LEARNING THEORY

THEORY OF BRUNER

PRESENTED BYMOHD AMIRULALIF BIN MOHD

HISHAMGS 39355

MOHD MAIZON BIN WAHAMGS 39355

Learning OutcomeAt the end of lesson, student will be able to :

- Understand the congnitive development by Burner.- Understand the concept of Constructivsm theory by

Bruner.- Able to relate the theory with the teaching and

learning process in the classroom.- Able to differentiate between Constructivist and Tradisional Classroom.

Introduction of TheoristBorn October 1, 1915Age 94Born in New York, New YorkEducation

PhD, Harvard, 1941 (Psychology)BA, Duke University, 1937

AffiliationsAmerican Psychological AssociationLaw & Society AssociationSociety for Research in Child

DevelopmentPublications

The Culture of Education, 1996Acts of Meaning, 1991Actual Minds, Possible Worlds, 1987The Process of Education, 1960

cognitive psychologist and educational psychologist

Principles of J. Bruner Theory• Instruction must be concerned with the experiences

and contexts that make the student willing and able to learn (readiness).

• Instruction must be structured so that it can be easily grasped by the student (spiral organization).

• Instruction should be designed to facilitate extrapolation and or fill in the gaps (going beyond the information given).

Constructivist by J. Bruner Theory• Bruner's theoretical framework is based on the theme that learning is an active process and learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon existing knowledge.

• The theory basically based on observation and scientific study about how people learn.

• It say that people construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences.

Contd………• It seem learning as a dynamic process in which learners

construct with new ideas or concepts on their current or past knowledge and inresponce to the instructional situation.

• He investigated motivation for learning. He felt that ideally, interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning. • Bruner did not like external competitive goals such as grades or class ranking.

Major concepts in Constructivist Theory

• The major concepts in the theoretical framework of Bruner is that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge by 3 aspects:-

a) Representation b) Spiral Curriculum c) Discovery Learning

Cont..

A. RepresentationIn representation, there has 3 element:-

•Enactive (birth to age 3)•Iconic (age 3 to 8)•Symbolic (from age 8)

REPRESENTATION

Cont... REPRESENTATION

Enactive Representation

.

The first stage is termed "Enactive", when a person learns about the world through actions on physical objects and the outcomes of these actions. Children represent object interms of their immediate sensation of them.

REPRESENTATION

Iconic Representation

The second stage was called "Iconic" where learning can be obtained through using models and pictures. Allows one to recognize

objects when they are changed in minor ways.

REPRESENTATION

Symbolic Representation

• "Symbolic" in which the learner develops the capacity to think in abstract terms. • Uses symbol system to

encode knowledge. The learner has developed the ability to think in abstract terms.

REPRESENTATION

Activities

By using of 3 elements in Representation, create the suitable activity that help teacher to apply it during teaching and learning process in the classroom. You may present the task in Micro Teaching Approach.

b) SPIRAL CURRICULUM• The spiral approach is a technique often used

in teaching  where first the basic facts of a subject are learned, without worrying about details.

• Then as learning progresses, more and more details are introduced, while at the same time they are related to the basics which are reemphasized many times to help enter them into long-term memory.

SPIRAL CURRICULUM• After a mastery of the initial topic, the student

“spirals upwards” as the new knowledge is introduced in next lessons, enabling him/her to reinforce what is already learned. In the end, a rich breadth and depth of knowledge is achieved.

B ) SPIRAL CURRICULUM

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c)Discovery Learning? Discovery learning is a powerful instructional approach that guides and motivates learners to explore information and concepts in order to construct new ideas, identify new relationships, and create new models of thinking and behavior.

Refers to obtaining knowledge for onelself.

Teacher planning the activities in such way, a student search, manipulate, explore and investigate the result.

cont...

4 aspects in Discovery Learning :

i. Pre Disposition to Learn - He introduce the idea of readiness for learning.Bruner believe that any subject could be taught at any stage of development in a way that fits the children cognitive abilites. ii. Structure of knowledge - Bruner emphasized the role of structure in learning and how it maybe made centrl in teaching. - Structure is refers to relationships among factual elements and techniques.

cont...

iii. Categorization - As fundamental processin structuring of

knowledge. Details are better retained when placed within the context of an ordered and structured pattern.

- Bruner gave much attention to categorization of information in the construction of internal cognitive maps.

- He believed that perception, conceptualization, learning, decision making and making inferens all involved in categorization.

cont...

iv. Reinforcement

- Rewards and punishments should be selected and paced appropriately. He felt ideally, interest in the subject matter is the best stimulus for learning.- As a teacher, come out with new idea which is interact the students to involved in the subject matter with something close to them.

Classroom Application / Recommendation

1) Teacher act as a facilitator or guider.2) Think of classroom as a learning lab and organize

activities and lessons accordingly.3) Encourage student-created question to develope

higher - order thinking.4) Develope collaborativework group in which students

explore solutions as a team.5) Provide hands-on activities and promote independent

research using readily available materials.6) Integrate the free use of technology for study and

research.

cont...

Classroom Applications• Provide study materials, activities and tools.

Examples of all three to help children learn about dinosaurs

Construct a model of a dinosaur (enactive)Watch a film about dinosaurs (iconic)Consult reference texts and discuss findings

(symbolic)

.

Technology in Classroom

• Idealy for enactive stage.• Video montage for iconic mode.• Simulations to discover/develop their own approach for symbolic mode• Educators equipment students with basic skills to access information to increase their knowledge and desire to learn.

traditional vs constructivist classroom Traditional Classroom

 Student primarily work alone Curriculum is presented part to

whole, with emphasis on basic skills Strict adherence to a fixed curriculum Curricular activities rely heavily on

textbooks of data and manipulative materials

Students are viewed as "blank slates"

Teachers generally behave in a didactic manner,

Teachers seek the correct answers to validate student lessons.

Assessment of student learning is viewed as separate from teaching and occurs almost entirely through testing.

 Constructivist Classroom 

Students primarily work in groups Curriculum is presented whole to part

with emphasis on the big concept Pursuit of student questions is highly

valued. Students are viewed as thinkers with

emerging theories about the world Teachers generally behave as

facilitators Teachers seek the student's point of

view in order to understand student learning for use later on

Assessment of student learning is interwoven with teaching and occurs through teacher observation of students at work and through exhibitions and protfolios.

Conclusion

For Bruner (1961) the purpose of education is not impart knowledge but instead to facilitate a child's thinking and problem solving skills which can then be tranferred to a range of situations. Specifically, education should also develope symbolic thinking in children.

Group's Task

1. Builds water transportation using Lego with your own idea and creativity.2. Make an origami refering to manual given.3. Do an experiment. Explain what and why the situation happened.

ReferencesBruner, Jerome. Retrieved June 3, 2008. NYU Department of Psychology

Web site: http://www.psych.nyu.edu.

Flores, Nicole. Jerome Bruner’s educational theory. Retrieved June 3, 2008. New Foundation Web site: http://www.newfoundations.com.

Hollyman, David. Retrieved June 3, 2008. Jerome Bruner a web overview. http://au.geocities.com.

http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour.htm#ixzz1cK1zDCYm

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nicefun.net/learning-theory-of-gestalt-vt2659.html#ixzz2ClBwhC00

http://www.a2zpsychology.com/a2z%20guide/gestalt_theory.htm

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