am movlenam xeli

Seuwyo mosaxleobis moZraobis gaaqtiurebas da ganapiroba ganapira

raionebidan da miyruebuli kuTxeebidan soflis mosaxleobis

qalaqebisken midinebis procesi.

Tbilisis demografiuli viTareba warmodgenilia #1.2 cxrilSi.

1886-1897 ww. mosaxleobis gansakuTrebiT maRali tempebiT _ 104,8 %-

iT zrda aRiniSna. TbilisSi 1886 wlis monacemebi aRebulia saojaxo

aRweris mixedviT, xolo 1897 wlis ki _ sayovelTao erTdRiani aRweriT.

Tu sabazo periodad aviRebT 1858 wlis monacemebs da SevadarebT

danarCeni wlis monacemebs, aRmoCndeba, rom Tbilisis mosaxleoba 1858

wlidan 1886 wlamde gazrdila 16 854 kaciT, anu 27,4%-iT, maT Soris

mamakacTa raodenoba _ 5 362-iT, anu 13,9 %-iT, xolo qalTa raodenoba _

11 492-iT, anu 49,7 %-iT, 1897 wlisTvis gaizarda sul _ 99 054-iT, anu 160,8

%-iT; mamakacTa _ 57 639-iT, anu 150 %-iT da qalTa _ 41 415-iT, anu 179 %-

iT. 1901 wlisTvis ki Sesabamisad: 173 240-iT, anu 281,3 %-iT, 99 561-iT, anu

258,9 %-iT da 73 679-iT, anu 318,5 %-iT.

ormocdasami wlis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis mosaxleobis zrdis

masStabi STambeWdavia, kerZod, 1858 wlidan 1901 wlamde periodSi

sul Tbilisis mosaxleoba gaizarda 173 240 kaciT, anu 3,8-jer. es ki

garda Sobadobis gaaqtiurebisa, ganapiroba rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

urbanizaciis tempis daCqarebam da imigraciebma.

23

Tbilisis mosaxleobis dinamika 1886-1901 ww.13

cxrili #1.2

maT Soris

wlebi

sul mamakaci qali

1858

61 591

38 460

23 131

1886 78 445 43 822 34 623

1897 60 645 96 099 64 546

1901 234 831 138 021 96 810

arsebuli monacemebiT (1858-1901 wlebSi) mosaxleobis saSualo

wliuri mateba TbilisSi iyo 4028,8 kaci; maT Soris mamakacTa saSualo

wliurma matebam aRniSnul periodSi Seadgina _ 2315,3, xolo qalTa

matebam _ 1713,4. e.i. mamakacebis mateba aRniSnul periodSi sagrZnoblad

Warbobda qalebisas. es gamowveuli, iyo TbilisSi safabriko-saqarxno

warmoebaSi mamakacTa dasaqmebis upiratesobiT.

erT-erTi yvelaze mWidrod dasaxlebuli qalaqi iyo Tbilisi. 1897

wlis monacemebiT 1 kvadratul versze (1 versi_1,06 km.) modioda 57,5 kaci.

saqarTveloSi dasaxlebis simWidroviT mas mxolod quTaisi uswrebda,

sadac 1 kv. versze 71,2 kaci modioda.

13 Сборник статистических сведении по Закавказскому краю, часть I, Тифлис 1902.

24

1897 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi qalaqebSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis

saerTo raodenoba iyo 305,8 aTasi. qalaqebSi mcxovrebTa umravlesoba _

52,5 % TbilisSi iyo Tavmoyrili. amave periodSi quTaisis mosaxleoba

iyo _ 32 492, baTumis mosaxleoba ki _ 28 5123. saqarTvelos qalaqebSi

mcxovrebTa saerTo raodenobidan quTaisSi cxovrobda 10,6%, xolo

baTumSi _ 9,3 %. saqarTvelos am sam yvelaze msxvil qalaqSi Tavs iyrida

qalaqSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis 72,4 %, xolo danarCeni 27,6 % SedarebiT

mcire zomis qalaqebze modioda. Sesabamisad, am sam qalaqSi iyo yvelaze

metad ganviTarebuli mrewveloba.14

kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebis Sedegad TandaTan

xdeba feodaluri tradiciebis gandevna da Tbilisi yalibdeba

burJuaziul qalaqad ganviTarebuli infrastruqturiT. aRniSnul

periodSi daiwyo qalaqis gegmiani rekonstruqcia da ganaSenianeba,

gaiyvanes farTe, mokirwyluli quCebi, aSenda ramdenimesarTuliani qvis

Senobebi, gaCnda axali saxis saqalaqo transporti _ konka, tramvai,

momravlda etlebis raodenoba; intensiurad Sendeboda evropuli tipis

sastumroebi, biblioTeka-muzeumebi, klubebi, Teatri, maRaziebi, ewyoboda

sasoflo-sameurneo iaraRebisa da manqanebis gamofenebi; am periodSi

gaCnda fosta-telegrafi, telefoni; garda amisa, Tbiliss gaaCnda

xelsayreli geografiuli mdebareobac, rac xels uwyobda mis gadaqcevas

kavkasiis administraciul, politikur, kulturul da ekonomikur

centrad. es informacia dawvrilebiT aqvs gadmocemuli general majd-os-

saltanes, romelmac TbilisSi 1894 wels imogzaura. “ori weli iqneba,

rac TbilisSi mcxovrebTa komunikaciis gaadvilebis mizniT, aSenda

telefonis saagento. es saagento didi Senobis mesame sarTulze

mdebareobs. mTeli qalaqis satelefono xazebi centrSia Tavmoyrili.

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebi, sxvadasxva punqtebi, maRaziebi, sastumroebi

da abanoebi daqselilia satelefono xazebiT. TiToeuli abonenti am

momsaxureobisTvis ixdis yovelwliurad 85 maneTs.

14 Сборник статистических сведении по закавказскому краю, часть 1 . Тифлис 1902. Ggv. 260-27

25

. . . amJamad TbilisSi bevr binazea gayvanili telefonis xazi,

. . . Tbilisis yvela cnobili quCa daqselilia tramvais xaziT, amas

emateba sami aTasi gasaqiravebeli msubuqi etli, sagvareulo etlebi da

karetebi.

. . . abanos gasaxdelSi aris eleqtronis zari momsaxure

personalis gamosaZaxeblad. orbelianis abanos direqcias TiToeuli

nomridan saaTSi 2 Tumnamde Semosavali aqvs.”15

saqarTveloSi safabriko-saqarxno mrewvelobis zrdam, masTan

dakavSirebulma teqnikuri siaxleebis danergvam, evropuli civilizaciis

SemoWram, (gansakuTrebiT qalaqebSi), saWiro gaxada xelosnobis axali

dargebis aRmoceneba. igi dRis wesrigSi ayenebda zogadi teqnikuri

ganaTlebis aucileblobas. teqnikuri progresi saTanadod momzadebul

muSaxels moiTxovda. marTalia, ruseTidan da ucxoeTidan intensiurad

modiodnen erTeuli ostatebi, Tu daxelovnebuli xelosnebi, aseve

manufaqturebis muSakebi da maRali kvalifikaciis inJiner-teqnikosebi,

magram isini teqnikur kadrebze arsebul moTxovnilebas sanaxevrodac ki

ver akmayofilebdnen.

Tuki kapitalisturi urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba sawarmoTa

mflobelebs interess uRrmavebda sakuTari ekonomikis gasaumjobeseblad,

mosaxleobis Rarib fenas fulis Sovnis axal perspeqtivas uSlida. am

mxriv igi ise Zlier iyo dainteresebuli Tavisi da sakuTari

STamomavlobis Sesaferisi profesiuli swavla-ganaTlebiT _ raime saxis

xelobis SeswavliT, rom saxsrebs ar iSurebda. amgvari moTxovna

didad zrdida moTxovnas saswavlo dawesebulebebsa da kvalificiur

ostatebze, romelTa deficiti ukve aSkara iyo.

60-70-iani wlebisaTvis saqarTveloSi da zogadad amierkavkasiaSi

momwifda profesiul-xelosnuri swavlebis danergvis aucilebloba da

ruseTis xelisuflebam dasaSvebad miiCnia zogierTi dargis

15 majd-os-saltane, “qalaq Tbilisis aRwera”, Tb. 1971.

26

specialistebis momzadeba.

1870 wlisTvis TbilisSi _ kukiaze, zubalaSvilis saxlSi gaixsna

e.w. saxelosno Skola, romelic teqnikuri sazogadoebis kavkasiis

ganyofilebam daaarsa. 1872 wlisTvis. am skolaSi 25 moswavle

iricxeboda, romlebic wera-kiTxvis garda euflebodnen durglobas,

mWedlobas da sxva xelobebs, maT sxvadasxva ostatebi aswavlidnen da

kargi anazRaurebac hqondaT. aq 8-dan 16 wlamde asakis moswavleebi

miiRebodnen. am saswavlebelSi arsebobda sakvirao kursebic, romlis

moswavleTa kontigentis wlovaneba ar iyo gansazRvruli, kursebze

daswrebisaTvis ki gadasaxadi iyo TveSi 65 kap.16

garda saswavleblisa, romelic kukiaze mdebareobda,

teqnikuri sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofileba dainteresebuli iyo

agreTve soflis meurneobisTvis saWiro xelosnebis momzadebiT. loWinSi

daarsda sameurneo skola, sadac ZiriTadad soflis meurneobis

gaZRolas da sxvadasxva xelobas aswavlidnen.17 mas unda uzrunveleyo

sasoflo-sameurneo profesiuli ganaTlebis gavrceleba soflad da

uSualod mwarmoebeli glexebisaTvis saWiro sasoflo-sameurneo

inventaris mkeTebeli da SemkeTebeli xelosnebis momzadeba.

1872 w. qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobam ganizraxa didi mTavris _

mixailis saxelobis saxelosno-saswavlebeli daearsebina. mas mxardaWera

hqonda xelosanTa sazogadoebaSic, kerZod, Tbilisis amqrebma skolis

Senobis asagebad gamgeobas 6 aTasi maneTi gadasces da survili

gamoTqves usasyidlod emuSavaT mSeneblobaze (iseve, rogorc eklesiebisa

da sxva sakulto Senobebis agebis dros iqceodnen).18 es saxelosno

saswavlebeli 1880 wels gaixsna da sazogadoebis yvela wodebisa da

socialuri fenis warmomadgenlebs SeeZloT swavla. am periodisTvis

gansakuTrebiT SeiniSneba aristokratiisa da sasuliero wodebis

daintereseba profesiuli ganaTlebiT. saswavlebeli eqvemdebareboda

16 Кавказский календарь на 1872 год, с. 105. 17 saxelosno Skola teqnikuri sazogadoebisa _ n. yifiani _ gaz. “droeba” #3, 1872. 18 Кавказский календарь на 1872 год, с. 105

27

Tbilisis TviTmmarTvelobas.

damoukidebeli saxelosno-profesiuli skolebis mowyoba fuladi

saxsrebis simwiris gamo, metnaklebad sirTuleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli,

masTan SedarebiT praqtikuli iyo erT, an orklasian

zogadsaganmanaTleblo skolebTan saxelosno klasebis gaxsna. am mxriv

ki is dabrkoleba arsebobda, rom Wirda rusulenovani Tavisufali da

kvalificiuri xelosani-pedagogebis moZieba (swavleba unda

warmarTuliyo rusul enaze).

saxelosno-profesiuli ganaTlebis danergvis saqmeSi Tavisi

wvlili Seitana Tbilisis saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebam, romelic 1859

wels daarsda. misi mTavari mizani iyo “ufasod eswavlebinaT Raribi

ojaxis SvilebisaTvis wera-kiTxva, xelsaqme,saojaxo saqme da raime

xeloba... “19 am sazogadoebas mfarvelobda imperatoris meuRle _ olga.

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis skolebSi bavSvebs aswavlidnen

RvTismetyvelebas, wera-kiTxvas, rusuls, ariTmetikas, xelsaqmes, saojaxo

saqmes, gundur simRerebs. garda amisa, “bavSvebs koluCebalkinskis da

xarfuxis magninskis skolebSi aswavlidnen saamkinZao xelobas da

durglobas vaJTa skolaSi”20

1873 wlis mixedviT, kavkasiis okrugis uwyebaSi Semaval

saswavleblebSi moswavleTa sakmaod mozrdili raodenoba dafiqsirda.

Tbilisis saswavleblebSi, sadac arsebobda profesiul-xelosnuri

swavleba, moswavleTa raodenoba ase gamoiyureba: vaJTa erTklasian da 3

orklasian saswavlebelSi swavlobda _ 236 moswavle; qalTa qalaqis

saswavleblebSi _ 672 moswavle; kerZo pansionebsa da skolebSi _ 1006

moswavle (romlis moswavleTa udidesi wili erovnebiT qarTul

mosaxleobaze modioda); wminda ninos saswavlebelSi _ 490;

saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebis skolebSi ki 534;21 am monacemebiT

yuradRebas ipyrobs ara mxolod swavlis msurvelTa sakmaod didi

19 Кавказский календарь на 1875 год, с. 96. 20 iqve. 21 iqve, gv. 170.

28

raodenoba, aramed am raodenobaSi qalTa mozrdili wili. qalTa wilis

zrda ki progresul movlenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc ekonomikuri,

aseve socialuri TvalsazrisiT.

XIX s. 90-iani wlebidan, kapitalizmis ganviTarebis mkveTr

aRmavlobasTan dakavSirebiT saimperio xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda

angariSi gaewia drois moTxovnebisaTvis da finansuri TvalsazrisiT

xeli Seewyo specialuri skolebis daarsebisTvis. magaliTad, 1882 w.

TbilisSi qalaqis TviTmmarTvelobis saxsrebiT gaixsna qalTa

profesiuli saswavlebeli, sadac mxolod xelsaqme iswavleboda da mas

saxelosnos uwodebdnen. am kursebze miiRebodnen 18 wlidan zeviT asakis

moswavle-qalebi.22

xelisuflebis xelSewyobiT saxelosno saswavleblebi ara marto

TbilisSi ixsneboda, aramed ekonomikurad mzard qalaqebSic, magaliTad,

baTumSi, quTaisSi da sxva qalaqebSi.

22 eZgveraZe l. socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa burJuaziuli evolucia saqarTveloSi, gv. 84. Tb. 1986.

29

A1.2 Tbilisis ekonomikuri ganviTareba 1864 wlis saglexo

reformamdel periodSi

reformamdeli saqarTvelos mrewvelobaSi TandaTan aRmocenda da

ganviTarda kapitalisturi sawarmoebi. am periodSi jer kidev

gabatonebuli iyo warmoebis martivi formebi: saojaxo Sinamrewveloba

da xelosnoba. amasTanave, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kvaldakval

Cndeba mrewvelobis maRali formebic _ kapitalisturi manufaqtura da

fabrikebi. mrewvelobaSi daqiravebuli Sromis gamoyenebis gaxSireba,

aseve, qveyanaSi savaWro-samrewvelo mosaxleobis zrda kapitalisturi

urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas gulisxmobda.

gviani feodaluri xanis saqrTvelos ekonomikis istoriis

Seswavlisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs xelosanTa da wvril

vaWarTa saqmianoba, vinaidan xelosnoba saqalaqo meurneobis wamyvan

Zalas warmoadgenda. politikuri viTarebisa da ekonomikuri politikis

cvlilebis Sesabamisad xelosnobac ganicdida metamorfozas.

kapitalistur urTierobaTa gaaqtiurebis fonze xelosnur-amqruli

warmoeba (tradiciuli saxiT) rRvevas iwyebda da adgils uTmobda wvril

kapitalistur warmoebas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom amqruli xelosnobis daSlis procesi 30-40-

iani wlebidan gaaqtiurda, XIX s. pirveli naxevris saqarTvelos

mrewvelobaSi upiratesobas mainc xelosnoba inarCunebda, Tumca misi

xvedriTi wili kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis aqtiuri damkvidrebis

Sedegad TandaTan mcirdeboda. qalaqad xelosnuri warmoebis amqruli

forma mniSvnelovnad abrkolebda mrewvelobis ganviTarebas. xelosnuri

korporacia zRudavda warmoebis ganviTarebas; amqris SigniT

konkurenciis zrda bevr xelosans ymis mdgomareobaSi ayenebda, xolo

warmoebas amuxruWebda.

vinaidan XIX s. dasawyisisTvis amqruli xelosnobis rRveva jer

kidev ar iyo dawyebuli, anu misi regresi arc Tu ise TvalsaCino iyo.

30

saqalaqo meurneobaSi igi mozrdil wils inarCunebda, amitomac

mizanSewonili iqneba mimovixiloT, Tu rogori iyo misi arsi da

struqtura.

amqari Tavisi arsiT iyo amxanagoba, romelic erTi romelime

gansazRvruli saxis saxelosno samuSaos asrulebda, an erTi romelime

saxis saqonliT vaWrobda da erT romelime korporacias warmoadgenda.

amqars xelmZRvanelobda arCeuli piri. igi amqris wevrTa raodenobas ar

zRudavda da aerTianebda yvela im pirs, vinc mocemul saqmianobas

eweoda. amqris wevrobisaTvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda, pirovneba

sazogadoebis romel fenas miekuTvneboda, ra erovnebis, an romeli

religiuri aRmsareblobis iyo. erTaderTi moTxovna is iyo, rom

damorCilebodnen amqris mier arCeul xelmZRvanels, e.w. ustabaSs (sityva-

sityviT _ xelosanTa Tavs _ Turqulad). ustabaSi am korporaciis

Sinagan meurneobaSi axorcielebda srul mmarTvelobas, amqris wevrebis

mimarT sasamarTlo-policiur zedamxedvelobas da iTvleboda

korporaciis warmomadgenlad sagareo urTierTobebSi. miuxedavad imisa,

rom ustabaSs irCevdnen ganusazRvreli droiT, Tuki igi ar

gaamarTlebda amqris molodins, an miiRebda mikerZoebul

gadawyvetilebas, aranairi dbrkoleba ar arsebobda misi gadarCevisaTvis.

iyvnen aseve ustabaSebi, romlebic 15-20 wlis ganmavlobaSi da

sikvdilamde asrulebdnen Tavis funqcias. ustabaSis dauZlurebis, an

avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi igi Tavad ixsnida ufleba-movaleobebs da axal

ustabaSs irCevdnen, xandaxan misive rekomendaciiT.

calkeul amqars TiTo ustabaSi hyavda. ustabaSs hyavda ori

asistenti, e.w. aRsakali, romlebsac aseve amqris wevrebi irCevdnen. isini

ustabaSis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi mis funqciebs asrulebdnen. aRsaklis

Tanamdebobaze, romlis vadac aseve ganusazRvreli iyo, xandaxan yofil

ustabaSebsac irCevdnen.

amqars hyavda aseve molare, anu xazinadari, romelsac abarebdnen

amqris fuls. xazinadari krebda gadasaxadebs da jarimebs, romelic

31

gankuTvnili iyo amqris salaroSi Sesatanad. igi savsebiT damoukidebeli

iyo ustabaSisa da uxucesebisagan. xazinadari unda yofiliyo gamWriaxi

gonebis, wignieri adamiani, romelsac mTeli amqari endoboda. salarodan

Tanxis ganawileba-gacema ustabaSis miTiTebiT xdeboda, romelic Tavis

mxriv gadawyvetilebas amqris wevrebTan winaswari TaTbiris Sedegad

iRebda. ustabaSis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs amqris wevrebs acnobda

da SeiZleba iTqvas, mdivnis funqciebs asrulebda e.w. igidbaSi, romelic

yvela amqars hyavda.

XIX s. meore naxevridan qalaqis zrdasTan erTad izrdeboda

xelosnur nawarmze moTxovnac, Sesabamisad garkveuli kategoriis amqris

wevrTa raodenoba mkveTrad izrdeboda. amqris samewarmeo areali da

masStabebi farTovdeboda. qalaqis moSorebul ubnebSi gafantul amqars

ustabaSi srulfasovnad veRar ganagebda, vinaidan ver aswrebda qalaqis

sxvadasxva mxares gadaadgilebas, saWiro gankargulebebis gacemas da

maT meTvalyureobas.GamqarTa nawilma saWirod CaTvala, rom calkeul

ganayofebad danawilebuliyvnen. ganayofi calke amqrad yalibdeboda da

TavisTvis ustabaSsac irCevda. magaliTad, kalatozebi Tavdapirvelad

daiyvnen or, xolo Semdgom xuT amqrad; xuroebi _ sam amqrad. amave

mizeziT, anu gamsxvilebis gamo, sxva amqrebsac sWirdebodaT dayofa,

Tumca maT amgvari gziT danawevreba ar isurves da Camoayalibes e.w.

Tabunebi, romlebsac kvlav saerTo ustabaSi hyavdaT. TiToeuli

TabunisaTvis erT, an or aRsakals irCevdnen, romlebic Tabunis saqmeebs

ganagebdnen ustabaSis mier dadgenili wesebiT. saorganizacio saqmeebis,

an problemebis mosagvareblad isini TaTbirobdnen ustabaSTan. amgvari

saxiT mesanTleTa amqari daiyo or Tabunad, durglebis _ oTx Tabunad,

TiToeuli or-ori aRsakliT. markitantebis amqari daiyo rva Tabunad

TiTo aRsakliT.

ase, rom amqris mmarTveloba ZiriTadad Sedgeboda oTxi

safexurisagan: ustabaSis, aRsakalis, xazinadaris da igidbaSisagan.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, mzardi kapitalisturi mrewvelobis

32

gaaqtiurebis paralelurad mimdinareobda xelosnuri warmoebis

transformacia. am process aCqarebda xelosnur warmoebaSi daqiravebuli

Sromis gamoyenebis zrdis tendencia, aseve amqrisgareSe xelosnobis

warmoqmna da bazrisaTvis saqonlis warmoebaze gadasvla.

amqari erTgvarad Zlieri da Sekruli organizacia iyo. igi ar

cnobda xelisuflebis mier gamocemul kanonebs da tradiciuli adaT-

wesebiTa da dauwereli kanonebiT moqmedebda. am mxriv igi saxelmwifoSi

saxelmwifos emsgavseboda. XIX s. 50-iani wlebisTvis

ruseTis xelisuflebam mizanSewonilad CaTvala, rom gaetarebina

rigi burJuaziuli reformebisa, romlis arsic iyo amqruli

organizaciisTvis Seeryia safuZveli da qalaqis mosaxleoba

sakanonmdeblo kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina, amasTanave xeli

Seewyo burJuaziuli gardaqmnebisTvis. erT-erTi amgvari mcdeloba iyo

1856 w. miRebuli kanoni, romlis mixedviTac ucxoeli da rusi xelosnebi

qalaqis mmarTvelobas daumorCiles, aseve, ustabaSebs CamoerTvaT amqris

wevrTa Soris sadavo sakiTxebis garCevis ufleba. am kanoniT

xelisuflebam scada gaeZlierebina amqrisgareSe xelosnoba, rasac

Semdgom TandaTan unda mohyoloda xelosnuri warmoebis kapitalisturze

gadasvla. xelisufleba kargad acnobierebda amqris SigniT mimdinare or

urTierTgamomricxav tendencias: erTni yovelmxriv cdilobdnen

SeenarCunebinaT F amqari feodaluri, tradiciuli gagebiT, xolo meoreni

_ eswrafvodnen Tavi daexsnaT amqris marwuxebidan da wamoewyoT

sakuTari, Tavisufali warmoeba. xelisuflebis mxridan amgvari

RonisZieba 50-ian wlebSi Sedegiani aRmoCnda. swrafad gaizarda

damoukideblad momuSave ara mxolod rusi da Camosaxlebuli ucxoeli

xelosnebis raodenoba, aramed adgilobrivi xelosnebisac, romlebic

aarsebdnen sakuTar, amqrisgareSe saxelosnoebs.

momdevno etapi, amqruli xelosnobis SezRudvisa xelisuflebis

mxridan iyo 1865 w., rodesac amqarma saprotesto gamosvlebiT scada win

aRdgomoda sagadasaxado politikas. xelisuflebam amis sapasuxod

33

daayena sakiTxi amqruli organizaciis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, Tumca es

gadawyvetileba naadrevi aRmoCnda qveyanaSi realurad arsebuli

ekonomikuri viTarebis gamo. axalfexadgmuli kapitalisturi

mrewvelobis pirobebSi amqroba jer kidev mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda

qveynis ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. aq erT sagulisxmo realobasac unda

SevexoT, kerZod, am periodisTvis ruseTSi sakmaod iyo momwifebuli

amqrebis likvidaciis sakiTxi, amisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTveloSi es

sakiTxi mwvave winaaRmdegobas xvdeboda. jer erTi, jer kidev SedarebiT

mcire iyo msxvil sawarmoTa wili ekonomikaSi (Warbobda wvrili

sawarmoebi); garda amisa, qarTul amqarSi rusul da Tundac evropul

msgavsi tipis organizaciebisgan gansxvavebiT amqris mowyobis SedarebiT

demokratiuli principebi Warbobda. rac Seexeba amqarSi gaerTianebas da

amqris statusebs, igi qonebriv cenzs ar moiTxovda. es faqtori didad

ganapirobebda imas, rom adgilobrivi xelosnebi, gansakuTrebiT ki

Raribi xelosnebi ar iyvnen antagonisturad ganwyobilni warmoebis

amgvari sistemis mimarT da arc misi transformaciis survili gaaCndaT.

yovelive zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, ustabaSi tradiciisamebr

ganusazRvreli uflebebiT sargeblobda. arcerTi sakiTxi, es exeboda

ostatis mier Tavis nawarmze fasis dawesebas, SemkveTsa da ostats

Soris damokidebulebas, an warmoebis organizaciis reglamentacias,

ustabaSis gareSe ar wydeboda. amis garda, qargals ufleba ar hqonda

Tavisi surviliT mietovebina saxelosno da gadasuliyo sxva ostatTan

samuSaod, aseve amqris dauwereli kanonis ZaliT aravis SeeZlo sxvisi

naSegirdali mieRo missive yofili ostatis nebadaurTvelad _ am

yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT da miuxedavad amqris potencialis

TandaTanobiT Sesustebisa, mas jer kidev SeeZlo dadebiTi rolis

Sesruleba, magaliTad, qalaqis Raribi xelosnebis didi nawili

gadaerCina sruli gaCanagebisagan _ pauperizaciisagan.

am faqtorTa gamo dRis wesrigidan moixsna xelosanTa amqris

gauqmebis sakiTxi, Tumca isini iZulebulni gaxdnen Seguebodnen

34

cxovrebis axal pirobebs; kerZod, 1867 wels damtkicda debuleba

“wesdeba q. Tbilisis saxelosno amqrebzed da maT gamgeblobazed”. am

debulebiT moispo vaWarTa amqrebi da darCa mxolod xelosanTa amqrebi.

amave debulebiT amqrobam sruli damoukidebloba dakarga. is

dauqvemdebares TbilisSi gaxsnil saxelosno sammarTvelos, romelsac

qalaqis mmarTvelobasa da xelosnebs Soris erTgvari Suamavlis roli

ekisreboda da yvela amqars ganagebda. mas daevala gadasaxadebis

droulad da sruli akrefa, ostatebisa da qarglebis wodebis

damtkiceba da a. S. am debulebis mixedviT, amqris xelmZRvanelad kvlav

ustabaSi rCeboda, Tumca mas aRar hqonda sasamarTlo uwyebani da

CamoerTva axali ostatis ayvanis ufleba. im xelosnebisTvis ki,

romlebic amqarsgare saxelosnos daarsebis survils gamoTqvamdnen,

saxelosno sammarTvelos SeZlebisdagvarad xeli unda Seewyo; aseve,

ustabaSis arCevis vadebi ganisazRvra sami, xolo molarisa _ erTi wlis

vadiT (manamde, rogorc zemoT ukve aRiniSna, ustabaSs ganusazRvreli

droiT irCevdnen, Tu ra Tqma unda, xelosanTa yriloba mas ar

gadairCevda); qarglebisa da Segirdebis vadebi xuTi wlis vadiT

ganisazRvra (manamde maTi daostatebis vadebi ar izRudeboda da sakmaod

xangrZlivi iyo); amqarTa ustabaSebs, aseve krebas aekrZalaT xelosnis

xelfasis, an nakeTobis fasis TviTneburi dawaseba; am akrZalvis

darRveva isjeboda jarimiT 50-dan 200 maneTamde im SemTxvevaSic ki,

Tundac uSualod TviTon ar yofiliyo misi monawile.23 TviT saxelosno

sammarTvelo xelosnobasTan dakavSirebul saqmeebSi eqvemdebareboda

saqalaqo mmarTvelobas. igi 1917 wlamde arsebobda da qalaqis yvela

saxelosnos saqmianobas akontrolebda.

XIX s. miwuruls arsebuli, tradiciuli xelosnobis dargebis

garda dawinaurda xelosnobis iseTi dargebi, romelic Camosulma

ucxoelma da rusma xelosnebma Semoitanes saqarTveloSi da garda

ucxoelebisa, adgilobrivma xelosnebmac SeiTvises, maT Soris

23 scsa, f. 416, aR. 3, saq. 800

35

aRsaniSnavia: ludis damzadeba, konditeroba, mefunTuSeoba, meZexveoba,

meTunuqeoba, meSuSeoba, mkinZavoba, meeetleoba, mekasreoba, da sxva.24 amave

periodisaTvis xelosnuri saqmianoba umetesd sayofacxovrebo sagnebis

damzadebis sferos moicavda. axal xelosnur dargad yalibdeba

samSeneblo qvis damuSaveba (Sadrevnebi, wisqvilis dolabebi da sxva),

rewvis es saxeobebi ZiriTadad TbilisSi iyrida Tavs.25

gafarTovda amqarsgare xelosnobis masStabi, gaizarda xelosnur

warmoebaSi Cabmuli Tavisufali, daqiravebuli muSebis raodenoba.

magaliTad, evropuli fexsacmlis mkeTebeli xelosnebi formalurad

amqrebSi iyvnen gaerTianebulni, magram amqrul reglamentacias da

SezRudvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. xabazebi da mefunTuSeebi amqars ar

ganekuTvnebodnen, mespilenZeebi, mkalavebi da lampis mkeTeblebi aseve ar

ganekuTvnebodnen amqars.26 statistikuri monacemebiT 1883 wels

TbilisSi 59 xelosnuri amqaria dafiqsirebuli, romlebSic

gaerTianebulebi iyvnen: xuroebi _ 500 kaci, durgali da xarati _ 450,

mamakacis evropuli tansacmlis mkeravi _ 350, mepure _ 150 kaci, xarazi _

300, zeinkali da meqanikosi _ 116, damWedi (nalis) _ 40, aziuri waRebis

mkeravi _ 90, evropuli fexsacmlis mkeravi _ 350, borblebis mkeTebeli _

140 da a.S. sul ostati _ 2 782, qargali _ 2 002 da Segirdi _ 1 091, sul

_ 5 875 xelosani.27

am periodis qarTuli presa sakmao yuradRebas uTmobda saxelosno

urTierTobebs, maT Soris yuradRebas amaxvilebda saxelosnoebis

mowyobasa da sanitariul mdgomareobaze. rogorc irkveva, xelosnuri

warmoebis ubnebi iyo sakmaod mouwyobeli da iq antisanitaria sufevda,

uamindobis dros ki viwro da bneli quCebi Znelad gasavleli yofila.

saxelosnoebis umravlesoba Zvel da avariul SenobebSi iyo

24 scsa, f. 12, Ar. 1, saq. 1460, f. 29. 25 А.Г. Гнедич, Обзор промышленности фабрично-заводской, кустарной и горнозаводской губерний и областей Кавказского края, составлено в 1900 году, с. 4. 26 scsa, f. 7, saq. 2 229, furc.81-92; xoStaria e. damuSavebiTi mrewveloba saqrTveloSi XIX s. pirvel naxevarSi. TB. 1958. 27 scsa, f. 17, saq. 2 283, furc. 34.

36

ganlagebuli, xelosnebs iqve patara duqnebi hqondaT mowyobili.

Tbiliseli meZexveebi da mepureebi uvargis saqonels amzadebdnen,

romelsac SedarebiT iafad Rarib mosaxleobaSi asaRebdnen. mag. gazeTi

iveria werda, “Tbiliseli meZexveebi amzadeben Zexveuls avadmyofi

saqonlis xorcisagan, bazarze gamoaqvT da girvanqas Sauridan 8

kapikamde hyidian. aseTi saZageli saqonlis muStari aris Raribi da

sawyali xelosani xalxi.”28

saqarTveloSi TiTo-orola SedarebiT msxvili kapitalisturi

sawarmo XIX s-is 20-30-iani wlebidan aRmocenda. samrewvelo kapitalis

zrda ukve SesamCnevi xdeba, gaxSirda kerZo pirebis mier fabrika-

qarxnebis daarsebis mcdeloba. marTalia am wamowyebaTa umravlesoba ar

iyo warmatebuli, magram mainc imsaxurebs yuradRebas, radgan igi axali,

kapitalisturi warmoebis wesis damkvidrebas uwyobda xels.

XIXs. 30-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi iyo mcdeloba daenergaT Saqris

warmoeba. Saqris lerwami nedleulis saxiT Semodioda kaspiis samxreTi

sanapiroebidan, sparseTis mazandaranidan. mazandaranis Saqris lerwami

Seicavda 80% Saqris kristals da 1 fuTis Rirebuleba iyo 1,5 man.

pirvelad Saqris warmoebis awyobis mcdeloba ekuTvniT Zmebs _

aleqsi da gabriel Sadinovebs. maT mimarTes saqarTvelos

mTavarmmarTebels _ baron rozens rafinirebuli Saqris qarxnis

mSeneblobis Taobaze, Tumca is SeRavaTebi, romlebsac isini iTxovdnen,

xelisuflebisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. 29

oriode wlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi iqmneba Saqris warmoebis

TaosanTa meore, ufro Zlieri kompania iakob zubalaSvilis meTaurobiT.

zubalaSvilebi jer kidev manamde, mTels saqarTveloSi iyvnen

dawinaurebulebi savaWro da samrewvelo asparezze da saxelic hqondaT

ganTqmuli. isini savaWrod dadiodnen sparseTSi, TurqeTSi, ruseTSi,

indoeTSi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT dawinaurdnen erekle II-is mefobisas _

XVIII s-is meore naxevarSi. am periodis Tbilisis vaWarTa da moqalaqeTa

28gaz. “iveria”, #66. 1888. 29 saq. cssa, fondi 2, aR. 1, saqme 3109.

37

Soris erT-erTi mowinaveTagani iyo ivane zubalaSvili. misi Svili _

iakob zubalaSvili (1792_1865 ww.) XIX s. savaWro da samrewvelo

asparezze yvelaze metad dawinaurda.30 pirvel xanebSi igi sazRvargareT

eweoda masStabur savaWro operaciebs. saqarTvelodan mas gahqonda

matyli, bamba, bzis xe, xili da sxva, xolo Semohqonda farTleuli,

Saqari, Cai, yava, Zafeuli, minisa da brolis nakeTobani da sxva.

XIX s. 30-ian wlebSi i. zubalaSvilTan savaWro saqmianobaSi

erTvebian vaWrebi: enibekovi, loris-meliqovi, TamamSevi da sxvani.31 garda

amisa, iakob zubalaSvili armiis momaragebisTvis yidulobda pursa da

qers, eweoda saijaro saqmeebsac. did savaWro operaciebs eweoda aseve

iakobis Zma _ iagor zubalaSvili. masTan Tanamosaqmeobda msxvili

Tbiliseli vaWari _ mirimanovi. zogadad, XIX s. dasawyisidan

zubalaSvilebi savaWro-komerciul asparezze TvalsaCino rols

TamaSobdnen da am gziT maT msxvili fuladi kapitalis dagroveba

SeZles.

1936 w. Saqris warmoebis asamuSaveblad SadinovebTan SedarebiT

mokrZalebuli saSeRavaTo pirobebiT xelisuflebas winadadebiT

mimarTes i. zubalaSvilma, d. TamamSevma da ter-gukasovma. 1837 w. 22

ivliss maT neba miecaT kaspiisa da Savi zRvis sanapiroebze 500 desetina

saxazino miwebze gaeSenebinaT Saqris lerwami, maTve miecaT ufleba, rom

aeSenebinaT qarxana da importirebuli nedleulis bazaze gamoexadaT

Saqari. amasTanave, mewarmeebs miecaT SeRavaTebi:Q qarxnis arsebobis

pirvel sam wels 120 000 fuT Saqris fxvnilze ar gadaixdidnen

gadasaxadebs, xolo momdevno sam wels SeeZloT amave odenobis Saqris

fxvnilze gadaexadaT gadasaxadis mxolod naxevari, anu fuTze 70 kap.

mewarmeebi gaecnen ra kaspiisa da SavizRvispireTis regionebis

pirobebs, xelisuflebas axali SuamdgomlobiT mimarTes, rom qarxana

aeSenebinaT ara am zRvispira raionebSi, aramed TbilisSi, sadac maT

gacilebiT ukeTesi pirobebi eqnebodaT. amis Semdeg maT gamoeyoT saWiro

30 iqve, saqme 1043. 31 iqve, saqme 2605.

38

adgili da qarxana amuSavda. sawarmoSi muSaTa raodenoba 50 kacs aRwevda

(adgilobriv mcxovrebTagan). aqve iyo aTamde gamyidveli da

zedamxedveli. sawarmos maqsimaluri gamomuSaveba 40-iani wlebis

dasawyisSi 186 000 maneTs Seadgenda. qarxnis amuSavebis Semdeg miiRes

damatebiTi SeRavaTebi im saxiT, rom eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi maT

SeeZloT 240 000 fuTi nedleuli SemoetanaT ucxoeTidan Semdegi

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT: mTeli Semotanili nedleulis naxevarze ar

gadaexadaT gadasaxadi, xolo meore naxevarze gadaexadaT gadasaxadis

mxolod naxevari. aRsaniSnavia, rom es SeRavaTebi realurad eqvs

weliwadze met xans gagrZelda. garda amisa, maT miecaT ufleba, rom im

daSvebuli 240 000 fuTi Saqridan 6 000-mde fuTi sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr sacdelad gamoeyenebinaT qarTuli xilis

dasakonserveblad, romelic gamiznuli iyo rogorc adgilobrivi, aseve

ruseTis bazarze gasatanad.32 miuxedavad am sakmaod xelsayreli

SeRavaTebisa, mewarmeTa amxanagoba bolomde seriozulad ar miudga

am saqmes, maT arc ucdiaT kaspiisa da SavizRvispireTSi gaeSenebinaT

Saqris lerwmis plantaciebi, mxolod isargebles im SeRavaTebiT, rasac

saxelmwifosagan Rebulobdnen da im saSeRavaTo vadis gasvlis Semdeg

kompaniam SeaCera muSaoba.

rac Seexeba xilis dakonservebis saqmes, miuxedavad saqarTveloSi

xexilis mravalferovnebisa da xilis siuxvisa, igi TiTqmis ar arsebobda.

ar arsebobda gamagrilebeli sasmelebis, an Tundac xilisagan

damzadebuli buraxis warmoeba, rac ruseTSi didad popularuli iyo. es

im pirobebSi, roca soflis mosaxleoba moWarbrbuli xilisagan

xSirad umweo mdgomareobaSi vardeboda. xili, isic mxolod maRali

xarisxis, iyideboda mxolod TbilisSi, saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi mas

fasi TiTqmis ar hqonda.

mogvianebiT, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi gorSi, k. Sepfis afTiaqSi

warmoadgines xilis maRali xarisxis vaJinebi da esenciebi. hqondaT aseve

32 Гулишамбаров СТ. ОФЗ Т губернии, Тифлис, 1888

39

xilis mSrali, granulirebuli esenciebi wvenebis dasamzadeblad. wvenebs

awarmoebda Tbiliseli vinme yazarovi, Tumca raime saxis seriozuli

warmoeba ar Camoyalibebula. analogiuri produqtebi ZiriTadad

ucxoeTidan Semodioda.

rac Seexeba Saqris Warxlis warmoebas, misi gamarTvis morigi

mcdeloba hqondaT Zmebs ananovebs. maT Caatares ra quTaisis guberniaSi

Saqris Warxlis moyvanis eqsperimenti da darwmundnen mis xarisxianobaSi,

TbilisSi Saqris qarxnis aSeneba moindomes. xelisuflebas isini

sTxovdnen sagadasaxado SeRavaTebs da ucxouri nedli Saqris Semotanas

gadasaxadis gareSe. Semotanil nedleulze SeRavaTebi xelisuflebis

mxridan mTlianad iqna uaryofili, xolo saaqcizo gadasaxadze

SeRavaTebi 1870 w. 9 Tebervals amgvarad Camoyalibda: 1) qarxnis

aSenebidan pirveli ori wlis ganmavlobaSi aqcizisgan mTlianad unda

gaTavisuflebuliyvnen; 2) momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi unda

gadaexadaT aqcizis naxevari; 3) kidev momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi

aqcizis 2/3. mTliani saaqcizo gadasaxadis gadaxda maT unda daewyoT

qarxnis amoqmedebidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg. Zmebma ananovebma es SeRavaTebi

sakmarisad ar miiCnies da uari Tqves am saqmeze. rogorc Cans,

adgilobrivi Saqris gadamamuSavebelTaTvis, an gadamuSavebis

mosurneTaTvis gacilebiT ioli gamdidrebis saSualeba iyo SeRavaTian

pirobebSi Semotanil nedleulze muSaoba, vidre adgilobrivi

sanedleulo bazis Seqmna da am nedleulis gadamuSaveba. es maT

sariskod eCvenebodaT.33

5_6 wlis Semdeg Tbiliseli komersantebi kvlav Seecadnen

wamoewyoT Saqris warmoebis saqme, xelisufleba kvlav dapirda

garkveul SeRavaTebs, Tumca miuxedavad xelisuflebis seriozuli

dainteresebisa, es saqme adgilidan ver daiZra. soliduri safabriko

warmoeba vera da ver gaimarTa, Tumca arsebobda realuri Sansi imisa,

rom Saqris warmoeba adgilobriv sanedleulo bazaze yofiliyo

33 Гулишамбаров Ст. ОФЗТ губернии,T 1888 gv. 107-108

40

dafuZnebuli, radgan Saqris Warxlis aklimatizaciam Tbilisis

guberniaSi warmatebiT Caiara. amis dasturad arsebobs specialistebis

mier Catarebuli adgilobrivi Saqris Warxlis dawvrilebiTi

laboratoriuli analizis pasuxebi, romelic mowmobs, rom umaRlesi

xarisxis Saqris Warxlis moyvana Tbilisis midamoebSi SesaZlebeli iyo.

interesmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tu zemoaRweril viTarebas

SevadarebT Tanamedroves. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom navsi Saqris Warxlis

warmoebaSi ar tydeba, Tumca, XX s. 50-70-ian wlebSi kaxeTisa da qarTlis

regionebSi iyo mcdeloba, rom moeyvanaT Saqris Warxali da am

nedleuliT adgilobrivi Saqris gadamamuSavebeli qarxana

moemaragebinaT. es mcdelobac warumatebeli aRmoCnda. adgilobrivi

umaRlesi xarisxis Saqris Warxlis warmoeba, romelic Tavisi

sargeblianobiT Saqris lerwams aRemateba, sakmaod sainteresod

gamoiyureba imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilobrivi Saqris qarxana

momaragdeba iafi nedleuliT, xolo soflis meurneoba

uzrunvelyofili iqneba damatebiT samuSao adgilebiT.

yurZnisa da Rvinis tradiciul qveyanaSi ludis warmoebam karga

xans ver moikida fexi. mcire zomis ludsaxarSebi TbilisSi araerTxel

gaixsna, Tumca maleve wyvetda arsebobas. magaliTad: XIX s. 30-iani

wlebisTvis TbilisSi 4 ludsaxarSi arsebobda. ludsaxarSebis

damkvidrebas gansakuTrebiT xeli Seuwyo germaneli kolonistebis

Camosaxlebam, romlebic ZiriTadad Tbilisis guberniaSi saxldebodnen.

ludis warmoebis xelSemwyob pirobad SeiZleba CaiTvalos isic, rom

Rvinis mwarmoebel qveyanaSi misi eqsportirebis gaaqtiurebasTan erTad

izrdeboda misi fasic. fuTi Rvino, romelic 30-40 kap. Rirda, 1,5-2

maneTamde gaZvirda.34 amasTan, TvalSisacemi iyo misi xarisxis vardna

falsificirebis gamo. ludis warmoebisTvis saWiro nedleuls _ qers

Tbilisis qarxnebi yarsis olqidan da erevnis guberniidan

34 Ст. Гулишамбаров _ ОФЗТ губернии, . Т. 1888 gv.. 35-39

41

sakmaod iafad iZendnen. fuTis Rirebuleba saSualod 20-30 kap. iyo.35

ludis dasamzadeblad, nedleulad iyenebdnen qers, romelic

ZiriTadad mTagorian adgilebsa da zeganebze mohyavdaT, magaliTad,

axalqalaqSi, aleqsandrapolSi, goris maRlobebze, gogCis tbis

midamoebSi da sxva adgilebSi. aq ZiriTadad ori saxis qeri mohyavdaT:

e.w. “axalTesli” da “ZvelTesli”, maT Soris pirveli orjer ufro

Zvirad fasobda, vidre meore, swored am saxeobebs gamoiyenebdnen ludis

sawarmoeblad. 90-ian wlebamde misi Rirebuleba fuTze 25 kap. iyo, xolo

90-iani wlebis dasawyisisTvis misi fasi gaormagda. saSualod 1 fuTi

“axalTeslis” jiSis qeris Tbilisamde mowodeba 80 kapikamde jdeboda.

igi qarxnebs ZiriTadad CenCoianad miewodebodaT, sadac Semdeg xdeboda

maTi gasufTaveba. xarisxiani qeris gasufTavebis Semdeg rCeboda 70%

alao, xolo 1 fuTi alaosgan miiReboda 4,5 vedro saSualo xarisxis

ludi. rac meti ludi gamoixdeboda, TavisTavad, miT ufro wyalwyala

iqneboda da piriqiT, 4 vedroze naklebis gamoxdiT kargi xarisxis ludi

miiReboda.36

sakmaod warmatebuli aRmoCnda ludis warmoebis erT-erTi

Tbiliseli specialistis _ k.kiriSCevis mier Tbilisis gareubanSi

ludsaxarSis gaxsna. aseve warmatebuli iyo lorTqifaniZis mier

germaneli gutbrodis ludsaxarSis SeZena. es mewarmeebi

gamoiyenebdnen Zravebs, romlebic moZraobaSi cocxali gamwevi Zalis

(cxenis) meSveobiT modiodnen. lorTqifaniZis warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli

iyo 16 kaci, xolo kiriSCevTan _ 3. am ukanasknelis warmoeba

Sesabamisad naklebad masStaburi iyo.

aRsaniSnavia lorTqifaniZis novacia, romelmac didad Seuwyo xeli

TbilisSi ludis popularizacias. man qalaqis baRSi moawyo rotonda

(Ria pavilioni), sadac daiwyo ludis gayidva. Tbilisuri zafxulis

sicxeebSi baRSi moseirneebsa da ludis moyvarulebs saSualeba

eZleodaT ludxanebis magivrad civi ludi pirdapir Ria sivrceSi 35 ст. Гулишамбаров, ОФЗТ губернии, Т 1888 gv. 35-39. 36 Сборник стат. сведении по Зак. краю. Часть 1, gv. 238

42

daegemovnebinaT. garda am sikeTisa, xalxs musikiTac izidavdnen. am

siaxlem gansakuTrebiT saSualo da dabali fena miizida, romlebic

uwyvet nakadad miedinebodnen rotondisken. amgvarad, lorTqifaniZem

uzarmazari mogeba miiRo da mas TandaTan ludis sxva mwarmoeblebs

Soris mimbaZvelebic gamouCndnen.

Tbilisuri warmoebis vedro ludis Rirebuleba miuxedavad misi

aradamakmayofilebeli xarisxisa, sakmaod soliduri iyo, 1,2-dan 1,6

maneTamde meryeobda misi xarisxis mixedviT da ZiriTadad TbilisSive

saRdeboda. boTlis ludi ufro Zvirad fasobda, igi 10-12 kapikiT meti

Rirda boTlis Rirebulebis CauTvlelad. 37 aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac,

rom adgilobrivi ludis mwarmoeblebi raime saxis seriozul

konkurencias ar ganicdidnen. magaliTad, ruseTidan Zneldeboda ludis

Semotana imis gamo, rom sarkinigzo fraxti Zlier maRali iyo. mxolod

rostovidan da odesidan Semodioda garkveuli raodenobis ludi,

romelmac bazris sakmaod mozrdili nawili daikava foTSi, baTumsa da

quTaisSi.

Tbilisuri ludi gahqondaT borjomSi abasTumansa da quTaisSic,

sadac rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ZiriTadad moixmardnen odesis, rostovisa

da varSavis luds. am ludis nawili garda quTaisisa, mcire raodenobiT

TbilisSic iyideboda. igi gacilebiT Zvirad fasobda da adgilobriv

warmoebul luds xarisxiTac jobda, Tumca Semotanili ludi Tbilisis

bazarze adgilobrivs raime mniSvnelovan konkurencias ver uwevda.

ludasaxarSebSi dasaqmebuli muSaxeli sakmaod mZime pirobebSi,

amave sawarmos teritoriaze saxlobda da Tviurad 15-25 man. anazRaurebas

iRebda38 mZime pirobebi iyo aseve TviT ludaxarSebSic, gansakuTrebiT

lorTqifaniZis ludsaxarSSi, romelic imdenad moZvelebul SenobaSi da

WuWyian garemoSi imyofeboda, rom antisanitaria momxmareblis

janmrTelobas safrTxes uqmnida da xelisuflebas amis gamo misi

daxurva ramdenjerme ucdia. amave dros, germaneli kolonistebis

37 iqve. 38 iqve.

43

ludsaxarSebSi sanimuSo wesrigi da higienuri pirobebi arsebobda.

zogadad, rodesac germaneli kolonistebis warmatebuli

sawarmoebi mimoixileba, qarTveli mkvlevarebi mudam amaxvileben

yuradRebas im faqtze, rom maT xelisuflebisgan didi xelSewyoba

hqondaT rogorc finansuri, aseve administraciuli TvalsazrisiT. es

faqti marTlac didad ganapirobebda maT dawinaurebas, Tumca amasTan

erTad im faqts versad gaveqceviT, rom germanelebi gacilebiT

disciplinirebulebi, akuratulebi da gulmodgineni iyvnen, vidre

qarTveli mewarmeebi. amis magaliTad ara mxolod germanuli

ludsaxarSebis da lorTqifaniZis ludsaxarSis Sedareba gamodgeba,

aramed mirzoevis mitklis fabrikac, sadac iseTi antisanitaria sufevda,

rom misi Semowmebisas iJiner-teqnologi guliSambarovi SeSfoTebas

gamoTqvams da varaudobs, rom am fabrikis muSebi ase xSirad swored

amgvari pirobebis gamo avadmyofobdnen.

XIX s. 60-ian wlebamde amierkavkasiis da gansakuTrebiT

saqarTvelos qalaqTa Soris yvelaze swrafi tempiT Tbilisi

viTardeboda. igi mTeli kavkasiis ara mxolod administraciul-

politikur da samxedro, aramed ekonomikur centradac iqca.

aRniSnul periodSi evropasa da aseve ruseTSi teqnikuri progresi

xelosnur da Sinamrewvelur warmoebaSi mniSvnelovan warmatebebs

aRwevda. am procesebs ki SeuZlebeli iyo gavlena ar moexdina

saqarTvelos samrewvelo ganviTarebaze. saqarTveloSi daarsebul

pirvelsave SedarebiT msxvil sawarmoebSi gamoiyenebdnen ucxoeTidan da

ruseTidan Semotanil manqana-danadgarebs (dazgebs, Rumelebs, qvabebs da

sxva), Tumca teqnikuri siaxleebi mxolod nawilobriv gamoiyeneboda,

prioritetuli jer kidev xeliT Sroma iyo. amasTanave, warmoebis

meqanizacias isic didad abrkolebda, rom adgilobrivi kadrebi ar iyo

saTanadod momzadebuli, iqmneboda winaaRmdegoba teqnikis, meqanizaciis

donesa da muSaTa dabal kvalifikacias Soris. calkeuli warmatebebis

miuxedavad, manqanuri teqnikis danergvis gzaze arsebuli dabrkolebani

44

(danadgarebis Semotanis xarji, kvalificiur muSaTa kadrebis simcire da

saTanado energetikuli bazis ararseboba) ganapirobebda xeliT Sromis

prioritetulobas. dazgebis asamoZraveblad iyenebdnen cocxali gamwevi

Zalis (cxenis, xaris) da wylis energias, mTel rig sawarmoebSi ki

dazgebi xeliT mohyavdaT moZraobaSi da orTqlis Zrava iSviaTobas

warmoadgenda. am problemis mosagvareblad sazRvargareTidan da

ruseTidan sxvadasxva manqana-danadgarebTan erTad aseve iwerdnen

kvalificirebul ostatebsa da muSebs.

TbilisSi saqalaqo cxovrebis ganviTarebam da gansakuTrebiT

samxedro saWiroebam jer kidev XIX s. pirvelsave aTeul wlebSi

warmoqmna meqanikur sarewTa arsebobis aucilebloba. amgvar sarewTa

Soris reformamdel periodSi aRsaniSnavia saxazino sawaxnago fabrikis

mowyoba TbilisSi. es fabrika amuSavebda Zvirfas qvebs: iasps, mewamul

qvas, obsidians, marmarilos da sxv. fabrika 1849 wels moewyo.39 1850 wels

ki moewyo kartonis qvis fabrika, romelic sxvadasxva samoqalaqo da

saeklesio arqiteqturul nakeTobebs amzadebda. es fabrika xuTiode

wlis ganmavlobaSi ase, Tu ise funqcionirebda, 1855 wels ki SekveTebis

simciris gamo daixura, Tumca maleve, 1856 wels igi aRadgines da

SeuerTda sawaxnago fabrikas. fabrika ZiriTadad amuSavebda algeTis

qvas, adgilobriv da Semotanil marmarilos, obsidians da sxv. igi aseve

amzadebda saeklesio, upiratesad ki samoqalaqo arqiteqturis nakeTobebs

SenobebisTvis, TeatrisTvis.

sawarmoSi dasaqmebulebi iyvnen daqiravebuli muSebi da ostatebi,

aseve samxedro uwyebisa da samTo uwyebis xalxi. fabrika iyo saxazino

da mas ganagebdnen jer inJineri lemkuli, Semdeg ivanicki, akademikosi

arqiteqtori _ simonsoni da sxvebi. fabrikas hyavda aseve teqnikuri

zedamxedvelebi. warmoebis gaumjobesebisa da gafarToebis mizniT,

ekaterinburgis meqanikur qarxanas SeukveTes oTxi orTqlis manqana. 1854

wels am qarxanam Tbilisis sawaxnago fabrikisaTvis daamzada oTxi

39 saq. cssa, fondi 10, saqme 1835. furc. 13.

45

Zlieri manqana, romelic 1700 maneTamde dajda.40 es manqanebi TbilisSi

Camoitanes da fabrikaSi igi inJiner-teqnologma lemkulma 1857 wels

daamontaJa,41 romlis montaJic 1000 maneTamde dajda.42 manqanebs

amuSavebdnen SeSiT, fabrikaSi muSaobda manqanebis SemkeTebeli _

meqanikosi zomeri, xolo Tujis saWiro detalebi da nakeTobani Sti