te mata o te tau tribal/state interface in service provision huia tomlins jahnke te uru maraurau
TRANSCRIPT
Te Mata O Te TauTe Mata O Te Tau
Tribal/State Interface in Tribal/State Interface in Service ProvisionService Provision
Huia Tomlins JahnkeHuia Tomlins JahnkeTe Uru MaraurauTe Uru Maraurau
Seminar AimsSeminar Aims To provide feedback on doctoral researchTo provide feedback on doctoral research
To focus on state/iwi interface based on the concrete To focus on state/iwi interface based on the concrete experiences of 3 iwi organisations that demonstrates experiences of 3 iwi organisations that demonstrates
a) the power & persistence of colonial discourse a) the power & persistence of colonial discourse manifest in systems and processes of internal manifest in systems and processes of internal colonisationcolonisation
b)b) Some practices involved in the ‘art of government’ Some practices involved in the ‘art of government’ that shape, mobilise and work through iwi that shape, mobilise and work through iwi aspirations central to the organisations in this study. aspirations central to the organisations in this study.
Research QuestionResearch Question
What are the characteristics What are the characteristics and distinguishing features of and distinguishing features of
tribal service providers?tribal service providers?
MethodMethod
Qualitative – grounded theoryQualitative – grounded theory
Grounded in Maori /tribal Grounded in Maori /tribal philosophical traditionsphilosophical traditions
Integrative approach to theory and Integrative approach to theory and literatureliterature
(Maori / tribal/ indigenous / western)(Maori / tribal/ indigenous / western)
ParticipantsParticipants
3 tribal organisations – Te Runanga o 3 tribal organisations – Te Runanga o Raukawa health services; Ngati Raukawa health services; Ngati Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated Social Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated Social services; Te Taiwhenua o Heretaunga services; Te Taiwhenua o Heretaunga social servicessocial services
30 participants30 participants
Ngati Kahungunu Ngati Kahungunu
Internal colonisationInternal colonisation(Taiaiake Alfred, 1999: Ward Churchill, 1996)(Taiaiake Alfred, 1999: Ward Churchill, 1996)
Historical processes by which Historical processes by which structures of political power and structures of political power and control have been constructed and control have been constructed and imposedimposed
Constructed institutions with Constructed institutions with corresponding techniques of corresponding techniques of government that ‘incorporate’ or government that ‘incorporate’ or ‘domesticate’ indigenous societies‘domesticate’ indigenous societies
3 emergent themes3 emergent themes
Analytics of government & Analytics of government & participant perceptions of the stateparticipant perceptions of the state
Tensions at the intersection of Tensions at the intersection of Maori/Pakeha relationsMaori/Pakeha relations
Multiple strategies in the art of Multiple strategies in the art of resistanceresistance
Analytics of governmentAnalytics of government(Mitchell Dean, 1999)(Mitchell Dean, 1999)
A framework for interrogating A framework for interrogating ‘theories of state’‘theories of state’
Based on 3 assumptionsBased on 3 assumptions
Discourses on governmentDiscourses on government
- an integral part of an integral part of the ACTIVITIES of the ACTIVITIES of governmentgovernment
Government achieved through Government achieved through ‘regimes of practice’‘regimes of practice’
For example For example
- those who exercise those who exercise power (manager, power (manager, bureaucrats, politicians) bureaucrats, politicians)
- those who are governed those who are governed (workers, consumers, (workers, consumers, Maori, iwi, job seeker, Maori, iwi, job seeker, whanau, good citizen).whanau, good citizen).
Distribution and divisions of power & Distribution and divisions of power & authority analysed as assemblagesauthority analysed as assemblages
Bureaucratic & Bureaucratic & administrative routinesadministrative routines
Technologies of Technologies of recording, presenting & recording, presenting & information transferinformation transfer
Programmes & Programmes & knowledge that present knowledge that present a field to be governeda field to be governed
Agencies that practices Agencies that practices of government requireof government require
Key objectives of the state…Key objectives of the state…
Health, happiness, Health, happiness, wealth & welfare of wealth & welfare of the populationthe population
Exclusionary & alienating dimensions of Exclusionary & alienating dimensions of indigenous experienceindigenous experience
Well represented in Well represented in subgroups that subgroups that undermine the undermine the welfare & life of the welfare & life of the populationpopulation
(the criminal, the (the criminal, the addicted, the addicted, the mentally ill…)mentally ill…)
Well represented in Well represented in pastoral domainpastoral domain
(social services, (social services, health services, health services, special education special education services….)services….)
Subgroups & a language of social Subgroups & a language of social categoriescategories
UneducatedUneducated Unhealthy Unhealthy UnemployedUnemployed UnderprivilegedUnderprivileged
Associated with Associated with risk (alcohol abuse, risk (alcohol abuse, gambling, injury, gambling, injury, domestic violence) domestic violence)
Related to economic Related to economic life-styles life-styles
- Disadvantaged Disadvantaged familyfamily
- Substandard Substandard housinghousing
- Low socio-economic Low socio-economic householdshouseholds
- Unskilled labourUnskilled labour
Subgroups synonymous with Subgroups synonymous with indigeneityindigeneity
Knowledge of Maori Knowledge of Maori deprivation deprivation documented in documented in statistical fieldsstatistical fields
- Income distribution Income distribution figuresfigures
- Unemployment dataUnemployment data- Morbidity statisticsMorbidity statistics- Rates of Rates of
imprisonmentimprisonment- Educational Educational
attainmentattainment
Fields of dataFields of data
Utilised for social Utilised for social policy formation by policy formation by the statethe state
Justified by iwi for Justified by iwi for greater say in greater say in welfare & promote welfare & promote greater participation greater participation in social service in social service deliverydelivery
Maori perceptions of state policiesMaori perceptions of state policies
Narrowly fixed & Narrowly fixed & restrictiverestrictive
- Designed for majorityDesigned for majority
- Pragmatic Pragmatic interpretations interpretations required to fit Maori required to fit Maori needsneeds
- ‘‘Subscriber driven’ @ Subscriber driven’ @ ‘top down’ approach‘top down’ approach
Disjuncture between state policies, Maori Disjuncture between state policies, Maori identified need & appropriate servicesidentified need & appropriate services
3 Institutional Regimes of Practice 3 Institutional Regimes of Practice Government rhetoric - Evident in policy Government rhetoric - Evident in policy
documents: documents:
- Vocabularies of intention (working in Vocabularies of intention (working in partnership; working with Maori; partnership; working with Maori; consulting with iwi)consulting with iwi)
- Implanted among stated purposes and Implanted among stated purposes and objectives of government policy (e g TEC objectives of government policy (e g TEC Working with Maori document 2004-07)Working with Maori document 2004-07)
Regime of practiceRegime of practice
”…”…a second regime of practice is located a second regime of practice is located within mechanisms that contribute to within mechanisms that contribute to maintaining state authority through maintaining state authority through contradictory ‘politics of illusion’. (p165)contradictory ‘politics of illusion’. (p165)
Fields of Maori morbidity stats (heart/lung Fields of Maori morbidity stats (heart/lung disease/asthma/diabetes) v’s contradictory disease/asthma/diabetes) v’s contradictory action in practiceaction in practice
Trojan horse effects & kaupapa MaoriTrojan horse effects & kaupapa Maori
Regime of practiceRegime of practice
Exclusionary tacticsExclusionary tactics- Lack of consultation &/or Lack of consultation &/or
consultation processesconsultation processes- Consultation ‘after the fact’…Consultation ‘after the fact’…- Effects are inappropriate or Effects are inappropriate or
assimilatory policiesassimilatory policies- Policy designs subscribe to a uniform Policy designs subscribe to a uniform
‘one size fits all’‘one size fits all’
Impact of technologies of Impact of technologies of governmentgovernment
Constrain iwi service provisionConstrain iwi service provision
Manifest in regulatory practices, imposed Manifest in regulatory practices, imposed structures & bureaucracy, legislative structures & bureaucracy, legislative instrumentsinstruments
Conformity to regulatory practices highly Conformity to regulatory practices highly expensiveexpensive
excessive administration outputs & excessive administration outputs & bureaucracy impaired the ability to focus on bureaucracy impaired the ability to focus on providing adequate services (time, energy providing adequate services (time, energy and expense).and expense).
Impact of technologies of govtImpact of technologies of govt
Regulatory and legislative Regulatory and legislative instrumentsinstruments
- where most facets of work tightly where most facets of work tightly controlled by legislation (mental controlled by legislation (mental health act; nurses act; medicines act; health act; nurses act; medicines act; etc)etc)
Work environmentWork environment
- increased bureaucracy & increased bureaucracy & adminadmin
- high workload & associated high workload & associated stress levels,stress levels,
- pressures of persistent pressures of persistent
scrutiny by the organisation & scrutiny by the organisation & communitycommunity
- constantly justifying constantly justifying professional practice with professional practice with little supportlittle support
- Flexibility traded for Flexibility traded for compliancecompliance
Maori /non-Maori relationsMaori /non-Maori relations
Appropriated Appropriated frameworksframeworks
Politics of Politics of compromisecompromise
Strategies of Strategies of differencedifference
Appropriated frameworks within iwi Appropriated frameworks within iwi organisationsorganisations
Workers & bosses Workers & bosses management management structurestructure
an impediment to an impediment to appropriate deliveryappropriate delivery
Complying to faulty Complying to faulty measuresmeasures
Overlooking cultural Overlooking cultural factors to meet factors to meet contractual contractual requirementsrequirements
Politics of compromisePolitics of compromise
Incorporated Incorporated societiessocieties
-vulnerable to state -vulnerable to state directivesdirectives
-questions of identity -questions of identity and iwi membershipand iwi membership
-iwi register their -iwi register their membersmembers
-names held in census -names held in census datadata
Strategies of differenceStrategies of difference
Politics of Politics of justification against justification against western ignorancewestern ignorance
- explain, validate, - explain, validate, rationalise & rationalise & defend cultural defend cultural ideas, habits, ideas, habits, ideas, patterns and ideas, patterns and worldviews worldviews
Politics of justificationPolitics of justification
Positionality (an Positionality (an individuals location or individuals location or situation to another situation to another place or person, or place or person, or their condition of their condition of advantage or social advantage or social position) position)
- As leadersAs leaders- Tribal membersTribal members- Qualified expertsQualified experts
Non-Maori insecurity, Non-Maori insecurity, anxiety & outrageanxiety & outrage
Maori providers as Maori providers as illegitimate illegitimate competitors for competitors for state funding & state funding & service provisionservice provision
Linked to an Linked to an ‘Epistemology of ‘Epistemology of ignorance’ignorance’
“…“…a particular a particular pattern of localized pattern of localized and global cognitive and global cognitive dysfunctions…dysfunctions…producing the ironic producing the ironic outcome that whites outcome that whites will in general be will in general be unable to understand unable to understand the world they the world they themselves have themselves have made” (Mills, 1997)made” (Mills, 1997)
Art of ResistanceArt of Resistance
Multiple strategies Multiple strategies – forms, spaces, – forms, spaces, sites, acts, sites, acts, cultures, cultures, communities communities
Strategies of resistanceStrategies of resistance
Processes of Processes of mobilisationmobilisation
Assumptions of Assumptions of agencyagency
Countering Countering rationalities of the rationalities of the statestate
Knowing the enemyKnowing the enemy
Know who we can Know who we can count oncount on
Surveillance, close Surveillance, close watching, scrutiny, watching, scrutiny, reconnaissance as reconnaissance as deliberate actionsdeliberate actions
Knowledge of the insideKnowledge of the inside
Accrued through Accrued through experience of experience of working inside state working inside state institutionsinstitutions
Information sharingInformation sharing Knowing state & Knowing state &
institutional institutional processesprocesses
Access & Access & participation in participation in professional professional organisationsorganisations
Tuning into politicsTuning into politics
Securing the Securing the visibility of the visibility of the runangarunanga
-attending meetings-attending meetings-sitting on key -sitting on key
committeescommittees-board membership-board membership-attending courses-attending courses
Maintaining an Maintaining an informed voice informed voice