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Technical Guidelines for the Establishment and Management of In situ Conservation

Stands of Tropical Timber Species

1(. International Tropical Timber Organization

Regional Centre for Forest Management



1(. International Tropical Timber Organization

Regional Centre for Forest Management

© 2000 by the International Tropical Timber Organization and the Regional Centre for Forest Management

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia/Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data

International Tropical Timber Organization Technical guidelines: establishment and management of in situ conservation stands of tropical timber species / International Tropical Timber Organization (mO), Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM). ISBN 983-9518-09-7 1. Forest genetic resources conservation - Tropics. 2. Forest genetics -Tropics. 3. Forest management -Tropics. I. Pusat Serantau Pengurusan Hutan. 634.920913

Copies available from:

Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization International Organizations Center, 5th Floor Pacifico - Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato mirai, Nishi-ku Yokohama, 220 Japan

Tel: Fax: E-mail: http:

Director

(81-45)-223-1110 (81-45)-223-1111 [email protected] / /www.itto.or.jp/

Regional Centre for Forest Management B11-11, 11th Floor Block B, Megan Phileo Avenue No. 12, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng 50450 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia


(6-03)-2166-9929 (6-03)-2166-9931 [email protected] / /www.rcfm.com.my

© 2000 by the International Tropical Timber Organization and the Regional Centre for Forest Management

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia/Cataloguing-in-Publication-Data

International Tropical Timber Organization Technical guidelines: establishment and management of in situ conservation stands of tropical timber species / International Tropical Timber Organization (mO), Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM). ISBN 983-9518-09-7 1. Forest genetic resources conservation - Tropics. 2. Forest genetics -Tropics. 3. Forest management -Tropics. I. Pusat Serantau Pengurusan Hutan. 634.920913

Copies available from:

Executive Director International Tropical Timber Organization International Organizations Center, 5th Floor Pacifico - Yokohama, 1-1-1, Minato mirai, Nishi-ku Yokohama, 220 Japan


Director

(81-45)-223-1110 (81-45)-223-1111 [email protected] / /www.itto.or.jp/

Regional Centre for Forest Management B11-11, 11th Floor Block B, Megan Phileo Avenue No. 12, Jalan Yap Kwan Seng 50450 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia


(6-03)-2166-9929 (6-03)-2166-9931 [email protected] / /www.rcfm.com.my

CONTENTS

Foreword Acknowledgements

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Introduction

The need for in situ conservation stands of selected tropical timber species

Definition of in situ conservation

Policy and legislation

Present conservation methods - the protected area system

5.1 Protected area system in Tropical Asia and the Pacific 5.2 Legislation for establishing protected areas 5.3 Selection criteria for potential protected areas

Strategy and objectives of in situ conservation

6.1 Objectives of genetic conservation

Impelementation at national level

7.1 Identification of Target Species 7.2 Identification of national-level locations

of conservation stands

7.2.1 Location of conservation stands

Managed production forest: guidelines for conservation of Target Species

8.1 Establishment of a network of small conservation areas - conservation stands: implementation at the forest management unit ifmu) level

8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4

Establishment of conservation stands Maintenance, monitoring and evaluation Research and development Regional and international collaboration

8.2 Retention of good genotypes as mother trees during timber harvesting: implementation at operational level

vii ix

1

3

5

6

7

8 8 9

10

10

11

12 15

15

17

17

17 19 20 21

22

CONTENTS

Foreword Acknowledgements

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

Introduction

The need for in situ conservation stands of selected tropical timber species

Definition of in situ conservation

Policy and legislation

Present conservation methods - the protected area system

5.1 Protected area system in Tropical Asia and the Pacific 5.2 Legislation for establishing protected areas 5.3 Selection criteria for potential protected areas

Strategy and objectives of in situ conservation


Impelementation at national level

7.1 Identification of Target Species 7.2 Identification of national-level locations

of conservation stands


Managed production forest: guidelines for conservation of Target Species

8.1 Establishment of a network of small conservation areas - conservation stands: implementation at the forest management unit ifmu) level

8.1.1 8.1.2 8.1.3 8.1.4

Establishment of conservation stands Maintenance, monitoring and evaluation Research and development Regional and international collaboration


vii ix

1

3

5

6

7

8 8 9

10

10

11

12 15

15

17

17

17 19 20 21

22

vi

9.0 Strictly protected areas: guidelines for conservation

9.1 Conservation stands of Target Species

10.0 Education and training

11.0 Database management

References

Appendices Appendix 1

Appendix 2 Appendix 3

Appendix4a

Appendix4b


Appendix 7a

Appendix 7b Appendix 7c Appendix 7d Appendix 8

Appendix 9

Appendix 10

Appendix 11a

Appendix llb

Appendix 11c Appendix 12

The operational framework of the National Steering Committee Flow chart for identification of Target Species List of timber species in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae in Peninsular Malaysia (from Kochummen 1999) Distribution of Shorea laevis (Balau kumus) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium data (credit: Saw, L.G.) Distribution of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Chengal) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium data (credit: Saw, L.G.) Flow chart for establishment of conservation stands Aerial survey using Global Positioning System (GPS) Survey Points at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia Distribution of sampling points in a forest inventory at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia Cluster of plots at each sampling point Design and specifications at each sample plot Field sheet for inventory at the fmu Possible locations of conservation stands of Target Species in an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia Flow chart for maintenance, monitoring and evaluation Flow chart for retention of good genotypes as mother trees Layout of sample plots in pre- and post-felling inventories Positioning and dimensions of sampling units within pre- and post-felling inventory plots Field sheet for pre-felling inventory List of project members and contributors

24

25

26

28

29

30

31 32

37

38

39 40

41

42 43 44 45

46

47

48

49

50 51

vi

9.0 Strictly protected areas: guidelines for conservation


10.0 Education and training

11.0 Database management

References

Appendices Appendix 1


Appendix4a

Appendix4b


Appendix 7a

Appendix 7b Appendix 7c Appendix 7d Appendix 8

Appendix 9

Appendix 10

Appendix 11a

Appendix llb

Appendix 11c Appendix 12

The operational framework of the National Steering Committee Flow chart for identification of Target Species List of timber species in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae in Peninsular Malaysia (from Kochummen 1999) Distribution of Shorea laevis (Balau kumus) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium data (credit: Saw, L.G.) Distribution of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Chengal) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium data (credit: Saw, L.G.) Flow chart for establishment of conservation stands Aerial survey using Global Positioning System (GPS) Survey Points at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia Distribution of sampling points in a forest inventory at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia Cluster of plots at each sampling point Design and specifications at each sample plot Field sheet for inventory at the fmu Possible locations of conservation stands of Target Species in an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia Flow chart for maintenance, monitoring and evaluation Flow chart for retention of good genotypes as mother trees Layout of sample plots in pre- and post-felling inventories Positioning and dimensions of sampling units within pre- and post-felling inventory plots Field sheet for pre-felling inventory List of project members and contributors

24

25

26

28

29

30

31 32

37

38

39 40

41

42 43 44 45

46

47

48

49

50 51

vii

FOREWORD

In situ conservation is defined as the on site conservation of target species within the natural or original ecosystem in which they occur. Many such ecosystems exist in tropical Asia and the Pacific region. They exist in various forms as a system of protected areas including protection forest, conservation forest and national park in Brunei Darussalam; national park system in Indonesia; national park, state park, wildlife and bird sanctuaries and virgin jungle reserves in Malaysia; and protection forest and national park in Papua New Guinea. These areas mainly serve the conservation purpose. Now, with the diminishing extent and quality of populations of commercial tree species in the production forests in the region (which now occupy a large part of the remaining tropical rain forest land), the need to address the issue of conservation of the genetic variability of remaining populations of timber species has become high priority.

Realising this need, a project on planning practical and cost-effective strategies for genetic resource conservation of commercial tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific was executed by RCFM, for which funding was provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The second of a series of four publications produced from the project is entitled "Technical Guidelines: Establishment and Management of In situ Conservation Stands of Tropical Timber Species". This publication presents guidelines for the in situ conservation of tropical timber trees, covering both managed production forest as well as strictly protected areas. Present conservation methods, strategy and objectives of in situ conservation, as well as identification of target species are outlined, and more importantly, the Guidelines provide step-by-step instructions for the conservation of target species.

The Guidelines provide instructions for the accomplishment of particular tasks. The steps required for the establishment and management of in situ conservation stands are described in detail. Aspects of research and development, and the importance of regional/international cooperation required for the successful establishment and maintenance of in situ conservation stands are included. I hope the methods reported in this Guidelines will be useful in developing strategies for conservation of tropical timber trees.

vii

FOREWORD

In situ conservation is defined as the on site conservation of target species within the natural or original ecosystem in which they occur. Many such ecosystems exist in tropical Asia and the Pacific region. They exist in various forms as a system of protected areas including protection forest, conservation forest and national park in Brunei Darussalam; national park system in Indonesia; national park, state park, wildlife and bird sanctuaries and virgin jungle reserves in Malaysia; and protection forest and national park in Papua New Guinea. These areas mainly serve the conservation purpose. Now, with the diminishing extent and quality of populations of commercial tree species in the production forests in the region (which now occupy a large part of the remaining tropical rain forest land), the need to address the issue of conservation of the genetic variability of remaining populations of timber species has become high priority.

Realising this need, a project on planning practical and cost-effective strategies for genetic resource conservation of commercial tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific was executed by RCFM, for which funding was provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The second of a series of four publications produced from the project is entitled "Technical Guidelines: Establishment and Management of In situ Conservation Stands of Tropical Timber Species". This publication presents guidelines for the in situ conservation of tropical timber trees, covering both managed production forest as well as strictly protected areas. Present conservation methods, strategy and objectives of in situ conservation, as well as identification of target species are outlined, and more importantly, the Guidelines provide step-by-step instructions for the conservation of target species.

The Guidelines provide instructions for the accomplishment of particular tasks. The steps required for the establishment and management of in situ conservation stands are described in detail. Aspects of research and development, and the importance of regional/international cooperation required for the successful establishment and maintenance of in situ conservation stands are included. I hope the methods reported in this Guidelines will be useful in developing strategies for conservation of tropical timber trees.

viii

The success of the project and the completion of this Guidelines must be attributed to the excellent contributions and cooperation demonstrated by ITTO Member and Non-member countries, international organisations, donor countries and individuals.

DR. ROSLAN B. ISMAIL Director Regional Centre for Forest Management

viii

The success of the project and the completion of this Guidelines must be attributed to the excellent contributions and cooperation demonstrated by ITTO Member and Non-member countries, international organisations, donor countries and individuals.


ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success of the project on Planning Practical and Cost-Effective Strategies for Genetic Resource Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific owes to the financial support provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (lTTO). The continuous support and guidance rendered during the project implementation by the ITTO Secretariat, in particular by Dr. Manoel Sobral Filho (Executive Director) and Dr. Efransjah (Project Manager), and Dato' Dr. B.C.Y. Freezailah (former Executive Director), contributed greatly towards the successful completion of the project.

A number of individuals and organizations have also contributed to this project. I would like to extend my gratitude to colleagues who have specially assisted the Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM) in providing technical guidance during the course of the project implementation and the preparation of the Guidelines. This was done through a technical committee set up under the project and comprised of staff members of the executing agency, the International Genetic Resource Expert (lGRE), and the International Technical Expert (ITE) and National Resource Persons (NRPs). Composition of the committee was as follows: Chairperson - Dr. Roslan b. Ismail (RCFM, from January 1998-June 2000), Mr. Haron b. Abu Hassan (AIFM, from February 1996-December 1997), Members - Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri b. Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - IGRE); Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture - ITE); Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam -NRP), Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Indonesia - NRP), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia - NRP), Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos - NRP), Mr. Neville How~roft (Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea - NRP); Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman (RCFM) and Hj. Dahlan b Taha (RCFM).

Various government agencies, universities, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations in the five participating countries as well as other neighboring countries were also consulted during the preparation of the Guidelines. These included Brunei Darussalam (Forestry Department); Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry); Malaysia (Forest Research Institute, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak); Philippines (Forest Management Bureau, Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity, Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau, Provident Tree·Farms Inc.), Thailand (Royal Forest Department);

ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The success of the project on Planning Practical and Cost-Effective Strategies for Genetic Resource Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific owes to the financial support provided by the USA and Japanese Governments through the International Tropical Timber Organization (lTTO). The continuous support and guidance rendered during the project implementation by the ITTO Secretariat, in particular by Dr. Manoel Sobral Filho (Executive Director) and Dr. Efransjah (Project Manager), and Dato' Dr. B.C.Y. Freezailah (former Executive Director), contributed greatly towards the successful completion of the project.

A number of individuals and organizations have also contributed to this project. I would like to extend my gratitude to colleagues who have specially assisted the Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM) in providing technical guidance during the course of the project implementation and the preparation of the Guidelines. This was done through a technical committee set up under the project and comprised of staff members of the executing agency, the International Genetic Resource Expert (lGRE), and the International Technical Expert (ITE) and National Resource Persons (NRPs). Composition of the committee was as follows: Chairperson - Dr. Roslan b. Ismail (RCFM, from January 1998-June 2000), Mr. Haron b. Abu Hassan (AIFM, from February 1996-December 1997), Members - Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri b. Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - IGRE); Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture - ITE); Dayang Noralinda bt. Hj. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam -NRP), Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Forest Tree Improvement Research and Development Institute, Indonesia - NRP), Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia - NRP), Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philippines, Los Banos - NRP), Mr. Neville How~roft (Forest Research Institute, Lae, Papua New Guinea - NRP); Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman (RCFM) and Hj. Dahlan b Taha (RCFM).

Various government agencies, universities, research institutions, and non-governmental organizations in the five participating countries as well as other neighboring countries were also consulted during the preparation of the Guidelines. These included Brunei Darussalam (Forestry Department); Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry); Malaysia (Forest Research Institute, Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak); Philippines (Forest Management Bureau, Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity, Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau, Provident Tree·Farms Inc.), Thailand (Royal Forest Department);

x

Papua New Guinea (Forest Authority); and Vietnam (Department for Forestry Development, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute).

At RC FM, I would like to thank Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman, Hj. Dahlan b. Taha, Mr. Borhan b. Mohammad, Mr. Kasri b. Noh, Mr. Zaparuddin b. Hj. Karim, Mr. Johari b. Abdullah, Ms. Azlina bt. Ahmad and Ms. Siti Hajar bt. Sulaiman for assitance given to the project.

This Guidelines was first developed by the technical committee members and further strengthened by Dr. N. Manokaran of FRIM. Dato' Baharuddin Hj. Ghazali of Gaya Tunas Sdn. Bhd., a forestry consultant firm in Kuala Lumpur and Prof. A. N. Rao of the International Plant Genetics Resources Institute in Kuala Lumpur provided scientific review of the Guidelines, which also benefited from the comments of Prof. Roger Green (Singapore). Their valuable contribution is highly appreciated.


x

Papua New Guinea (Forest Authority); and Vietnam (Department for Forestry Development, Forest Inventory and Planning Institute).

At RC FM, I would like to thank Mr. Nasaruddin b. Rahman, Hj. Dahlan b. Taha, Mr. Borhan b. Mohammad, Mr. Kasri b. Noh, Mr. Zaparuddin b. Hj. Karim, Mr. Johari b. Abdullah, Ms. Azlina bt. Ahmad and Ms. Siti Hajar bt. Sulaiman for assitance given to the project.

This Guidelines was first developed by the technical committee members and further strengthened by Dr. N. Manokaran of FRIM. Dato' Baharuddin Hj. Ghazali of Gaya Tunas Sdn. Bhd., a forestry consultant firm in Kuala Lumpur and Prof. A. N. Rao of the International Plant Genetics Resources Institute in Kuala Lumpur provided scientific review of the Guidelines, which also benefited from the comments of Prof. Roger Green (Singapore). Their valuable contribution is highly appreciated.


Establishment and Management of In situ Conservation Stands 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Dry-land tropical rainforest has been described by Schimper (1903) as evergreen, hygrophilous in character, at least thirty metres high, rich in thick-stemmed lianes, and in woody as well as herbaceous epiphytes. These rain forests occur in three regions, in Central and South America, in Africa and in the Indo-Malayan region.

In the Indo-Malayan region, the tropical rain forest lies as a belt of evergreen vegetation extending through the Malay archipelago from Sumatra in the west to New Guinea in the east (Whitmore 1984). This is the non-seasonal humid zone of the Southeast Asian dipterocarp forests. These forests are characterised by family dominance of the Dipterocarpaceae. At least three-quarters, if not more, of the forests of Southeast Asia are dipterocarp forests. In Malaysia, for example, dipterocarp forests form about 85% of the forested areas.

The family Dipterocarpaceae, revised by Ashton (1982), consists of three subfamilies.

The subfamily Pakaraimoideae consists of a monotypic genus Pakaraimaea, locally found in the south of former British Guyana, in lowlands and hills of the tropics below 1800 m.

Subfamily Monotoideau is represented in Africa and Madagascar, with some 36 species of Monotes and a few species of Marquesia.

Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae comprising 12 genera and some 470 species ranges from the Seychelles through Sri Lanka to the south of Peninsular India, and then to East India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, to continental South China (Yunnan, Kwangsi, South Kwangtung, Hainan) and through Malesia (natural botanical kingdom comprising Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, the Philippines, Celebes, the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomons).

The Dipterocarpaceae is the main timber family in the forests of Southeast Asia, and usually forms a high proportion of the emergent and main canopy strata of the forest. For example, in surveys covering a total of about 3200 hectares of lowJand and hill dipterocarp forests in Peninsular Malaysia, 30% of trees 30 cm diameter and greater at breast height, and 55.5% by volume were dipterocarps (Symington 1943). In a more recent survey of woody trees of 1 cm dbh and larger in a lowland dipterocarps forest in Peninsular Malaysia, dipterocarps formed over 24% of the total basal area with Euphorbiaceae a distant second with only about 7% of the basal area (Manokaran et al. 1991). In this survey, dipterocarps accounted for about 49% of all stems of 50 cm diameter and larger, with Leguminosae, the second most "frequent family in this size class, being only about 14% of the stems.


1.0 INTRODUCTION

Dry-land tropical rainforest has been described by Schimper (1903) as evergreen, hygrophilous in character, at least thirty metres high, rich in thick-stemmed lianes, and in woody as well as herbaceous epiphytes. These rain forests occur in three regions, in Central and South America, in Africa and in the Indo-Malayan region.

In the Indo-Malayan region, the tropical rain forest lies as a belt of evergreen vegetation extending through the Malay archipelago from Sumatra in the west to New Guinea in the east (Whitmore 1984). This is the non-seasonal humid zone of the Southeast Asian dipterocarp forests. These forests are characterised by family dominance of the Dipterocarpaceae. At least three-quarters, if not more, of the forests of Southeast Asia are dipterocarp forests. In Malaysia, for example, dipterocarp forests form about 85% of the forested areas.

The family Dipterocarpaceae, revised by Ashton (1982), consists of three subfamilies.

The subfamily Pakaraimoideae consists of a monotypic genus Pakaraimaea, locally found in the south of former British Guyana, in lowlands and hills of the tropics below 1800 m.

Subfamily Monotoideau is represented in Africa and Madagascar, with some 36 species of Monotes and a few species of Marquesia.

Subfamily Dipterocarpoideae comprising 12 genera and some 470 species ranges from the Seychelles through Sri Lanka to the south of Peninsular India, and then to East India, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Indo-China, to continental South China (Yunnan, Kwangsi, South Kwangtung, Hainan) and through Malesia (natural botanical kingdom comprising Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Borneo, the Philippines, Celebes, the Moluccas, New Guinea and the Solomons).

The Dipterocarpaceae is the main timber family in the forests of Southeast Asia, and usually forms a high proportion of the emergent and main canopy strata of the forest. For example, in surveys covering a total of about 3200 hectares of lowJand and hill dipterocarp forests in Peninsular Malaysia, 30% of trees 30 cm diameter and greater at breast height, and 55.5% by volume were dipterocarps (Symington 1943). In a more recent survey of woody trees of 1 cm dbh and larger in a lowland dipterocarps forest in Peninsular Malaysia, dipterocarps formed over 24% of the total basal area with Euphorbiaceae a distant second with only about 7% of the basal area (Manokaran et al. 1991). In this survey, dipterocarps accounted for about 49% of all stems of 50 cm diameter and larger, with Leguminosae, the second most "frequent family in this size class, being only about 14% of the stems.

2 Establishment and Management of In situ Conservation Stands

The Leguminosae, consisting of trees, shrubs, climber or herbs, includes about 590 genera and 12,000 species throughout the world (Whitmore 1972).

The Leguminosae are amongst the loftiest trees in the forests of the IndoMalayan region, especially kempas, tualang (both Koompassia) and merbau (In ts ia ), and the family is the second most abundant to the Dipterocarpaceae amongst emergent trees of the lowland rain forest and is the second most important timber producing family. There are fewer big tree legumes than dipterocarps and it is only locally that the family approaches dominance.

Over the last several decades, rain forest in Tropical Asia and the Pacific has shrunk in size, due mainly to conversion to agriculture (rubber, oil palm and shifting cultivation) as well as to human settlements and other development projects. Arising from all these activities has been fragmentation of the remaining forests, especially in the lowlands.

Taking developing countries as a whole, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations has estimated that the annual loss of natural forest during the period 1990-1995 was 13.7 million hectares. This loss of forest would have resulted in a complete loss of genetic resources in addition to loss of a range of other benefits.


The Leguminosae, consisting of trees, shrubs, climber or herbs, includes about 590 genera and 12,000 species throughout the world (Whitmore 1972).

The Leguminosae are amongst the loftiest trees in the forests of the IndoMalayan region, especially kempas, tualang (both Koompassia) and merbau (In ts ia ), and the family is the second most abundant to the Dipterocarpaceae amongst emergent trees of the lowland rain forest and is the second most important timber producing family. There are fewer big tree legumes than dipterocarps and it is only locally that the family approaches dominance.

Over the last several decades, rain forest in Tropical Asia and the Pacific has shrunk in size, due mainly to conversion to agriculture (rubber, oil palm and shifting cultivation) as well as to human settlements and other development projects. Arising from all these activities has been fragmentation of the remaining forests, especially in the lowlands.

Taking developing countries as a whole, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations has estimated that the annual loss of natural forest during the period 1990-1995 was 13.7 million hectares. This loss of forest would have resulted in a complete loss of genetic resources in addition to loss of a range of other benefits.


2.0 THE NEED FOR IN SITU CONSERVATION STANDS OF SELECTED TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES

I

• The wood of many tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific play an important role in the wood industry, both nationally and globally.

• Genotypes of the best trees of these species continue to be removed form production forests by selective cutting, thereby leading to genetic erosion (progressive deterioration in the genetic quality of the population through effective reliance for regeneration on residual, probably less vigorous and less desirable phenotypes).

• Genetic erosion of these timber species will eventually make it difficult to secure breeding populations and therefore of planting stock for sustained production of the wood of these species.

• The genetic variability of selected timber species, called Target Species, needs to be conserved for the long-term well-being of the wood industry in the tropics.

• Production forests form a very large part of the remaining forests in Tropical Asia and the Pacific.

• The main timber family in these forest is the Dipterocarpaceae. The next important family, less so than the Dipterocarpaceae, is the Leguminosae.

• The lack of information at present on population biology, reproductive systems, variation and genetics of most tropical tree species limits the possibilities for the deliberate management of the genetic resources. The safest practicable conservation strategy must be to maintain the broadest possible genetic base in the species as a whole by conserving as wide as possible a range of provenances over the natural geographical and ecological range. The provenances of a species is defined as genetically distinct populations of that species existing in different forest areas within the species range.


2.0 THE NEED FOR IN SITU CONSERVATION STANDS OF SELECTED TROPICAL TIMBER SPECIES

I

• The wood of many tree species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific play an important role in the wood industry, both nationally and globally.

• Genotypes of the best trees of these species continue to be removed form production forests by selective cutting, thereby leading to genetic erosion (progressive deterioration in the genetic quality of the population through effective reliance for regeneration on residual, probably less vigorous and less desirable phenotypes).

• Genetic erosion of these timber species will eventually make it difficult to secure breeding populations and therefore of planting stock for sustained production of the wood of these species.

• The genetic variability of selected timber species, called Target Species, needs to be conserved for the long-term well-being of the wood industry in the tropics.

• Production forests form a very large part of the remaining forests in Tropical Asia and the Pacific.

• The main timber family in these forest is the Dipterocarpaceae. The next important family, less so than the Dipterocarpaceae, is the Leguminosae.

• The lack of information at present on population biology, reproductive systems, variation and genetics of most tropical tree species limits the possibilities for the deliberate management of the genetic resources. The safest practicable conservation strategy must be to maintain the broadest possible genetic base in the species as a whole by conserving as wide as possible a range of provenances over the natural geographical and ecological range. The provenances of a species is defined as genetically distinct populations of that species existing in different forest areas within the species range.


• While the fully Protected Area system may include some part of the range of a species, the effective conservation of the gene pool (Le the total sum of genetic material) of the species as a whole requires the inclusion of a much wider range of populations representative of possible genetic differences over the species' geographical or ecological range. This is likely to require a number of conservation areas distributed over the entire natural range of the species, this option considered to be more important to long-lived species such as trees than of individual population size that is important with respect to large animals.

• The desirable number and location of such conservation areas for trees must be determined for each species, and in the absence of specific data it may be assumed that for widespread and strongly outcrossing species (indications are that the dipterocarp species are generally outcrossers) a few areas in each major ecological! geographical zone might be adequate.

• Species attention and priority may have to be given to the conservation offorest genetic resources in certain areas of the productive forest estate, for example, at the edges of a species geographical or ecological range where the populations are likely to be genetically distinct. These distinct populations, which may differ substantially in their production potential or offer possibilities for improvement by combination of their qualities through breeding programmes, may be particularly vulnerable to disruption at the extremity of these ranges.

• The conservation areas distributed over the entire natural range of the tree species as small areas of unlogged forest in the production forest are likely to support adequate populations of frugivorous birds or small mammals involved in seed dispersaL


• While the fully Protected Area system may include some part of the range of a species, the effective conservation of the gene pool (Le the total sum of genetic material) of the species as a whole requires the inclusion of a much wider range of populations representative of possible genetic differences over the species' geographical or ecological range. This is likely to require a number of conservation areas distributed over the entire natural range of the species, this option considered to be more important to long-lived species such as trees than of individual population size that is important with respect to large animals.

• The desirable number and location of such conservation areas for trees must be determined for each species, and in the absence of specific data it may be assumed that for widespread and strongly outcrossing species (indications are that the dipterocarp species are generally outcrossers) a few areas in each major ecological! geographical zone might be adequate.

• Species attention and priority may have to be given to the conservation offorest genetic resources in certain areas of the productive forest estate, for example, at the edges of a species geographical or ecological range where the populations are likely to be genetically distinct. These distinct populations, which may differ substantially in their production potential or offer possibilities for improvement by combination of their qualities through breeding programmes, may be particularly vulnerable to disruption at the extremity of these ranges.

• The conservation areas distributed over the entire natural range of the tree species as small areas of unlogged forest in the production forest are likely to support adequate populations of frugivorous birds or small mammals involved in seed dispersaL

Establishment and Management of In situ Conservation Stands

3.0 DEFINITION OF IN SITU CONSERVATION

5

Conservation of genetic resources entails the management for human use of genetic resources so that they may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation, while maintaining their potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations (FAO 1993). Hence, the conservation of selected, commercially important tree species can best be defined as the policies, strategies and management action taken to ensure their continued availability and existence.

The two basic strategies commonly employed in conserving genetic resources of species and the diversity within species comprising individuals and genes are in situ and ex situ conservation. In this context in situ conservation could be defined as on site conservation of genetic resources of target species within the natural or original ecosystem in which they occur, or on the site formerly occupied by that ecosystem. Although most frequently applied to populations regenerated naturally, in situ conservation may include artificial regeneration whenever planting or sowing is done without conscious selection and in the same area where the seed or other reproductive materials were collected.

Ex situ conservation, on the other hand, involves the introduction of the target species to a site away from its original habitat, as planted stands in the form of arboreta, botanical gardens, seed orchards and so forth, for the preservation of threatened or endangered species or for such a purpose as establishing gene banks or provenance trials.

Both in situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important and they should always be considered complementary and be carried out in parallel, as well as be an integral part of genetic resources conservation programmes aimed at improving the use of genetic materials available in nature. In situ conservation of plant genetic resources will contribute to the preservation of the other organisms found in the forest and allow for the co-evolution of the plant species with these organisms and their associated mutualists, competitors, pests and pathogens which is important for their adaptability and continued evolution.


3.0 DEFINITION OF IN SITU CONSERVATION

5

Conservation of genetic resources entails the management for human use of genetic resources so that they may yield the greatest sustainable benefit to the present generation, while maintaining their potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations (FAO 1993). Hence, the conservation of selected, commercially important tree species can best be defined as the policies, strategies and management action taken to ensure their continued availability and existence.

The two basic strategies commonly employed in conserving genetic resources of species and the diversity within species comprising individuals and genes are in situ and ex situ conservation. In this context in situ conservation could be defined as on site conservation of genetic resources of target species within the natural or original ecosystem in which they occur, or on the site formerly occupied by that ecosystem. Although most frequently applied to populations regenerated naturally, in situ conservation may include artificial regeneration whenever planting or sowing is done without conscious selection and in the same area where the seed or other reproductive materials were collected.

Ex situ conservation, on the other hand, involves the introduction of the target species to a site away from its original habitat, as planted stands in the form of arboreta, botanical gardens, seed orchards and so forth, for the preservation of threatened or endangered species or for such a purpose as establishing gene banks or provenance trials.

Both in situ and ex situ conservation strategies are important and they should always be considered complementary and be carried out in parallel, as well as be an integral part of genetic resources conservation programmes aimed at improving the use of genetic materials available in nature. In situ conservation of plant genetic resources will contribute to the preservation of the other organisms found in the forest and allow for the co-evolution of the plant species with these organisms and their associated mutualists, competitors, pests and pathogens which is important for their adaptability and continued evolution.


4.0 POLICY AND LEGISLATION

The relevant policy document, i.e. National Forestry Policy, needs to be in place in order to ensure that there is effective coordination and integration with respect to issues related to the conservation of genetic resources. Such a forestry policy may be supported by other policies, for example, a National Policy on Biological Diversity. Where policy instruments are not yet in place, steps have to be taken immediately to develop these, particularly the most relevant forestry policy.

The policy environment will have to be supported by the necessary legislative framework. The most relevant will be a National Forestry Act. Other legislation supportive of genetic resources conservation will be National or State Parks Acts and also a Wildlife Act. All these, applied with uniformity, should address conservation issues as part of sustainable forest management. It is imperative that the appropriate legislation be in place because experiences todate have shown that in most tropical countries legal protection for productive forests has had an important and positive impact on the conservation of their genetic resources.


4.0 POLICY AND LEGISLATION

The relevant policy document, i.e. National Forestry Policy, needs to be in place in order to ensure that there is effective coordination and integration with respect to issues related to the conservation of genetic resources. Such a forestry policy may be supported by other policies, for example, a National Policy on Biological Diversity. Where policy instruments are not yet in place, steps have to be taken immediately to develop these, particularly the most relevant forestry policy.

The policy environment will have to be supported by the necessary legislative framework. The most relevant will be a National Forestry Act. Other legislation supportive of genetic resources conservation will be National or State Parks Acts and also a Wildlife Act. All these, applied with uniformity, should address conservation issues as part of sustainable forest management. It is imperative that the appropriate legislation be in place because experiences todate have shown that in most tropical countries legal protection for productive forests has had an important and positive impact on the conservation of their genetic resources.


5.0 PRESENT CONSERVATION METHODS -THE PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM

7

The deliberate reservation of specific areas of forest for particular uses, to protect the features for which they are valued, is an ancient and widespread human practice (for examples refer Gomez-Pompa and Kaus 1992). Historical examples of protected forests include the sacred groves of Asia and Africaand the royal forests of Europe. In some cases protection was imposed by a ruling elite; in others it was conferred by more general agreement; in all cases various sanctions were applied to those who failed to respect the protection regime.

Since the world's first National Park, Yellowstone in the USA, was declared in 1872, the concept of 'protected areas' has emerged as a key element of national and international strategies to protect forest values. Protected areas now make a fundamental contribution to the conservation of the world's natural and cultural resources; the values they protect include landscape features, representative ecosystems, biological diversity, environmental services, and cultural heritage. The purpose of protected areas has also evolved from a focus on the protection of landscape features to an emphasis on the protection of biological diversity.

The internationally agreed definition of a protected area is now:

An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means (IUCN 1994).

There are currently some 30,000 protected areas in 150 nations worldwide, with a total area of around 13.2 million km2

• Terrestrial protected areas occupy around 9 per cent of the world's land surface (IUCN WCPA 1997). The size of individual protected areas varies enormously, from less than one hectare to hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. Protected areas incorporate a diversity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and cultural sites, exist on a range of tenures and cover a huge variety of social contexts from some of the least developed parts of the world to densely populated places greatly affected by human presence.


5.0 PRESENT CONSERVATION METHODS -THE PROTECTED AREA SYSTEM

7

The deliberate reservation of specific areas of forest for particular uses, to protect the features for which they are valued, is an ancient and widespread human practice (for examples refer Gomez-Pompa and Kaus 1992). Historical examples of protected forests include the sacred groves of Asia and Africaand the royal forests of Europe. In some cases protection was imposed by a ruling elite; in others it was conferred by more general agreement; in all cases various sanctions were applied to those who failed to respect the protection regime.

Since the world's first National Park, Yellowstone in the USA, was declared in 1872, the concept of 'protected areas' has emerged as a key element of national and international strategies to protect forest values. Protected areas now make a fundamental contribution to the conservation of the world's natural and cultural resources; the values they protect include landscape features, representative ecosystems, biological diversity, environmental services, and cultural heritage. The purpose of protected areas has also evolved from a focus on the protection of landscape features to an emphasis on the protection of biological diversity.

The internationally agreed definition of a protected area is now:

An area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means (IUCN 1994).

There are currently some 30,000 protected areas in 150 nations worldwide, with a total area of around 13.2 million km2

• Terrestrial protected areas occupy around 9 per cent of the world's land surface (IUCN WCPA 1997). The size of individual protected areas varies enormously, from less than one hectare to hundreds of thousands of square kilometres. Protected areas incorporate a diversity of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and cultural sites, exist on a range of tenures and cover a huge variety of social contexts from some of the least developed parts of the world to densely populated places greatly affected by human presence.


5.1 Protected area system in Tropical Asia and the Pacific

In Tropical Asia and the Pacific, and particularly in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea, a system of protected areas already exists in some form or another. In Brunei Darussalam it takes the form of Protection Forest, Conservation Forest and National Park; in Indonesia it is the National Park system; in Malaysia it comprises a network of National and State Parks, Wildlife and Bird Sanctuaries, Virgin Jungle Reserves, and Protection Forest within the Permanent Forest Estate; and in Papua New Guinea, various types of protected areas under the National Parks Act (1982) and the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1979).

The system of protected areas in tropical Asia and the Pacific is characterised by the following:

- Vary in size from a few hectares (VJRs in Peninsular Malaysia) to hundreds of thousands of hectares

- Where large, are generally representative of pristine forest - Where large, conservation of the ecosystem leads to maintenance of

biodiversity, including timber species - Wildlife reserves, though large, may not necessarily be pristine forest in

their entirety - As protected reserves are invariably small in number, conservation of

geographical variation is difficult - Concerned only with conservation and rarely address utilisation issues

5.2 Legislation for establishing protected areas

In general, the various categories of protected areas in Tropical Asia and the Pacific have been established under various existing legal instruments such as:

- National or State Parks Act - National Forestry Act - Protection of Wildlife Act

Establishment of additional protected areas would continue under these legal instruments.


5.1 Protected area system in Tropical Asia and the Pacific

In Tropical Asia and the Pacific, and particularly in Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Papua New Guinea, a system of protected areas already exists in some form or another. In Brunei Darussalam it takes the form of Protection Forest, Conservation Forest and National Park; in Indonesia it is the National Park system; in Malaysia it comprises a network of National and State Parks, Wildlife and Bird Sanctuaries, Virgin Jungle Reserves, and Protection Forest within the Permanent Forest Estate; and in Papua New Guinea, various types of protected areas under the National Parks Act (1982) and the Fauna (Protection and Control) Act (1979).

The system of protected areas in tropical Asia and the Pacific is characterised by the following:

- Vary in size from a few hectares (VJRs in Peninsular Malaysia) to hundreds of thousands of hectares

- Where large, are generally representative of pristine forest - Where large, conservation of the ecosystem leads to maintenance of

biodiversity, including timber species - Wildlife reserves, though large, may not necessarily be pristine forest in

their entirety - As protected reserves are invariably small in number, conservation of

geographical variation is difficult - Concerned only with conservation and rarely address utilisation issues

5.2 Legislation for establishing protected areas

In general, the various categories of protected areas in Tropical Asia and the Pacific have been established under various existing legal instruments such as:

- National or State Parks Act - National Forestry Act - Protection of Wildlife Act

Establishment of additional protected areas would continue under these legal instruments.


5.3 Selection criteria for potential protected areas

Determining appropriate criteria is crucial to guide the process of establishing new protected areas. The basis for selecting sites for protected areas should include:

- genetic, species and ecosystem conservation potential (of highest priority) - geographical values - hydrological values - tourism values - economic values - social values

Ideally, the following criteria should be accounted for in the process of assessing the value of an area when selecting sites for protected areas. Some of the criteria may overlap, while other may be mutually incompatible.

- size - naturalness - uniqueness - fragility - historical records - genetic conservation - intrinsic appeal - potential value - richness and diversity - rarity - typicalness - economic benefits - social benefits - indispensability - opportunities for conservation


5.3 Selection criteria for potential protected areas

Determining appropriate criteria is crucial to guide the process of establishing new protected areas. The basis for selecting sites for protected areas should include:

- genetic, species and ecosystem conservation potential (of highest priority) - geographical values - hydrological values - tourism values - economic values - social values

Ideally, the following criteria should be accounted for in the process of assessing the value of an area when selecting sites for protected areas. Some of the criteria may overlap, while other may be mutually incompatible.

- size - naturalness - uniqueness - fragility - historical records - genetic conservation - intrinsic appeal - potential value - richness and diversity - rarity - typicalness - economic benefits - social benefits - indispensability - opportunities for conservation


6.0 STRATEGY AND OBJECTIVES OF IN SITU CONSERVATION

• A network of conservation areas encompassing (i) strictly Protected Areas, and (ii) managed Production Forests, which would include both unlogged and previously logged areas.

• Conservation in the managed Production Forests would be achieved by:

- A system of small unlogged as well as previously logged forest areas within the production forest - conservation stands of selected timber species. This would be implementation at the forest management unit (jrnu) level, an fmu being a clearly defined forest area, managed to a set of explicit objectives and according to a long-term management plan.

- Retention of selected genotypes (using phenotypic characters and assuming that they are genetically determined) of selected timber species as mother trees at the time of logging. This would be implementation at operational level.


• To maintain and perpetuate the genetic diversity (gene pools) represented by populations of Target Species within the Production Forest where such genetic diversity is at great risk of erosion

• To integrate genetic management into existing and ongoing forest management objectives and plans

• To use these source-pedigreed populations for large-scale production/ collection of seed and/ or seedlings for enrichment planting/reforestation

• To use these source-pedigreed populations as potential genetic resources for selection and improvement


6.0 STRATEGY AND OBJECTIVES OF IN SITU CONSERVATION

• A network of conservation areas encompassing (i) strictly Protected Areas, and (ii) managed Production Forests, which would include both unlogged and previously logged areas.

• Conservation in the managed Production Forests would be achieved by:

- A system of small unlogged as well as previously logged forest areas within the production forest - conservation stands of selected timber species. This would be implementation at the forest management unit (jrnu) level, an fmu being a clearly defined forest area, managed to a set of explicit objectives and according to a long-term management plan.

- Retention of selected genotypes (using phenotypic characters and assuming that they are genetically determined) of selected timber species as mother trees at the time of logging. This would be implementation at operational level.


• To maintain and perpetuate the genetic diversity (gene pools) represented by populations of Target Species within the Production Forest where such genetic diversity is at great risk of erosion

• To integrate genetic management into existing and ongoing forest management objectives and plans

• To use these source-pedigreed populations for large-scale production/ collection of seed and/ or seedlings for enrichment planting/reforestation

• To use these source-pedigreed populations as potential genetic resources for selection and improvement


7.0 IMPLEMENTATION AT NATIONAL LEVEL

11

• A National Steering Committee would have to be formed to oversee the implementation of the project (Appendix 1). It should be headed by the Head of the Forestry Authority and should have the following membership:

- Head of the Forestry Authority (Chairman) - Representativce(s) of the State/Provincial Forestry Departments - Wildlife Department - Forest Research Institute - Faculty of Forestry of the relevant University - Genetics Department of the relevant University - Representative of the Logging Industry - Representative of relevant stakeholders - Acknowledged experts in the field of the genetics

• The National Steering Committee shall be assisted in its tasks by one or more Task Forces formed within its membership. A Task Force could coopt relevant personnel from outside of the National Steering Committee to assist it in its task.

- The National Steering Committee will decide which should be the Target Species

- The National Steering Committee will decide on the distribution of conservation stands nationwide based on scientific information available

- The National Steering Committee will develop a uniform national criteria, or protocol, for choosing the locations of the conservation stands

• Decisions taken by the National Steering Committee would be put into operation at the state/province or district level by the relevant state/province or district forest officer who would head a committee at that level.

- The State/Provincial/District Committee will decide on the exact location of the conservation stands


7.0 IMPLEMENTATION AT NATIONAL LEVEL

11

• A National Steering Committee would have to be formed to oversee the implementation of the project (Appendix 1). It should be headed by the Head of the Forestry Authority and should have the following membership:

- Head of the Forestry Authority (Chairman) - Representativce(s) of the State/Provincial Forestry Departments - Wildlife Department - Forest Research Institute - Faculty of Forestry of the relevant University - Genetics Department of the relevant University - Representative of the Logging Industry - Representative of relevant stakeholders - Acknowledged experts in the field of the genetics

• The National Steering Committee shall be assisted in its tasks by one or more Task Forces formed within its membership. A Task Force could coopt relevant personnel from outside of the National Steering Committee to assist it in its task.

- The National Steering Committee will decide which should be the Target Species

- The National Steering Committee will decide on the distribution of conservation stands nationwide based on scientific information available

- The National Steering Committee will develop a uniform national criteria, or protocol, for choosing the locations of the conservation stands

• Decisions taken by the National Steering Committee would be put into operation at the state/province or district level by the relevant state/province or district forest officer who would head a committee at that level.

- The State/Provincial/District Committee will decide on the exact location of the conservation stands


- The State/Provincial/District Committee will provide feedback to the National Steering Committee on where the conservation stands would be located, and why

- The State/Provincial/District Committee will operationalise the project on the ground

7.1 Identification of Target Species

• Ideally the genetic variability of all the timber species of the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae should be conserved. Logistically, however, it would be impossible to do so. A small number of these timber species would therefore have to be selected for conservation of their genetic variability (Appendix 2). The selection of these Target Species would necessarily have to be based on clearly defined criteria.

Step 1: Prepare a list of all timber species belonging to the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae (example, Appendix 3).

Step 2: Obtain the distribution pattern of each of these species from national forest inventory data, botanical literature, herbarium sources, and from any other sources.

- The information on distribution pattern needed would be that at national level (Appendix4a, b), supplemented by information at regional level. Botanical literature is likely to provide this information.

Step 3: Assign rankings to each of the species for each of the attributes as shown in Box 1 and Box 2.

- Silvicultural and other forest inventory data would assist in this decision-making process.


- The State/Provincial/District Committee will provide feedback to the National Steering Committee on where the conservation stands would be located, and why

- The State/Provincial/District Committee will operationalise the project on the ground

7.1 Identification of Target Species

• Ideally the genetic variability of all the timber species of the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae should be conserved. Logistically, however, it would be impossible to do so. A small number of these timber species would therefore have to be selected for conservation of their genetic variability (Appendix 2). The selection of these Target Species would necessarily have to be based on clearly defined criteria.

Step 1: Prepare a list of all timber species belonging to the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae (example, Appendix 3).

Step 2: Obtain the distribution pattern of each of these species from national forest inventory data, botanical literature, herbarium sources, and from any other sources.

- The information on distribution pattern needed would be that at national level (Appendix4a, b), supplemented by information at regional level. Botanical literature is likely to provide this information.

Step 3: Assign rankings to each of the species for each of the attributes as shown in Box 1 and Box 2.

- Silvicultural and other forest inventory data would assist in this decision-making process.


Box 1. Characteristics of Target Species

The Target Species should (may):

Have high commercial and/ or community value Be from populations at risk of severe genetic erosion, Le. elimination, dilution, or degradation of existing gene pools Have seed/plants/propagules of high current or potential value for reforestation Be extensively and intensively harvested Have scarce regeneration or low survival to maturity under present conditions Have only remnant populations and/or scattered trees remaining over extensive areas of natural range(s)

Note: some or all of the above may apply.

13

Step 4: Prepare a national list of Target Species according to the results obtained from Step 3.

A species that has a high score based on the attributes listed in Box 1 and ranked as in Box 2 would be a likely Target Species.

A species that has a low score would have a lower chance of selection.

An example of ranking of a number of species is given in Box 3.

Box 2. Guide to ranking of Target Species attributes+

Attributes Ranking 1 2 3

Value: Market none common exceptional Community little some high

Harvest intensity occasional average much sough after

Risk elsewhere" low average very high (of genetic degradation)

Current distribution wide disrupted scarce

Natural regeneration common some rare

Planting potential low medium priority species

+ Attributes are ranked to three levels as shown above. The ranking here guides the priority ranking for species in Box 3.

"Whether the species is at risk at the regional level. If it is an endemic species, it would be highly at risk.


Box 1. Characteristics of Target Species

The Target Species should (may):

Have high commercial and/ or community value Be from populations at risk of severe genetic erosion, Le. elimination, dilution, or degradation of existing gene pools Have seed/plants/propagules of high current or potential value for reforestation Be extensively and intensively harvested Have scarce regeneration or low survival to maturity under present conditions Have only remnant populations and/or scattered trees remaining over extensive areas of natural range(s)

Note: some or all of the above may apply.

13

Step 4: Prepare a national list of Target Species according to the results obtained from Step 3.

A species that has a high score based on the attributes listed in Box 1 and ranked as in Box 2 would be a likely Target Species.

A species that has a low score would have a lower chance of selection.

An example of ranking of a number of species is given in Box 3.

Box 2. Guide to ranking of Target Species attributes+

Attributes Ranking 1 2 3

Value: Market none common exceptional Community little some high

Harvest intensity occasional average much sough after

Risk elsewhere" low average very high (of genetic degradation)

Current distribution wide disrupted scarce

Natural regeneration common some rare

Planting potential low medium priority species

+ Attributes are ranked to three levels as shown above. The ranking here guides the priority ranking for species in Box 3.

"Whether the species is at risk at the regional level. If it is an endemic species, it would be highly at risk.


Step 5: Compile a national database of the selected Target Species.

- The database should contain the following information:

- botanical description distribution (nationally and regionally) timber properties

- uses (both commercial and community) sil vicul ture ecology

Step 6: Make database freely available to personnel from forestry department, research institutes, universities, and the timber industry.

Box 3. Priority ranking (1-5, low to high) of attributes of target species+

Attributes Market Community Harvest Risk Current Natural Plant Total

value values intensity elsewhere distrib. regen. potential score

Chengal* 4 1 4 5 3 4 3 24 (Neobalano-carpus heimii)

Kapur* 3 1 3 4 2 3 3 19 (Dryobalanops aromatica)

Balau kumus* 4 1 3 3 3 2 3 19 (Shorea laevis)

Kempas** 3 1 3 4 2 3 2 18 (Koompassia malaccensis)

Meranti seraya* 4 1 4 5 2 2 3 21 (Shorea curtisii)

Meranti* 4 1 4 4 2 2 3 20 sengkawang merah*(Shorea singkawang)

Mersawa* 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 14 (Anisoptera spp.)

+ Priority ranking of species in relation to one another for each of the attributes is to five levels as shown above. * Dipterocarpaceae •• Leguminosae


Step 5: Compile a national database of the selected Target Species.

- The database should contain the following information:

- botanical description distribution (nationally and regionally) timber properties

- uses (both commercial and community) sil vicul ture ecology

Step 6: Make database freely available to personnel from forestry department, research institutes, universities, and the timber industry.

Box 3. Priority ranking (1-5, low to high) of attributes of target species+

Attributes Market Community Harvest Risk Current Natural Plant Total

value values intensity elsewhere distrib. regen. potential score

Chengal* 4 1 4 5 3 4 3 24 (Neobalano-carpus heimii)

Kapur* 3 1 3 4 2 3 3 19 (Dryobalanops aromatica)

Balau kumus* 4 1 3 3 3 2 3 19 (Shorea laevis)

Kempas** 3 1 3 4 2 3 2 18 (Koompassia malaccensis)

Meranti seraya* 4 1 4 5 2 2 3 21 (Shorea curtisii)

Meranti* 4 1 4 4 2 2 3 20 sengkawang merah*(Shorea singkawang)

Mersawa* 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 14 (Anisoptera spp.)

+ Priority ranking of species in relation to one another for each of the attributes is to five levels as shown above. * Dipterocarpaceae •• Leguminosae


7.2 Identification of national-level locations of conservation stands

• Effective conservation of the genetic variability of the Target Species would require a network of conservation stands distributed over the entire natural range of the species. Once established as patches of unlogged forest within the Production Forest, the stands would have to be maintained, monitored and evaluated periodically, and intensive research and development activities involving the Target Species initiated. Regional and international collaboration would strengthen the conservation efforts.

• Ideally conservation stands should be unlogged units within the Production Forest. In practice, large areas of the Production Forest may already have been logged previously or undergone some form of disturbance, and it may be necessary to site some of the conservation stands within such areas where there is no primary forest remaining.

• Thus, the overall system of conservation stands could eventually comprise a mixture of stands located in both unlogged as well as in logged (or disturbed) parts of the Production Forest. A bias towards unlogged forest would be preferred.


• Once the distribution pattern of the Target Species has been identified, possible locations of its conservation stands within the Production Forest could be identified. These conservation stands of unlogged (and logged) forest need to be strategically located throughout the country to capture the variation in genetic diversity.

Step 1: 1.

2.

For those Target Species with a clear geographical range within the country, select sites at the edges of the range.

For those Target Species whose geographical range goes beyond the national boundary, select sites at the extremity of its range within the country.

- The climate map of the country may indicate that the sites chosen may also be in different climatic regions of the country.

- The geographical range of the Target Species may also correspond with its ecological range as the vegetation with its ecological and habitat types may be different beyond the geographical range.


7.2 Identification of national-level locations of conservation stands

• Effective conservation of the genetic variability of the Target Species would require a network of conservation stands distributed over the entire natural range of the species. Once established as patches of unlogged forest within the Production Forest, the stands would have to be maintained, monitored and evaluated periodically, and intensive research and development activities involving the Target Species initiated. Regional and international collaboration would strengthen the conservation efforts.

• Ideally conservation stands should be unlogged units within the Production Forest. In practice, large areas of the Production Forest may already have been logged previously or undergone some form of disturbance, and it may be necessary to site some of the conservation stands within such areas where there is no primary forest remaining.

• Thus, the overall system of conservation stands could eventually comprise a mixture of stands located in both unlogged as well as in logged (or disturbed) parts of the Production Forest. A bias towards unlogged forest would be preferred.


• Once the distribution pattern of the Target Species has been identified, possible locations of its conservation stands within the Production Forest could be identified. These conservation stands of unlogged (and logged) forest need to be strategically located throughout the country to capture the variation in genetic diversity.

Step 1: 1.

2.

For those Target Species with a clear geographical range within the country, select sites at the edges of the range.

For those Target Species whose geographical range goes beyond the national boundary, select sites at the extremity of its range within the country.

- The climate map of the country may indicate that the sites chosen may also be in different climatic regions of the country.

- The geographical range of the Target Species may also correspond with its ecological range as the vegetation with its ecological and habitat types may be different beyond the geographical range.


Step 2: Refer to national soil, topographical and vegetation maps to decide further locations for establishing the conservation stands of the Target Species in different ecological areas within the Production Forest.

Step 3: Refer to soil, topographical and vegetation maps at the state/ district level to decide the location of the conservation stand of the Target Species in different ecological areas within the Production Forest.

- A Target Species may occur in mountainous terrain as well as in moderately undulating hills, at widely differing altitudes. A conservation stand in each of these two areas is recommended.

- A Target Species may be located in dryland forest as well as in swamp forest. A conservation stand in each of these two areas is recommended.

- A Target Species may be located in an area with granite-derived soil as well as in another area with sedimentary-derived soil. A conservation stand in each of these two areas is recommended.

• It is neither possible nor necessary to establish conservation stands of the Target Species in all production forests. Many aspects of sustainable forest management, from inventory, growth and regeneration studies to responsible harvesting, as well as to the retention of seed trees of the Target Species in the absence of adequate regrowth, should simultaneously assist genetic conservation objectives.

• Conservation stands are particularly needed where the Target Species occurs under more extreme environmental stresses, related to climate, soil, altitude etc., or at the edges of its natural range. Not only are these populations likely to be genetically distinct, through adaptation to the local environments, but they may also be more vulnerable to disruption through disturbance, which could radically reduce the long-term viability of such populations.


Step 2: Refer to national soil, topographical and vegetation maps to decide further locations for establishing the conservation stands of the Target Species in different ecological areas within the Production Forest.

Step 3: Refer to soil, topographical and vegetation maps at the state/ district level to decide the location of the conservation stand of the Target Species in different ecological areas within the Production Forest.

- A Target Species may occur in mountainous terrain as well as in moderately undulating hills, at widely differing altitudes. A conservation stand in each of these two areas is recommended.

- A Target Species may be located in dryland forest as well as in swamp forest. A conservation stand in each of these two areas is recommended.

- A Target Species may be located in an area with granite-derived soil as well as in another area with sedimentary-derived soil. A conservation stand in each of these two areas is recommended.

• It is neither possible nor necessary to establish conservation stands of the Target Species in all production forests. Many aspects of sustainable forest management, from inventory, growth and regeneration studies to responsible harvesting, as well as to the retention of seed trees of the Target Species in the absence of adequate regrowth, should simultaneously assist genetic conservation objectives.

• Conservation stands are particularly needed where the Target Species occurs under more extreme environmental stresses, related to climate, soil, altitude etc., or at the edges of its natural range. Not only are these populations likely to be genetically distinct, through adaptation to the local environments, but they may also be more vulnerable to disruption through disturbance, which could radically reduce the long-term viability of such populations.


8.0 MANAGED PRODUCTION FOREST: GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION OF TARGET SPECIES

17

• Production forests form the major part of the remaining forests in Tropical Asia and the Pacific, and there is high probability of genetic erosion of Target Species in the these forests occurring with the continued removal of good genotypes through selective cutting. Coherent programmes implemented on the ground, whether through conserving mother trees during timber harvesting or through conserving stands of the species in unlogged or previously logged forest, would help to greatly reduce this genetic erosion.

8.1 Establishment of a network of small conservation areas - conservation stands: implementation at the forest management unit (fmu) level

• As part of sustainable forest management, a forest management plan needs to be formulated at the fmu leveL Production forest areas, as well as soil and watershed protection areas i.e. steepland areas, would have to be demarcated in the plan. The conservation stands would have to be established within the production forest.

• Technical planning, implementation and control at the fmu level will be the responsibility of the state/provincial forest officer who will be assisted by the district forest officers.

8.1.1 Establishment of conservation stands

• Once the possible locations of the conservation stands of the Target Species have been identified then the stands would have to be established (Appendix 5). The stand would have to be established at a site where the Target Species is well-represented as adult and juvenile forms.

Step 1: Carry out an aerial survey at the fmu level to obtain a generalidea of the extent and stocking of the forest (example, Appendix 6).


8.0 MANAGED PRODUCTION FOREST: GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION OF TARGET SPECIES

17

• Production forests form the major part of the remaining forests in Tropical Asia and the Pacific, and there is high probability of genetic erosion of Target Species in the these forests occurring with the continued removal of good genotypes through selective cutting. Coherent programmes implemented on the ground, whether through conserving mother trees during timber harvesting or through conserving stands of the species in unlogged or previously logged forest, would help to greatly reduce this genetic erosion.

8.1 Establishment of a network of small conservation areas - conservation stands: implementation at the forest management unit (fmu) level

• As part of sustainable forest management, a forest management plan needs to be formulated at the fmu leveL Production forest areas, as well as soil and watershed protection areas i.e. steepland areas, would have to be demarcated in the plan. The conservation stands would have to be established within the production forest.

• Technical planning, implementation and control at the fmu level will be the responsibility of the state/provincial forest officer who will be assisted by the district forest officers.

8.1.1 Establishment of conservation stands

• Once the possible locations of the conservation stands of the Target Species have been identified then the stands would have to be established (Appendix 5). The stand would have to be established at a site where the Target Species is well-represented as adult and juvenile forms.

Step 1: Carry out an aerial survey at the fmu level to obtain a generalidea of the extent and stocking of the forest (example, Appendix 6).


Step 2: Carry out a forest inventory at that fmu (example, Appendix 7a, b, c and d).

Step 3: Analyse the inventory data to obtain an indication of the composition and distribution pattern of timber species, especially of the Target Species, in that area.

Step 4: From the distribution patterns, identify possible locations for the e~tablishment of conservation stands of the Target Species (example, Appendix 8).

Step 5: Carry out a ground truthing to select the actual site of the conservation stand.

- Ground truthing will involve visual observations followed by inventory of the Target Species, of 5 cm diameter and larger, using, for example, systematic line-plots.

- If the inventory data shows that the Target Species is not well represented as adult and juvenile forms, some other site in the area, where it is well represented, has to be chosen as the location of the conservation stand.

Step 6: If the inventory data shows that the Target Species is well or sufficientlyrepresented as adult and juvenile forms, demarcate an area of the forest as the conservation stand.

- Size. In the absence of adequate scientific information, an area of between 100 to 300 hectares is recommended to be demarcated as the conservation stand 1. If such a size is not possible because the forest in that location is fragmented, for example, the conservation stand should be at least 20 hectares in size.

- Layout. The layout should be such as to capture as much of the variability of the terrain as possible. In a fairly flat area such as in swamp forest, the layout could be, for example, 500 x 2000 m (or 200 x 1000 m if a 20-hectare stand is to be established). In hilly and mountainous areas, the layout could be 200 x 5000 m (or 100 x 2000 m for a 20-hectare stand), from valley bottom, through hill slope to ridge top.

1 In ITIO Guidelines on the Conservation of Biological Diversity in Tropical Production Forests, a system of small undisturbed forest reserves of approximately 100 hectares in size is considered to have profound positive effects on biodiversity conservation.


Step 2: Carry out a forest inventory at that fmu (example, Appendix 7a, b, c and d).

Step 3: Analyse the inventory data to obtain an indication of the composition and distribution pattern of timber species, especially of the Target Species, in that area.

Step 4: From the distribution patterns, identify possible locations for the e~tablishment of conservation stands of the Target Species (example, Appendix 8).

Step 5: Carry out a ground truthing to select the actual site of the conservation stand.

- Ground truthing will involve visual observations followed by inventory of the Target Species, of 5 cm diameter and larger, using, for example, systematic line-plots.

- If the inventory data shows that the Target Species is not well represented as adult and juvenile forms, some other site in the area, where it is well represented, has to be chosen as the location of the conservation stand.

Step 6: If the inventory data shows that the Target Species is well or sufficientlyrepresented as adult and juvenile forms, demarcate an area of the forest as the conservation stand.

- Size. In the absence of adequate scientific information, an area of between 100 to 300 hectares is recommended to be demarcated as the conservation stand 1. If such a size is not possible because the forest in that location is fragmented, for example, the conservation stand should be at least 20 hectares in size.

- Layout. The layout should be such as to capture as much of the variability of the terrain as possible. In a fairly flat area such as in swamp forest, the layout could be, for example, 500 x 2000 m (or 200 x 1000 m if a 20-hectare stand is to be established). In hilly and mountainous areas, the layout could be 200 x 5000 m (or 100 x 2000 m for a 20-hectare stand), from valley bottom, through hill slope to ridge top.

1 In ITIO Guidelines on the Conservation of Biological Diversity in Tropical Production Forests, a system of small undisturbed forest reserves of approximately 100 hectares in size is considered to have profound positive effects on biodiversity conservation.


- Depending on its size, a whole compartment could be designated as the conservation stand.

Step 7: Once the boundary of the selected conservation stand has been demarcated with permanent posts and signboards erected, select individuals of the Target Species within the stand.

- Tag a sufficient number of individuals of good form of the Target Species, of juveniles and adult trees, with permanent labels. Tagged individuals may be of 5 cm diameter and larger.

- Record the height or diameter of each tagged individual.

- Map the location of each tagged individual on the ground.

Step 8: Back in the office, store the data in the electronic form to facilitate efficient management of the data.

- Collect additional information pertaining to the conservation stand and store this data. This information will include details such as: - Location - History of reserve - Vegetation - Geology and Soils - Climatic information - Forest management system in use

• Retention of such an area of unlogged forest within the Production Forest, while conserving the particular Target Species and its population, is likely to conserve many groups of invertebrates, birds, bats and other mamals that are involved in pollen and seed dispersal of many timber species. These fauna may be provided food or breeding niches by 'keystone' or 'pivotal' plant species found in the unlogged stands.

8.1.2 Maintenance, monitoring and evaluation

• The conservation stand needs annual maintenance, the population of the Target Species needs to be monitored annually and recensused once in five years, and the stand evaluated for its effectiveness in conserving the genetic resources of the Target Species based on the number of juveniles that survive through the years, and on results of research carried out as outlined in 8.1.3 (Appendix 9).


- Depending on its size, a whole compartment could be designated as the conservation stand.

Step 7: Once the boundary of the selected conservation stand has been demarcated with permanent posts and signboards erected, select individuals of the Target Species within the stand.

- Tag a sufficient number of individuals of good form of the Target Species, of juveniles and adult trees, with permanent labels. Tagged individuals may be of 5 cm diameter and larger.

- Record the height or diameter of each tagged individual.

- Map the location of each tagged individual on the ground.

Step 8: Back in the office, store the data in the electronic form to facilitate efficient management of the data.

- Collect additional information pertaining to the conservation stand and store this data. This information will include details such as: - Location - History of reserve - Vegetation - Geology and Soils - Climatic information - Forest management system in use

• Retention of such an area of unlogged forest within the Production Forest, while conserving the particular Target Species and its population, is likely to conserve many groups of invertebrates, birds, bats and other mamals that are involved in pollen and seed dispersal of many timber species. These fauna may be provided food or breeding niches by 'keystone' or 'pivotal' plant species found in the unlogged stands.

8.1.2 Maintenance, monitoring and evaluation

• The conservation stand needs annual maintenance, the population of the Target Species needs to be monitored annually and recensused once in five years, and the stand evaluated for its effectiveness in conserving the genetic resources of the Target Species based on the number of juveniles that survive through the years, and on results of research carried out as outlined in 8.1.3 (Appendix 9).


Step 1: Carry out maintenance of the conservation stand on an annual basis. This will include:

- Maintenance of the permanent boundary of the stand.

- Maintenance of the permanent labels on individual trees of the Target Species.

Step 2: Monitor the population of the Target Species on an annual basis. This will include:

- Observations on flowering, fruiting and seedling establishment.

- Tracking ofwildings (naturally growing seedlings) following mast fruiting (of the dipterocarp Target Species) for enrichment planting/ reforestation programmes or for provenance trials.

Step 3: Recensus the population of the Target Species once every five years. This will include:

- Measurement of height or diameter - Recording of mortality - Recording of recruitment into the minimum height class - Mapping the location of the recruits - Updating the database

Step 4: Based on these data collected and on results of research carried out as outlined in 8.1.3, evaluate the effectiveness of the stand in conserving the genetic resources of the Target Species, and if necessary, develop measures to enhance the role of the conservation stand.

8.1.3 Research and development

• Research and development into population biology, reproductive systems, variation and genetics, as well as provenance and planting trials and breeding programmes on the ground, would greatly enlarge the possibilities for the deliberate management of the genetic resources of the Target Species.

• Research into population biology could help determine the minimum size of a conservation stand for the Target Species.


Step 1: Carry out maintenance of the conservation stand on an annual basis. This will include:

- Maintenance of the permanent boundary of the stand.

- Maintenance of the permanent labels on individual trees of the Target Species.

Step 2: Monitor the population of the Target Species on an annual basis. This will include:

- Observations on flowering, fruiting and seedling establishment.

- Tracking ofwildings (naturally growing seedlings) following mast fruiting (of the dipterocarp Target Species) for enrichment planting/ reforestation programmes or for provenance trials.

Step 3: Recensus the population of the Target Species once every five years. This will include:

- Measurement of height or diameter - Recording of mortality - Recording of recruitment into the minimum height class - Mapping the location of the recruits - Updating the database

Step 4: Based on these data collected and on results of research carried out as outlined in 8.1.3, evaluate the effectiveness of the stand in conserving the genetic resources of the Target Species, and if necessary, develop measures to enhance the role of the conservation stand.

8.1.3 Research and development

• Research and development into population biology, reproductive systems, variation and genetics, as well as provenance and planting trials and breeding programmes on the ground, would greatly enlarge the possibilities for the deliberate management of the genetic resources of the Target Species.

• Research into population biology could help determine the minimum size of a conservation stand for the Target Species.


• Research into genetic structure and reproductive biology should particularly be directed to populationsof the Target Species occurring under extreme environmental stresses and therefore likely to be distinct genetically through adaptations.

Step 1: Develop a collaborative integrated research programme covering the following areas:

- Population biology of the Target Species

- Reproductive systems of the Target Species

- Genetic architecture and variation (DNA profiling) of the Target Species

- Seed collection, storage and germination

- Planting stock production in the nurseries and in the forest - Establishing and tending planting stock for enrichment planting

using source-pedigreed seed/seedlings from the conservation stands

- The collaborative research should include personnel from the forestry department, research institutes and universities as well as personnel from international organisations.

Step 2: Initiate provenance and planting trials (eventual seed sources) using progeny of the Target Species.

Step 3: Initiate research into identification of possible superior trails in distinct populations of the Target Species.

Step 4: Initiate a breeding programme for the Target Species where a superior trait has been identified in a patticular population.

8.1.4 Regional and international collaboration

• Meetings and workshops at the regional level would help to harmonise and enhance activities geared towards the conservation of genetic variability of the selected timber species.

Step 1: Organise regional meetings/workshops to plan the establishment of conservation stands.


• Research into genetic structure and reproductive biology should particularly be directed to populationsof the Target Species occurring under extreme environmental stresses and therefore likely to be distinct genetically through adaptations.

Step 1: Develop a collaborative integrated research programme covering the following areas:

- Population biology of the Target Species

- Reproductive systems of the Target Species

- Genetic architecture and variation (DNA profiling) of the Target Species

- Seed collection, storage and germination

- Planting stock production in the nurseries and in the forest - Establishing and tending planting stock for enrichment planting

using source-pedigreed seed/seedlings from the conservation stands

- The collaborative research should include personnel from the forestry department, research institutes and universities as well as personnel from international organisations.

Step 2: Initiate provenance and planting trials (eventual seed sources) using progeny of the Target Species.

Step 3: Initiate research into identification of possible superior trails in distinct populations of the Target Species.

Step 4: Initiate a breeding programme for the Target Species where a superior trait has been identified in a patticular population.

8.1.4 Regional and international collaboration

• Meetings and workshops at the regional level would help to harmonise and enhance activities geared towards the conservation of genetic variability of the selected timber species.

Step 1: Organise regional meetings/workshops to plan the establishment of conservation stands.


- Many of the dipterocarp and the leguminous species selected as Target Species would have a geographical range stretching beyond borders.

Step 2: Organise periodic meetings/workshops on a regional basis to share experiences and harmonise further activities related to the conservation stands.

- This cooperation would extend to collaborative research as well.


• This should be the practice at the operational level where timber harvesting takes place in forest concessions (Appendix 10). Based on a pre-felling inventory, good genotypes of the Target Species should be retained as mother trees during timber harvesting. A post-felling inventory would indicate the treatment required to ensure the eventual adequate stocking of the Target Species, or if enrichment planting of the Target Species is required.

• The pre-felling inventory using systematic line-plots (Appendix 11a, b and c) described below could be replaced by the inventory method already in use in the country concerned.

Step 1: Carry out a pre-felling inventory using systematic line-plots, of various sizes (e.g. 50 x 20 m,10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m and 2 x 2 m). Sampling will be at 10% intensity.

- The inventory will provide reliable estimates of the stocking of all tree species, including juveniles 15 cm height to 5 cm dbh, and saplings and trees by diameter classes above 5cm.

Step 2: Prior to logging, mark trees to be felled, incorporating directional felling and climber cutting to minimise damage to the residual stands.

Step 3: As trees are marked to be felled, count the individuals of the Target Species and map them on the stock map.

Step 4: Identify mature individuals of the Target Species of good phenotypic quality. This could be taken to be vigorous trees of good form.


- Many of the dipterocarp and the leguminous species selected as Target Species would have a geographical range stretching beyond borders.

Step 2: Organise periodic meetings/workshops on a regional basis to share experiences and harmonise further activities related to the conservation stands.

- This cooperation would extend to collaborative research as well.


• This should be the practice at the operational level where timber harvesting takes place in forest concessions (Appendix 10). Based on a pre-felling inventory, good genotypes of the Target Species should be retained as mother trees during timber harvesting. A post-felling inventory would indicate the treatment required to ensure the eventual adequate stocking of the Target Species, or if enrichment planting of the Target Species is required.

• The pre-felling inventory using systematic line-plots (Appendix 11a, b and c) described below could be replaced by the inventory method already in use in the country concerned.

Step 1: Carry out a pre-felling inventory using systematic line-plots, of various sizes (e.g. 50 x 20 m,10 x 10 m, 5 x 5 m and 2 x 2 m). Sampling will be at 10% intensity.

- The inventory will provide reliable estimates of the stocking of all tree species, including juveniles 15 cm height to 5 cm dbh, and saplings and trees by diameter classes above 5cm.

Step 2: Prior to logging, mark trees to be felled, incorporating directional felling and climber cutting to minimise damage to the residual stands.

Step 3: As trees are marked to be felled, count the individuals of the Target Species and map them on the stock map.

Step 4: Identify mature individuals of the Target Species of good phenotypic quality. This could be taken to be vigorous trees of good form.


Step 5: At the time of logging, retain these most vigorous phenotypes as mother trees in adequate number and distribution. A total of four mother trees per hectare may be adequate until research into population biology provides more conclusive data.

- Retention of these mother trees is crucial if there is inadequate regrowth of the Target Species.

Step 6: Carry out a post-felling inventory in the logged forest (Appendix 11a and b), preferably less than 5 yearsafterfellingoperations have ceased.

- This inventory is carried out to assess the stocking and distribution of the remaining stand according to size classes and also to determine the type of silvicultural treatment to be prescribed.

- The inventory is based on systematic line plots layout (e.g. 50 x 20 m,25 x 20 m,10 x 10 m,5 x 5 m and 2 x 2 m) with a 10% sampling intensity.

- All the plots will record the stocking present according to the various diameter size classes as well as the presence of seedlings.

- Information on the distribution of trees according to status, dominant classes and infestation by climbers and other weeds will also be recorded.

Step 7: Analyse the post-felling inventory to determine whether the area that has been logged requires any form of silvicultural treatment.

Step 8: If stocking of the Target Species in found to be inadequate after logging, carry out enrichment planting of the Target Species.

Step 9: Store all information obtained in a database system.


Step 5: At the time of logging, retain these most vigorous phenotypes as mother trees in adequate number and distribution. A total of four mother trees per hectare may be adequate until research into population biology provides more conclusive data.

- Retention of these mother trees is crucial if there is inadequate regrowth of the Target Species.

Step 6: Carry out a post-felling inventory in the logged forest (Appendix 11a and b), preferably less than 5 yearsafterfellingoperations have ceased.

- This inventory is carried out to assess the stocking and distribution of the remaining stand according to size classes and also to determine the type of silvicultural treatment to be prescribed.

- The inventory is based on systematic line plots layout (e.g. 50 x 20 m,25 x 20 m,10 x 10 m,5 x 5 m and 2 x 2 m) with a 10% sampling intensity.

- All the plots will record the stocking present according to the various diameter size classes as well as the presence of seedlings.

- Information on the distribution of trees according to status, dominant classes and infestation by climbers and other weeds will also be recorded.

Step 7: Analyse the post-felling inventory to determine whether the area that has been logged requires any form of silvicultural treatment.

Step 8: If stocking of the Target Species in found to be inadequate after logging, carry out enrichment planting of the Target Species.

Step 9: Store all information obtained in a database system.


9.0 STRICTLY PROTECTED AREAS -GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION

• The objectives of protected areas has been dealt with in an earlier section. These include conservation of biological diversity (genetic resources, species, ecosystem diversity, evolutionary processes), maintenance of environmental services, wilderness protection, scientific research and education, maintenance of non-consumptive values, and generation of economic revenue, including tourism/ ecotourism and recreation.

• Target Species, by virtue of their distribution within the protected area networ k of a country, are therefore afforded the necessary protection required. However, the protected area network, which must be the core of ecosystem conservation, is likely to prove increasingly inadequate to meet long-term objectives for the conservation of genetic resources. In addition to its limitations in geographical coverage, restricted often arbitrarily by other demands on land, it is likely to be further limited in terms of environmental diversity by the size, shape and management practices in each reserve area. Thus, as far as the Target Species are concerned, the network of protected areas (which includes virgin jungle reserves) must be complemented with the practice of leaving small pockets of un logged forest such as streams ides, as in some forest management practices, and well dispersed mother trees, in the Production Forest, and this further complemented with the retention of conservation stands of the Target Species as mainly unlogged forest within the Production Forest.

• To the extent that the geographical range of a Target Species falls within a protected area such as a national or state park, or that its distribution within such a protected area is in locations with certain environmental stresses, specially demarcated conservation stands of the Target Species may be established within that protected area.


9.0 STRICTLY PROTECTED AREAS -GUIDELINES FOR CONSERVATION

• The objectives of protected areas has been dealt with in an earlier section. These include conservation of biological diversity (genetic resources, species, ecosystem diversity, evolutionary processes), maintenance of environmental services, wilderness protection, scientific research and education, maintenance of non-consumptive values, and generation of economic revenue, including tourism/ ecotourism and recreation.

• Target Species, by virtue of their distribution within the protected area networ k of a country, are therefore afforded the necessary protection required. However, the protected area network, which must be the core of ecosystem conservation, is likely to prove increasingly inadequate to meet long-term objectives for the conservation of genetic resources. In addition to its limitations in geographical coverage, restricted often arbitrarily by other demands on land, it is likely to be further limited in terms of environmental diversity by the size, shape and management practices in each reserve area. Thus, as far as the Target Species are concerned, the network of protected areas (which includes virgin jungle reserves) must be complemented with the practice of leaving small pockets of un logged forest such as streams ides, as in some forest management practices, and well dispersed mother trees, in the Production Forest, and this further complemented with the retention of conservation stands of the Target Species as mainly unlogged forest within the Production Forest.

• To the extent that the geographical range of a Target Species falls within a protected area such as a national or state park, or that its distribution within such a protected area is in locations with certain environmental stresses, specially demarcated conservation stands of the Target Species may be established within that protected area.



Steps: Determine the location, establish the stand as in step 5,6,7 and 8 of 8.1.1, maintain and monitor, initiate research and development activities, and collaborate regionally and internationally, in the same manner as outlined for the conservation stand in the Managed Production Forest.

• If the protected area within which the conservation stand is to be developed, maintained and monitored comes under the jurisdiction of another ministry or department, then there has to be close collaboration between the forestry department and the other body.



Steps: Determine the location, establish the stand as in step 5,6,7 and 8 of 8.1.1, maintain and monitor, initiate research and development activities, and collaborate regionally and internationally, in the same manner as outlined for the conservation stand in the Managed Production Forest.

• If the protected area within which the conservation stand is to be developed, maintained and monitored comes under the jurisdiction of another ministry or department, then there has to be close collaboration between the forestry department and the other body.


10.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

• For the project to be implemented effectively, awareness has to be created at all levels of personnel who would be involved in its implementation - forest managers, field staff, academics, researchers and personnel from the industry. The awareness programme would range in activities from national level meetings and seminars to training of forest managers and field crew.

Step 1: Hold meetings ofthe National Steering Committee to initiate / develop the project.

Step 2: Organise a national one-day seminar at the professional level to brief (concept, objectives, information required, and methodology) and share views.

Step 3: Fine-tune project proposal based on feed-back from national seminar.

Step 4: Organise relevant training programmes.

- Briefing of ground staff regarding concept, objectives, information required, and methodology.

- Training of field staff or identification of seedlings, saplings, poles and adult trees of the Target Species.

- Training of field staff on pre-felling inventory techniques using systematic line-plots, including on survey methods, tree marking, directional felling, climber cutting, stock map preparation and identification of good genotypes of the Target Species.

- Training of field staff on post-felling inventory techniques, including on silvicultural treatments.

- Training on enrichment planting techniques.

- harvesting of wildings - seed collection and handling - nursery techniques for raising seedlings - planting techniques


10.0 EDUCATION AND TRAINING

• For the project to be implemented effectively, awareness has to be created at all levels of personnel who would be involved in its implementation - forest managers, field staff, academics, researchers and personnel from the industry. The awareness programme would range in activities from national level meetings and seminars to training of forest managers and field crew.

Step 1: Hold meetings ofthe National Steering Committee to initiate / develop the project.

Step 2: Organise a national one-day seminar at the professional level to brief (concept, objectives, information required, and methodology) and share views.

Step 3: Fine-tune project proposal based on feed-back from national seminar.

Step 4: Organise relevant training programmes.

- Briefing of ground staff regarding concept, objectives, information required, and methodology.

- Training of field staff or identification of seedlings, saplings, poles and adult trees of the Target Species.

- Training of field staff on pre-felling inventory techniques using systematic line-plots, including on survey methods, tree marking, directional felling, climber cutting, stock map preparation and identification of good genotypes of the Target Species.

- Training of field staff on post-felling inventory techniques, including on silvicultural treatments.

- Training on enrichment planting techniques.

- harvesting of wildings - seed collection and handling - nursery techniques for raising seedlings - planting techniques


- Training to managers on principles of management and conservation of genetic resources for maintaining genetic diversity within and among population.

- Training to technical staff on data collection, storage, analysis and retrieval.

Step 5: Organise relevant training programmes at the regional level as part of regional collboration.


- Training to managers on principles of management and conservation of genetic resources for maintaining genetic diversity within and among population.

- Training to technical staff on data collection, storage, analysis and retrieval.

Step 5: Organise relevant training programmes at the regional level as part of regional collboration.


11.0 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

• For efficient management of the in situ conservation stands of the Target Species, a database management system has to be in place. This system would also allow for exchange of information at the regional level and for conducting periodic training programmes.

Step 1: Establish an electronic system for managing all data deriveq as in 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0.

Step 2: Use and share the data for managing the conservation stands and in conducting training programmes.

Step 3: Update the database as new information becomes available.


11.0 DATABASE MANAGEMENT

• For efficient management of the in situ conservation stands of the Target Species, a database management system has to be in place. This system would also allow for exchange of information at the regional level and for conducting periodic training programmes.

Step 1: Establish an electronic system for managing all data deriveq as in 7.0, 8.0, 9.0 and 10.0.

Step 2: Use and share the data for managing the conservation stands and in conducting training programmes.

Step 3: Update the database as new information becomes available.


REFERENCES

ANONYMOUS. 1999. International forest conservation: protected areas and beyond. Draft paper prepared by Australian Government as contribution to Intergovernmental Forum on Forests meeting in May 1999.

ASHTON, P. S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana Series I, Vol. 9, pp. 237-552. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1989. Plant Genetic Resources: their

conservation in situ for human use. FAO Rome. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1993. Conservation of Genetic Resources

in Tropical Forest Management. Principles and Concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107, FAO Rome. 105 pp.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1998. State of the World's Forests 1997. FAO,Rome.

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. 1993. Development Plan for the Pilot Project - Genetic Resource Area of Johor, Malaysia. Mimeographed rept., 33 pp.

GOMEZ-POMPA, A. & KAUS, A. 1992. Taming the wilderness myth. BioScience 42: 271-279. INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANISATION. 1996. ITTO Project Proposal- Planning Practical and

Cost-effective Strategies for the Genetic-resource Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific. Mimeographed rept., 33 pp.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE. 1994. Protected areas for a new millennium: the implications of IUCN's protected area categories for forest conservation. Cited in WWF/ IUCN1998.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE/WORLD COMMISSION ON PROTECTED AREAS 1997. Protected areas in the 21st. century: from islands to network. Conference report, Albany, Western Australia,24-29 November 1997.

KOCHUMMEN, K. M. 1999. Pocket Check List of Timber Trees by J. Wyatt-Smith. Malayan Forest Records No. 17. Third revision. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong.

MANOKARAN, N., LAFRANKIE, J. & ROSLAN ISMAIL. 1991. Structure and composition of the Dipterocarpaceae in a lowland rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Pp. 317-331 in Soerianegara, I., Tjitrosomo, S. S., Umaly, R. e. & Umboh, I. (Eds.) Fourth Round-Table Conference on Dipterocarpaceae. Biotrop Special Publication No. 41. SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor.

SCHIMPER, A. F. W. 1903. Plant-geography upon a physiological basis (trans. Fisher, W.R., Groom P. & Balfour, I. B.). Oxford University Press. Oxford.

SYMINGTON, e. F. 1943. Foresters'Manual of Dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Record No. 16. (New Edn. 1974, Penerbit Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

WHITMORE, T. e. 1972. Leguminosae. Pp. 237-304 in Whitmore, T.e. (Ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya, Vol. 1. Longman, Kuala Lumpur.

WHlTMORE, T. e. 1984. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East. (2nd ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford.

WWF MALAYSIA. 1998. Protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia: an overview. WWF Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.


REFERENCES

ANONYMOUS. 1999. International forest conservation: protected areas and beyond. Draft paper prepared by Australian Government as contribution to Intergovernmental Forum on Forests meeting in May 1999.

ASHTON, P. S. 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana Series I, Vol. 9, pp. 237-552. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1989. Plant Genetic Resources: their

conservation in situ for human use. FAO Rome. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1993. Conservation of Genetic Resources

in Tropical Forest Management. Principles and Concepts. FAO Forestry Paper 107, FAO Rome. 105 pp.

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS. 1998. State of the World's Forests 1997. FAO,Rome.

FORESTRY DEPARTMENT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA. 1993. Development Plan for the Pilot Project - Genetic Resource Area of Johor, Malaysia. Mimeographed rept., 33 pp.

GOMEZ-POMPA, A. & KAUS, A. 1992. Taming the wilderness myth. BioScience 42: 271-279. INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER ORGANISATION. 1996. ITTO Project Proposal- Planning Practical and

Cost-effective Strategies for the Genetic-resource Conservation of Commercial Tree Species in Tropical Asia and the Pacific. Mimeographed rept., 33 pp.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE. 1994. Protected areas for a new millennium: the implications of IUCN's protected area categories for forest conservation. Cited in WWF/ IUCN1998.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF CONSERVATION OF NATURE/WORLD COMMISSION ON PROTECTED AREAS 1997. Protected areas in the 21st. century: from islands to network. Conference report, Albany, Western Australia,24-29 November 1997.

KOCHUMMEN, K. M. 1999. Pocket Check List of Timber Trees by J. Wyatt-Smith. Malayan Forest Records No. 17. Third revision. Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong.

MANOKARAN, N., LAFRANKIE, J. & ROSLAN ISMAIL. 1991. Structure and composition of the Dipterocarpaceae in a lowland rain forest in Peninsular Malaysia. Pp. 317-331 in Soerianegara, I., Tjitrosomo, S. S., Umaly, R. e. & Umboh, I. (Eds.) Fourth Round-Table Conference on Dipterocarpaceae. Biotrop Special Publication No. 41. SEAMEO BIOTROP, Bogor.

SCHIMPER, A. F. W. 1903. Plant-geography upon a physiological basis (trans. Fisher, W.R., Groom P. & Balfour, I. B.). Oxford University Press. Oxford.

SYMINGTON, e. F. 1943. Foresters'Manual of Dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Record No. 16. (New Edn. 1974, Penerbit Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

WHITMORE, T. e. 1972. Leguminosae. Pp. 237-304 in Whitmore, T.e. (Ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya, Vol. 1. Longman, Kuala Lumpur.

WHlTMORE, T. e. 1984. Tropical Rain Forest of the Far East. (2nd ed.) Oxford University Press, Oxford.

WWF MALAYSIA. 1998. Protected areas in Peninsular Malaysia: an overview. WWF Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.


The operational framework of the National Steering Committee

National Steering Committee Chairman: Head of National Forestry Authority

1 Task Force

1 Task Force

State/Provincial Committee Chairman: Head of State/Provincial Forestry Authority

Appendix 1

1 Task Force


The operational framework of the National Steering Committee

National Steering Committee Chairman: Head of National Forestry Authority

1 Task Force

1 Task Force

State/Provincial Committee Chairman: Head of State/Provincial Forestry Authority

Appendix 1

1 Task Force


Appendix 2

Flow chart for identification of Target Species

Step 1

Prepare list of timber species of the families Dipterocarpaceae & Leguminosae

I

Step 2

Obtain distribution pattern of the species

I Step 3

Assign rankings to the species

I

Step 4

Prepare national list of Target Species

I

Step 5

Compile a national database of the selected Target Species

I

Step 6

Make·database freely available to relevant personnel


Appendix 2

Flow chart for identification of Target Species

Step 1

Prepare list of timber species of the families Dipterocarpaceae & Leguminosae

I

Step 2

Obtain distribution pattern of the species

I Step 3

Assign rankings to the species

I

Step 4

Prepare national list of Target Species

I

Step 5

Compile a national database of the selected Target Species

I

Step 6

Make·database freely available to relevant personnel

32

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

1l. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.


Appendix 3

List of timber species in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae in Peninsular Malaysia

(from Kochummen 1999)

I>ipterocarpaceae

Scientific name Local name

Anisoptera costata Mersawa kesat Anisoptera curtisii Mersawa kuning Anisoptera laevis Mersawa durian Anisoptera marginata Mersawa paya Anisoptera megistocarpa Mersawa merah Anisoptera scaphula Mersawa gajah Cotylelobium lanceolatum Resakbukit Cotylelobium melanoxylon Resak tempurong Dipterocarpus baudii Keruing bulu Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. Penangianus Keruing gasing Dipterocarpus chartaceus Keruing kertas Dipterocarpus concavus Keruing sendok Dipterocarpus coriaceus Keruing paya Dipterocarpus cornutus Keruing gombang Dipterocarpus costatus Keruing bukit Dipterocarpus costulatus Keruing kipas Dipterocarpus crinitus Keruing mempelas Dipterocarpus dyeri Keruing etoi Dipterocarpus elongatus Keruing latek Dipterocarpus eurynchus Keruing baran Dipterocarpus fagineus Keruing pipit Dipterocarpus gracilis Keruing kesa t Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Keruing belimbing Dipterocarpus hasseltii Keruing ropol Dipterocarpus kerrii Keruing gondol Dipterocarpus kunstleri Keruing gombang merah Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Keruing neram Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Keruing beludu Dipterocarpus palembanicus Keruing ternek Dipterocarpus perakensis Keruing perak

32

l. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

1l. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.


Appendix 3

List of timber species in the families Dipterocarpaceae and Leguminosae in Peninsular Malaysia

(from Kochummen 1999)

I>ipterocarpaceae

Scientific name Local name

Anisoptera costata Mersawa kesat Anisoptera curtisii Mersawa kuning Anisoptera laevis Mersawa durian Anisoptera marginata Mersawa paya Anisoptera megistocarpa Mersawa merah Anisoptera scaphula Mersawa gajah Cotylelobium lanceolatum Resakbukit Cotylelobium melanoxylon Resak tempurong Dipterocarpus baudii Keruing bulu Dipterocarpus caudatus ssp. Penangianus Keruing gasing Dipterocarpus chartaceus Keruing kertas Dipterocarpus concavus Keruing sendok Dipterocarpus coriaceus Keruing paya Dipterocarpus cornutus Keruing gombang Dipterocarpus costatus Keruing bukit Dipterocarpus costulatus Keruing kipas Dipterocarpus crinitus Keruing mempelas Dipterocarpus dyeri Keruing etoi Dipterocarpus elongatus Keruing latek Dipterocarpus eurynchus Keruing baran Dipterocarpus fagineus Keruing pipit Dipterocarpus gracilis Keruing kesa t Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Keruing belimbing Dipterocarpus hasseltii Keruing ropol Dipterocarpus kerrii Keruing gondol Dipterocarpus kunstleri Keruing gombang merah Dipterocarpus oblongifolius Keruing neram Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Keruing beludu Dipterocarpus palembanicus Keruing ternek Dipterocarpus perakensis Keruing perak


31. 32. 33. 34 35. 36. 37. 38 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpus rigidus Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dipterocarpus semivestitus Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops oblongifolia Hopea apiculata Hopea beccariana Hopea bracteata Hopea coriacea Hopea dryobalanoides Hopea dyeri Hopea ferrea Hopeaferruginea Hopea glaucescens Hopea griffithii Hopea helferi Hopea johorensis Hopea latifolia Hopea mengarawan Hopea montana Hopea myrtifolia Hopea nervosa Hopea nutans Hopea odorata Hopea pachycarpa Hopea pedicellata Hopea pierre Hopea polyalthioides Hopea pubescens Hopea sangal Hopea semicuneata Hopea subalata Hopea sublanceolata Hopea sulcata Neobalanocarpus heimii Parashorea densiflora Parashorea globosa Parashorea stellata Shorea acuminata Shorea assamica f. globifera Shorea atrinervosa

Keruing gunong Keruing chogan Keruing mengkai Keruing sarawak Keruing padi Keruing kerut Keruing merah Kapur Keladan Giam melukut Merawan batu Merawan ungu Giamhantu Merawan mata kuching hitam Merawan palit Giammalut Merawan mata kuching merah Merawan kelabu Merawan jantan Giam lintah bukit Merawan mata kuching pipit Merawan daun bulat Merawan penak Merawan gunong Merawan mata kuching beludu Merawan jangkang Giam Merawan siput jantan Giam bayan Merawan mata kuching bukit Giampalong Giamrambai Merawan bunga Merawan siput Giamjantan Giam kanching Merawan jeruai Merawan meranti Chengal Gerutu pasir Gerutu pasir daun besar Gerutu-gerutu Meranti rambai daun Meranti pipit Balau hitam


31. 32. 33. 34 35. 36. 37. 38 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75.

Dipterocarpus retusus Dipterocarpus rigidus Dipterocarpus rotundifolius Dipterocarpus sarawakensis Dipterocarpus semivestitus Dipterocarpus sublamellatus Dipterocarpus verrucosus Dryobalanops aromatica Dryobalanops oblongifolia Hopea apiculata Hopea beccariana Hopea bracteata Hopea coriacea Hopea dryobalanoides Hopea dyeri Hopea ferrea Hopeaferruginea Hopea glaucescens Hopea griffithii Hopea helferi Hopea johorensis Hopea latifolia Hopea mengarawan Hopea montana Hopea myrtifolia Hopea nervosa Hopea nutans Hopea odorata Hopea pachycarpa Hopea pedicellata Hopea pierre Hopea polyalthioides Hopea pubescens Hopea sangal Hopea semicuneata Hopea subalata Hopea sublanceolata Hopea sulcata Neobalanocarpus heimii Parashorea densiflora Parashorea globosa Parashorea stellata Shorea acuminata Shorea assamica f. globifera Shorea atrinervosa

Keruing gunong Keruing chogan Keruing mengkai Keruing sarawak Keruing padi Keruing kerut Keruing merah Kapur Keladan Giam melukut Merawan batu Merawan ungu Giamhantu Merawan mata kuching hitam Merawan palit Giammalut Merawan mata kuching merah Merawan kelabu Merawan jantan Giam lintah bukit Merawan mata kuching pipit Merawan daun bulat Merawan penak Merawan gunong Merawan mata kuching beludu Merawan jangkang Giam Merawan siput jantan Giam bayan Merawan mata kuching bukit Giampalong Giamrambai Merawan bunga Merawan siput Giamjantan Giam kanching Merawan jeruai Merawan meranti Chengal Gerutu pasir Gerutu pasir daun besar Gerutu-gerutu Meranti rambai daun Meranti pipit Balau hitam


76. Shorea balanocarpoides Damar hitam katup 77. Shorea bentongensis Meranti mengkai 78. Shorea blumutensis Damar hitam kelim 79. Shorea bracteolata Meranti pa' ang 80. Shorea ciliata Balau gunong 8l. Shorea collina Balau merah 82. Shorea curtisii Meranti seraya 83. Shorea curtisii spp. grandis Meranti seraya daun besar 84. Shorea dealbata Meranti bumbong 85. Shorea exelliptica Balau tembaga 86. Shorea faguetiana Damar hitam siput 87. Shorea falcifera Balau kuning 88. Shorea foxworthyi Balau bukit 89. Shorea gibbosa Damar hitam gajah 90. Shorea glauca Balau laut 9l. Shorea gratissima Meranti laut 92. Shorea guiso Balau membatu 93. Shorea hemsleyana Meranti daun besar 94. Shorea henryana Meranti jerit 95. Shorea hopeifolia Damar hitam siput jantan 96. Shorea hypochra Meranti temak 97. Shorea johorensis Meranti pepijat 98. Shorea kuantanensis Damar hitam siput besar 99. Shorea kunstleri Balau laut merah

100. Shorea laevis Balaukumus 10l. Shorea lamellata Meranti lapis 102. Shorea lepidota Meranti langgong 103. Shorea leprosula Meranti tembaga 104. Shorea longisperma Damar hitam bulu 105. Shorea lumutensis Balau puteri 106. Shorea macrantha Meranti kepong hantu 107. Shorea macroptera Meranti melantai 108. Shorea materialis Balau pasir 109. Shorea maxima Damar hitam sengkawang puteh 110. Shorea maxwelliana Balau kumus hitam 11 I. Shorea multiflora Damar hitam pipit 112. Shorea ochrophloia Balau membatu jantan 113. Shorea ovalis Meranti kepong 114. Shorea ovata Meranti sarang punai bukit 115. Shorea palembanica Meranti tengkawang ayer 116. Shorea parvifolia Meranti sarang punai 117. Shorea pauciflora Meranti nemesu 118. Shorea peltata Damar hitam telepok 119. Shorea platycarpa Meranti paya 120. Shorea platyclados Meranti bukit


76. Shorea balanocarpoides Damar hitam katup 77. Shorea bentongensis Meranti mengkai 78. Shorea blumutensis Damar hitam kelim 79. Shorea bracteolata Meranti pa' ang 80. Shorea ciliata Balau gunong 8l. Shorea collina Balau merah 82. Shorea curtisii Meranti seraya 83. Shorea curtisii spp. grandis Meranti seraya daun besar 84. Shorea dealbata Meranti bumbong 85. Shorea exelliptica Balau tembaga 86. Shorea faguetiana Damar hitam siput 87. Shorea falcifera Balau kuning 88. Shorea foxworthyi Balau bukit 89. Shorea gibbosa Damar hitam gajah 90. Shorea glauca Balau laut 9l. Shorea gratissima Meranti laut 92. Shorea guiso Balau membatu 93. Shorea hemsleyana Meranti daun besar 94. Shorea henryana Meranti jerit 95. Shorea hopeifolia Damar hitam siput jantan 96. Shorea hypochra Meranti temak 97. Shorea johorensis Meranti pepijat 98. Shorea kuantanensis Damar hitam siput besar 99. Shorea kunstleri Balau laut merah

100. Shorea laevis Balaukumus 10l. Shorea lamellata Meranti lapis 102. Shorea lepidota Meranti langgong 103. Shorea leprosula Meranti tembaga 104. Shorea longisperma Damar hitam bulu 105. Shorea lumutensis Balau puteri 106. Shorea macrantha Meranti kepong hantu 107. Shorea macroptera Meranti melantai 108. Shorea materialis Balau pasir 109. Shorea maxima Damar hitam sengkawang puteh 110. Shorea maxwelliana Balau kumus hitam 11 I. Shorea multiflora Damar hitam pipit 112. Shorea ochrophloia Balau membatu jantan 113. Shorea ovalis Meranti kepong 114. Shorea ovata Meranti sarang punai bukit 115. Shorea palembanica Meranti tengkawang ayer 116. Shorea parvifolia Meranti sarang punai 117. Shorea pauciflora Meranti nemesu 118. Shorea peltata Damar hitam telepok 119. Shorea platycarpa Meranti paya 120. Shorea platyclados Meranti bukit


121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Shorea resinosa Shorea roxburghii Shorea scrobiculata Shorea siamensis Shorea singkawang Shorea singkawang var. scabrosa Shorea submontana Shorea sumatrana Shorea teysmanniana Shorea uliginosa Vatica bella Vatica cinerea Vatica cuspidata Vatica flavida Vatica heteroptera Vatica hulletii Vatica lobata Vatica lowii Vatica maingayi Vatica mangachapoi Vatica nitens Vatica odorata Vatica pallida Vatica pauciflora Vatica perakensis Vatica scortechinii Vatica sp. I A' Vatica stapftana Vatica umbonata Vatica venulosa

Leguminosae

Scientific name

Adenanthera malayana Adenanthera pavonina Albizia pedicellata Albizia splendens Archidendron bubalinum Cynometra iripa . Cynometra malaccensis Cynometra ramiflora

Meranti belang Meranti temak nip is Balau sengkawang darat Tenak batu Meranti sengkawang merah Meranti sengkawang bulu Balau gajah Balau sengkawang ayer Meranti bunga Meranti bakau Resak keluang Resak laut Resak daun runching Resakpadi Resak gunong Resak Resakpaya Resak pipit Resak lidi Resak julong Resak daun panjang Resak ranting kesat Resak kechil Resak laru Resakputeh Resak langgong Resak gajah Resak mempening Resak Resak letop

Local name

Saga daun tajam Saga daun tumpul Batai hutan Kungkur Keredas Kekatong laut Kekatong Kekatong laut


121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Shorea resinosa Shorea roxburghii Shorea scrobiculata Shorea siamensis Shorea singkawang Shorea singkawang var. scabrosa Shorea submontana Shorea sumatrana Shorea teysmanniana Shorea uliginosa Vatica bella Vatica cinerea Vatica cuspidata Vatica flavida Vatica heteroptera Vatica hulletii Vatica lobata Vatica lowii Vatica maingayi Vatica mangachapoi Vatica nitens Vatica odorata Vatica pallida Vatica pauciflora Vatica perakensis Vatica scortechinii Vatica sp. I A' Vatica stapftana Vatica umbonata Vatica venulosa

Leguminosae

Scientific name

Adenanthera malayana Adenanthera pavonina Albizia pedicellata Albizia splendens Archidendron bubalinum Cynometra iripa . Cynometra malaccensis Cynometra ramiflora

Meranti belang Meranti temak nip is Balau sengkawang darat Tenak batu Meranti sengkawang merah Meranti sengkawang bulu Balau gajah Balau sengkawang ayer Meranti bunga Meranti bakau Resak keluang Resak laut Resak daun runching Resakpadi Resak gunong Resak Resakpaya Resak pipit Resak lidi Resak julong Resak daun panjang Resak ranting kesat Resak kechil Resak laru Resakputeh Resak langgong Resak gajah Resak mempening Resak Resak letop

Local name

Saga daun tajam Saga daun tumpul Batai hutan Kungkur Keredas Kekatong laut Kekatong Kekatong laut

35

36

9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Dialium platysepalum Dialium procerum Intsia palembanica Koompassia excelsa Koompassia malaccensis Ormosia bancana Ormo$ia sumatrana Paraserianthes falcataria Parkia singularis Parkia speciosa Parkia timoriana Pterocarpus indicus Sindora coriacea Sindora echinocalyx Sindora siamensis Sindora velutina Sindora wallichii


Keranji kuning besar Keranji tunggal Merbau Tualang Kempas Saga hutan Saga hutan Batai Petai mer anti Petai Petai kerayong Sena Sepetir daun lichin Sepetir daun nipis Sepetir mempelas Sepetir beludu besar Sepetir daun tebal

36

9. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 2l. 22. 23. 24. 25.

Dialium platysepalum Dialium procerum Intsia palembanica Koompassia excelsa Koompassia malaccensis Ormosia bancana Ormo$ia sumatrana Paraserianthes falcataria Parkia singularis Parkia speciosa Parkia timoriana Pterocarpus indicus Sindora coriacea Sindora echinocalyx Sindora siamensis Sindora velutina Sindora wallichii


Keranji kuning besar Keranji tunggal Merbau Tualang Kempas Saga hutan Saga hutan Batai Petai mer anti Petai Petai kerayong Sena Sepetir daun lichin Sepetir daun nipis Sepetir mempelas Sepetir beludu besar Sepetir daun tebal


Appendix 4a

Notes:

I I I I I I

2N I

Distribution of Shorea laevis (Balau kumus) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium

data (credit: Saw, L.G.)

I I I I I I I I I I __ L ____________ L ____________ I ____________ -.l ____ _ I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I ______ L ___________ ~ ____ _ I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I I I el I I I le I I

-------~------------~------------~--- --------1-----I I I I I I I I I

e l I I I I I

e l I I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I I I !_ I

-~------------~-------~-----I I I I I I I I I

I I

ai- ! • I I I

----#~-.-------_i_----I. le le I el I I I I I

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

-------\-----I I I I I I I I I I I I

--------1-----I I I I I I I I I I

I I ----T---------- ----,,-----------,

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

-~--+------------t------------~--I I I

01 .... 1 NI

~i ~I ~1

I I I I

1. Species may have wider distribution than as shown if collection of botanical specimens was not widespread.

2. Species may now not be present in certain areas shown in the map if forests there had subsequently been converted to other land uses.


Appendix 4a

Notes:

I I I I I I

2N I

Distribution of Shorea laevis (Balau kumus) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium


I I I I I I I I I I __ L ____________ L ____________ I ____________ -.l ____ _ I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I ______ L ___________ ~ ____ _ I I I I I I I I I I I I

I I I I I I I I

I I I I el I I I le I I

-------~------------~------------~--- --------1-----I I I I I I I I I

e l I I I I I

e l I I I I I I I I I I I I I r I I I I !_ I

-~------------~-------~-----I I I I I I I I I

I I

ai- ! • I I I

----#~-.-------_i_----I. le le I el I I I I I

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I I I

-------\-----I I I I I I I I I I I I

--------1-----I I I I I I I I I I

I I ----T---------- ----,,-----------,

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

-~--+------------t------------~--I I I

01 .... 1 NI

~i ~I ~1

I I I I



38

Notes:


Appendix 4b

Distribution of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Chengal) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium


················1

I ................................ "1 ....................... · .. ··························T ...................................................... j

I

I • I

, I i. I i

--t-#------+-----------:--

: '~.... ! ••

I ~.~r----------~.---+----~~

I

I ,~, I "-----,-------

m I



38

Notes:


Appendix 4b

Distribution of Neobalanocarpus heimii (Chengal) in Peninsular Malaysia based on herbarium


················1

I ................................ "1 ....................... · .. ··························T ...................................................... j

I

I • I

, I i. I i

--t-#------+-----------:--

: '~.... ! ••

I ~.~r----------~.---+----~~

I

I ,~, I "-----,-------

m I




Appendix 5

Flow chart for establishment of conservation stands

Step 1 Carry out an aerial survey at the jmu

I Step 2

Carry out forest inventory at the jmu

I Step 3

Analyse the inventory data to obtain composition and distribution pattern

I Step 4

Identify possible locations for conservation stands

I Step 5

Carry out ground truthing

I Step 6

Demarcate area as the conservation stand (if the Target Species is well represented)

• Size • Layout

I Step 7

Select individuals of the Target Species

• Tag

• Record height & diameter

• Map location

I Step 8

Store data in electronic form


Appendix 5

Flow chart for establishment of conservation stands

Step 1 Carry out an aerial survey at the jmu

I Step 2

Carry out forest inventory at the jmu

I Step 3

Analyse the inventory data to obtain composition and distribution pattern

I Step 4

Identify possible locations for conservation stands

I Step 5

Carry out ground truthing

I Step 6

Demarcate area as the conservation stand (if the Target Species is well represented)

• Size • Layout

I Step 7

Select individuals of the Target Species

• Tag

• Record height & diameter

• Map location

I Step 8

Store data in electronic form


Appendix 6

Aerial survey using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Survey Points at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia

Scale 1 : 100,000 1 2: l"pt,

-------_..-/"""-------

Legend

~ GPS Points

N River '----,,_- --N East - West Highway /', --- Trails /\.> Compartment Boundary


Appendix 6

Aerial survey using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Survey Points at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia

Scale 1 : 100,000 1 2: l"pt,

-------_..-/"""-------

Legend

~ GPS Points

N River '----,,_- --N East - West Highway /', --- Trails /\.> Compartment Boundary


Appendix 7a

Distribution of sampling points in a forest inventory at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia

LEGEND

'. Inventory Design

~/\./ River

N East - West Highway

/\! Trail /\/ Compartment Boundary

Scale 1 : 100.000 t 2 Jot ....

'.< ••

".


Appendix 7a

Distribution of sampling points in a forest inventory at an fmu in Peninsular Malaysia

LEGEND

'. Inventory Design

~/\./ River

N East - West Highway

/\! Trail /\/ Compartment Boundary

Scale 1 : 100.000 t 2 Jot ....

'.< ••

".


Appendix 7b

Cluster of plots at each sampling point

45°

61m

45"

45"

45"

225"

25m 86m


Appendix 7b

Cluster of plots at each sampling point

45°

61m

45"

45"

45"

225"

25m 86m


Radius

Design and specification at each sample plot

Size

<5.0cmDBH

Parameter

Species, Number

DBH, Height, Species

43

Appendix 7c

1.0 m

2.5m

1B.Om

~ 5.0 cm - < 30.0 cm DBH

~30.0cmDBH DBH, Height, Quality, Status, Species


Radius

Design and specification at each sample plot

Size

<5.0cmDBH

Parameter

Species, Number

DBH, Height, Species

43

Appendix 7c

1.0 m

2.5m

1B.Om

~ 5.0 cm - < 30.0 cm DBH

~30.0cmDBH DBH, Height, Quality, Status, Species

AA


Appendix 9

Flow chart for maintenance, monitoring and evaluation

Step 1 Maintenance on annual basis

• permanent boundary • permanent labels

I Step 2

Monitor population of the Target Species • flowering, fruiting and seedling establishment • tracking of wildings

I Step 3

Recensus the population of the Target Species

• height/ diameter

• mortality

• recruitment into minimum height/ diameter class

• mapping

• update database

I Step 4

Ev.aluate the effectiveness of the stand

II <'

AA


Appendix 9

Flow chart for maintenance, monitoring and evaluation

Step 1 Maintenance on annual basis

• permanent boundary • permanent labels

I Step 2

Monitor population of the Target Species • flowering, fruiting and seedling establishment • tracking of wildings

I Step 3

Recensus the population of the Target Species

• height/ diameter

• mortality

• recruitment into minimum height/ diameter class

• mapping

• update database

I Step 4

Ev.aluate the effectiveness of the stand

II <'


Appendix 10

Flow chart for retention of good genotypes as mother trees

Step 1 Pre-felling inventory

I

Step 2 Mark trees to be felled (incorporting directional

felling & climber cutting)

I Step 3

Count individual of the Target Species & map on the stock map

I Step 4

Identify mature individuals of the Target Species (good phenotypes)

I

Step 5 At time of logging - retain most vigorous

phenotypes as mother trees

I Step 6

Post-felling inventory

I Step 7

Analyse post-felling inventory data to determine silvicultural treatment required

I Step 8

If stocking of the Target Species is inadequate, carry out enrichment planting

I Step 9

Store information in a database system


Appendix 10

Flow chart for retention of good genotypes as mother trees

Step 1 Pre-felling inventory

I

Step 2 Mark trees to be felled (incorporting directional

felling & climber cutting)

I Step 3

Count individual of the Target Species & map on the stock map

I Step 4

Identify mature individuals of the Target Species (good phenotypes)

I

Step 5 At time of logging - retain most vigorous

phenotypes as mother trees

I Step 6

Post-felling inventory

I Step 7

Analyse post-felling inventory data to determine silvicultural treatment required

I Step 8

If stocking of the Target Species is inadequate, carry out enrichment planting

I Step 9

Store information in a database system


Appendix 11 a

Layout of sample plots in pre- and post-felling inventories

>- '"

Plot No. I (50m x 20m)

>- '"

Plot No. 2 (25m x 20m)

;

~"'--IOOITI~

Note: Not to scale

'" ~ ~

(lOm x IDOl) (Sm x Sm)

First sampling line should be 50m from the stan of the base line


'"


Appendix 11 a

Layout of sample plots in pre- and post-felling inventories

>- '"

Plot No. I (50m x 20m)

>- '"


;

~"'--IOOITI~

Note: Not to scale

'" ~ ~

(lOm x IDOl) (Sm x Sm)

First sampling line should be 50m from the stan of the base line


'"


Appendix 11 b

Positioning and dimensions of sampling units within pre- and post-felling inventory plots

.. 25m -Iom--),

---( .

N o

--8

1 ....

-Sm-

-2m~ I V> V Plot centre

I~ i " ( Inventory line - '-J

j '-

~·~!.----------50m -----------.~ii.

Efj Temporary stake

Note: Not to scale


Appendix 11 b

Positioning and dimensions of sampling units within pre- and post-felling inventory plots

.. 25m -Iom--),

---( .

N o

--8

1 ....

-Sm-

-2m~ I V> V Plot centre

I~ i " ( Inventory line - '-J

j '-

~·~!.----------50m -----------.~ii.

Efj Temporary stake

Note: Not to scale

Fixed Plot Sampling

" ~

~ ~ 1 11

PLOT

CODe (50Mx 20M)

ALL TREES

>45CM

2 3 . SPECIES

PLOT

I (25 m ~20mJ SUB·PLOT B

CODe I QNLYTREES

INTERTWINED WITH CLIMBER

rJ3aJ3aJ·ol -

Field sheet for pre-felling inventory

CREW LEADER DATE

RECORDING OFFICER DATE

CHECKING CREW LEADER DATE

(A) GENERAL INFORMATION, RATTANS & BAMBOO

z 0 ~.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g

12 1314 1516

(B) INFORMATION ON TREES AND CLIMBERS

LOG CLIMBER

0 PLOT 0

" ! CODe (SOMx 20M) " ~ 11 CODE

~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ I ALL TREES

~ ~ >30CM-45CM ~

1011112 13 14115116 _~7 18119120 2122 23 1 24 25~29

I ~~

I PLOT

VIGOUR "

CODE (10mxl0m) OIAMETER CODE

g i ALL TREES ~ ~ ~ >5cm-15cm 5

RATIAN

PLOT

(25MX20M)

SU8·PLOTA

ALL TREES

,. 15CM-JOCM

PLO.T

(SmxSm/2mx2m)

ALL TREES ~ 5 cm

41424344 4546 47461 49[50151 521 531 " s ss-.lsrJssJ" --'

Appendix lie

BAMBOO

I ffi. I ffi E

~] ! ~ J~6~6.163

01 o

fA1 B" g: <n' ;:,-

~ ;:so .... l:I ;:s l:I..

~ ;:s

1 '" ::t

<Q, ;r ~, i! Q ;:s

'" ~ 6' ;:s Cl)

B" ;:s 1}

Fixed Plot Sampling

< " g ! ~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ 8~ ~ , , , , , , 7 11

I I I I I I

PLOT

CODe (50Mx 20M)

ALL TREES

>45CM

'1'1'1' SPECIES '1'171 B

PLOT

(25 m ~20mJ SUB·PLOT B

CODe QNLYTREES

INTERTWINED WITH CLIMBER

,,1,,1,,140

Field sheet for pre-felling inventory

CREW LEADER DATE

RECORDING OFFICER DATE

CHECKING CREW LEADER DATE

(A) GENERAL INFORMATION, RATTANS & BAMBOO

z 0

~ ~.

§ ~ ~ ~ ~ g g

g ~ I ~ .

~ I ~ ~ c ~ ~ ~ i ~ A B g g ~

12 13 14 " 16 17 18 21 22 23 24 2S " " " " 30 31 32 33 34 3S

I I I I I I I I I I I (B) INFORMATION ON TREES AND CLIMBERS

LOG CLIMBER

0 PLOT 0

" ! CODe (SOMx 20M) DIAMETER

" ~ CODE

~ ~ ~ i ~ I ALL TREES

~ ~ >30CM-45CM ~

10 11 12 13 14 1"1"1 17 18119120 21 22 23 24 2S "1"1"1"

I CUMB~

I PLOT

VIGOUR "

CODE (10mxl0m) OIAMETER CODE

g i ALL TREES ~ ~ ~ >5cm-15cm ,.

RATIAN

ElF 38 39 40 41 4243

I I I I

PLOT

(25MX20M)

SUS·PLOTA

ALL TREES

,. 15CM-JOCM

PLO.T

30

(SmxSm/2mx2m)

ALL TREES ~ 5 cm

41142143 44 45 46 47 48149lsol51 521 "I 54 , "1"lsal"

BAMBOO

46 47 48 49

I I

" " i g ,. 31 32 33 34

~~ ~~

so 51 I

~

~ • 3S

ffiE

!~ 62 63

Appendix lie 01 o


Appendix 12

List of project members and contributors

1. Project Steering Committee

February 1996 - December 1997

Mr. Derick M. Olsen (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Efransiah (IITO, Japan) Mr. Haron bin Hj. Abu Hassan (ASEAN Institute of Forest Management (AIFM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia)

January 1998 - June 2000

Dato' Dr. Abd. Razak bin Mohd. Ali (Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia) Mr. Nik Adnan bin Nik Abdullah (Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia) Mr. Patrick O'Reilley IMr. Timothy Richardson (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM), Malaysia)

2. Technical Committee

Hi. Dahlan bin Taha (RC FM, Malaysia) Mr. Haron bin Hi. Abu Hassan U\IFM) - February 1966 - December 1997 Dayang Noralinda bt. Hi. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan) Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philipines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Institute of Tree Breeding, Indonesia) Mr. Nasaruddin bin Rahman (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Associate Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (RCFM) - January 1998 - June 2000 Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri bin Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia)

3. Task Force

Dr. Baskaran Krishnapillay (FRIM, Malaysia) Or, N. Manokaran (FRIM, Malaysia) Mr. Thang Hooi Chiew (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia)


Appendix 12

List of project members and contributors

1. Project Steering Committee

February 1996 - December 1997

Mr. Derick M. Olsen (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Efransiah (IITO, Japan) Mr. Haron bin Hj. Abu Hassan (ASEAN Institute of Forest Management (AIFM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia)

January 1998 - June 2000

Dato' Dr. Abd. Razak bin Mohd. Ali (Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Malaysia) Mr. Motokatsu Watanabe (Japan Embassy, Malaysia) Mr. Nik Adnan bin Nik Abdullah (Ministry of Primary Industries, Malaysia) Mr. Patrick O'Reilley IMr. Timothy Richardson (USA Embassy, Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (Regional Centre for Forest Management (RCFM), Malaysia)

2. Technical Committee

Hi. Dahlan bin Taha (RC FM, Malaysia) Mr. Haron bin Hi. Abu Hassan U\IFM) - February 1966 - December 1997 Dayang Noralinda bt. Hi. Ibrahim (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Prof. Dr. Masaki Katsuta (Tokyo University of Agriculture, Japan) Prof. Dr. Mercedes Garcia (University Philipines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mr. Mohd Charomaini (Institute of Tree Breeding, Indonesia) Mr. Nasaruddin bin Rahman (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Neville Howcroft (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Associate Prof. Dr. Noraini bt. Ab. Shukor (Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia) Dr. Roslan bin Ismail (RCFM) - January 1998 - June 2000 Prof. Dato' Dr. Zakri bin Abd. Hamid (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Malaysia)

3. Task Force

Dr. Baskaran Krishnapillay (FRIM, Malaysia) Or, N. Manokaran (FRIM, Malaysia) Mr. Thang Hooi Chiew (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia)


4. Peer Review

Dato' Baharuddin bin Hj. Ghazali (Gaya Tunas Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia) Prof. Dr. A. N. Rao (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Asia Pacific Office, Malaysia)

5. Technical Meetings and Workshops Participants

Dr. S. Appanah (FRIM, Malaysia) Mr. Adi Susilo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Antonio C. Manila (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Bibiano P. Ranes (Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity, Philippines) Mr. Borhan bin Mohammad (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Chin Yue Mun (AIFM, Malaysia) Hj. Dahlan bin Taha (RCFM, Malaysia) Dr. Darus bin Ahmad (FRIM, Malaysia) Dayang Haktu Mabong (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Mr. Djati Wiljaksono Hadi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Edwino Fernando (University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mrs. Ernayati (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Mr. Ernest Chai (Forestry Department Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Halim Khairi bin Hj. Mahfar (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Hendi Suhaendi (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development, Institute, Indonesia) Mr. Jesus Javier (Department of Environment & Natural Resources, Philippines) Mr. Jose D. Malvas (Forest Management Bureau, Philippines) Mr. Kipiro Damas (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Ms. Latifah bt. Teh (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Manop Lauprasert (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Mr. Ngatiman (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Dr. Pham Hoai Duc (Department of Forestry Development, Vietnam) Mr. PisalWasuwanich (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Dr. Samedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Shahbuddin bin Sabki (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Dr. Sining Unchi (Forestry Department Sabah, Malaysia) Mr. Suparno Wiradijojo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Sutarman Arsyad (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development Institute, Indonesia) Dr. I. G. M. Tantra (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Thai See Kiam (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia) Mr. Uhaedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Vu Van Dzuna (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Vietnam) Mr. Wan Fazali bin Mohd Salleh (RCFM, Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wickneswari (UKM, Malaysia)


4. Peer Review

Dato' Baharuddin bin Hj. Ghazali (Gaya Tunas Sdn. Bhd., Malaysia) Prof. Dr. A. N. Rao (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI), Asia Pacific Office, Malaysia)

5. Technical Meetings and Workshops Participants

Dr. S. Appanah (FRIM, Malaysia) Mr. Adi Susilo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Antonio C. Manila (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Bibiano P. Ranes (Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity, Philippines) Mr. Borhan bin Mohammad (RCFM, Malaysia) Mr. Chin Yue Mun (AIFM, Malaysia) Hj. Dahlan bin Taha (RCFM, Malaysia) Dr. Darus bin Ahmad (FRIM, Malaysia) Dayang Haktu Mabong (Forestry Department, Brunei Darussalam) Mr. Djati Wiljaksono Hadi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Dr. Edwino Fernando (University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines) Mrs. Ernayati (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Mr. Ernest Chai (Forestry Department Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Halim Khairi bin Hj. Mahfar (AIFM, Malaysia) Dr. Hendi Suhaendi (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development, Institute, Indonesia) Mr. Jesus Javier (Department of Environment & Natural Resources, Philippines) Mr. Jose D. Malvas (Forest Management Bureau, Philippines) Mr. Kipiro Damas (Forest Research Institute, Papua New Guinea) Ms. Latifah bt. Teh (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Mr. Manop Lauprasert (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Mr. Ngatiman (Forest Research Institute, Samarinda, Indonesia) Dr. Pham Hoai Duc (Department of Forestry Development, Vietnam) Mr. PisalWasuwanich (Royal Forest Department, Thailand) Dr. Samedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Shahbuddin bin Sabki (Forestry Department, Sarawak, Malaysia) Dr. Sining Unchi (Forestry Department Sabah, Malaysia) Mr. Suparno Wiradijojo (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Sutarman Arsyad (Forest Tree Improvement, Research and Development Institute, Indonesia) Dr. I. G. M. Tantra (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Thai See Kiam (Forestry Department Headquarters, Malaysia) Mr. Uhaedi (Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia) Mr. Vu Van Dzuna (Forest Inventory and Planning Institute, Vietnam) Mr. Wan Fazali bin Mohd Salleh (RCFM, Malaysia) Assoc. Prof. Dr. Wickneswari (UKM, Malaysia)

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