technical report itio pd 106/01 rev. 1 (f) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(f… · its impact on generating...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F)
![Page 2: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
TECHNICAL REPORT Ino PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F)
Conservation and Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Tree Species of Tropical Rain
Forest of Indonesia
Prepared by Anto Rimbawanto
![Page 3: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© 2006 by Faculty of Forestry, GMU and International Tropical Timber Organization
This publication was made possible by a generous grant from the International Tropical
Timber Organization (ITIO), Yokohama, Japan.
Published by
ITIO PO 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
Faculty of Forestry, GMU
Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Available from
ITIO Project, Faculty of Forestry, GMU
Phone/Fax. 62-274-545639
E-mail:[email protected]
ISBN: 979-99818-7-5
Printed in Indonesia
ii Technical Report PO 106/01 Rev.1 (F)
![Page 4: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Conservation and Utilization Strategy
3. Genetic Diversity
3.1. Isozyme diversity
3.2. Molecular diversity
4. Genetic Resources
4.1. Natural Stands
4.2. Genetic Conservation Stands
4.3. Genetic Trial Stands .....
5. Deployment Strategy
5.1. Clonal Propagation
5.2. Seed Propagation
6. Synthesis and Implications
iii Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
5
·5
.7
.7
8
9
9
.1
3
3
.... 7
.. ·9
.. ·10
![Page 5: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
--I
Preface
Massive deterioration of Indonesia's natural forest is evident from
the sharp decline of official timber production, which stood at over 30 million m3 annually between 1970 - 1990s, to a mere 6 million m3 in recentyears.lndoriesia's lowland tropical forests, the richest
in timber resources and biodiversity, are most at risk. Environmental implications of the degraded natural forests in Kalimantan and Sumatra have manifested in natural disasters such as drought, flood
and landslide.
The Government of Indonesia has identified conservation and sustainable development of biological resources as a national priority of prime importance. The focus ofthe policy is to preserve biodiversity
for ensuring the dynamic stability of ecosystems. The preservation and conservation policy also serves to provide a pool of genetic materials for subsequent research and development to meet future national and regional needs.
In orderto address the issue of genetiC conservation oftropical tree species, an InO-funded project on "Ex situ Conservation of Shorea
leprosula and Lophopetalum multinervium and Their Use in Future Breeding and Biotechnology" (PD 16/96 Rev.4 (F)) was implemented
in 1998. The Project was designed to address the issue of conservinggenetic resources oftwo model species. Follow on project namely PO 106/01 Rev.1 (F) "Increasing Genetic Diversity of Shorea leprosula
and Lophopetalum multinervium for Breeding and Genetic Improvement" was carried out from 2002 - 2005 to enrich the collection of genetic diversity of the species.
This Technical Report synthesizes the outcomes of those projects
and discuss the implications for genetic conservation and genetic improvement programs. The established conservation and genetic test plots are invaluable resources for future utilization and therefore should be maintained in a sustainable manner.
iv Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
![Page 6: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
TECHNICAL REPORT ITTO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F)
Conservation and Genetic Improvement of Indigenous Tree Species of Tropical Rain Forest of
Indonesia
1. Introduction Indonesia's rich natural resources are fundamental to the country's growth and development. Terrestrial and marine resources have provided sustenance and livelihoods to millions of Indonesians for generations. Exploitation
offorest, mineral, gas and oil resources fueled rapid economic growth from the 1970s through the mid 1990s. Yet this natural resource base is under threat as natural resource management is no longer sustainable. Indonesia is experiencing the negative economic and
1
ecological consequences of this as her forest and marine resources disappear while conflict over these limited re
sources increases. Decentralized natural resources management provides a unique opportunity for regaining sustainable natural resources management.
Forest degradation due to excessive logging and forest fire of tropical rain
forest in Indonesia has been taking place indiscriminately. Many experts believe that the natural forests in two
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev.l (F)
![Page 7: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
of Indonesia's major islands namely Sumatra and Kalimantan will be de
funct by year 2015 and 2020 respectively. The Government of Indonesia has
identified conservation and sustainable development of biological resources as a national priority of prime importance. The focus of the policy is
to preserve biodiversityforensuringthe dynamic stability of ecosystems. The preservation and conservation policy
also serves to provide a pool of genetiC materials for subsequent research and development to meet future national and regional needs.
In orderto address the issue of genetiC conservation of tropical tree species, an ITIO-funded project on "Ex situ Conservation of Shorea leprosula and Lophopetalum multinervium and Their Use in Future Breedingand Biotechnology" (PO 16/96 Rev.4 (F)) was implemented in 1998. The Project was de
signed to address the issue of conserving genetic resources of two ecologically distinct sites namely well-drained
and swampy sites that dominate the landscape of tropical rain forest of Indonesia. One model species for each site was selected for the conservation and breeding works, namely Shorea leprosula and Lophopetalum multinerviumwhich are under threats of serious genetic erosion due to deforestation and excessive logging. If no measures were taken the plantation
2
program (using these two species) will
be severely inferior due to low genetic diversity. The Development Objective of
the Project was to create a Centre of
Excellence for ex situ conservation in Indonesia that will not only be a benefit to Indonesia but also to the neighboring countries.
When the Project was completed in 2000 it had established 10 ex situ con
servation plots of S. leprosula in East, West and South Kalimantan, Jambi Sumatra and West Java, consisting of 14 populations from Kalimantan and
Sumatra, and 8 ex situ conservation plots of L. multinervium. Similarly im-
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
![Page 8: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
portant achievement ofthe Project was its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and field workers of the importance of genetic conservation.
2. Conservation and Utilization Strategy
Subsequent to the completion of the PD 16/96 RevA (F) in 2001, two follow on projects were initiated, namely PD 41/00 Rev.3 (F,M) "Model Developmentto Establish Commercial Plantation of Dipterocarps" and PD 106/ 01 Rev.1 (F) "Increasing Genetic Diversity of Shorea leprosula and Lophopetalum multinervium for Breeding and Genetic Improvement". Both projects were operational until 2005.
The former was designed to develop technology that will provide means to produce good quality seedlings of the suitable dipterocarps species. Such technology would be readily applied for large-scale commercial plantations. Study was also being done to examine the economic of establishing and managing dipterocarps plantations. Such information would be useful for private sectors tomake decision on investing in plantations. The latter project was to continue the conservation efforts by collecting genetic materials from more populations
3
and evaluating the genetic trials that
were established in the previous iu project. The major outputs from these ' genetic trials would be information on the best genetically superior families of S.leprosula in growth traits. Planting materials of these families would be used for operational plantations.
Ideally, genetic conservation should be imbedded into the management of natural forest. However, when large part ofthe forests is destroyed and deterioration is continuing, such approach is no longer effective. Ex situ conservation, for many of the dipterocarps species is the most effective measures to safe the remaining genetic resources.
3. Genetic Diversity
Natural population oftree species provides a pool of gene diversity essential for the long-term survival of the species. In the context of conservation of genetic resources, determining the level of genetic diversity that exists in a species is fundamentally important. Quantitatively, genetiC diversity is commonly expressed as: polymorphism to describe the proportion of available gene loci, average number of alleles. per locus, average heterozygosity to describe the proportion of all heterozygous gene loci, and level of amongpopulation differentiation (Yeh 2000).
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev.l (f)
![Page 9: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
The genetic diversity ofthe two species, namely S. /eprosu/a and L. mu/tinervium was examined using isozymes and DNA markers. Isozymes
(also known as isoenzymes) are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemi
cal reaction. These enzymes usually display different kinetic parameters (Le. different KM values), or different regulatory properties.
Genetic diversity can also be assessed at molecular level. Whilst biochemical markers examine the products of genes, molecular markers examine di
versity at DNA level in particular it refers to the unique position within the genome of the DNA segment. The DNA marker used for this study is called
4
RAPDs (random amplified polymorphic
DNAs). RAPD marker (Williams et al
1990) is a PCR based in which a single, short primer of 10 bases long is used (rather than 2 flanking primers of around 20 bases each used in regular
PCR). RAPD primers are of arbitrary sequence. By chance the sequences matching a given RAPD primer will oc
cur in many places. The RAPD marker detects DNA polymorph isms due to substitution, deletion and insertion at primer binding site.
The technical ease of RAPD markers and their application to any species has led to their use in many genetic studies of tree species including genetic link
age mapping and population genetic
Technical Report PO 106/01 Rev.l (F)
![Page 10: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3.1. Isozyme diversity
Our study examined the diversity of S. leprosula from 5 populations namely Ragusa west Sumatra, Carita Banten west Java, Kotawaringin Timur central Kalimantan, Semaras Pulau Laut south Kalimantan and Batu Ampar east Kalimantan. Using polyacrylamide vertical slab gel electrophoresis 100 samples from each population were subjected to 7 enzyme systems, namely Acid Phospate/ ACP, Diaphoras8jDIA, GlycerateHydrogenase/ G2DH,Glutamate Oxaloacetat Transaminase/GOT, 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase/6-PEG and Shikimate Dehydrogenase/ShDH. However, only four enzymes (EST, GOT, 6-PG and SkDH) gave clear band patterns. A total of five loci were detected in these four enzyme systems. Analysis of the diversity ofthe species showed a high degree of genetic diversity evidenced by the high level of heterozygosity He = 0~338
for Sumatra and He = 0.334 for Kalimantan, up to 63% of the total diversity resides within populations. Similar results has also been reported by Lee et al. (2000) working on nine populations of S./eprosula based on eight polymorphic loci.
5
3.2. Molecular diversity
DNA analysis of S. leprosula was carried out to evaluate the genetic diversity within and between populations and the genetic relationships of population in Indonesia. Sample collected from forty-four trees from 3 populations, i.e. Jambi (Sumatera), Tanah Grogot(southernEast Kalimantan), and Mahakam River (northern-East Kalimantan). Samples from Jambi were collected from 2 sub-populations namely PT Dalek Hutani Esa and PT Sadarnila.
Forty-four wildlings were randomly selected and leaf samples were taken from the wildling and used for DNA analysis. Sixteen (16) primers with high reproducibility and have clear bands were chosen for the population study.
Heterozygosity (H.,) value within population was high (0.310) in Jambi population (Sumatra) but low in both of the Kalimantan populations (0.257 and 0.247 in Sungai Mahakam and Tanah Grogot populations, respectively). The values within subpopulations were lower than that within Jambi population but higher than those within Kalimantan populations. The GST value was 0.152 among 3 populations. The values between two re-
Technical Report PO 106/01 Rev.1(F)
![Page 11: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
gions (Sumatra and Kalimantan region), between populationsin the
same region (Sungai Mahakam and
Tanah Grogot populations,
Kalimantan region), and between subpopulations (Dalek and Sadarnila subpopulation in Jambi population, Sumatra) were 0.088, 0.080, and 0.065 respectively.
The mean value of genetic distances between individuals (d)
within populations was 0.341, lower than the mean of between
populations (0.393), and between regions was the highest (0.406) as expected. However, the mean value within subpopulation (0.355) was higher than that of between subpopulation (0.353) or within population (0.341). The UPGMA
dendogram of each individual formed two major clusters. Cluster 1was consisted of only the individuals in Kalimantan region, but cluster 2 was consisted of both
Kalimantan and Sumatra region.
Genetic conservation for breeding purpose aims at obtaining variable genetic materials rather than simply preserving genetic composition
of a species. Our results indicated that the geographically distant population could possess the different genetic composition, and the genetic diversity within population is
6
lower than species' total diversity. It
is therefore advisable to sample
trees from several populations in
the ex-situ conservation plots.
High level of genetic diversity in S. /eprosu/a can be due to a number of factors such as geographical range, high fecundates, outcrossing, long life span and occurrence in late succession phase (Loveless 1992).
However, since the genetic diversity obtained was relatively higher compared to other tropical species with similar life history traits, the species'
evolutionary history in which ancestors ofs./eprosu/a had acquired very high genetiC diversity duringspeciation has also been considered as
another reason causingthe higher value of genetic diversity. Outcrossing, insect pollinated and wide distribution of the species are considered as other reasons in having high level of diversity. From the conservation point of view, conservation
strategy for a widespread distribution such as S. /eprosu/a, in which the species existence is not seriously under threat, is directed to safeguard the long-term evolutionary fitness ofthe species.
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
![Page 12: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
4. Genetic Resources
4.1.. Natural stands
S. leprosula occurs naturally from Penninsular Thailand, throughout Penninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Kalimantan. It belongs to the red meranti group and has been extensively harvested because of its high economic value. The species had suffered massive population reduction and Oh the IUCN Red List itis categorized as endangered. Natural populations of S./eprosula were limited to small populations in few areas in Kalimantan and Sumatra.
7
4.2. Genetic conservation stands
The objective of establishing ex situ conservation stand is to collect pools of genetic diversity that exist within the species and maintain them in a genetic conservation plot. In the longterm this plot could serve as important genetic resources, particularly when the natural population is so depleted.
Genetic materials of S. leprosula
were collected from nine natural stands across four provinces in Kalimantan, e.g., East Kalimantan (Malinau, Sangkulirang, Sambarata, Sentawar, MeratusBirawa), South Kalimantan (Barabai), Central Kalimantan (Bukit Baka, Muarateweh), and West Kalimantan (Gunung Bunga). A total of 262,000 seeds were collected from 610 families but not all families were used, limited by the available number of seedlings required for establishing the plot. The number of families from each population used forthe trial is: Sentawar 35, Meratus-Birawa 55, Samba rata 36, Barabai 97, Bukit Baka 125, Gunung Bunga 90 and Muarateweh 28.
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev.1 (F)
![Page 13: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The ex situ conservation plots were
established in 6 locations namely Teras South Sumatra, Carita west
Java, Gunung Kencana west Java, Bukit Baka central Kalimantan,
Semaras South Kalimantan and Birawa East Kalimantan. In total 81.5 ha of conservation plot have been established.
Ex situ genetic conservation plots for i. multinervium have also been established. i. multinervium is a wetland species valuable for light gen
eral construction, interior finishing, paneling and furniture. The species is endemic to the northern part of East Kalimantan found along the
riverbanks. Its existence in their native habitat is under threats because of high demand of the timber, encroachment and land conver
sion.
Genetic materials were collected from Berau, Betayau, Seputuk and Pimping Rawa in East Kalimantan. Originally the plan was to establish the conservation plots in East
Kalimantan and West Kalimantan. However, because of land tenure issue the plan for East Kalimantan
was cancelled and the plot was eventually established at Mandor and Segedong near Pontianak West Kalimantan. The conservation plot covers an area of 55 ha.
8
The choice for having ex situ conservation plots for i. multinervium
was made as a mean to develop a
model of genetic conservation for wetland species. Our primary con
cern is with the deterioration of economically and ecologically important wetland species such as ramin (Gonystylus spp). i. multinervium is relatively easy to propagate and
seeds are abundant. In contrast, propagation techniques of Gonystylus spp is virtually unknown.
The experience and knowledge in establishing ex situ conservation plots of L. multinervium will be used to develop similar approach for Gonystylus spp.
Regular measurement and maintenance have been carried out to en
sure that the plots are in good conditions a nd that useful information on the performance of the trees different populations can be obtained.
4.3. Genetic trials stands
The long-term objective of estab
lishing genetic trials, in the context of the Project is to establish progeny trial, is to produce genetically
improved seeds for operational
plantation by converting the progeny test into seed orchard. In the short-term, progeny test can provide information on the adaptability and
growth of the trees.
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev.1 (F)
![Page 14: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The progeny trial was established in February 2003 at Nanga Nuak
Central Kalimantan. It consists of 31 seed lots originated from Bukit Baka population in Central
Kalimantan and SO seedlots from Gunung Bunga population in West Kalimantan. The trials were laid out
in ndomized complete block design,
3- tree plots with S repl ications.
Evaluation of the progeny trials at
2.5 years indicated a significant difference for height and stem diameterfor all seedlots. Mean value of height was 5.29 m of Bukit Baka
and 3.3 m of Gunung Bunga.
5. Deployment Strategy
5.1 Clonal propagation
Because of the inherent irregular flowering of dipterocarps, deploy
ment of genetic materials is best done byclonal propagation. Conventional propagation techniques such as cuttihgs have been developed for many dipterocarps species
(Subiakto 200S). Large-scale production of dipterocarps by cuttings has been developed by FORDA and Komatsu Ltd. Thetechnique known as KOFCO (Komatsu-FORDA Fog Cooling) system is suitable to produce dipterocarps planting stocks from shoot cuttings. The propaga-
9
tion technology controls humidity,
temperature and light intensity to a
level suitable for transpiration and photosynthesis. The cutting technique has been studied to 36 dipterocarps species including S. leprosula. Rooting percentage
ranges from 0% to 99% depending on species. The technique is suit
able for producing planting stocks
of dipterocarps when seeds are not
available, and for mass propagation of superior clones generated through breeding program.
5.2. Seed Propagation
Propagation of dipterocarps by seeds is hindered the nature ofthe seed which loses its viability within weeks. The phenomenon is known
as recalcitrant, in which the seed embryo is sensitive to desiccation.
Unlike orthodox seed which can stand desiccation (it is viable at water content of 5%) and therefore can be stored for long period oftime under suitable storage conditions, recalcitrant seeds can not be stored for more than several weeks. Seedlings of dipterocarps can be pro
duced only when the seeds are brought to germination within days.
Further complication of propagation by seeds is the irregularity offlowering. When seeds are storable, un-
Technical Report PD 106/01 Rev.1 (F)
![Page 15: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
availability of seeds can be overcome. using seeds from previous seasons. Because dipterocarps seed is recalcitrant seed stock is never available and therefore this propagation method is not a reliable one for mass production of planting materials.
6. Synthesis and Implica tions
ITIO Project PO 106/01 Rev.1 (F) focused on enrichment of genetic diversity oftwo selected indigenous species (S. /eprosu/a and L. multinervium) to provide pools of genetic materials for future breeding and biotechnology. Major outputs of the project have been: a) conservation plots of wider populations of the two species, and b) progeny plantation of S./eprosu/a.
Main characteristic ofthe project is its approach to use conserved genetic materials for breeding and genetic improvement. The project is designed to provide answers on a) the most effective means for maintaining genetic resources ofthe selected species and b) the utilization of the conserved genetic resources for establishing highly productive plantation incorporating breedingand genetic improvement.
ITIO strategy towards sustainable tropical forest management and trade in
10
tropical timber production stipulated that the sustainability of tropical forest is a major theme. Three assessment criteria have been set up to assess sustainability, namely productivity (quality and quantity), biodiversity, and capacity of soils to sustain forest growth.
The objective of establishing ex situ
conservation plots under this Project is to provide pools of genetic materials for maintaining genetiC diversity of the species while securing the remaining diversity from further depletion. Therefore it is important that a wide-range of populations is covered. The range of genetic materials collected from a wide range of population of S. /eprosu/a (a total 18 populations) should ensure that sufficient genetic diversity has been captured and conserved in genetiC conservation plots.
From the view point of conserving the genetic diversity of the species of interest, the outputs of this Project is a significant achievement. The plots of genetic conservation are an invaluable resource both for conservation and genetiC improvement. Another milestone of this Project is the establishment of progeny test of S. /eprosu/a.
This has set a direction for improving the genetic quality ofthe species using conventional breeding method.
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
![Page 16: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Coupled with the vegetative propaga- References tion method genetically improved plant-
ing materials should be available Loveless, M.D. 1992. Isozyme varia-
within foreseeable future. tion in tropical trees: pattern of geneti<;:
organization. In: Adam, W.T., Strauss,
S.H. and Copes, D.L. (eds). Population Genetic of Forest Trees. Kluwer Aca
demic Publishers, Netherlands. Pp: 67-94.
11
Subikato, A., Sakai, C, Purnomo, S., and Taufiqurahman. 2005. Cutting propagation as an alternative technique for mass production of dipterocarps planting stocks in Indonesia. Paper pre
sented at the 8th Round Table Conference on Dlpterocarps, Ho Chi Minh City, 15-17 November 2005.
Williams, J.G.K., Kubelik, A.R., Livak, K.J., Rafalski, JA and Tingey, S.V. (1990) DNA polymorph isms amplified byarbitrary primers are useful as genetiC markers. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 6531-6535 Yeh, FC. 2000. Population genetics. In:
Young, A, Boshier, D and Boyle, T (eds.). Forest Conservation Genetics: Principles and Practices. CSIRO Publ. Aus-
tralia. Pp: 21-37.
Technical ReportPD 106/01 Rev. 1 (F)
![Page 17: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: TECHNICAL REPORT ITIO PD 106/01 REV. 1 (F) 106 01/pd106-01-2 rev1(F… · its impact on generating awareness amongst decision makers, forestry managers, research institutions and](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb73c22019c277bcb3da1e2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)