EVITeam Members:

Justin SchleeBrendin JohnsonJeff EggebraatenAnne Mousseau

Preliminary Design Review

2

Problem Statement, Specifications, and DeliverablesProject Learning

Vehicle to Grid (V2G)Variable Power RatesBattery ChargersMarketing Research

BudgetScheduleChallengesFuture Work

Outline

3

The demand for plug-in electric vehicles is increasing rapidly which may pose potential problems in terms of supplying required power to these electric vehicles’ batteries. Idaho Power wants to know what

issues the additional load of electric vehicles to the electric

grid might cause.

Problem Statement

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Specifications1) Determine the Effects of Electric Vehicle Battery

Charging

2) Research Electric Vehicle Projected Market Population

Density

3) Determine the Power Characteristics of a Common

Electric Vehicle Battery Charger

4) Determine Mitigation Strategy for Power Quality

Issues

5

DeliverablesFinal Report

EV Power Quality Report

EV Market Research Report

EV Charging Report

Mitigation Strategy Report

Simulation Report

Case Study Simulations

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Power Sellback – V2GBenefitsPeak ShavingLoad Regulation

ChallengesHarmonicsProtection TrippingSafety

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Benefits:Peak Shaving

Electric vehicles could provide power during peak usage, thereby reducing the overall required capacity

Load RegulationElectric vehicles could be used throughout the

day to provide and consume power as necessary to compensate for regional fluctuations in power usage

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Challenges:Harmonics

Inverters used in battery chargers to deliver power back to the grid will introduce harmonics

Protection TrippingHarmonics on the grid could cause voltage and

current spikes that may trip protection devices

SafetyPower being supplied by an electric vehicle could

continue to flow into a fault after all existing protective devices have tripped off-line

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Direction of ProgressHarmonics:

Determine what the most common THD rating of EV chargers is likely to be in the near future

Determine what effects harmonic voltages will have on the power grid

Determine what effects power correction capacitor banks will have on harmonic voltages

Load Regulation:Determine how much total regulation will be available

at different market penetration levelsDetermine the value of EV regulation to utilities

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Variable Power RatesPros of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan:

About 5% of total power usage was shifted to off-

peak hours

Overall electricity usage was reduced by 6%

An overall positive reaction from the customers for

the incentive to use energy more

efficiently

Source: Puget Sound Energy

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Variable Power RatesCons of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan:

To break even customers would have needed to use

more than half their electricity during the lowest

rate hours.

This was an inconvenience for some families who

felt that the time-of-day plan was incompatible with

their lifestyle.

Source: Puget Sound Energy

Conductive Charger LevelsLevel 1ConveniencePlug into common wall outlet

1-Phase120 V AC, 15 A* AC1.44 kW (max)

Level 2Private/PublicRequires EV Supply equipment installation

1 Phase208-240 V AC, 30-60A AC14.4 kW (max)

Level 3Opportunity Requires commercial equipment installation

3 Phase208-600 V AC, 400 A AC240 kW (max)**

* Receptacle rating (maximum continuous current of 12 A).** Maximum allowed by standards

12Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau

Harmonic Effects of ChargingHarmonic Distortion

Excessive harmonics could damage large capacitive banks used for power factor correction

Harmonics could cause over-current, over-voltage and under-voltage protection devices to have false alarms or trip

As harmonic currents flow through the power transformer with a delta connection, the triplen harmonic component can circulate within the delta loop which could result in over heating

13Source: C.C Chan, K.T. Chau

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Market ResearchWhy is market research needed?

To predict the future number of PHEV’s on the road.

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Market ResearchGathered Information

National Numbers National Yearly Sales (Autodata) Projected PHEV new car sales (E.P.R.I.) Number of cars on the road per year (D.O.T.)

Regional Numbers Number of cars registered in Idaho (Idaho D.M.V) Number of cars registered in Ada county (Idaho D.M.V)

ResultsProjected number of PHEV’s in Idaho Projected number of PHEV’s in Ada county

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Source: EPRI

Projected Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Share

Share

of

New

Vehic

le S

ale

s

Year

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Projected Number of PHEV in Ada County

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 20400

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

388.41854972802

6825.91971828837

35585.9529971167

83252.7266516132

130365.094258967

176243.814324969

222438.78019243

Year

Pro

ject

ed

Nu

mb

er

of

PH

EV

in

Ad

a C

ou

nty

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Budget

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Schedule

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Anticipated ProblemsTime

Working in parallelDecomposition of Tasks

Cost of ReportsIEEE ExploreEnergy InsightsEPRI’s Free Reports

Learning Curve for Simulation SoftwareAdded Extra Time for LearningAssigned a Simulation Lead (Jeff)

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Future WorkProject Learning

SynerGEE SoftwareSystem UpgradesPower Quality

SimulationsBase-Line Case StudyProjected Future LoadV2G StudyVariable Pricing StudyPower Quality/Mitigation Study

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Questions?

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Variable Power RatesCase Study: Puget Sound Energy’s Variable Rate

Plan in 2001 About 300,000 customers adopted the variable rate

plan Peak Hours: Monday - Saturday

6:00am – 10:00am : 6.35¢/kWh5:00pm – 9:oopm : 6.35¢/kW

Medium Rate Hours: Monday - Saturday10:00am – 5:00pm : 5.36 ¢/kW

Lowest Rate Hours: Monday - Saturday9:00pm – 6:00am : 4.7 ¢/kWSundays and holidays : 4.7 ¢/kW

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2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040Total Cars Registered (National) (1) 251,393,444 264,217,036 277,694,760 291,859,984 306,747,776 322,394,996 338,840,381New Car Sales (National) (2) 13,991,444 14,705,149 15,455,259 16,243,632 17,072,221 17,943,076 18,858,353New Car Sales Percent (National) 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57%Total Cars Registered (Idaho) (3) 1,642,530 1,726,315 1,814,374 1,906,926 2,004,198 2,106,432 2,213,882Total Cars Registered (Ada County) (3) 348,949 366,748 385,456 405,118 425,784 447,503 470,330New Car Sales Percent Estimated 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57% 5.57%Estimated New Car Sales (Idaho) 91,416 96,079 100,980 106,131 111,545 117,235 123,215Estimated New Car Sales (Ada County) 19,421 20,412 21,453 22,547 23,697 24,906 26,176Market Share Projections (4) 0.02 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.6Plug-in Projections (Idaho) 1,828 9,608 40,392 53,066 61,350 70,341 73,929Plug-in Projections (ADA County) 388 2041 8581 11274 13033 14944 15706PHEV Totals (Idaho) 1,828 32,130 167,506 391,877 613,639 829,594 1,047,038PHEV Totals (Ada) 388 6,826 35,586 83,253 130,365 176,244 222,439PHEV Density (Idaho) 0.001 0.019 0.092 0.206 0.306 0.394 0.473PHEV Density (Ada) 0.001 0.019 0.092 0.206 0.306 0.394 0.473

Sources(1) D.O.T(2) Autodata(3) Idaho DMV(2)EPRI Report

Market Research Calculations

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Load RegulationPow

er

(KW

) or

Batt

ery

S

OC

(%

)

TimeSource: A. Brooks, T.GageIntegration of Electric Drive Vehicles with the Electric Power Grid -- a New Value Stream

Basic Charger Information According Hymotion division of A123Systems,

charging for the batteries they currently use to convert HV to PHEV charge in 5-5.5 hours with a current draw of 15 A at 120V.

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Source: BatteryUniversity.com

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Smart Grid Topology