tesis maestria psvd cipd
TRANSCRIPT
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 1/159
"#$%"%&%' () "#*)$%"+,-"'#)$
(./ 0'$1 2,.3, 4&"$ 2'.,
"#$ %&%#$ '# $() &*+(,#) - &.#/+#) /( .01#,/&2#/+&$#) '#/+,( '# $&
*((%#,&*34/ 3/+#,/&*3(/&$ %&,& #$ '#)&,,($$(5 $&) 60/'&*3(/#)7 $() 6(/'()
3/'#%#/'3#/+#) - $&) %#,)(/&)8
% ) $ " $
90# %&,& (1+#/#, #$ .,&'( '#
2&#)+,& #/ *((%#,&*34/ 3/+#,/&*3(/&$ %&,& #$ '#)&,,($$(
% , # ) # / + & 5
%#,$& )(6:& ;<=90#= ':&=
'>?@ABC?D5 '?DE 2D?FD .DG?>@HD )IJAK@L .MB>N??@L
2NO>AC7 'E 6E D PQ R@ DSCTBC7 PUQV
!"#$ &'()"#&*$+&,' -.) /)$0&1$2$ */$+&$" $0 $3454 2)0 64'")74 8$+&4'$0 2) 6&)'+&$ 5 9)+'404*:$;
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 2/159
:JR>A@
!"#$%&'((!)" +
, -.$$/0!."#/1 (%"(.2#'/3.1 2/$/ /"/3!4/$ 3/ (%%2.$/(!)" "%
5'6.$"/0."#/3 ,+
5/5 ()-'4'#",4"(,( -'2' &# 2,.-' () ,#64"$"$ () 4, +)'7'43%"-,8 #'.%) +4'9,4 : $&. +4'9,4 ,+
5/; -''7).,-"<# "#%).#,-"'#,4 7,., )4 ()$,..'44'/ 78
5/= 4'$ ,-%'.)$ #' +&9).#,2)#%,4)$ () 4, -''7).,-"<# -'2' $'-")(,( -"*"4/ 98
5/> 7.'7&)$%, () ,#64"$"$ () 4'$ ,-%'.)$ : ,+)#%)$ #' +&9).#,2)#%,4)$/ () 4, $'-")(,( -"*"4 , 4,
$'-")(,( -3*"-,/ 88
7 3/ (%%2.$/(!)" !"#.$"/(!%"/3 2/$/ .3 &.1/$$%33% "% 5'6.$"/0."#/3 :+
;/5 ,-%'.)$ : ,+)#%)$8 %"7'4'+3,$ () 4, -''7).,-"<# "#%).#,-"'#,4 #' +&9).#,2)#%,4/ :;
;/; ,#%)-)()#%)$ ?"$%<."-'$ () 4, -''7).,-"<# #' +&9).#,2)#%,4 ;<
"#"#$ %& '()( *+ ,-./(0-1 2$
"#"#" *3)1*1 *+ 4(. .+.+&/1 5 .+/+&/1 26
"#"#7 *3)1*1 *+ 4(. (),+&/1 28
"#"#9 *3)1*1 *+ 4(. &(:+&/1 8;
9 /"=3!1!1 &. 3/ (%%2.$/(!)" "% 5'6.$"/0."#/3> 3/1 ?'"&/(!%".1> 3%1
?%"&%1 !"&.2."&!."#.1 @ .3 2/2.3 &. 3/1 2.$1%"/1A B;
=/5 -'#%)@%' ,-%&,4 ) "#A4&)#-", "#%).#,-"'#,4/ BB
7#$#$ 41. <%&*1)-(&+. -&/+0&1)-(&14+. *+.*+ +4 -&<(0=+ *+4 )1* >7
9A7 3 /1 ?'"&/(!%".1 !"#.$"/(!%"/3.1 ,<9
7#"#$ <%&*1)-?& 0()@+<+44+0 $;7
7#"#" ('+& .()-+/5 <(%&*1/-(&. $;8
7#"#7 +4 41*( (A.)%0( *+ B((B4+ $$9
9A9 .3 2/2.3 &. 3/1 2.$1%"/1 (%0% /5."#.1 &."#$% &. 3/ (%%2.$/(!)" !"#.$"/(!%"/3A ,7<
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 3/159
7#7#$#$ 4CD EFGDHICD CIJIKLCD MHLH NHICIOFD KIOFGICMKHICPFDQ NHICMKJI MHHEFGCOKRC
S)GHTNUVINKIWX $"7
7#7#$#" 4CD EFGDHICD UCLHDCD MHLH CWFIOFD KIOFGICMKHICPFDQ AHIH $7;
9A8 ?%"&%1 !"&.2."&!."#.1 ,9: 7#9#$ 4(. <(&*(. *+ =%Y+0+. 5Z( <(&*(. <+=-&-./1. $7[
7#9#$#$ <HINH <GKNC\ /]F 5HVIW <FLKIKDO <VIN $78
8 (%"(3'1!%".1 ,8:
6!63!%5$/?C/ ,:9
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 4/159
V
3BCDEF CF GHIJHK
+DGHD QE #JWCXM@T R@ /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE PP
+DGHD PE &JB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE \U
+DGHD \E &JIH>T>T R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE V^
+DGHD VE &JB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ )CA>@RDR *>]>H EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE _
+DGHD `E6MJRDA>CJ@T aIT >aZC?BDJB@T R@H aMJRCE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ^Q
+DGHD bE %?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ PUUUcPUQUEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ^d
+DGHD dE %?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T @M?CZ@DT PUUUcPUQU EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ^_
+DGHD _E 'CJDA>CJ@T R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T R@H ,@>JC 0J>RC PUQP EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE QUU
+DGHD ^E 'CJDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T DT>IB>ADT EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE QUQ
+DGHD QUE %?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE QUP
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 5/159
`
3BCDEF CF DJLKGMHEDNBFK
3HMTB?DA>[J Q7 *MDR?C R@ DJIH>T>T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE `V
3HMTB?DA>[J PE &ABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@H (GT@?]DBC?>C R@
HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE bU
3HMTB?DA>[J \E *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZC? $@[J &MH>JDEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE bQ
3HMTB?DA>[J VE &ABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J /C .MG@?JDa@JBDH R@ $@[J &MH>JD EEEE b\
3HMTB?DA>[J `E *CCZ@?DA>[J /C .MG@?JDa@JBDH ZC? 1M?TB@>J EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE bV
3HMTB?DA>[J bE &ABC?@T R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J /C .MG@?JDa@JBDH R@ &e3' EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE b`
3HMTB?DA>[J dE *HDT>W>ADA>[J R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T R@TR@ 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE bd
3HMTB?DA>[J _E *CCZ@?DA>[J R@ 6MJRDA>CJ@TEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE b_
3HMTB?DA>[J ^E *CCZ@?DA>[J R@ 6CJRCTE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE b_
3HMTB?DA>[J QUE *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JR>]>RMDH EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE b^
3HMTB?DA>[J QQE 'CJDA>CJ@T R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE V
3HMTB?DA>[J QPE %HDBDWC?aDT R@ *?CfRWMJR>JSE *?CfRTCM?A>JS EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE QP
3HMTB?DA>[J Q\E &JIH>T>T R@ *3%' R@TR@ /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Q`U
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 6/159
b
"BGMNCLEEDOB
$D ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC g*3%'h7 @T MJD "@TB?DB@S>D ACJA@?BDRD Y KD
R@ R>?>S>?T@ D @JW?@JBD? HDT ?DFA@T ACaMJ@T R@ HCT Z?CGH@aDT XM@7 DMJXM@ B@JSDJ @W@ABCT
R>]@?TCT @J HDT R>TB>JBDT TCA>@RDR@T7 T@ R@?>]DJ7 @J ACJT>R@?DGH@ a@R>RD7 R@ HD WC?aD @J
XM@ T@ @TBI HH@]DJRC D ADGC @H Z?CA@TC R@ SHCGDH>LDA>[J8 g.[a@L .DHIJ7 PUQU5 Q`hE )> G>@J
HD *3%' KD T>RC MJ a@ADJ>TaC XM@ B?DR>A>CJDHa@JB@ T@ ?@HDA>CJDGD ACJ HCT SCG>@?JCT7 CB?CT
DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T Q ACaC HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 >SH@T>DT7 ACaMJ>RDR@T7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7
W>HIJB?CZCT7 @BAE7 YD KDGFDJ MB>H>LDRC HD DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC MJD ]FD ZD?D @aZMiD? @H
"R@TD??CHHC8 R@ CB?CT ZDFT@T7 DZCYD? W?@JB@ D MJ R@TDTB?@ JDBM?DH7 C G?>JRD? TCZC?B@ @J
ADTC R@ ACJWH>ABCT GNH>ACT7 @JB?@ CB?CTE
/@SD? HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T H>a>BD @H ACJCA>a>@JBC TCG?@ TM
@OZ@?>@JA>D7 TM R>]@?T>RDR R@ Z?IAB>ADT Y TM ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC C ZCHFB>AC R@JB?C R@ HD DABMDH
ACYMJBM?D >JB@?JDA>CJDHE ,@ACJCA@? XM@ @J HCT a@ADJ>TaCT R@ *3%' KDJ @O>TB>RC "CB?CT8
XM@ KDJ >JTB?Ma@JBDRC aCRDH>RDR@T R@ DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 DYMRD KMaDJ>BD?>D7Z?CY@ABCT C Z?CS?DaDT ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC7 ACJB?>GMY@JRC D HD R>Ta>JMA>[J R@ HD ZCG?@LD Y
DH ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC R@H ZH@JC @i@?A>A>C R@ HCT R@?@AKCT KMaDJCT JCT RD?I MJD ]>T>[J aIT
ACaZH@BD R@ HDT B@JR@JA>DT SHCGDH@T R@ HD *3%'E $HDaD HD DB@JA>[J XM@ D Z@TD? R@ B@J@? MJD
Q %D?D @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J "DABC?8 T@ ?@W>@?@ D TMi@BC ACJ Z?CZ>@RDR iM?FR>AD XM@ AMaZH@ WMJA>CJ@T R@ R>]@?TD
JDBM?DH@LD @J HD ?@DH>LDA>[J R@ DAB>]>RDR@T R@ G@J@W>A>C ACH@AB>]CE )CJ @J S@J@?DH HDT (?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T3JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 HCT #TBDRCT Y TMT R@Z@JR@JA>DTj Y HCT DABC?@T T@ R>TB>JSM@J R@ HCT DS@JB@T7 YD XM@ @JS@J@?DH TCJ Z@?TCJDT >JR>]>RMDH@T XM@ DABkDJ ZD?D HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE lDY MJDAHDT>W>ADA>[J S@J@?DH R@ DS@JB@T7 XM@ R>TB>JSM@ @JB?@ HCT XM@ @i@?A@J WMJA>CJ@T R@ AD?IAB@? ?@Z?@T@JBDB>]C CBNAJ>AC7 HCT ACJTMHBC?@T7 HCT WMJA>CJD?>CT R@ AD??@?D7 HCT ]CHMJBD?>CT g)#$&7 PUU^hE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 7/159
d
HD?SD B?DY@ABC?>D7 DHSMJCT DMBC?@T >JT>TB@J @J KDGHD? R@ HD "JC]@RDR8 R@ TM ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J
@J HD *3%'5
%@?C ZCAC D ZCAC HDT ACTDT KDJ ADaG>DRC R@ aDJ@?D ?@H@]DJB@E #J @TB@ aD?AC7 HCT DABC?@TR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J YD JC TCJ kJ>ADa@JB@ HCT #TBDRCT JDA>CJDH@T7 T>JC BDaG>NJ HCTSCG>@?JCT TMG@TBDBDH@T gaMJ>A>Z>CT7 Z?C]>JA>DT7 R@ZD?BDa@JBCT7 @BAEh7 HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@TR@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 HDT MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 HCT A@JB?CT R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J Y @H T@ABC? Z?>]DRCg+DTTD?D *E7 PUQP5 Q_hE
#T ACakJ @JACJB?D? XM@ @J HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD *3%'7 JC TCJ ]>T>GH@T CB?CT DABC?@T XM@
YD ACCZ@?DGDJ DH aD?S@J C @J IaG>BCT R>TB>JBCT XM@ HCT SCG>@?JCTE %C? @i@aZHC7
,CR?FSM@L a@JA>CJD XM@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH "@T MJ Z?CRMABC R@H C?R@J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@ T@ ACJW>SM?D B?DT HD )@SMJRD .M@??D 2MJR>DH8 g&HCJTC ,CR?FSM@L7 PUQU5
Q\hj @TB@ DJIH>T>T HC ZCR@aCT @JACJB?D? @J HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T ?@AM@JBCT TCG?@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHCE
)>J @aGD?SC7 HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ CB?CT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T RDBD R@
aMAKC DJB@T7 T[HC @J HD %?>a@?D .M@??D 2MJR>DH TM ZDZ@H WM@ TMTBDJA>DHE %C? @i@aZHC7 HD
K>TBC?>D R@ HD &S@JA>D &R]@JB>TBD ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC Y ,@AM?TCT &T>TB@JA>DH@T >R@JB>W>AD HD
DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH KMaDJ>BD?>D R@ R>]@?TDT >SH@T>DT ZD?D DZCYD? D ?@WMS>DRCT C A>]>H@T
K@?>RCT5 "#J Q^Q_ R>]@?TDT >SH@T>DT @TBDGH@A>@?CJ MJ ACa>BN R@ DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH D
#M?CZD D ADMTD R@ HCT R@TDTB?@T Z?CRMA>RCT ZC? HD ACJB>@JRD8E P (B?C @i@aZHC
ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ ACJB?C]@?T>DH WM@ HD ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@7 @J HD XM@ R@TR@ Q^VV KDTBD Q^bP HD
6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 ACJ DYMRD R@ CB?DT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaC HD 6MJRDA>[J 6C?R7
>aZMHTD?CJ HD DZH>ADA>[J R@ HCT D]DJA@T A>@JBFW>ACT @J HD DS?>AMHBM?D7 ACaC MJD ]FD ZD?D
DMa@JBD? HD Z?CRMAA>[J R@ DH>a@JBCT D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH g(?BCHH7 PUU\5 `hE
P &',& gPUQUh7 <*)'+&$ <2()'#&"#$ 3$/$ )0 =)"$//4004 5 04" >)+./"4" <"&"#)'+&$0)"7 ?@AMZ@?DRC @H PU R@
CABMG?@ R@ PUQ\ R@ ,@AM?TCT5 KBBZ5nnfffE?@Rc?@R>DHEJ@BnCJScQQbEKBaHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 8/159
_
& Z@TD? R@ @HHC7 @H ZDZ@H R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T MJ
W@J[a@JC XM@ ZCAC T@ KD ?@]>TDRC R@JB?C R@ HCT @TBMR>CT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZM@T NTBCT T@
KDJ @JWCADRC ADT> @OAHMT>]Da@JB@ DH ZDZ@H R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT @J HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE %C? @i@aZHC7 $DLFJ gPUUdh7 MJD R@ HDT DMBC?DT XM@ KDJ @TBMR>DRC aIT D
Z?CWMJR>RDR @TB@ W@J[a@JC7 >R@JB>W>AD XM@ HCT @TBMR>CT KDJ T>RC aMY ZD?A>DH@T7 DH ?@TDHBD?
@H ZDZ@H J@SDB>]C Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ DH?@R@RC? R@ HD RNADRD R@ HCT T@B@JBD7 AMDJRC WM@?CJ
ADBDHCSDRDT ACaC DAA>CJ@T R@TR@ @H "3aZ@?>C8 DH T@?]>A>C R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T R@ #TBDRCT
0J>RCT7 XM@ T@ a>?DGDJ ACaC MJD ACJB>JM>RDR R@ HDT ZCHFB>ADT SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE 2IT DHHI R@ AC>JA>R>? C JC ACJ @TBCT DJIH>T>T7 MJ K@AKC @T XM@ TCJ
H>a>BDRDT HDT >J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T XM@ DJDH>LDJ HCT R>]@?TCT >aZDABCT XM@ KD B@J>RC @TBD
aCRDH>RDR R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J D HC HD?SC R@ HD K>TBC?>D C @J HD DABMDH>RDRE\
#T ZC? HC DJB@?>C? XM@ HD Z?@T@JB@ B@T>T B>@J@ ACaC CGi@B>]C DJDH>LD? @H ZDZ@H R@ HCT DABC?@T
Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 @J ZD?B>AMHD? R@ HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y R@ Z@?TCJDTjV @J ZD?B>AMHD? T@
Z?@T@JBD MJD DZ?CO>aDA>[J R@ TMT DJB@A@R@JB@T7 B>ZCHCSFDT Y aCRDH>RDR@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D G?>JRD? MJ DJIH>T>T A?FB>AC R@ TM ZDZ@H R@JB?C R@H T>TB@aD R@ HD *3%'E
\ ;DH@ HD Z@JD T@oDHD? HCT B?DGDiCT R@ B@T>T R@ RCABC?DRC R@ .DG?>@HD )IJAK@L .MB>N??@L TCG?@ @H Z?CA@TC R@
>JTB>BMA>CJDH>LDA>[J R@ HDT DS@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 g)IJAK@L7 Q^_dh Y @H R@ 2D?>C%DR?[J7 g%DR?[J7 Q^_\h7 TCG?@ HDT 3JTB>BMA>CJ@T R@ %?CaCA>[J R@H '@TD??CHHCE
V
#J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J T@ JCaG?D?I D "Z@?TCJDT8 Y JC ">JR>]>RMCT87 YD XM@ T@ ZD?B@ R@ MJ ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC Y?@>]>JR>ADA>[J R@H MTC R@H H@JSMDi@ >JAHMT>]C Y ACJ Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ SNJ@?CE '@TR@ @TBD Z@?TZ@AB>]D ?@W@?>?T@ D>JR>]>RMCT >aZH>AD T[HC MJ ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC R@ HC aDTAMH>JC7 @J @TB@ T@JB>RC ZD?D @]>BD? HD @OAHMT>[J S@JN?>AD@J @H H@JSMDi@ T@ ?@ACa>@JRD MB>H>LD? Z@?TCJDT7 XM@ B>@J@ MJD J@MB?DH>RDR @J @H H@JSMDi@E %D?D aIT?@W@?@JA>D DH ?@TZ@ABC TCG?@ @H H@JSMDi@ >JAHMT>]C ]NDT@ @H ?$'.$0 3$/$ )0 ."4 '4 ")@&"#$ 2)0 0)'*.$7)E *(/&;32, (2011)E *CJTMHBDRC Q R@ iMJ>C R@H PUQV @J5KBBZ5nnfffEA>>R@BE@RMEaOnA>>R@BnRCAMa@JBCTna@Sn2&/0&$p0)(/()#q3)+&EZRW
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 9/159
^
)@ ZD?B@ R@ HD K>Z[B@T>T R@ XM@ JNK HEGNMFK P HQFBGFK CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB DBGFMBHEDNBHJ BN
QLIFMBHSFBGHJT ENSN JHK ULBCHEDNBFKT UNBCNK DBCFRFBCDFBGFK N JHK RFMKNBHKT GDFBFB
RMFKFBEDH DBGFMBHEDNBHJ P BN KNB VBLFWNKXT KDBN YLF GDFBFB LBH GMHPFEGNMDH ZDKGOMDEHT
LBH CDWFMKDCHC GDRNJOQDEHT SNCHJDCHCFK CF HEEDOBT RNCFM FENBOSDEN P LBH DBUJLFBEDH FB
JH MFHJDCHC DBGFMBHEDNBHJ CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB/
#TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J B>@J@ MJ ?@BC ?@HDA>CJDRC ACJ HCT aD?ACT B@[?>ACT R@G>RC D XM@ JC
@O>TB@ MJC TCHC ZD?D DJDH>LD? HD *3%' @J S@J@?DHj HCT DJIH>T>T TM@H@J ACJTB?M>?T@ R@ WC?aD
aMHB>R>TA>ZH>JD?>D7 D ZD?B>? R@ HDT B@C?FDT R@ ,@HDA>CJ@T 3JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 HDT B@C?FDT R@H
'@TD??CHHC Y CB?DT R>TA>ZH>JDT ACaC HD )CA>CHCSFD C HD l>TBC?>D7 R@Z@JR>@JRC R@H @JWCXM@E
$CT @TBMR>CT T@ KDJ A@JB?DRC aIT @J HD ACCZ@?DA>[J SMG@?JDa@JBDHj ZC? HC BDJBC7 @H ?@BCR@ @TBD B@T>T @T aDYC? AMDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT D MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T7 ACaC
HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T7 HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T M C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 C T@D7
DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T a@JCT @TBMR>DRCTE %C? HC DJB@?>C?7 T@ Z?CZCJ@ MJ aD?AC DJDHFB>AC A?FB>AC
XM@ GMTAD >? aIT DHHI R@ HCT @TBMR>CT XM@ TCJ MB>H>LDRCT ZD?D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
SMG@?JDa@JBDH XM@ @TBMR>DJ HD *3%'7 ZM@T NTBCT JC ZCR?FDJ DYMRD?JCT D @OZH>AD? @J TM
BCBDH>RDR @H ZDZ@H R@ MJ DABC? XM@ JC @T SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y XM@ B>@J@ MJD Z?IAB>AD R>]@?TD
SHCGDHa@JB@E
3J>A>D?N "T>BMDJRC @H ACJCA>a>@JBC8 R@ @TBD B@T>T7 YD XM@ BCRD >J]@TB>SDA>[J B>@J@
>JWHM@JA>DT TMGi@B>]DT R@ XM>@J ?@DH>LD @H DJIH>T>T7 ZM@T T@ B>@J@J Z@?TZ@AB>]DT @ >JB@?@T@T
R@B@?a>JDRCT aD?ADRCT ZC? MJD B?DY@ABC?>D ACJA?@BDj RDRD a> @OZ@?>@JA>D7 T@ R@W>J>@?CJ
aD?ACT DJDHFB>ACT R@TR@ HD +@C?FD *?FB>ADE )M >aZC?BDJA>D ZD?B@ R@ HC XM@ ZD?D l@?JIJR@L
@T DZC?BD? R@TR@ AMDHXM>@? @i@?A>A>C DADRNa>AC D R@Ta>B>W>AD? @H "CGi@B>]>TaC ZDB?>D?ADH85
8ACJT>R@?C >aZC?BDJB@ TMTB>BM>? @H CGi@B>]>TaC ZDB?>D?ADH ZC? ACJCA>a>@JBCT T>BMDRCT7 XM@
?@ACJCLADJ @H HMSD? R@TR@ RCJR@ KDGHDaCT7 Z@?C XM@ D HD ]@L JC ?@JMJA>@J D HD ZCT>G>H>RDR
R@ ACJCA@?7 J> ?@HDB>]>A@J @H ]DHC? NB>AC Y @OZH>ADB>]C R@ AMDHXM>@? ACJCA>a>@JBC8
gl@?JIJR@L *DTB>HHC7 PUQQ5 _UhE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 10/159
QU
&TF7 a>T ACJCA>a>@JBCT @TBIJ T>BMDRCT @J @H DJIH>T>T A?FB>AC Y JC Z?@B@JR@J G?>JRD? aD?ACT
"CGi@B>]CTc?DA>CJDH@T87 T>JC DZC?BD? MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J @OZH>ADB>]D TCG?@ HDT @OZ@?>@JA>DT R@
HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT ACJT>R@?DJRC HD
>JWHM@JA>D R@ a> B?DY@ABC?>D ACaC DAB>]>TBD Y R@TR@ HD @OZ@?>@JA>D HDGC?DH @J HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE #TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J @TBI DB?D]@TDRD ZC? a>
@OZ@?>@JA>D R@ HCT kHB>aCT DoCT7 XM@ >J>A>[ S@TB>CJDJRC ?@AM?TCT R@TR@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T g(/.h7 HCT aC]>a>@JBCT W@a>J>TBDT Y R@ iM]@JBMR7 Y R@TZMNT ACaC
ACJTMHBC?D R@ R>]@?TDT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y DT@TC?D R@ WCJRCT R@ aMi@?@TE
+DaG>NJ ZC? a> ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ HDT R>TAMT>CJ@T SHCGDH@T TCG?@ HD >JWHM@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDH
R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC Y T@? ACWMJRDRC?D R@ MJ WCJRC >JR@Z@JR>@JB@ >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@TR@ @H
)M? .HCGDHE
#TBD >JWHM@JA>D @TGCL[ MJD a@BCRCHCSFD R@ DJIH>T>T GDTDRD @J aD?ACT ACJA@ZBMDH@T XM@
AM@TB>CJDJ HCT aCR@HCT "MJ>]@?TDH@T8 R@ >JB@?]@JA>[J Y XM@ >R@JB>W>ADJ @ >JWHMY@J @J @H
DJIH>T>T R@ HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@?7 ACJT>R@?DJRC HD R>]@?T>RDR R@ ACJB@OBCT @ >JB@?@T@T
S@CZCHFB>ACT R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T E &T>a>TaC7 BCaC @J AM@JBD HC XM@ ZD?D 2CKDJBY @T
HD AC??@HDA>[J R@ HCT DJIH>T>T a>A?C ZCHFB>ACT Y aDA?C ZCHFB>ACT7 @J @TB@ ADTC ZD?D HD
>J]@TB>SDA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH5 "#H B?DGDiC W@a>J>TBD7 R@G@ R@ ZCJ@? DB@JA>[J D a>A?C ZCHFB>ADTR@H ACJB@OBC7 TMGi@B>]>RDR7 HMAKD7 DTF ACaC D HD aDA?C ZCHFB>AD R@ HCT T>TB@aDT Y Z?CA@TCT
ZCHFB>ACT Y @ACJ[a>ACT SHCGDH@T8 g2CKDJBY +DHZDR@7 PUQQ5 QV`hE
$D a@BCRCHCSFD MTDRD ZD?D @TB@ @TBMR>C T@ GDTD @J HD CFENJNBDHJDCHC7 ACaC B@C?FD A?FB>AD
R@ HD *>@JA>D %CHFB>AD XM@7 @J BN?a>JCT S@J@?DH@T Z?CZCJ@ XM@ JC @T ZCT>GH@ MJ DJIH>T>T R@
HD ?@DH>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDH T>J ACJT>R@?D? XM@ HC XM@ KD a@R>DRC HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T @JB?@ HCT
R>]@?TCT DABC?@T @T MJ ZCR@? XM@ T@ KD >aZMHTDRC K>TB[?>ADa@JB@ R@TR@ HD RCa>JDA>[J
CAA>R@JBDH7 @M?CANJB?>AD7 Y XM@ T@ B?DJTWC?aD D B?D]NT R@H B>@aZCE %C? @i@aZHC7 @J @H
Z@?>CRC ACHCJ>DH WM@ HD AC?CJD @TZDoCHD C >JSH@TD @J $DB>JCDaN?>AD Y @H *D?>G@7 Z@?C @J HD
DABMDH>RDR TCJ HDT @aZ?@TDT B?DJTJDA>CJDH@T ADJDR>@JT@T @OB?DY@JRC HCT ?@AM?TCT
JDBM?DH@T R@ @TBCT a>TaC ZDFT@TE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 11/159
#J @TZ@AFW>AC MTDaCT ACaC aD?AC ACJA@ZBMDH HD ENJNBDHJDCHC CFJ RNCFM7 ACJA@ZBC XM@
DYMRD D @JB@JR@? HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? @J MJ ACJB@OBC SHCGDH7 DH BCaD? @J AM@JBD HCT
aD?ACT K>TB[?>ACT7 HD S@CZCHFB>ADj Z@?C BDaG>NJ HDT TMGi@B>]>RDR@T7 @T R@A>?7 HCT >JB@?@T@T7
Z?IAB>ADT Y Z@?TZ@AB>]DT7 @J @TB@ ADTC ACJA?@BC R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE 0TD?@aCT HD ?@W@?@JA>D R@ 6CJT@AD Y r@??@aT TCG?@ TM DGC?RDi@ R@ HD
ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? Y @H Z@JTDa>@JBC R@ACHCJ>DH5
$D ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? ?@TMa@ HD @TB?MABM?D R@ ZCR@? Z?CZM@TBD ZC? @HZ@JTDa>@JBC R@ACHCJ>DHE )@ @JB>@JR@ ACaC MJ Z?CA@TC K>TB[?>AC ACJTB>BMB>]C Y MJT>TB@aD R@ RCa>JDA>[J CAA>R@JBDH XM@ >JAHMY@ HD CZ?@T>[J @ACJ[a>AD7 @Z>TBNa>AD Y?DA>DH R@ S?MZCT TMGDHB@?JCTE #TB@ ACJA@ZBC >JB@JBD CW?@A@? MJ ADa>JC a@R>C @JB?@HCT @TBMR>CT ZCTACHCJ>DH@T DJSHCTDiCJ@T gD HCT XM@ A?>B>AD ZC? ?@RMAA>CJ>TaC
AMHBM?DHh Y @H DJIH>T>T R@H T>TB@aDcaMJRC gA?>B>ADRC7 @JB?@ CB?DT ACTDT7 ZC??@RMAA>CJ>TaC @ACJ[a>AChE #OZH>AD A[aC akHB>ZH@T Z?CA@TCT K@B@?CSNJ@CT T@>JAC?ZC?DJ @J MJ T>TB@aD R@ RCa>JDA>[J7 XM@ T@ GDTD @J @H ?@AKDLC R@Z@JTDa>@JBCT Y TMi@BCT CB?CT7 D WD]C? R@ HD MJ>]@?TDH>RDR R@ HD aCR@?J>RDR@M?CZ@DE #TB@ ACJA@ZBC R@ ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? DYMRD DTF D @TBDGH@A@? MJD@TB?MABM?D7 R@JB?C R@ HD AMDH T@ ZM@R@J @JB@JR@? HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? @J MJACJB@OBC SHCGDH MJ>@JRC B?@T IaG>BCT R@ @OZHCBDA>[J5 @H B?DGDiC7 HD ?DLD Y @H SNJ@?CE1MTAD HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T K>TB[?>ADT @TZ@AFW>ADT XM@ Z@?a>B@J Z@?A>G>? HCT aCRCT7 HCTJ>]@H@T Y HCT HFa>B@T R@ HD DTCA>DA>[J @JB?@ HCT S?MZCT TCA>DH@TE #J @TB@ ACJB@OBC HD@OZ@?>@JA>D ACHCJ>DH @T R@B@?a>JDJB@7 ZM@T Z@J@B?D ADRD I?@D R@ HD @O>TB@JA>D
TCA>DH Y S@J@?D HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@?7 R@W>J>@JRC R@ @TB@ aCRC HDT TMGi@B>]>RDR@TY @Z>TB@aCHCSFDT R@T@DGH@T Y JC R@T@DGH@T g6CJT@AD Y r@??@aT7 PUQP5 QU`hE
0J Z?>a@? aD?AC ACJA@ZBMDH ZD?B@ R@ HD S@CZCHFB>AD R@TR@ @H Z@JTDa>@JBC R@ACHCJ>DH5
*CJT>R@?DJRC HD S@CZCHFB>AD R@TR@ MJD ACJA@ZA>[J A?FB>AD XM@ ACJT>R@?D XM@ @H@TZDA>C @T MJ IaG>BC S@CS?IW>AC T>BMDRC XM@ ACJTB>BMY@ D HD ]@L MJ WDABC?@TB?MABM?DH R@ ZCR@? Y MJ B@??>BC?>C RCJR@ B>@J@ HMSD? HD Z?@T@JA>D Y HD RCa>JDA>[JKMaDJDTE '@TR@ @TBD Z@?TZ@AB>]D7 @H @TZDA>C S@CS?IW>AC gB@??@TB?@ C aD?FB>aC C@TZDA>DHh KD T>RC R@W>J>RC D HD ]@L ACaC @JA?MA>iDRD C D?@JD R@H ZCR@? Y R@ HDR>TZMBD ZC? @H ZCR@?7 Y ACaC WM@JB@ R@ ?@AM?TCT XM@ T@ ACJTB>BMY@J BDaG>NJ @JCB?CT BDJBCT WDABC?@T R@ ZCR@?E g,CR?FSM@L7 PUUV5 Q`h
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 12/159
QP
*CJT>R@?DJRC XM@ HD D?@JD R@ ZCR@? >JB@?JDA>CJDH ]D aIT DHHI R@ HC S@CS?IW>AC7 MTD?@aCT
HDT ADB@SC?FDT /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH ` ZD?D DJDH>LD? @H ZDZ@H R@ HCT DABC?@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@TE *CaZH@a@JBD?@aCT @TBDT ADB@SC?FDT R@ DJIH>T>T ACJ HCT DZC?B@T R@
TCA>@RDR AF]>AD Y TM ADB@SC?>LDA>[J R@ aCR@HCT A@JB?DH>LDRCT Y R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCT R@ $DLFJ
g$DLFJ7 PUUdh7 XM>@J7 ACaC T@ KDGFD a@JA>CJDRC7 @T R@ HDT ZCADT DADRNa>ADT XM@ KDA@J MJ
DJIH>T>T aIT @OB@JTC R@H ZDZ@H R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @J HD DABMDH>RDRE
&T>a>TaC7 ?@DH>LDaCT MJD ?@]>T>[J RCAMa@JBDH R@ AD?IAB@? AMDH>BDB>]C Y AMDJB>BDB>]C7 R@
>JWC?a@T @J aDB@?>D R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T Y W>HDJB?CZFD R@ WM@JB@T SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T Y Z?>]DRDT7
GMTADJRC DZC?BD? HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT7 TMT B?DY@ABC?>DT7 HDT B>ZCHCSFDT R@ DGC?RDi@
Y RDBCT ?@TZ@ABC D TM >aZC?BDJA>D @J HD DABMDH>RDRE 6M@ WMJRDa@JBDH HD ?@]>T>[J R@H kJ>AC>JWC?a@ K@AKC ZC? @H *Ca>BN R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC g*&'h R@ HD (?SDJ>LDA>[J ZD?D HD
*CCZ@?DA>[J Y @H '@TD??CHHC #ACJ[a>AC g(*'#h7 XM@ @J PUU\ T@ ZMGH>A[ ZD?D RD? D ACJCA@?
@H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADT @J aDB@?>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE #TB@ >JWC?a@ WM@ MJ Z?>a@? >JTMaC @T@JA>DH ZD?D @H >aZMHTC R@ @TBD
>J]@TB>SDA>[J7 ZM@T R@BDHHD HCT RCJDB>]CT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADT
aIT >aZC?BDJB@T ZC? ZDFT@T Y DHSMJDT ?@S>CJ@T R@H aMJRC7 >JAC?ZC?DJRC HD ?@S>[J DT>IB>AD
! R@ HD XM@ @T R>WFA>H ACJT@SM>? >JWC?aDA>[J ZC? HDT GD??@?DT H>JSsFTB>ADT Y HD R>]@?T>RDR R@
aD?ACT ?@SMHDBC?>CT ZC? ZDFT@T ! E %D?D @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J DABMDH>LDaCT @TBD >JWC?aDA>[J
MJD RNADRD R@TZMNT R@ TM @HDGC?DA>[J7 ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? HCT ADaG>CT R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACJ
aDYC? ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC @J TMT RCJDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE *CaZH@a@JBDJRC @TB@
>JWC?a@ T@ BCaDJ ACaC ?@W@?@JA>D CB?CT >JWC?a@T7 ACaC HCT RDBCT R@TR@ HD 6MJRDA>[J
&]>JD7 XM@ D ZD?B>? R@ PUU_ Z?CZMTC @H :JR>A@ R@ 'CJDJB@T R@ &aN?>AD $DB>JD7 RCJR@ T@
` %D?D @TBD B@T>T AMDJRC JCT ?@W>?DaCT D /C?B@ Y )M? .HCGDH7 T@ ?@HDA>CJD?I ACJ JM@TB?C aD?AC DJDHFB>AC R@
ACJB@OBCT @TZDA>DH@T Y S@CZCHFB>ACTE %@?C AMDJRC JCaG?@aCT /C?B@ Y )M?7 @TBD?@aCT ?@W>?>NJRCJCT@TZ@AFW>ADa@JB@ DH IaG>BC R@ HC S@CS?IW>ACE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 13/159
Q\
aM@TB?DJ HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T RCJDJB@T R@ HD ?@S>[J Y HCT B>ZCT R@ ?@AM?TCT XM@ G?>JRDJ
g6MJRDA>[J &]>JD7 PUU_hE
#J aDB@?>D R@ HD B>ZCHCSFDT Y B@JR@JA>DT T@ ?@]>TD?CJ HCT >JWC?a@T R@ 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?7XM>@J @T @H A@JB?C R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J ACJ aDYC? RCAMa@JBDA>[J TCG?@ W>HDJB?CZFD Y
WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 Y XM@ @J HCT kHB>aCT DoCT KD ?@DH>LDRC @TBMR>CT R@ TM ZDZ@H
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE #TBI MG>ADRC @J /M@]D -C?m7 #TBDRCT 0J>RCTE
%C? CB?C HDRC7 HD &TTCA>DB>CJ WC? eCa@JtT ,>SKBT >J '@]@HCZa@JB7 XM@ R@TR@ PUUb
>JDMSM?[ MJ I?@D R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J TCG?@ HDT B@JR@JA>DT R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC D J>]@H SHCGDH @J
aDB@?>D R@ HCT R@?@AKCT R@ HDT aMi@?@T Y R>C ACaC ?@TMHBDRC B?@T >JWC?a@T R@H @TBDRC R@H
D?B@ R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE #H B@OBC T@ B>BMHD A=,'2) )"#B )0 2&')/4 3$/$ 04"
2)/)+C4" 2) 0$" D.7)/)"E
+DaG>NJ @T >aZC?BDJB@ ACaZD?B>? HDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T R@ @TB@ @TBMR>CE %C? MJ HDRC7 HD Z?@aM?D
ZD?D TM ?@DH>LDA>[J JC Z@?a>B>[ ?@DH>LD? MJD ?@]>T>[J @OKDMTB>]D R@ >JWC?a@T C @TBMR>CT
TCG?@ @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@TE %C? CB?C7 @O>TB@J ZCACT @TBMR>CT Y JC @T WIA>H DAA@R@? D HCT
@O>TB@JB@T R@G>RC D XM@ JC KDY MJD R@W>J>A>[J KCaCHCSDRDj T@ ZM@R@J @JACJB?D?
JCaG?DRCT ACaC TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 W>HDJB?CZFD SHCGDH7 >JTB>BMA>CJ@T RCJDJB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7
?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR TCA>DH >JB@?JDA>CJDH C WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 HC XM@ Z?C]CAD XM@
ADRD MJC R@ @TBCT ACJA@ZBCT DGC?R@J T[HC MJ IaG>BC ZD?A>DH R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDHE
%C? kHB>aC7 @TB@ @TBMR>C GMTAD DZC?BD? DH @JB@JR>a>@JBC R@ HD ACaZH@i>RDR R@ @TBCT
DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@JB?C R@ HD D?@JD >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 R@ BDH WC?aD XM@ T@D MB>H>LDRC ZC? HCT
DABC?@T SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T ACaC MJ >JTB?Ma@JBC ZD?D MJ a@iC? ]FJAMHC ACJ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHj DR@aIT7 DH T@? MJ B@aD ZCAC @TBMR>DRC7 Z?@B@JRC XM@ T@D R@ MB>H>RDR
ZD?D XM>@J@T T@ R@R>ADJ C @TBMR>DJ HD *3%'E
#TBD B@T>T XM@R[ >JB@S?DRD @J B?@T ADZFBMHCTE #H Z?>a@?C B>@J@ @H CGi@B>]C R@ RD? AM@JBD R@
HCT ?@W@?@JB@T ACJA@ZBMDH@T ZD?D @H DJIH>T>T7 @H R@ACHCJ>DH>TaC7 HD S@CZCHFB>AD7 HD
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 14/159
QV
ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? Y HDT ADB@SC?FDT R@ /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE '@TZMNT
>R@JB>W>ADaCT HCT DGC?RDi@T Y MJ G?@]@ ?@AM@JBC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H
R@TD??CHHC g*3%'hE '@TZMNT T@ Z?@T@JBD MJ ?@AM@JBC B@[?>AC TCG?@ HDT DZ?CO>aDA>CJ@T R@TR@
HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 ZD?D ACJAHM>? ACJ @H NJWDT>T R@ TCA>@RDR AF]>AD Y TM ?@HDA>[J ACJ HCT
DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@ JCT DYMRDJ D @JB@JR@? HDT R>W@?@JA>DT
S@CZCHFB>ADT @JB?@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT Z@?TCJDT R@JB?C R@ HD
*3%'E
#J @H T@SMJRC ADZFBMHC Z?@T@JBDaCT DH H@ABC? MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 @J HD XM@ KDA@aCT MJ ?@AC??>RC TCG?@
TMT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT7 R@TR@ DJB@T R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH KDTBD HCT JC]@JBDjZCTB@?>C?a@JB@ aCTB?DaCT HDT R>W@?@JB@T B>ZCHCSFDT @J HDT XM@ T@ DS?MZDJ7 Y ?@ACJCA@aCT
HD ACaZH@i>RDR Y ?@BCT XM@ KDY ZD?D TM AHDT>W>ADA>[J Y DJIH>T>TE
%C? kHB>aC Z?@T@JBDaCT MJ B@?A@? ADZFBMHC RCJR@ DJDH>LDaCT HD >JWHM@JA>D Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HCT
DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@TR@ HDT ADB@SC?FDT R@ /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M?
.HCGDHE 3R@JB>W>ADaCT D HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@H /C?B@ .HCGDH ACaC DXM@HHCT
ACJ a@ADJ>TaCT R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T A@JB?DH>LDRDT Y XM@ JC WCa@JBDJ DZCYD? D HD
TCA>@RDR AF]>AD7 Y R@H )M? .HCGDH ACaC DXM@HHDT ACJ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD Y
XM@ WC?BDH@A@J HD TCA>@RDR AF]>ADE
*Ca@JLDaCT ACJ MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J S@J@?DH TCG?@ TM ZDZ@H @J HD DABMDH ACYMJBM?D
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE '@TZMNT ZC? ADRD DABC? Z?@T@JBDaCT HDT @OZ@?>@JA>DT XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT R@H
/C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE
#J @H ADTC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?@T@JBDaCT HD DABMDH>LDA>[J R@H >JWC?a@ CW>A>DH R@TR@ @H *&'
gPUU\h ACJ A>W?DT R@ PUQUE '@TZMNT Z?@T@JBDaCT HCT ADTCT XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT >J>A>DB>]DT
R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 ACaC TCJ5 HD ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@7 R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 Y @H
ADTC R@ .CCSH@E '@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH T@ Z?@T@JBD @H ADTC R@ (Z@J )CA>@BY 6MJRDB>CJT7 R@
)C?CTE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 15/159
Q`
'@TZMNT DGC?RDaCT @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT R@JB?C R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC
DS@JB@T7 KDA@aCT MJ G?@]@ ?@AM@JBC R@ TM >aZDABC Y T@ Z?@T@JBDJ HCT ADTCT R@ 1CJC
ACaC MJ @i@aZHC R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT R@JB?C R@ HDT
ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ *?CfRWMJR>JS ACaC @i@aZHCT R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDHE
%C? kHB>aC Z?@T@JBDaCT @H ADTC R@ HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T R@ HCT aC]>a>@JBCT TCA>DH@T7
@H 6CJRC R@ r[]@J@T 6@a>J>TBDT 6,3'&7 XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT R@H )M? .HCGDHE
6>JDHa@JB@7 @J HDT ACJAHMT>CJ@T aCTB?DaCT A[aC @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T B>@J@J ACaZH@i>RDR@T ACJA?@BDT W?@JB@ D TMT >JB@?]@JA>CJ@Tj Y HD
Z@?B>J@JA>D R@ >J]@TB>SD? aMAKC aIT D @TB@ DABC? D ZD?B>? R@ HD Z?@T@JB@ ACYMJBM?D R@ HD
*3%'7 RCJR@ @J HCT aIT ?@A>@JB@T @TZDA>CT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J CW>A>DH T@ H@ KD RDRC ADRD ]@L
aIT ZCR@? R@ R@A>T>[J @ >JWHM@JA>D D @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[JE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 16/159
Qb
5 ?FMMHSDFBGHK ENBEFRGLHJFK RHMH HBHJD[HM JH ENNRFMHEDOB BN
QLIFMBHSFBGHJ
#H Z?>a@? ADZFBMHC B>@J@ @H CGi@B>]C R@ RD? AM@JBD R@ HCT ?@W@?@JB@T ACJA@ZBMDH@T XM@ ZD?D
@H DJIH>T>T T@ MB>H>LD?IJ @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J5 R@ACHCJ>DH>TaC7 S@CZCHFB>AD7 ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H
ZCR@?7 ZD?D @JB@JR@? HDT ADB@SC?FDT /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE '@TZMNT >R@JB>W>ADaCT HCT
DGC?RDi@T R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J7 Z?>a@?C R@TR@
MJ ?@AM@JBC G?@]@ R@ HD *3%' Y ZCTB@?>C?a@JB@ ACJ MJ ?@AM@JBC B@[?>AC TCG?@ A[aC R@TR@
HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H T@ KDJ DGC?RDRC @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T E 6>JDHa@JB@7 @J @H B@?A@?
DZD?BDRC T@ @OZH>AD @H ACJA@ZBC R@ TCA>@RDR AF]>AD Y TM ?@HDA>[J ACJ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 XM@ JCT DYMRD D @JB@JR@? HDT R>W@?@JA>DT S@CZCHFB>ADT @JB?@ HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT Z@?TCJDT R@JB?C R@ HD *3%'E
5/5
(FENJNBDHJDCHC ENSN LB SHMEN CF HB\JDKDK CF JH +FNRNJ]GDEH8 #NMGF +JNIHJ P $LM
+JNIHJ
'HG PHD ^POKLHD 6$7 C_HD NF DKDOFLC`LVINH\ FVGHEFHZFVGH`CLFGKMCIHLHNFGIHZMHPHIKCP MCEKOCPKDOCZECOGKCGMCP UVKLHD NFP aMGKDOKCIbcCOF H OFLCOHd\ FI FP DKWPH e:- CP aMKRKPbcCOF H OF LCOHd FI FP DKWPH e:--- f e-e CP
aNFDCGGJPPCOF H OF LCIHd FI FP DKWPH ee f LgD GFMKFIOFLFIOF CPaNFLHMGCObcCOF H OF LCOHd C EGKIMKEKHD NFP DKWPH ee- !"#$%&$'()*+ -./.0 123#
#TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J DGC?RD D HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH Y GMTAD @JaD?AD? @TB@ DJIH>T>T R@JB?C R@ HDT B@C?FDT A?>B>ADT R@ HD ?@DH>RDR
>JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ZD?D HC XM@ MB>H>LD ACJA@ZBCT /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH7 XM@ JC T@
?@HDA>CJDJ ACJ MJD R>]>T>[J S@CS?IW>AD T>JC ACJ MJ DJIH>T>T R@ HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? XM@
>aZDABD @J HD @ACJCaFD Y @J HD ZCHFB>ADE
#TB@ ACJA@ZBC T@ @JB@JR@?I R@TR@ HDT B@C?FDT R@ACHCJ>DH@T7 XM@ ZCJ@J @J @H A@JB?C HDT
?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? R@TR@ MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D K>TB[?>AD7 @ACJ[a>AD Y ZCHFB>AD7 Z@?C
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 17/159
Qd
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J TM C?>S@J @Z>TBNa>ACE #TBD Z@?TZ@AB>]D B@[?>AD Z?CZCJ@ XM@ ZD?D
AMDHXM>@? DJIH>T>T ! @J @TB@ ADTC MJ DJIH>T>T R@ HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ DABC?@T Y
DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T ! @T J@A@TD?>C ACJT>R@?D? HD ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@?E
/C @T ZCT>GH@ @JBCJA@T KDA@? MJ DJIH>T>T R@ HD ?@DH>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDH T>J ACJT>R@?D? XM@ HC
XM@ KD a@R>DRC @J HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T @JB?@ HCT R>]@?TCT DABC?@T @T MJD ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@?
XM@ T@ KD >aZMHTDRC K>TB[?>ADa@JB@ GDTDRD @J MJD RCa>JDA>[J CAA>R@JBDH XM@ T@
B?DJTWC?aD DH?@R@RC? R@H B>@aZCE #H ACJA@ZBC R@ ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? ZD?D 6CJT@AD Y
r@??@aT @T5
$D ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? ?@TMa@ HD @TB?MABM?D R@ ZCR@? Z?CZM@TBD ZC? @H
Z@JTDa>@JBC R@ACHCJ>DHE )@ @JB>@JR@ ACaC MJ Z?CA@TC ZDKGOMDEN ENBKGDGLGDWN P LBKDKGFSH CF CNSDBHEDOB NEEDCFBGHJ XM@ >JAHMY@ HD CZ?@T>[J @ACJ[a>AD7 @Z>TBNa>ADY ?DA>DH R@ S?MZCT TMGDHB@?JCTE #TB@ ACJA@ZBC >JB@JBD CW?@A@? MJ ADa>JC a@R>C@JB?@ HCT @TBMR>CT ZCTACHCJ>DH@T DJSHCTDiCJ@T gD HCT XM@ A?>B>AD ZC? ?@RMAA>CJ>TaCAMHBM?DHh Y @H DJIH>T>T R@H T>TB@aDcaMJRC gA?>B>ADRC7 @JB?@ CB?DT ACTDT7 ZC??@RMAA>CJ>TaC @ACJ[a>AChE #OZH>AD A[aC akHB>ZH@T Z?CA@TCT K@B@?CSNJ@CT T@>JAC?ZC?DJ @J MJ T>TB@aD R@ RCa>JDA>[J7 XM@ T@ GDTD @J @H ?@AKDLC R@Z@JTDa>@JBCT Y TMi@BCT CB?CT D WD]C? R@ HD MJ>]@?TDH>RDR R@ HD aCR@?J>RDR@M?CZ@DE #TB@ ACJA@ZBC R@ ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? DYMRD DTF D @TBDGH@A@? MJD@TB?MABM?D7 R@JB?C R@ HD AMDH T@ ZM@R@J @JB@JR@? HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? @J MJ
ACJB@OBC SHCGDH MJ>@JRC B?@T IaG>BCT R@ @OZHCBDA>[J5 FJ GMHIH^NT JH MH[H P FJQ_BFMNE 1MTAD HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T K>TB[?>ADT @TZ@AFW>ADT XM@ Z@?a>B@J Z@?A>G>? HCTaCRCT7 HCT J>]@H@T Y HCT HFa>B@T R@ HD DTCA>DA>[J @JB?@ HCT S?MZCT TCA>DH@TE #J @TB@ACJB@OBC HD @OZ@?>@JA>D ACHCJ>DH @T R@B@?a>JDJB@7 ZM@T Z@J@B?D ADRD I?@D R@ HD@O>TB@JA>D TCA>DH Y S@J@?D HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@?7 R@W>J>@JRC R@ @TB@ aCRC HDTTMGi@B>]>RDR@T P FRDKGFSNJNQ]HK CFKFHIJFK P BN CFKFHIJFK/ g6CJT@AD Y r@??@aT7PUQP5 QU`h
#T >aZC?BDJB@ DACBD? XM@ HD B@C?FD R@ACHCJ>DH7 ACaC HC a@JA>CJDJ 6CJT@AD Y r@??@aT7 @T
MJD DZM@TBD @Z>TB@aCH[S>AD XM@ TM?S@ R@ HD a@R>DA>[J @JB?@ HDT B@C?FDT ZCTACHCJ>DH@T Y @H
DJIH>T>T R@H T>TB@aDcaMJRC7
@J ZD?B>AMHD? ?@ACJCA>RD ZC? HCT DZC?B@T R@ 2>SJCHC gPUU^7 PUQUh7 1CD]@JBM?D gPUQUh7
6DJCJ gPUUbh Y l@?JIJR@L gPUQQh7 Z@?C BDaG>NJ @TBI >JWHM>RD ZC? HCT @TBMR>CT
ZCTACHCJ>DH@T JC DJSHCTDiCJ@T R@TR@ &T>D7 ACaC HCT R@ 2CKDJBY gPUQQh Y 2DaD gPUQQhE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 18/159
Q_
$D R@ACHCJ>DH>RDR ?@ACJCA@ XM@ AMDJRC T@ DJDH>LD Y T@ ACJTB?MY@ @Z>TB@aCHCSFD R@TR@ HD
"MJ>]@?TDH>RDR8 T@ B?DBD R@ MJ a@ADJ>TaC R@ RCa>JDA>[J R@H ACJCA>a>@JBC XM@ T@ >JTBDHD
AMHBM?DHa@JB@ @ K>TB[?>ADa@JB@E %D?B>@JRC R@ XM@ HD ?@HDA>[J ACJ HCT CB?DTnCB?CT aMY
R>]@?TCT DABC?@T @TBI a@R>DRD ZC? @H ZCR@? Y JC T@ ZM@R@ @JB@JR@? @TBD ?@HDA>[J T>J
@JB@JR@? IaG>BCT ACJA?@BCT R@ @OZHCBDA>[J ?@HDA>CJDRCT ACJ HDT TMGi@B>]>RDR@T Y ACJ
@H@a@JBCT ACJA?@BCT ACaC @OZHCBDA>[J R@H B?DGDiC7 HD ?DLD Y @H SNJ@?C7 iMJBC ACJ HCT
@H@a@JBCT GIT>ACT R@ ?@HDA>CJ@T @ACJ[a>ADTE #T R@A>?7 HD B@C?FD R@ACHCJ>DH >JAHMY@ HCT
DJIH>T>T B?DR>A>CJDH@T ZCTACHCJ>DH@T Y @ACJ[a>ACT @J aDB@?>D R@ R@Z@JR@JA>D Y HCT ]>JAMHD
ACJ HDT TMGi@B>]>RDR@T @Z>TBNa>ADT7 AMHBM?DH@T7 K>TB[?>ADT Y HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T R@ a@R>DA>[J7
RCa>JDA>[J C @OZHCBDA>[J XM@ >aZDABDJ @J HC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE 0J DJIH>T>T >JB@?JDA>CJDH
B>@J@ XM@ ACJT>R@?D?7 DZD?B@ R@ HD K>TBC?>D ACHCJ>DH7 HD R@Z@JR@JA>D @ACJ[a>AD7 Z@?C
BDaG>NJ HDT TMGi@B>]>RDR@T @Z>TBNa>ADT Y R@ @OZHCBDA>[J C RCa>JDA>[J R@ HDT Z@?TCJDTE
%D?D @i@aZH>W>AD? a@iC? HD B@C?FD R@ACHCJ>DH7 MJC R@ TMT B@[?>ACT WMJRDRC?@T7 &JFGDH
9M>iDJC @OZCJ@5
$D A?FB>AD DH ZD?DR>SaD @M?CZ@C R@ HD ?DA>CJDH>RDRnaCR@?J>RDR @T >JR>TZ@JTDGH@E2IT DkJ M?S@JB@E %@?C @T RMRCTC XM@ @H ADa>JC ACJT>TBD @J HD J@SDA>[J T>aZH@ R@
BCRDT TMT ADB@SC?FDT5 @J HD R>TCHMA>[J R@ HD ?@DH>RDR @J @H R>TAM?TC7 @J HD ZM?DJ@SDA>[J R@ HD >R@D7 Y R@ HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ HD BCBDH>RDR R@ ACJCA>a>@JBCE $@iCT R@@TBC7 @T J@A@TD?>C R@TZ?@JR@?T@ R@ HDT ]>JAMHDA>CJ@T R@ HD ?DA>CJDH>RDRaCR@?J>RDR ACJ HD ACHCJ>DH>RDR7 @J Z?>a@? BN?a>JC7 Y @J R@W>J>B>]D ACJ BCRC ZCR@?JC ACJTB>BM>RC @J HD R@A>T>[J H>G?@ R@ S@JB@T H>G?@TE g9M>iDJC7 @J 2>SJCHC7 PUUb5 __h
%D?D @TB@ B@[?>AC7 @H TM?S>a>@JBC J@A@TD?>C R@ @TBD B@C?FD @T HD >JACaZ?@T>]>RDR R@ HD
?@DH>RDR R@TR@ aD?ACT B@[?>ACT "MJ>]@?TDH@T8 Y B?DR>A>CJDHa@JB@ "?DA>CJDH@T8j @T R@A>?7 T@
B?DBD R@ ACJTB?M>? MJD ?@]>T>[J @Z>TBNa>AD R@ HD ?@DH>RDR7 R@TR@ HCT CB?CTnCB?DT7
AM@TB>CJDJRC @TBD WC?aMHD B?DR>A>CJDHE #H ZD?DR>SaD JC ZM@R@ T@? aIT MJD ?@DH>RDR H@iDJD
XM@ @TBDGH@A@ MJ aDJRDBC R@ "aCR@?J>RDR8 D T@SM>?E #J @TB@ ADTC7 DJDH>LD? DABC?@T ACJ
BDJBD R>]@?T>RDR SHCGDHa@JB@ >aZH>AD JC DJDH>LD?HCT ACaC ?@TMHBDRC R@ HD "aCR@?J>RDR87
T>JC @JB@JR>@JRC XM@ HDT >J>A>DB>]DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T T@ KD R@TD??CHHDRC @J R>TB>JBDT HDB>BMR@T ACJ AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT Z?CZ>DT Y
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 19/159
Q^
ACJR>A>CJ@T S@CZCHFB>ADT XM@ HDT >JWHMY@J Y R@B@?a>JDJE 0J Z?>a@? @H@a@JBC R@ DJIH>T>T R@
HD ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@H ZCR@? @T ?@ACJCA@? @H DJIH>T>T S@CZCHFB>AC5
*CJT>R@?DJRC HD S@CZCHFB>AD R@TR@ MJD ACJA@ZA>[J A?FB>AD XM@ ACJT>R@?D XM@ @H@TZDA>C7 @T MJ IaG>BC S@CS?IW>AC T>BMDRC XM@ ACJTB>BMY@ D HD ]@L MJ WDABC?@TB?MABM?DH R@ ZCR@? Y MJ B@??>BC?>C RCJR@ B>@J@ HMSD? HD Z?@T@JA>D Y HD RCa>JDA>[JKMaDJDTE '@TR@ @TBD Z@?TZ@AB>]D7 @H @TZDA>C S@CS?IW>AC gB@??@TB?@ C aD?FB>aC C@TZDA>DHh KD T>RC R@W>J>RC D HD ]@L7 ACaC @JA?MA>iDRD C D?@JD R@H ZCR@? Y R@ HDR>TZMBD ZC? @H ZCR@?7 Y ACaC WM@JB@ R@ ?@AM?TCT XM@ T@ ACJTB>BMY@J BDaG>NJ @JCB?CT BDJBCT WDABC?@T R@ ZCR@?E g,CR?FSM@L7 PUUV5Ph
&TF7 HD S@CZCHFB>AD A?FB>AD KD DaZH>DRC @H ADaZC R@ DAA>[J R@ HD B?DR>A>CJDH A>@JA>D ZCHFB>AD7
DH ?@ACJCA@? XM@ @H @i@?A>A>C R@H ZCR@? JC @T @OAHMT>]C R@H #TBDRC7 T>JC MJD DAB>]>RDR R@ HD
]>RD ACB>R>DJD @J HD TCA>@RDRE )@ B?DBD R@ >R@JB>W>AD? A[aC HC >JB@?JDA>CJDH @TBI MG>ADRC @J
@TZDA>CT R@ R>TZMBD R@ ZCR@? C @JA?MA>iDRDT XM@ R@Z@JR@J R@ HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T ACHCJ>DH@T7
TMGi@B>]DT7 R@ R@Z@JR@JA>D @ACJ[a>ADj XM@ ACJW>SM?D Z?>]>H@S>CT D A>@?BCT T@ABC?@T Y
aD?S>JDH>RDR D CB?CTE
'@TR@ HD a>?DRD R@ HD *3%'7 HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D S@CZCHFB>AD ZM@R@ DYMRD D @JB@JR@? A[aC T@ KD
ACJW>SM?DRC @H ZD?DR>SaD R@H "R@TD??CHHC8 @TBDGH@A>@JRC R>]>T>CJ@T @JB?@ @H "aCR@?JC8 Y
HCT CB?CTnCB?DT7 MJD R>]>T>[J S@CZCHFB>AD >aZM@TBD ACaC MJD WC?aD R@ RCa>JDA>[J
CAA>R@JBDH XM@ D B?D]NT R@ HD @Z>TB@aCHCSFD7 HD @ACJCaFD Y HD ZCHFB>AD KD
>aZM@TBCnR@W>J>RC HC R@T@DGH@ ZD?D ADRD B@??>BC?>C R@H aMJRCE - JC T[HC HC R@T@DGH@7 T>JC
HCT XM@ JC @TBIJ R@JB?C R@ @T@ "?MaGC87 HCT "CB?CT8 XM@ KDY XM@ >JAC?ZC?D?7 HCT
"TMGR@TD??CHHDRCT8 R@H "B@?A@? aMJRC8 @BANB@?DE
*CaC HC a@JA>CJD 2CKDJBY +DHZDR@ gPUQQ5 VQdh7 "$D ADB@SC?FD /C?B@n)M? T@ MB>H>LD ZD?D
R>TB>JSM>? @JB?@ HDT JDA>CJ@T Y ACaMJ>RDR@T DR>J@?DRDT Y Z?>]>H@S>DRDT Y DXM@HHDT
aD?S>JDRDT @ACJ[a>AD Y ZCHFB>ADa@JB@8j @T MJD K@??Da>@JBD DJDHFB>AD XM@ JCT Z@?a>B@
@JB@JR@? XMN ]DHC?@T Y Z?>C?>RDR@T T@ B>@J@J ZD?D R@A>R>? XM>NJ @TBI R@ MJ HDRC C R@ CB?CE
$DT DAA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J C DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH TCJ R>?>S>RDT D @TCT CB?CTnCB?DT7 XM@ T@
DT>SJD?CJ D HD ADB@SC?FD R@ aD?S>JDRCT C TMGR@TD??CHHDRCT7 R@TR@ MJD a>?DRD @OB@?JDE $CT
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 20/159
PU
XM@ @TBIJ R@H CB?C HDRC7 R@TR@ @H Z?>]>H@S>C KDJ ]DH>RDRC @Z>TB@aCH[S>ADa@JB@ TM ZCR@? Y
ZC? HC BDJBC TM ?@HDA>[J R@ DYMRD DH R@TD??CHHC R@H CB?CnCB?DE
%D?D >R@JB>W>AD? HDT >aZH>ADA>CJ@T R@ @TBD R>]>T>[J S@CS?IW>AD Y ZCHFB>AD Z?@T@JBDaCT DACJB>JMDA>[J MJ @TXM@aD XM@7 @J BN?a>JCT >JR>ADB>]CT7 GMTAD RD? AM@JBD R@ HDT
R>ACBCaFDT AHIT>ADT XM@ KDJ aD?ADRC @H R>TAM?TC R@H R@TD??CHHC g2CTDJS>J>7 PUQP5 Qd_h
g$H>TBD? 1CTAK7 PUU^5 `Qhj g2CKDJBY +DHZDR@7 PUQQ5 VQdcVQ^h5
7MDBEDRHJFK ENBEFRGNK
$LM P #NMGF
)BUNYLF RMDBEDRHJ 7MNEFCFBEDH
%FMEFM 2LBCN n%?>a@?
2MJRC
*CJA@ZA>[J H>SDRD DH ACJB@OBC S@CZCHFB>AC R@ HD SM@??D W?FD
Y aD?ADRD ZC? HD TMZ@?>C?>RDR R@H /C?B@ Y @H DB?DTC R@H )M?E
&HW?@R )DM]Y
gQ^`Vh
7H]KFK BN NEEDCFBGHJFK`
CAA>R@JBDH@T
*CJA@ZA>[J A@JB?DRD @J @H @H@a@JBC AMHBM?DH aD?ADRC ZC?
@H @M?CA@JB?>TaC Y HD TMZ@?>C?>RDR R@ CAA>R@JB@E
'>TA>ZH>JDT
K>TB[?>ADT AHIT>ADT
7H]KFK BN
DBCLKGMDHJD[HCNKn
>JRMTB?>DH>LDRCT
*CJA@ZA>[J A@JB?DRD @J @H S?DRC R@ >JRMTB?>DH>LDA>[J XM@
aD?AD @H ADa>JC H>J@DH KDA>D @H Z?CS?@TC Y R@TD??CHHCE
+@C?FD R@ HD
aCR@?J>LDA>[J
7H]KFK RNIMFK n ?>ACT *CJA@ZA>[J GDTDRD @J @H @ACJCa>A>TaCE #H %31 Y HCT J>]@H@T
R@ >JS?@TCT @ACJ[a>ACT TCJ HD R>a@JT>[J kJ>AD XM@ R@W>J@
HD T>BMDA>[J R@ HCT ZDFT@TE
3JTB>BMA>CJ@T
W>JDJA>@?DT
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
g1DJAC 2MJR>DHh
7H]KFK
KLICFKHMMNJJHCNK R@TD??C
HHDRCT
*CJA@ZA>[J H>J@DH R@H R@TD??CHHC Y R@H Z?CS?@TC R@ HDT
TCA>@RDR@T KMaDJDT7 aD?ADRD ZC? HD TMZ@?>C?>RDR R@H
/C?B@ @ >JR>TCA>DGH@ R@H A?@A>a>@JBC >H>a>BDRCE
+@C?FD R@H
R@TD??CHHC
?CTBCf>DJD gQ^bUh
7H]KFK CF "(? IH^Nn 3'l DHBC #J HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HCT ZDFT@T7 DoDR@ DH %31 Z@? AIZ>BD HD +@C?FD R@ HDT
J@A@T>RDR@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 21/159
PQ
7MDBEDRHJFK ENBEFRGNK
$LM P #NMGF
)BUNYLF RMDBEDRHJ 7MNEFCFBEDH
@TZ@?DJLD R@ ]>RD @ FJR>A@T R@ DHWDG@B>LDA>[J Y @RMADA>[JE GIT>ADT R@/DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT
7H]KFK CFJ $LM
QFNQM\UDENn/C?B@
S@CS?IW>AC
$CT ACJA@ZBCT R@H /C?B@ Y R@H )M? JDA@J @J ?@W@?@JA>D D HD
MG>ADA>[J S@CS?IW>AD5 K@a>TW@?>CT /C?B@ Y )M?E )@?>DT
H>a>BDA>CJ@T7 JC T>@aZ?@ AC>JA>R@ HD MG>ADA>[J5 A@JB?D?T@
@J @H @H@a@JBC S@CS?IW>AC R@iD R@ HDRC @H@a@JBCT
@T@JA>DH@T gTCA>DH@T7 ZCHFB>ACT7 @ACJ[a>ACTh XM@ @OZH>ADJ
HDT R@T>SMDHRDR@TE
*CJT>R@?DA>CJ@T
S@CS?IW>ADT JC
T>@aZ?@ Z?@A>TDT
+aa b -ZDBHn .d u ,MT>D )@ ?@W>@?@ D HD ?@Z?@T@JBDA>[J >JTB>BMA>CJDH Y ZCHFB>AD R@ HCT
ZDFT@T aIT ?>ACT Y R@H S?MZC R@ ZDFT@T aIT ZCG?@TE
&?XM>B@ABM?D
ZCHFB>AD Y
R>ZHCaIB>AD
>JB@?JDA>CJDH
7H]KFK
FSRNIMFEDCNKn@J?>XM@A>R
CT
'@TBDAD HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ADMTDc@W@ABC @JB?@ ZCG?@LD @J @H
)M? Y ?>XM@LD @J @H /C?B@E
2C]>a>@JBCT
TCA>DH@T
DJB>SHCGDH>LDA>[J
7FMDUFMDH`*@JB?C $D Z@?>W@?>D @TBI >JT@?BDRD @J @H T>TB@aDcaMJRC R@ aDJ@?D
i@?I?XM>ADa@JB@ R@Z@JR>@JB@ R@H A@JB?C D J>]@H
@ACJ[a>AC Y ZCHFB>ACE
+@C?FDT R@ HD
R@Z@JR@JA>DE
3aaDJM@H
eDHH@?TB@>J
-JHKF FcEJLDCH
QJNIHJn*CJTMa>RC?D
SHCGDH
)@ A@JB?D @J HCT aCR@HCT R@ ACJTMaC Y TMT >aZDABCTE 0J
PUv R@ HD ZCGHDA>[J R@H ZHDJ@BD @T ACJTMa>RC?D
ACaZMHT>]D7 W?@JB@ D MJ _Uv R@ HD ZCGHDA>[J @OAHM>RD R@H
a@?ADRC SHCGDHE
eC?HRfDBAK
3JTB>BMB@ PUUV
+@C?FDT
R@ACHCJ>DH@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 22/159
PP
7MDBEDRHJFK ENBEFRGNK
$LM P #NMGF
)BUNYLF RMDBEDRHJ 7MNEFCFBEDH
$LM +JNIHJn/C?B@ .HCGDH '>W@?@JA>DT R@H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y R@H )M? .HCGDH B?DTA>@JR@J
W?CJB@?DT S@CS?IW>ADT Y ZCHFB>ADTE $DT R@T>SMDHRDR@T
CG@R@A@J D R>JIa>ADT SHCGDH@TE
2C]>a>@JBCT
TCA>DH@Tc
+@C?FDT
'@ACHCJ>DH@T
-JHKF CFLCNMH QJNIHJ
n&A?@@RC?D SHCGDH
,@>]>JR>ADA>[J ZCHFB>AD R@ HD R@MRD R@H A?@A>a>@JBC Y TM
>aZDABC @ACH[S>ACE
+@C?FDT R@
R@A?@A>a>@JBC
+@C?FDT R@
R@TD??CHHC
TMTB@JBDGH@E
&B GFMEDN CFJ SLBCN`(NK
GFMEDNK CFJ SLBCN
2>JC?FDT Y aDYC?FDT TCA>DH@T GDTDRD @J HD ADB@SC?FD R@
ADH>RDR R@ ]>RD XM@ ZCT@@J ZM@GHCT R@H /C?B@ Z@?C
BDaG>NJ R@H )M?E &JDH>LD HDT ACJB>JM>RDR@T Y
R>TACJB>JM>RDR@T @JB?@ HCT XM@ B>@J@J Y HCT XM@ JC7 R@JB?C
R@ HDT W?CJB@?DT R@ HDT JDA>CJ@T7 @JB?@ HDT JDA>CJ@T7 Y HDT
ACaMJ>RDR@T >JRFS@JDTE
+@C?FDT
R@ACHCJ>DH@T
W@a>J>TBDT5
>JRFS@JDT Y D?DG@T
9$F0$ G; !'-4H.)" 2) 84/#) I04F$0 5 J./ I04F$0;
!0$F4/$+&,' 3/43&$ $ 3$/#&/ 2) ?4"$'*&'& KLMGLN GOPQR S0&"#$/ T4"+C KLMMUN VGQR 5 ?4C$'#5 9$03$2) KLMGGN WGOXWGUQ
#J @TB@ ?@AM@JBC R@ B@C?FDT Y ZCHFB>ADT >aZMHTDRDT ZC? DABC?@T @TZ@AFW>ACT7 T@ ZM@R@
CGT@?]D? XM@ DHSMJDT ZCTBM?DT ZM@R@J ACaZH@a@JBD?T@ Y CB?DT T>aZH@a@JB@ AM@TB>CJDJ
R@ HH@JC @H ZD?DR>SaD R@H XM@ ZD?B@J CB?DTE %C? @i@aZHC TCJ aMAKDT HDT Z@?TZ@AB>]DT XM@
AM@TB>CJDJ XM@ @H Z?CS?@TC @ACJ[a>AC JC ZM@R@ T@? @H kJ>AC ZD?Ia@B?C R@ HD R>]>T>[J R@
HCT ZDFT@T7 ACaC @H %?CRMABC 3JB@?JC 1?MBC C Z@? AIZ>BD7 ZM@T JC >JAC?ZC?D D HDT Z@?TCJDT
T>JC HD DAMaMHDA>[J R@ ADZ>BDHj CB?DT @J ADaG>C ACJT>R@?DJ XM@ HD ADH>RDR R@ ]>RD R@G@ T@?
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 23/159
P\
@H @i@ R@ DJIH>T>T S@CZCHFB>ACj @T @H ADTC R@ "MJ B@?A>C RCT B@?A>CT R@H aMJRC87 XM@
>R@JB>W>AD XM@ DMJ R@JB?C R@ HCT ZDFT@T ACJ aDYC? R@TD??CHHC @ACJ[a>AC @O>TB@J
ACaMJ>RDR@T aD?S>JDH@T7 RCa>JDRDT7 D>THDRDTE
%D?D 2CTDJS>J>7 HCT DJIH>T>T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@G@J ACJT>R@?D? XM@ @H /C?B@ Y @H )M? TCJ
ZD?B@ R@ MJ a>TaC T>TB@aD SHCGDH5
3JB@JBD? DJDH>LD? Y @OZH>AD? HDT R@T>SMDHRDR@T @JB?@ ACaZCJ@JB@T R@H a>TaCT>TB@aD XM@ ZCJ@ @J @]>R@JA>D @H AD?IAB@? T>TB@aIB>AC R@ HCT Z?CA@TCT R@>JB@?R@Z@JR@JA>D @JB?@ DABC?@T Y B@??>BC?>CTE #J R@W>J>B>]D7 DJDH>LD? R@TR@ /C?B@ Y)M? SHCGDH @T JC Z@?R@? R@ ]>TBD XM@ DJDH>LDaCT MJ kJ>AC T>TB@aD ACJ B@??>BC?>CT YZCGHDA>CJ@T R@T>SMDHa@JB@ >JT@?BDRCT @J NH gR@ aDJ@?D ]@JBDiCTD C TMGC?R>JDRD7
ACaZH@BD C ZD?A>DHa@JB@h gPUQP5 QddhE*CaZH@a@JBDJRC @H DJIH>T>T R@ ZCR@? Y R@ HDT R@T>SMDHRDR@T Y TM T@JB>RC R@ @TB?MABM?D Y
T>TB@aD7 2CKDJBY +DHZDR@ gPUQQ5 VQ_h DR]>@?B@ XM@ @T J@A@TD?>C JC Z@?Z@BMD? G>JD?>TaCT
S@CS?IW>ACT C >R@CH[S>ACT XM@ JCT DA@?XM@J D HCT "MJ>]@?TDH>TaCT8 R@JB?C R@ HCT DJIH>T>T
S@CZCHFB>ACT7 @T R@A>?7 R@G@aCT DH@iD?JCT R@ MJ T>aZH>TaC GM@JCnaDHC7 /C?B@n)M?7 aIT
G>@J B@J@aCT XM@ DGC?RD? HCT DZC?B@T S@CZCHFB>ACT R@ R>]@?TCT DABC?@T R@TR@ MJD a>?DRD
JC @T@JA>DH>TBD Y ACJ MJ DJIH>T>T XM@ ACJB@aZH@ @H ACJB@OBC ZCHFB>AC @ K>TB[?>ACE
&TF7 @J @TBD B@T>T T@ DGC?RD?I MJ DJIH>T>T R@ /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH BCaDJRC @J
ACJT>R@?DA>[J @TB@ @JWCXM@ JC G>JD?>C ZD?D DJDH>LD? HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T7 @TB?DB@S>DT7
>JB@?@T@T Y Z@?TZ@AB>]DT R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC @TBDBDH@T7 ACaC HCT 6CJRCT
3JR@Z@JR>@JB@T7 HDT 6MJRDA>CJ@T Y Z@?TCJDT7 ACJT>R@?DJRC TMT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT7 TM
ACJB@OBC ZCHFB>AC Y HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T ZC? ?@S>[J C LCJD R@ >JWHM@JA>D aMJR>DHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 24/159
PV
5/; -NNRFMHEDOB "BGFMBHEDNBHJ RHMH FJ (FKHMMNJJN/
%I DKDOFLC GFIHRCNH NF MHHEFGCMKJI KIOFGICMKHICP ECGC FP NFDCGGHPPH NFhFDFG FDOChPFMKNH f UVINCNH FI PHD MKLKFIOHD NF VI FIUHiVF ]HPbDOKMH\ hCDCNH
FI PHD NFGFM]HD f DKOVCNH FI VI FDECMKH RFGNCNFGCLFIOF NFLHMGgOKMH FKIMPVDKRH# 4C FUKMCMKC NFP NFDCGGHPPH\ FIOFINKNC FI VI LCGMH hCDCNH FI PHDNFGFM]HD\ EGHLVFRF PC ECGOKMKECMKJI KIMPVDKRC f PC CMMKJI NFLHMGgOKMC FI
OHGIH C PC CfVNC f PHD EGHMFDHD NF NFDCGGHPPH f GFUPFjC PHD RCPHGFD NF PCjVDOKMKC FMHIJLKMC\ KIMPVfFINH PC jVDOKMKC NF WkIFGH f PC DHPKNCGKNCN MHLH
MKVNCNCIHDZCD WPHhCPFD# !456$)7%8)97 : ;*)<=7>+ -./-0 /13
$D ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC g*3%'h KD T>RC MJ ACJA@ZBC GDTDRC @J MJ
ACJB@OBC S@CZCHFB>AC @ K>TB[?>AC R@B@?a>JDRC XM@ JC ACJT>R@?[ @JWCXM@T R@ R@?@AKCT
KMaDJCT J> MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@aCA?IB>AD @ >JAHMT>]DE %C? @TC7 ACaC a@JA>CJD &H@aDJY @J
JM@TB?C @ZFS?DW@7 @J HD DABMDH>RDR T@ ]M@H]@ >aZ@?DJB@ XM@ HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
DGC?R@J @TCT @H@a@JBCTE & ZD?B>? R@ @TBD ?@ACa@JRDA>[J7 ZCR@aCT Z?@SMJBD?JCT
@JBCJA@T7 wR@ R[JR@ TM?S@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH Y AMIH KD T>RC TM @]CHMA>[Jx7 wD
XMN JCT ?@W@?>aCT AMDJRC a@JA>CJDaCT HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHx7 Y wXMN B>ZC R@
aCRDH>RDR@T Y a@ADJ>TaCT @O>TB@J R@JB?C R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHx
)CG?@ TM @]CHMA>[J Y R@TD??CHHC K>TB[?>AC7 0JA@BD gPUU\h7 a@JA>CJD XM@ R@G@?FDaCT B@J@?
MJD ACJT>R@?DA>[J ZD?D TM DJIH>T>T7 ZM@T ZCR?FDaCT >JAHM>? RCT W@J[a@JCT ACJ
AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT T>a>HD?@T Z@?C XM@ B>@J@J C?FS@J@T R>TB>JBCTE %C? MJ HDRC7 HD XM@ T@ ?@W>@?@ D
HD GMHBKUFMFBEDH CF MFELMKNK G_EBDENK P UDBHBEDFMNK ZHEDH JNK RH]KFK RNIMFK ACaC MJ
a@ADJ>TaC ZD?D aCR@?J>LD? TMT @ACJCaFDT7 ZD?B>@JRC R@H ADa>JC XM@ YD KDGFDJ
?@AC??>RC CB?CT ZDFT@T >JRMTB?>DH>LDRCTj @TBD >J>A>DB>]D @T >aZMHTDRD ZC? SCG>@?JCT C
DS@JA>DT G>HDB@?DH@T C aMHB>HDB@?DH@TE - ZC? CB?C HDRC7 @TB@ DMBC? a@JA>CJD "JH JOQDEH
ZLSHBDKGH CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB8b XM@ T@ R>C D ZD?B>? R@H JDA>a>@JBC R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC
b )CG?@ HCT C?FS@J@T R@ @TB@ CB?C W@J[a@JC7 DGC?RD?@aCT @J @H T@SMJRC ADZFBMHC HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ @TBD
aCRDH>RDR R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 25/159
P`
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T ACJ HD >JB@JA>[J R@ a@iC?D? HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT Y R@ a@iC?D?
TM G>@J@TBD?E %D?D @TB@ DMBC? @T A@JB?DH @JB@JR@? HDT RCT ]@?B>@JB@T R@H C?>S@J R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J7 ZM@T TCJ5 "RCT ZHDJB@Da>@JBCT Y RCT H[S>ADT XM@ JC KDJ @TBDRC @J
ACJB?DR>AA>[J Y7 DR@aIT KDJ iMSDRC MJ ZDZ@H ACaZH@a@JBD?>C RM?DJB@ RNADRDT8 g0JA@BD7
PUU\5 Q^PhE #J @TB@ Z?>a@? DZD?BDRC DGC?RD?@aCT HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@H Z?>a@? W@J[a@JC
XM@ KD T>RC >aZMHTDRC ZC? ZD?B@ R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT Z?>C?>BD?>Da@JB@ "?>ACT8 C
">JRMTB?>DH>LDRCT8 D CB?CT ACJT>R@?DRCT "ZCG?@T87 ZM@T @J @H T>SM>@JB@ ADZFBMHC
Z?CWMJR>LDaCT @J HD CB?D ]@?B>@JB@E
#H TM?S>a>@JBC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACaC MJD K@??Da>@JBD ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC ZC? ZD?B@ R@ HCT
SCG>@?JCT T@ T>BkDJ DH?@R@RC? R@ HCT DoCT A>JAM@JBD Y T@T@JBD7 ZD?B>@JRC R@ MJD ?@HDA>[JADMTDH T>aZH@5 @H "TMGR@TD??CHHC8 CAM??@ ZC?XM@ HCT ZDFT@T JC DKC??DJ Y B>@J@J ZCAD
ADZDA>RDR R@ >J]@?T>[J7 ZC? HC XM@ ZD?D TCHMA>CJD?HC T@ R@G@ DYMRD? D HCT ZDFT@T ZD?D
DMa@JBD? TM Z?CRMAA>[J >JRMTB?>DH Y A?@A>a>@JBC g+DTTD?D *E7 PUQU5 Ph &TF7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@
R@TZMNT R@ HD )@SMJRD .M@??D 2MJR>DH T@ ACJTB?MY@J @JB?@ HCT ZDFT@T ACJ aDYC? ZCR@?
S@CZCHFB>AC JM@]DT ?@SHDT ZD?D HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T @J @H IaG>BC ACa@?A>DH Y
W>JDJA>@?C7 XM@ T@ @OZ?@TDJ @J HCT HHDaDRCT &AM@?RCT R@ 1?@BBCJ eCCRTE
#TBCT DAM@?RCT7 T> G>@J ZCTB@?>C?a@JB@ T@ B?DJTWC?aD?CJ @J MJD ACJW?CJBDA>[J @JB?@ HDT
RCT ZCB@JA>DT R@ DXM@H aCa@JBC7 TM?S>@?CJ ZD?D DT@SM?D? HD @TBDG>H>RDR R@ HCT ZDFT@T
W?@JB@ D HCT ADaG>CT R@ HD NZCAD7 WCa@JBD? @H A?@A>a>@JBC R@ HD @ACJCaFD Y DG?>? HCT
a@?ADRCT7 >aZMHTDJRC HD A?@DA>[J R@H 1DJAC 2MJR>DH Y @H 6CJRC 2CJ@BD?>C 3JB@?JDA>CJDHE
& HD ZD? HD (?SDJ>LDA>[J R@ HDT /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT ACa@JL[ ACJ TMT Z?>a@?DT ?@MJ>CJ@T R@
ACJA>H>DA>[J HH@]IJRCT@ D ADGC @J Q^V` HD Z?>a@?D ACJW@?@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACJ HD
ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ `Q JDA>CJ@T XM@ W>?aD?CJ HC XM@ T@ ACJCA>[ ACaC HD *D?BD R@ HDT /DA>CJ@T
0J>RDTE
%D?D +DTTD?D7 @TB@ Z@?>CRC T@ AD?DAB@?>L[ ZC? DACJB@A>a>@JBCT K>TB[?>ACT ACaC @H Z?CA@TC
R@ R@TACHCJ>LDA>[J Y @H TM?S>a>@JBC R@ HD .M@??D 6?FD7 XM@ S@J@?[ GHCXM@T DJBDS[J>ACT @J
HD S@CZCHFB>AD aMJR>DH R@ HCT ZDFT@T K@S@a[J>ACTE )@SkJ 0JA@BD7 HD R@TACHCJ>LDA>[J
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 26/159
Pb
aCR>W>A[ @H AD?IAB@? R@ HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ @J HD ?@HDA>[J @JB?@
HCT ZDFT@T ?>ACT Y ZCG?@T5
#JB?@ HDT DJB>SMDT a@B?[ZCH>T Y HCT JM@]CT ZDFT@T >JR@Z@JR>@JB@TE $CT WM@?B@T]FJAMHCT gyh @O>TB@JB@T @JB?@ DaGDT ZD?B@T J@A@T>BD?FDJ @JACJB?D? DACaCRC @J HDJM@]D ?@DH>RDR ZCHFB>AD Y DRa>J>TB?DB>]D TM?S>RDE %C? MJ HDRC7 HDT DJB>SMDTa@B?[ZCH>T T@SMFDJ B@J>@JRC >aZC?BDJB@T >JB@?@T@T @J TMT @OcACHCJ>DTE %C? CB?DZD?B@7 HCT JM@]CT ZDFT@T ?@A>NJ >JR@Z@JR>LDRCT J@A@T>BDGDJ DT>TB@JA>D W>JDJA>@?D YBNAJ>AD ZD?D TMT Z?CZ>CT ZHDJ@T R@ R@TD??CHHCE $D ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ]@JR?FDD ACJ]@?B>?T@ DTF @J MJ >JTB?Ma@JBC R@ MB>H>RDR @ >JB@?NT R@TR@ DaGCT ZMJBCT R@]>TBD7 Y HCT 2>J>TB@?>CT R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J @OB@?JD DADGD?FDJ TMTB>BMY@JRC D HCTDJB>SMCT 2>J>TB@?>CT R@ *CHCJ>DTE g0JA@BD7 @J +DTTD?D7 PUQU5 `h
+DaG>NJ R@JB?C R@H ACJB@OBC R@ HD SM@??D W?FD7 BDJBC HDT ACHCJ>DT ACaC DHSMJCT ZDFT@T R@
$DB>JCDaN?>AD ACa@JLD?CJ D ACG?D? >aZC?BDJA>D @J HD S@CZCHFB>AD aMJR>DH ACaC I?@DT R@
>JWHM@JA>D R@ HDT ZCB@JA>DT aMJR>DH@T7 Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J HD @OB?DAA>[J R@ HCT ?@AM?TCT
JDBM?DH@T Y aDB@?>D Z?>aD ZD?D aDJB@J@? HCT ACJWH>ABCT GNH>ACT g$H>TBD? 1CTAK7 PUU^hE
#J @TB@ ACJB@OBC7 +DTTD?D7 ACJT>R@?D ?@H@]DJB@T HDT R@AHD?DA>CJ@T R@TR@ HCT GHCXM@T
"CAA>R@JBDH@T8 Y "ADZ>BDH>TBDT8 DH?@R@RC? R@ HD a>T>[J R@ "ACaZD?B>?8 HCT HCS?CT R@ HDT
@ACJCaFDT >JRMTB?>DH>LDRDT D HCT "CB?CT85
gyh R@G@aCT @aGD?AD?JCT @J MJ gyh Z?CS?DaD ZD?D KDA@? XM@ HCT G@J@W>A>CT R@JM@TB?CT D]DJA@T A>@JBFW>ACT Y @H Z?CS?@TC BNAJ>AC T>?]DJ ZD?D gyh @H A?@A>a>@JBC R@HDT I?@DT TMGR@TD??CHHDRDTE *?@C XM@ R@G@?FDaCT ZCJ@? D R>TZCT>A>[J R@ HCTDaDJB@T R@ HD ZDL HCT G@J@W>A>CT R@ JM@TB?C DHaDANJ R@ ACJCA>a>@JBCT BNAJ>ACT7ZD?D DYMRD?H@T D RD?T@ AM@JBD R@ TMT DTZ>?DA>CJ@T ZD?D MJD ]>RD a@iC?7 Y @JACCZ@?DA>[J ACJ CB?DT JDA>CJ@T R@G@?FDaCT WCa@JBD? HD >J]@?T>[J R@ ADZ>BDH @JI?@DT J@A@T>BDRDT R@ R@TD??CHHC gR>TAM?TC R@H %?@T>R@JB@ R@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 lD??Y+?MaDJ7 @J@?C R@ Q^V^hE$CT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC7 DMJXM@ JC Z@?B@J@A@J DH T>TB@aD aMJR>DH TCA>DH>TBD7ZM@R@J DZ?C]@AKD?T@ R@ TMT HCS?CT gEEEh J@A@T>BDJ JC B@J@? XM@ a@JR>SD? D TMT
DJB>SMCT CZ?@TC?@T ZD?D HCS?D? @XM>ZCT aCR@?JCTE %M@R@J ACJT@SM>?HC @J HCTZDFT@T TCA>DH>TBDT7 H>G?@T R@ BCRC B>ZC R@ CGH>SDA>[J ZCHFB>AD C a>H>BD?z gR>TAM?TC R@H)@A?@BD?>C .@J@?DH R@H *Ca>BN *@JB?DH7 />m>BD {?MTAK@]7 @J @H qq *CJS?@TC R@H%D?B>RC *CaMJ>TBD R@ HD 0,))7 Q^`bh g+DTTD?D *E 7 PUQU5 bhE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 27/159
Pd
&TF7 @J Q^Vd T@ A?@D @H %HDJ 2D?TKDHHH gC #M?CZ@DJ ,@AC]@?Y %?CS?Dah7 MJ >JTB?Ma@JBC R@
#TBDRCT 0J>RCT ZD?D DZCYD? HD ?@ACJTB?MAA>[J #M?CZD (AA>R@JBDH Y ACJTCH>RD? TM
K@S@aCJFD ZCHFB>AD Y ACa@?A>DHE #TB@ ZHDJ T@ @i@AMB[ ZC? AMDB?C DoCT gQ^VdcQ^`Qh ACJ MJD
>J]@?T>[J R@ Qd7UUU a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 ZD?D DZCYD? TMT J@A@T>RDR@T @T@JA>DH@TE #H %HDJ
2D?TKDHH KD T>RC @H ZD?DR>SaD >J>A>DH R@ HCT >JTB?Ma@JBCT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
R@TR@ HDT ZCB@JA>DT aMJR>DH@T7 T> G>@J BM]C HCS?CT ACaC HD DT>TB@JA>D KMaDJ>BD?>D Y HD
?@AMZ@?DA>[J >JRMTB?>DH7 R@TR@ HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ +DTTD?D gPUQU5 dh BDaG>NJ ACJHH@][
R@Z@JR@JA>D KDA>D #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 ]CH]>[ aIT H@JBD HD B?DJT>A>[J DH H>G?@ a@?ADRC Y A?@[
MJD G?@AKD @JB?@ #M?CZD R@H #TB@ Y R@H (@TB@7 Y @J DHSMJCT ADTCT Z?CaC]>[ HD AC??MZA>[JE
(B?C R@ HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ @TBD NZCAD CAM??>[ @J Q^V_7 ACJ HD A?@DA>[J R@ HD
(?SDJ>LDA>[J #M?CZ@D ZD?D HD *CCZ@?DA>[J #ACJ[a>AD g(#*#h7 XM@ aIT BD?R@ T@
B?DJTWC?aD?I @J HD 'MQHBD[HEDOB RHMH JH -NNRFMHEDOB P FJ (FKHMMNJJN )ENBOSDEN d'-()e7
XM@ BM]C HD a>T>[J R@ DZ?C]@AKD? a@iC? HD DYMRD R@H %HDJ 2D?TKDHH Y D a@R>DJC ZHDLC
Z?CaC]@? HD ACCZ@?DA>[J @ACJ[a>ADE
#TBCT WM@?CJ DHSMJCT R@ HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T aIT ?@H@]DJB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
R@TR@ HCT SCG>@?JCTj T>J @aGD?SC7 KD T>RC MJ >JTB?Ma@JBC ACJ Z@?TZ@AB>]DT XM@ KDJ >RC
B?DJTWC?aIJRCT@ ACJWC?a@ KD ZDTDRC @H B>@aZCE & ACJB>JMDA>[J Z?@T@JBDaCT MJ?@AM@JBC TCG?@ DHSMJCT ZD?DR>SaDT XM@ DB?D]@TD?CJ HD ]>T>[J R@ HD *3%' @J R>TB>JBCT
aCa@JBCT K>TB[?>ACTE
1RNEH 7HMHCDQSH CNSDBHBGF 4H ENNRFMHEDOB ,EGNMFK
,fNK EDBELFBGH8
JNK HBGFEFCFBGFK
+CBDH ACJW>DJLD @J @H
A?@A>a>@JBC @ACJ[a>AC7HCT ZDFT@T ZCG?@T R@G@J
T@SM>? @T@ ADa>JC ZD?D @H
R@TD??CHHCE
#T MJD DYMRD D HCT ZDFT@T
ZCG?@T ZD?D DMa@JBD? TMADZDA>RDR Z?CRMAB>]D Y
A?@A>a>@JBC @ACJ[a>ACE
.CG>@?JCT Y C?SDJ>TaCT
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 28/159
P_
,fNK KFKFBGH8 JH
C_EHCH CFJ
CFKHMMNJJN
#H A?@A>a>@JBC
@ACJ[a>AC WM@
WM@?B@a@JB@ AM@TB>CJDRC
ZC? HD B@C?FD R@
R@Z@JR@JA>D7 XM@ A?>B>A[
HD RMDH>RDR @JB?@
|A@JB?C| Y |Z@?>W@?>D|7
RCJR@ HCT @W@ABCT R@ HD
@ACJCaFD >JB@?JDA>CJDH
Z@?iMR>ADGDJ D HCT ZDFT@T
a@JCT R@TD??CHHDRCTE
& Z@TD? R@ HDT WM@?B@T
A?FB>ADT7 JC T@ R>@?CJ
ADaG>CT R@JB?C R@ HCT
aCR@HCT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
|i@?I?XM>ACT| Y
|ZDB@?JDH>TBDT| XM@
?@DH>LDGDJ HCT ZDFT@T
HHDaDRCT R@TD??CHHDRCT
KDA>D HCT ZDFT@T aIT
ZCG?@TE
2DYC? ]>T>G>H>RDR R@ HDT
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>HE &ZD?@A>@?CJ
DS@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T @J
ZDFT@T >JRMTB?>DH>LDRCTE
,fNK KFGFBGH8
BLFWN NMCFB
FENBOSDEN P JHK
BFEFKDCHCFK
I\KDEHK
DBKHGDKUFEZHK
)M?S@ @H 3JWC?a@
%@D?TCJ7 R@H 1DJAC
2MJR>DH7 XM@
AM@TB>CJDGD HD
ACK@?@JA>D Y
ACC?R>JDA>[J R@ HD DYMRD
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE
)@ @JWCAD @J ?@RMA>? HDT
R>TZD?>RDR@T7 HDT >JiMTB>A>DT
Y DYMRD? D HCT ZDFT@T
ZCG?@T D @JB?D? ZC? TM
Z?CZ>D ]FD D HD NZCAD
>JRMTB?>DH Y B@AJCH[S>ADE
(?SDJ>TaCT aMHB>HDB@?DH@T7
G>HDB@?DH@T7 2C]>a>@JBC R@
%DFT@T JC &H>J@DRCTE 'CT
@H@a@JBCT >aZC?BDJB@T
WM@?CJ @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT
aMi@?@T @J @H R@TD??CHHC Y
@H ZDZ@H R@H |Z?CY@ABC R@
R@TD??CHHC| ACaC
aCRDH>RDR CZ@?DB>]D R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[JE
,fNK NEZFBGH8 FJ
BFNJDIFMHJDKSN P JH
FUFEGDWDCHC CF JH
ENNRFMHEDOB
#J $DB>JCDaN?>AD @H
*CJT@JTC R@ eDTK>JSBCJ
T>JB@B>LD R>@L a@R>RDT
@ACJ[a>ADT ZD?D HCT
ZDFT@TE #JB?@ @HHDT
Z?>]DB>LDA>[J7
H>G@?DH>LDA>[J W>JDJA>@?D7
?@C?R@JDa>@JBC R@ HDT
Z?>C?>RDR@T R@H SDTBC
'CT A?FB>ADT ?@H@]DJB@T DH
R@TD??CHHC5 HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?W>@?@ ACJ @H H>G?@
a@?ADRC Y DMa@JBD @H
DZCYC KMaDJ>BD?>C D
ACJWH>ABCT GNH>ACT7 ACJ HC
XM@ T@ ?@RMA@ @H DZCYC DH
R@TD??CHHC R@ HCT ZDFT@TE
(*'#7 *Ca>BN R@ &YMRD DH
'@TD??CHHC g*&'h7 (/.7 %/0'7
127 *#E %?>a@?DT a@TDT
@JB?@ RCJDJB@T Y S?MZCT R@
ACJTMHBD >aZMHTDRDT
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ ZC? HD
GDJAD aMHB>HDB@?DHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 29/159
P^
ZkGH>AC7 @BANB@?DE
,fNK BNWFBGH8 FJ
CFKHMMNJJN ZLSHBN
P JNK BLFWNK
HEGNMFK/
)@ A>@??D HD ,CJRD R@
0?MSMDY XM@ R@B@?a>JD
HD H>G@?DH>LDA>[J R@ HCT
a@?ADRCTE *?@DA>[J R@ HD
(?SDJ>LDA>[J 2MJR>DH R@
*Ca@?A>C g(2*hE %/0'
WC?aDH>LD @H ZD?DR>SaD
R@H R@TD??CHHC KMaDJCE
)@ W>?aD @H ZDABC SHCGDH XM@
>JAHMY@ HCT R@?@AKCT
KMaDJCT7 @TBIJRD?@T
HDGC?DH@T7 a@R>C DaG>@JB@
Y HMAKD ACJB?D HD
AC??MZA>[JE
)@ ?@ACJCA@ R@TR@ HDT
GDJADT aMHB>HDB@?DH@T7 HD
ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J ACaC
>aZC?BDJB@ @J @H
a@ADJ>TaC R@ HDT ZCHFB>ADT
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE
'>]@?T>W>ADA>[J R@ DABC?@T7
T@ JCaG?D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
R@TA@JB?DH>LDRDE )CJ
]>T>GH@T @aZ?@TDT7
MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 SCG>@?JCT
HCADH@TE
7MDSFM CFEFBDN CF
;ggg8 JNK BLFWNK
RHMHCDQSHK P JHK
WDF^HK
ENBGMHCDEEDNBFK/
)@ WC?aMHDJ HCT (Gi@B>]CT
R@ '@TD??CHHC R@H 2>H@J>C
g('2h ACaC Z?>JA>Z>CT
?@ABC?@T R@ HD ZCHFB>AD R@
R@TD??CHHC Y Z?>C?>RDR@T
R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE
)@ R@H>J@D D ZD?B>? R@ HCT
('27 XM@ >JAC?ZC?DJ HD
@??DR>ADA>[J R@H KDaG?@ Y
R@ HD ZCG?@LD7 Z?CaCA>[J
R@ @RMADA>[J Z?>aD?>D7
>SMDHRDR R@ SNJ@?C7
?@RMAA>[J R@ aC?BDH>RDR
>JWDJB>H Y aDB@?JD7 a@R>C
DaG>@JB@7 R@B@JA>[J R@
;3lnT>RD7 ZDHMR>TaC Y
BMG@?AMHCT>TE 6Ca@JBD? HD
DTCA>DA>[J aMJR>DH ZD?D @H
R@TD??CHHCE
0JD ZD?B@ R@ HD
)@ ?@ACJCA@ HD
aMHB>ZH>A>RDR R@ DABC?@T
Z?>]DRCT7 ZkGH>ACT7 HCADH@T7
R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCT Y R@H
/C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE
)@ W>?aD HD '@AHD?DA>[J R@
%D?FT TCG?@ HD @W>ADA>D R@H
R@TD??CHHC7 XM@ ACJT>R@?D5
DZ?CZ>DA>[J7 DH>@JDA>[J7
D?aCJ>LDA>[J7 S@TB>[J
C?>@JBDRD D HCS?CT R@
?@TMHBDRCT7 ?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR
aMBMDE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 30/159
\U
ACCZ@?DA>[J T@ @JWCAD @J
MJ @W@ABC "aMHB>ZH>ADRC?8
R@ HCT Z?CA@TCT @JR[S@JCT
R@ R@TD??CHHC TCA>DH Y@ACJ[a>AC7 RD? DZCYC D
@OZ@?>@JA>DT D]DJLDRDT
ACJT>R@?DJRC @OZ@?>@JA>DT
HCADH@TE
9$F0$ L; <'#)+)2)'#)" 2) 0$ 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0 =)"$//4004d
*CaC T@ ZM@R@ CGT@?]D? @J HD BDGHD Q7 R@Z@JR>@JRC R@ HCT ACJB@OBCT S@CZCHFB>ACT7 HCT
NJWDT>T R@ HC XM@ ACaZ?@JR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@TR@ HCT SCG>@?JCT7 KDJ >RC
B?DJTWC?aIJRCT@E #TBC T@ ?@HDA>CJD ACJ HDT DZC?BDA>CJ@T R@ R>TB>JBCT @TBMR>CTCT XM@
a@JA>CJDJ XM@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC KD B@J>RC MJD R@W>J>A>[J kJ>AD Y
ACaZH@BD7 T>JC XM@ T@ KD >RC B?DJTWC?aDJRC D HC HD?SC R@H B>@aZC @J WMJA>[J R@ HCT
ZD?DR>SaDT RCa>JDJB@T TCG?@ @H R@TD??CHHC7 HCT R>]@?TCT DABC?@T Y TM ?@Z?CRMAA>[J C
aCR>W>ADA>[J R@ HC XM@ MB>H>LD ACaC ACCZ@?DA>[J g)DMB@?CJ7 PUQUhE
& ACJB>JMDA>[J ACaZD?B>?@aCT DHSMJDT R@W>J>A>CJ@T TCG?@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@
JCT Z@?a>BDJ @JB@JR@? a@iC? @H W@J[a@JCE
%D?D )>@??D gQ^^_5 Q^h7 HD ACCZ@?DA>[J KD T>RC ?@ACJCA>RD ACaC MJ @H@a@JBC R@ ACK@T>[J
@J HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T @JB?@ ZDFT@T7 @JB@JR>RD ACaC HD >JB@?DAA>[J A?@DB>]D
@JB?@ HCT #TBDRCT7 HD Z?CaCA>[J R@H R>IHCSC Y @H DA@?ADa>@JBC ZD?D ?@TCH]@? Z?CGH@aDT
ACaMJ@T D ZD?B>? R@H @JB@JR>a>@JBC Y JC R@H @JW?@JBDa>@JBCE )> G>@J ZD?D @TB@ DMBC? HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J @TBI ACJA@JB?DRD @J HCT R>IHCSCT @JB?@ SCG>@?JCT7 ZD?D CB?CT @H ACJA@ZBC @TBD
aIT @JWCADRC @J HC XM@ GMTAD ?@TCH]@?E %C? @i@aZHC7 .[a@L .DHIJ T@oDHD5
d #HDGC?DA>[J Z?CZ>D D ZD?B>? R@ +DTTD?D gPUQUhE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 31/159
\Q
$D ACCZ@?DA>[J DH R@TD??CHHC KD R@ T@?7 @J R@W>J>B>]D7 @TD @TB?DB@S>D ACJA@?BDRD Y KDR@ R>?>S>?T@ D @JW?@JBD? HDT ?DFA@T ACaMJ@T R@ HCT Z?CGH@aDT XM@7 DMJXM@ B@JSDJ@W@ABCT R>]@?TCT @J HDT R>TB>JBDT TCA>@RDR@T7 T@ R@?>]DJ7 @J ACJT>R@?DGH@ a@R>RD7R@ HD WC?aD @J XM@ T@ @TBI HH@]DJRC D ADGC @H Z?CA@TC R@ SHCGDH>LDA>[JE g.[a@L
.DHIJ7 PUQU5 Q`h
$D R@W>J>A>[J XM@ JCT G?>JRD .[a@L .DHIJ ACJA>G@ D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC MJ
DAM@?RC E #TBD R@W>J>A>[J7 aIT XM@ Z?>C?>LD? D HCT DABC?@T @JWDB>LD @J HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACaC
MJD K@??Da>@JBD ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHCE &TF ZM@T7 ACJT>R@?DJRC HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACaC MJ a@R>C
! MJ >JTB?Ma@JBC ! ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC7 @J @TBD B@T>T DRCZBD?@aCT @TBD R@W>J>A>[J R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J7 RCJR@ T@ @JWDB>LD TM MB>H>RDR ZD?D ?@TCH]@? Z?CGH@aIB>ADTE
#J ACaZH@a@JBDA>[J ACJ @TBD R@W>J>A>[J R>]@?TCT DABC?@T KDJ K@AKC ]>T>GH@ TM ZCTBM?DW?@JB@ D HCT >aZDABCT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J Y ACJAHMY@J XM@ "$D *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH
ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC JC ZM@R@ T@? MJD DAA>[J ACaZ@JTDBC?>D R@ HCT R@T@XM>H>G?>CT R@H
T>TB@aD T>JC MJD aM@TB?D R@ HD ]CHMJBDR ZCHFB>AD R@ ACJTB?M>? MJ aMJRC iMTBC Y @XM>BDB>]C7
@J @H XM@ HD %DL T@D MJ ]DHC? aIT ZCT>GH@ Y TCTB@J>GH@8 g*?CA@7 PUU^5 `\hE
%C? kHB>aC JCT SMTBD?FD DGC?RD? @H ACJA@ZBC R@ ENNRFMHEDOB CFKEFBGMHJD[HCH7 XM@ KD
B?DBDRC R@ >JB@S?D? D HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T T>BMDRCT H@iCT R@ HCT DZD?DBCT SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T
A@JB?DH@T C W@R@?DH@T7 ACaC TCJ HCT SCG>@?JCT R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCT gHCADH@T7 aMJ>A>ZDH@T C
@TBDBDH@Th R@ DKF @H C?>S@J R@ TM JCaG?@E - XM@ ZCTB@?>C?a@JB@ >JAC?ZC?[ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
R@ HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J7 ACaC DABC?@T R@H IaG>BC T>JR>ADH7
@aZ?@TD?>DH7 MJ>]@?T>BD?>C Y TCA>@RDR A>]>H g2D?BFJ@L } )DJDKMiD7 PUU^5 VQhE
0JD R@W>J>A>[J R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD KD T>RC Z?CZM@TBD ZC? HD *Ca>T>[J #M?CZ@D
gQ^^Ph5
/M@]C @JWCXM@ @J HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J XM@ GMTAD @TBDGH@A@? ?@HDA>CJ@TR>?@ABDT ACJ HCT [?SDJCT R@ ?@Z?@T@JBDA>[J HCADH Y @TB>aMHD? TMT Z?CZ>DTADZDA>RDR@T R@ Z?CY@ABD? Y HH@]D? D ADGC >J>A>DB>]DT R@ R@TD??CHHC ACJ HDZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R>?@ABD R@ HCT S?MZCT R@ ZCGHDA>[J >JB@?@TDRCT7 BCaDJRC @JACJT>R@?DA>[J TMT >JB@?@T@T Y TMT ZMJBCT R@ ]>TBD TCG?@ @H R@TD??CHHCE g*Ca>T>[J#M?CZ@D7 Q^^P5`h
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 32/159
\P
#TBD R@W>J>A>[J R@ HD *Ca>T>[J #M?CZ@D JCT DZ?CO>aD D XM@ @H C?>S@J R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD T@ KD RDRC R@TR@ @H R@TD??CHHC HCADH Y @H >aZMHTC R@ HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J
A>MRDRDJD7 Z@?C @T MJ aD?AC aMY S@J@?DHE *CaZH@a@JBDJRC @H ACJA@ZBC '@H lM@?BC
@OZH>AD5
$D ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD HCADH @T @H ACJiMJBC R@ >J>A>DB>]DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JCW>A>DH DH R@TD??CHHC XM@7 GDiC @H H>R@?DLSC R@ DMBC?>RDR@T HCADH@T7 Z?CAM?D @TB>aMHD?ADZDA>RDR@T R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ GDT@ B@??>BC?>DH Y WCa@JBD? MJ R@TD??CHHCaIT ZD?B>A>ZDB>]CE )>J J@SD? HD @O>TB@JA>D R@ MJ B>ZC R@ Z?IAB>ADT XM@ ACJT@?]DJDHSMJCT @H@a@JBCT R@H @JWCXM@ R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACaC |DYMRD|7 HD ACCZ@?DA>[JR@TA@JB?DH>LDRD HCADH T@ DT>@JBD GIT>ADa@JB@ TCG?@ HCT Z?>JA>Z>CT R@aMHB>HDB@?DH>RDR7 >JB@?NT aMBMC Y ZD?B@JD?>DRCj Y B>@JR@ ADRD ]@L aIT KDA>D>J>A>DB>]DT XM@ DS?@SDJ MJ ]DHC? DoDR>RC D HDT DAB>]>RDR@T7 GDTDRC @J HD Z?CZ>D
@TZ@A>W>A>RDR R@ HCT IaG>BCT R@ ACaZ@B@JA>D Y @OZ@?>@JA>D R@ HCT SCG>@?JCTHCADH@TE g'@H lM@?BC @J 2D?BFJ@L Y )DJDKMiD7 PUU^5 VPh
&TF7 @TBD aCRDH>RDR R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JAC?ZC?D DR@aIT R@ MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T Y
DS@JB@T HCADH@T7 HD >R@D R@ MJ R@TD??CHHC aIT ZD?B>A>ZDB>]C TM?S>RC R@TR@ HC HCADH Y @H
ZD?B@JD?>DRC ACJ CB?CT DABC?@T R@ HCADH@T Y ACaMJ>BD?>CTE #T R@A>?7 ZD?B>? R@ XM@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J T@ ZM@R@ RD? R@TR@ MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D HCADH Y ACJ DZCYCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@Tj ACaC
HC a@JA>CJD )DJDKMiD gPUU^5 VPh7 @TBD ACCZ@?DA>[J "DGD?AD D CB?CT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T AMYD
ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J TMZCJ@ BDaG>NJ MJ >aZMHTC Y HD DZC?BDA>[J R@ JM@]C ]DHC? DoDR>RCE #TB@ @T
@H ADTC R@ HD DABMDA>[J R@ HDT MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 HCT T>JR>ADBCT Y HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD
@ACJCaFD Z?>]DRD ACaC DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ R@TD??CHHC8E
6>JDHa@JB@ ZCR@aCT >R@JB>W>AD? XM@ HD *3%' ACJT>R@?D MJD S?DJ R>]@?T>RDR R@ B>ZCHCSFDT7
DABC?@TnDS@JB@T Y R@W>J>A>CJ@T XM@ KDJ ]D?>DRC R@Z@JR>@JRC R@ HCT ACJB@OBCT K>TB[?>ACT7
AMHBM?DH@T Y HCT ZD?DR>SaDT RCa>JDJB@TE
& Z@TD? R@ KDG@? T>RC S?DRMDH HD >JB@S?DA>[J R@ R>]@?TCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T7 TM ZDZ@H T@ KD
?@ACJCA>RC aIT @J HDT kHB>aDT RNADRDT7 D Z@TD? R@ XM@ KDJ @TBDRC Z?@T@JB@T @J HD D?@JD
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 33/159
\\
'@TR@ HCT @TBMR>CT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH KD T>RC @J HD ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD
RCJR@ T@ >JAC?ZC?D D HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@Tj D Z@TD? R@ XM@ TM C?>S@J T@ @JWCAD
@J @H ZDZ@H R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCT7 KDY R>]@?TDT ZCTBM?DT XM@ ACJT>R@?DJ
>JAC?ZC?D? @J @TBD aCRDH>RDR R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J D HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T ZC? TM
H>R@?DLSC Y DZC?B@ HCADHE )>J @aGD?SC7 ZD?D CB?CT @TBD aCRDH>RDR JC @T TMW>A>@JB@ ZD?D
R@TA?>G>? HCT B>ZCT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 ZC? @TBD
?DL[J DGC?RD?@aCT @J @H T>SM>@JB@ DZD?BDRC HD R@TA?>ZA>[J R@ @TB@ DABC? R@TR@ HCT
@TBMR>CT R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>HE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 34/159
\V
5/=
4NK HEGNMFK BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJFK CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB ENSN KNEDFCHC EDWDJ/
%I CDEFMOH DHhGFDCPKFIOF NF PC CMOVCP GFFDMGKOVGC NF PCD GFPCMKHIFD DHMKCPFD FKIOFGICMKHICPFD\ FDOg MHIDOKOVKNH EHG VI KIkNKOH EGHMFDH NF EPVGCPKcCMKJI NFPHD CMOHGFD\ FI FP MVCP DF NFDOCMC PC FLFGWFIMKC NF VIC DHMKFNCN MKRKP WPHhCP\
CGM]KEKkPCWH NFDKWVCP f ]FOFGHWkIFH\ OFIDH\ NKUVLKICNH f DCPEKMCNH EHGMHIOGCDOFD# !?=779+ -..20 /@3
/C KDY a@iC? a@BIWC?D ZD?D @JB@JR@? HC XM@ T>SJ>W>AD HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @J HD DABMDH
ACYMJBM?D XM@ @T@ "D?AK>Z>NHDSCy TDHZ>ADRC R@ ACJB?DTB@T8j ZD?D aMAKCT @TBMR>CTCT7 D
Z@TD? R@ JC B@J@? KCaCS@J@>RDR @J @H DGC?RDi@ R@H ACJA@ZBC7 HD AC>JA>R@JA>D @T HD
ACaZH@i>RDR R@ HD S?DJ R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T XM@ ZM@R@J ACJT>R@?D?T@ ZD?B@ R@ @TB@
T@ABC?E
)M MB>H>LDA>[J KD T>RC @aZH@DRD @J ACJB@OBCT K>TB[?>ACT R>W@?@JB@T7 @J @H ZDTDRC ACaC @J
HD DABMDH>RDRj DHSMJCT DMBC?@T a@JA>CJDJ TM ?@R@TAMG?>a>@JBC @J HD kHB>aD RNADRD7
T>@JRC "TCA>@RDR A>]>H8 MJC R@ HCT BN?a>JCT R@ aDYC? ZCZMHD?>RDR7 ACJ MJD ZHM?DH>RDR R@
T@JB>RCT BDJ DGMJRDJB@ XM@ @T R>WFA>H @JB@JR@?HD R@TR@ MJD TCHD R@TA?>ZA>[J ge@JA@T
)>aCJ7 PUQU5 \UhE
#J BN?a>JCT K>TB[?>ACT T@ KD DJDH>LDRC R@TR@ HD WMT>[J ZCHFB>AD @JB?@ @H #TBDRC Y HD TCA>@RDR
A>]>H7 R@TR@ &?>TB[B@H@T KDTBD &HG@?BC 2DSJC7 +CaIT R@ &XM>JC7 lCGG@T7 #TZ>JCLD Y {DJB7
@JB?@ CB?CTE #TBCT DJIH>T>T ]DJ DA@?ADJRC C T@ZD?DJRC D HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@H #TBDRC7 KDTBD
Z@?TZ@AB>]DT XM@ HC T@ZD?DJ7 ACaC HDT R@W>J>A>CJ@T R@ l@S@H7 XM@ TDH@J ACaZH@BDa@JB@ R@
HD ?@HDA>[J ACJ @H #TBDRCE %D?D NTB@7 @T @H @TZDA>C R@ ZCR@? @JB?@ @H #TBDRC Y HD WDa>H>D7
R@W>J>NJRCHD ACaC "MJD WDa>H>D @J S?DJR@ Y MJ @TBDRC @J Z@XM@oC87 >JB@S?DRD ZC? HD
DRa>J>TB?DA>[J R@ iMTB>A>D7 HDT AC?ZC?DA>CJ@T Y @H T>TB@aD R@ J@A@T>RDR@T gl@S@H7 @J ;@?D
2C?H@B7 PUU_5 \hE )> G>@J KDJ @O>TB>RC aMAKDT A?FB>ADT K@AKDT D l@S@H C aIT DZC?B@T ZC?
CB?CT B@[?>ACT AHIT>ACT7 @TBDT R@W>J>A>CJ@T >aZMHTD?CJ ZC? RNADRDT Z@?TZ@AB>]DT
DJSHCTDiCJDT Y @M?CANJB?>ADT TCG?@ @H ACJA@ZBCE &MBC?DT ACaC 1DHH@TB?>J Y $CT@mDJJ
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 35/159
\`
?@ACJCA@J @TBD >JWHM@JA>D @ >JB@S?DJ HCT DJIH>T>T aIT AHIT>ACT R@ HD T>SM>@JB@ aDJ@?D
g$CT@mDJJ } 1@HH@TB?>J7 PUQ\5 Q_^h5
•
)CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC ]>?BMR AF]>ADE g+CXM@]@H>DJDh•
)CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC @TZDA>C K@S@a[J>AC R@ ZCR@?E g.?DaTA>DJDh
• )CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC MJ @TZDA>C R@ ACaMJ>ADA>[JE glDG@?aDT>DJDh
• )CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC ADZ>BDH TCA>DHE g/@CcBCXM@]@H>DJDh
• )CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC HD W>HDJB?CZFD C AD?>RDRE g/@CH>G@?DHh
• )CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC MJD ACaMJ>RDRE g*CaMJ>BD?>TaCh
• )CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC ]FJAMHCT R@ TCH>RD?>RDRE g/@CcRM?mK@J>DJDh
•
)CA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC @H WCa@JBC D HD ZDLE g*CTaCZCH>BDh
%D?D 1DHH@TB?>J Y $CT@mDJJ7 HC XM@ @TBD R@B?IT R@ MJD AD?DAB@?FTB>AD C DRi@B>]C ACJ @H XM@ T@
>R@JB>W>AD D HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @T MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D B@[?>ADcZCHFB>AD R@B@?a>JDRDE
%C? @i@aZHC7 @J ?@HDA>[J ACJ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
@T ACakJ ]>JAMHD? D @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T ACJ HD W>HDJB?CZFD C AD?>RDR XM@ ]>@J@ R@ MJ
@JWCXM@ J@CH>G@?DH7 @H AMDH GMTAD ?@RMA>? @H ZDZ@H R@H SCG>@?JC Y ACHCAD? @J DABC?@T ACaC
WMJRDA>CJ@T C WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T TM DZC?B@ @ACJ[a>AC ZD?D TMTB>BM>? HDT
?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T R@H SCG>@?JC @J aDB@?>D R@ TDHMR C @RMADA>[JE
)> >R@JB>W>ADaCT @TBD Z@?TZ@AB>]D @J HCT ZDFT@T R@H )M? .HCGDH RCJR@ Z?@]DH@A@J
ACJR>A>CJ@T R@ R@T>SMDHRDR7 HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H XM@ KDA@ W>HDJB?CZFD Y AD?>RDR GMTAD?FD R@TR@
@TB@ @JWCXM@ XM@ @H SCG>@?JC H@ G?>JR@ ?@AM?TCT ZD?D AMG?>? HD DB@JA>[J D Z@?TCJDT ACJ
R>TADZDA>RDR C @J T>BMDA>[J R@ ADHH@7 ZC? A>BD? MJ @i@aZHCE #T R@A>?7 ?@RMA>? HDT
?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T Y CGH>SDA>CJ@T SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T @JWCADRDT @J @TB@ T@ABC? Y R@H@SD?HDT@J @TBD TCA>@RDR A>]>H AD?>BDB>]DE #TB@ @JWCXM@ @H>a>JD ZM@T MJD ?@HDA>[J RCJR@ HD TCA>@RDR
A>]>H @O>S@ @H ?@TZ@BC Y AMaZH>a>@JBC R@ R@?@AKCT KMaDJCT @J MJD ?@HDA>[J ACJWH>AB>]D Y JC
H>J@DH @JB?@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H Y @H SCG>@?JCE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 36/159
\b
&TF ZM@T7 @TBDT R@W>J>A>CJ@T DH?@R@RC? R@H ACJA@ZBC R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@H>J@DJ Z@?TZ@AB>]DT
B@[?>ADT XM@ JC ACJT>R@?DJ TM ?@HDA>[J ACJWH>AB>]D ACJ @H SCG>@?JC Y XM@ ?@Z?CRMA@J MJ
C?>S@J DJSHCTDi[J Y @M?CANJB?>AC7 J@SDJRC HDT R>TB>JBDT ?@DH>RDR@T R@TR@ HCT ZDFT@T R@H )M?
.HCGDHE
&ZD?B@ R@H AD?IAB@? "MJ>]@?TDH>TBD8 R@H ACJA@ZBC7 @O>TB@J CB?DT ACaZH@i>RDR@T
ACJA@ZBMDH@TE #J HCT CAK@JBD Y JC]@JBD HDT R>TAMT>CJ@T DH?@R@RC? R@ @TB@ ACJA@ZBC T@
R>@?CJ R@TR@ @H C?>S@J W>HCH[S>ACE %C? @i@aZHC ZD?D 1CGG>C7 XM@ @J Q^_` Z?CZCJFD DJDH>LD?
R@TR@ @H C?>S@J R@ HD ZDHDG?D "TCA>@RDR A>]>H8 >R@JB>W>ADJRC XM@ "A>]>H8 ZCR?FD B@J@?
R>W@?@JB@T T>SJ>W>ADRCT5 "yRCJR@ ~A>]>H~ ?@ACJRMA@ D ~+&(&#$"~ Z@?C BDaG>NJ D ~+&(&0&#$"~
DTMa>@JRC @J @H Z?>a@? ADTC @H T>SJ>W>ADRC R@ TCA>@RDR ZCHFB>AD Y @J @H T@SMJRC R@TCA>@RDR A>]>H>LDRDy8 g3DJJ>7 PUU`5\\hE '@Z@JR>@JRC R@ @J XMN ZD?B@ T@ KDSD NJWDT>T7 HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZM@R@ B@J@? R>TB>JBDT DA@ZA>CJ@T ACaC H>G@?BDR@T ZCHFB>ADT C ?@SHDT Y
DAM@?RCT ACaZD?B>RCTE
(B?D R>TAMT>[J R@ HCT CAK@JBD WM@ HD ?@HDA>[J @JB?@ 0$ "4+&)2$2 +&(&0 5 )0 D)/+$24E #TBCT
@TBMR>CT T@ AD?DAB@?>LDJ ZC? HD @TADTD Z?@CAMZDA>[J @J Z?@A>TD? HD R>W@?@JA>D @JB?@ DaGCT
C @J @H NJWDT>T R@ HDT R>W@?@JA>DT XM@ CAM??@J @JB?@ @HHCTE %D?D ,CTD]DHHCJ7 HDT
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T T>J IJ>aC R@ HMA?C JC @TBIJ >JAHM>RDT @J HDT @XM>]DH@JA>DT5 3/&($24 Z
D)/+$24 Z F)')-&+&4 Z 2)"&*.$02$2 E #T R@A>? D Z@TD? R@ @TBD? @J @H IaG>BC Z?>]DRC7 ZM@R@J
@TBD? aIT A@?AD R@H a@?ADRC7 NTBDT B>@J@J MJD ACJJCBDA>[J R@ "Z?>]DRC TCA>DH8 XM@ HDT
DH@iD R@ T@? S@J@?DRC?DT R@ R@T>SMDHRDR g,CTD]DHHCJ7 @J 3DJJ>7 PUU`5 \`hE
'@JB?C R@ HCT @TBMR>CT ?@A>@JB@T7 MJC R@ HCT aIT TCG?@TDH>@JB@T @T @H B?DGDiC R@ *CK@J Y
&?DBC @J ")CA>@RDR A>]>H Y B@C?FD ZCHFB>AD8 g*CK@J } &?DBC7 PUUUhE #HHCT ?@TDHBDJ HD
>aZC?BDJA>D R@ B@J@? MJ ACJA@ZBC ACJB@aZC?IJ@C R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZD?D ACJTB?M>? MJD
@TW@?D R>W@?@JB@ @ >JR@Z@JR>@JB@ R@H #TBDRC Y R@ HD #ACJCaFD ZD?D JC B@J@? ACJWMT>CJ@T
TCG?@ TM SNJ@T>TE $D Z?CZM@TBD R@ @TBCT DMBC?@T T@ GDTD @J MJ DJIH>T>T R@ HDT ADB@SC?FDT R@
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 37/159
\d
T>TB@aD Y aMJRC ]>RD7P ZD?D ACJWC?aD? MJD B@C?FD ZCHFB>AD JC CAA>R@JBDH>LDRDE #HHCT
ACJT>R@?DJ XM@ @J @H DJIH>T>T R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H @O>TB@J >JB@?Z?@BDA>CJ@T RCa>JDJB@T R@H
ACJA@ZBC7 @H Z?>a@?C @T DXM@H XM@ ZD?B@ R@ MJ aCR@HC J@CH>G@?DH7 XM@ >R@JB>W>AD D HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC ZD?B@ R@ HC GM?SMNTj @T R@A>?7 MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H XM@ DH B@J@? A>@?BDT
H>G@?BDR@T Y Z?>]>H@S>CT T@ aC]>H>LD Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ AMG?>@JRC HCT T@?]>A>CT C
?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T R@H SCG>@?JCE 0J T@SMJRC aCR@HC RCa>JDJB@ R@ DJIH>T>T XM@ JCaG?DJ
ACaC aCR@HC DJB>cZCHFB>AC7 XM@ YMOBDZCJ@ ?FS>RDa@JB@ HD TCA>@RDR DH #TBDRC ACaC
aCR@HCT C?SDJ>LDRCT "A>]>H>LDRCT8j Y ZC? kHB>aC @H aCR@HC DJB>caCR@?JC7 XM@ DJDH>LD
A[aC HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H B?DBD R@ TMGTMa>? D HD "@ACJCaFD aCR@?JD @J MJD TCA>@RDR a@JCT
R>W@?@JB@8 g*CK@J } &?DBC7 PUUU5 `QbhE
#TBDT >JB@?Z?@BDA>CJ@T RCa>JDJB@T GMTADJ R@ R>]@?TDT WC?aDT ?@ACJTB?M>? MJD TCA>@RDR
J@MB?DH>LDRD7 YD T@D T>J HDT >JWHM@JA>DT R@H a@?ADRC C R@ HD ZCHFB>AD7 T>J MJ DJIH>T>T R@ HDT
?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? XM@ ?@DHa@JB@ HDT >JWHMY@E %D?D @HHCT @T TMTBDJA>DH DJDH>LD?
ACJA@ZBMDHa@JB@ HDT R>W@?@JA>DT @JB?@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 #TBDRC Y @ACJCaFD7 ZD?D
>R@JB>W>AD? TMT a@R>DA>CJ@T Y B@J@? MJD @]DHMDA>[J A?FB>ADE $D TCA>@RDR A>]>H @T R@TR@ TM
Z@?TZ@AB>]D5
$D @TB?MABM?D >JTB>BMA>CJDH R@ MJ aMJRC R@ HD ]>RD aCR@?JD JC @TBDG>H>LDRC ZC? HCTR@?@AKCT WMJRDa@JBDH@T7 XM@ >JAHM>?IJ R@JB?C R@ TM ADaZC HDT @TW@?DT R@ HCZkGH>AC Y R@ HC Z?>]DRC7 @J @TBD CADT>[J R@TR@ @H ZMJBC R@ ]>TBD R@ MJ aMJRC R@ HD]>RDE $D >JTB>BMA>[J R@ HCT R@?@AKCT WMJRDa@JBDH@T ?@Z?@T@JBD MJ ACaZCJ@JB@@T@JA>DH R@ HD aCR@?J>LDA>[J R@H aMJRC R@ HD ]>RD ZC?XM@ TM @TB?MABM?D ZCTACJ]@JA>CJDH @TBI H>SDRD D Z?>JA>Z>CT H@SDH@T @J ]@L R@ D ?@SHDT JC?aDB>]DT YBDaG>NJ ZC?XM@ HCT R@?@AKCT ZM@R@J ACJB?>GM>? D HD aCR@?J>LDA>[J @J @H T@JB>RCR@ R>W@?@JA>DA>[JE g*CK@J } &?DBC7 PUUU5 V^\h
_ %D?D *CK@J Y &?DBC7 @H "aMJRC R@ HD ]>RD8 T@ ?@W>@?@ DH ACJA@ZBC R@ lDG@?aDT7 DH XM@ R@W>J@ ACaC "MJD
?@R R@ DAA>CJ@T ACaMJ>ADB>]DTE 1DiC @H DTZ@ABC R@ ACC?R>JDA>[J R@ HD DAA>[J7 TM ACaZCJ@JB@ TCA>@RDR ]>@J@WC?aDRD ZC? HD BCBDH>RDR R@ ?@HDA>CJ@T >JB@?Z@?TCJDH@T C?R@JDRDT @J BN?a>JCT R@ H@S>B>a>RDRE *CaZ?@JR@BDaG>NJ ACH@AB>]CT7 DTCA>DA>CJ@T Y C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ @TBIJ @TZ@A>DH>LDRDT @J R@B@?a>JDRDT WMJA>CJ@T8(Cohen y Arato, 2000: 434)E
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 38/159
\_
#T MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H XM@ GMTAD @H @TBDGH@A>a>@JBC R@ HCT R@?@AKCT WMJRDa@JBDH@T JC T[HC
ACaC @JMJA>DRCT T>JC ACaC @i@?A>GH@TE #JB@JR>@JRC ZC? R@?@AKCT WMJRDa@JBDH@T HD
?@Z?CRMAA>[J AMHBM?DH7 HCT XM@ DT@SM?DJ HD >JB@S?DA>[J TCA>DH Y HCT XM@ DT@SM?DJ HD
TCA>DH>LDA>[JE (B?CT ACaZH@iCT R@ R@?@AKCT @J ?@HDA>[J ACJ HD @ACJCaFD R@ a@?ADRC TCJ
HCT R@?@AKCT R@ Z?CZ>@RDR7 ACJB?DBC Y B?DGDiCj Y HCT XM@ T@ ?@HDA>CJDJ R>?@ABDa@JB@ ACJ @H
#TBDRC TCJ R@?@AKCT ZCHFB>ACT ACaC A>MRDRDJCT Y R@ R@?@AKCT R@ AH>@JB@T DH G>@J@TBD?
g*CK@J } &?DBC7 PUUU5 V^VhE
(B?C R@ HCT @H@a@JBCT XM@ >JAC?ZC?DJ HDT R@W>J>A>CJ@T ACJB@aZC?IJ@DT R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H
@T TM aC]>H>RDR7 ACJB@OBC Y ?@HDA>[J ACJWH>AB>]D ACJ HCT ZCR@?@T7 ZC? HC XM@ @H ACJA@ZBC @T
R>JIa>AC @J TF a>TaC5
0JD @TW@?D R@ HC TCA>DH @J @OZDJT>[J7 MJ @TZDA>C @J @H XM@ >JB@?DABkD MJD ACaZH@iDY ACJB?DR>ABC?>D SDaD R@ DABC?@T K@B@?CSNJ@CT @J HCT ZHDJCT TCA>DH7 AMHBM?DH YZCHFB>AC ACJ >JB@?@T@T aDB@?>DH@T Y T>aG[H>ACT R@ R>TB>JBD FJRCH@E #JB@JR@? D HDTCA>@RDR A>]>H @J BN?a>JCT R@H @TZDA>C R@ ACJWHM@JA>D7 Z@?C BDaG>NJ R@ ACJWH>ABC7>aZH>AD MJD ]>T>[J R>JIa>AD @J HD AMDH @H @TZDA>C R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H JC @TBIZ?@R@W>J>RC7 ZC? @H ACJB?D?>C7 T@ ACJTB?MY@ Z@?aDJ@JB@a@JB@ Y T@ R@TD??CHHD @J @HHD?SC ZHDLC Y R@ aDJ@?D R>TB>JBD @J ADRD ZDFT7 R@Z@JR>@JRC R@ TM K>TBC?>D Y R@HACJiMJBC R@ AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT ZCHFB>ADT7 @ACJ[a>ADT7 AMHBM?DH@T Y TCA>DH@T XM@ @J NH
Z?@]DH@LADJE #J @TBD @TW@?D @T >aZC?BDJB@ R>W@?@JA>D? D HDT aMY R>]@?TDT WC?aDTC?SDJ>LDB>]DT XM@ @J NH >JB@?DABkDJE g(H]@?D7 PUUQ5 V`h
#JBCJA@T @T J@A@TD?>C >R@JB>W>AD? MJD R@W>J>A>[J R>JIa>AD R@H ACJA@ZBC R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 Y
XM@ ?@AMZ@?@ @H ACJB@OBC ZCHFB>AC AMHBM?DH @ K>TB[?>AC7 RCJR@ HDT R>TB>JBDT @OZ?@T>CJ@T R@ HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H B>@J@J R>]@?TCT >JB@?@T@T @ >JB@?DAA>CJ@T ACaZH@iDT ACJ CB?CT DABC?@T
R@Z@JR>@JRC R@ HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T K>TB[?>ADT7 @ACJ[a>ADT Y TCA>DH@T7 DTF ACaC R@ HD
AC??@HDA>[J R@ WM@?LDT >aZ@?DJB@ @J MJ aCa@JBC RDRCE &XMF JCT >JB@?@TD ?@AMZ@?D? MJ
@H@a@JBC5 HD R>]@?T>RDR R@ >JB@?@T@T aDB@?>DH@T Y T>aG[H>ACT7 XM@ @T ZCT>GH@ ?@HDA>CJD? ACJ
HC XM@ #]@H>JD 'DSJ>JC JCaG?D ACaC "ACJWHM@JA>D Z@?]@?TD R@ R>TAM?TCT8 ge@JA@T )>aCJ7
PUQU5 \^h; #TB@ ACJA@ZBC T@ ?@W>@?@ D HD MB>H>LDA>[J ACJB?DR>ABC?>D R@ R>TAM?TCT7 R@ MJ HDRC
MJ Z?CY@ABC J@CH>G@?DH Y R@H CB?C MJ Z?CY@ABC R@aCA?DB>LDRC? XM@ GMTAD HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[JE
#J @TBD ACJWHM@JA>D Z@?]@?TD HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H T@ @JAM@JB?D @J a@R>C R@ HCT >JB@?@T@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 39/159
\^
ZCHFB>ACT XM@ GMTADJ TM >JAC?ZC?DA>[J ZD?D WC?BDH@A@? T>TB@aDT R@aCA?IB>ACT7
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ R@ C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ACaC @H 1DJAC 2MJR>DH C @H )>TB@aD R@
/DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT RCJR@ @HHD ?@DH>LD TMT @TBMR>CTE
#TBCT C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T BDaG>NJ KDJ B@J>RC MJ ZDZ@H ?@H@]DJB@ @J HD
ACJA@ZBMDH>LDA>[J R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 ZD?D @H )>TB@aD R@ /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT XM@7 ACaC
a@JA>CJD )IJAK@L gPUU_5 P_Vh7 WM@ MJ R@BCJDJB@ ZD?D @H >aZMHTC R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TR@ HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 Z@?C BDaG>NJ @H Z?>a@? C?SDJ>TaC >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@
SCG>@?JCT XM@ ?@ACJCA>[ WC?aDHa@JB@ TM @O>TB@JA>D D J>]@H JDA>CJDH @ >JB@?JDA>CJDHE #J
Q^V` HDT Z?CZ>DT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H HCS?D?CJ XM@ @J D?BFAMHC dQ R@ HD *D?BD
R@ /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT T@ H@T ?@ACJCA>@?D Y T@ H@T CBC?SD?D TM "AD?IAB@? ACJTMHB>]C8 g2D?>J&?DJSM?@J7 PUUb5 Pd\h5 8$DT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 ACJCA>RDT @J @TZDoCH
ACaC (/. Y @J >JSHNT ACaC "/.(87 ?@A>G>@?CJ @TB@ JCaG?@ ZC? Z?>a@?D ]@L @J Q^V` R@H
?@A>NJ WC?aDRC AM@?ZC >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 HDT /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT8;^
(B?D R@ HDT R@W>J>A>CJ@T aIT MB>H>LDRDT @J HCT C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T @T HD R@ HD GDJAD
aMHB>HDB@?DHE %C? @i@aZHC7 @H 9HBEN 2LBCDHJ T@oDHD5
#H BN?a>JC TCA>@RDR A>]>H T@ ?@W>@?@ D MJD DaZH>D SDaD R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JCSMG@?JDa@JBDH@T Y T>J W>J@T R@ HMA?C XM@ @TBIJ Z?@T@JB@T @J HD ]>RD ZkGH>AD7@OZ?@TDJ HCT >JB@?@T@T Y ]DHC?@T R@ TMT a>@aG?CT Y R@ CB?CT7 T@SkJACJT>R@?DA>CJ@T NB>ADT7 AMHBM?DH@T7 ZCHFB>ADT7 A>@JBFW>ADT7 ?@H>S>CTDT C W>HDJB?[Z>ADTE%C? HC BDJBC7 @H BN?a>JC C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H DGD?AD MJD S?DJ]D?>@RDR R@ >JTBDJA>DT5 S?MZCT ACaMJ>BD?>CT7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7
^
6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E gQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE I/$'# J3$+)E 6?Ca {JCfH@RS@ 1DT@5KBBZ5nnS?DJBTZDA@EC?Sn+CCHTn{JCfH@RS@c1DT@n%?@SMJBDTcYc?@TZM@TBDTc@Jc@TZDJCHn&aG>BCc>JB@?JDA>CJDHn'@W>J>A>CJcR@cHDTc(/.c/.(cR@W>J>B>CJcDJRc?CH@ 7 *CJTMHBDRC QU R@ 2D?LC R@H PUQV
(Foundation Center, 2014)
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 40/159
VU
T>JR>ADBCT7 S?MZCT >JRFS@JDT7 >JTB>BMA>CJ@T R@ AD?>RDR7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ?@H>S>CTDT7DTCA>DA>CJ@T Z?CW@T>CJDH@T Y WMJRDA>CJ@TQUE
'@TR@ @H 9HBEN "BGFMHSFMDEHBN CF (FKHMMNJJN5
#H 1DJAC ?@ACJCA@ ACaC >JB@S?DJB@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T A>]>H@T R@AD?IAB@? ]CHMJBD?>C Y TCA>DH7 XM@ JC B@JSDJ >JB@JA>CJ@T R@ HMA?C Y @TBNJ WM@?D R@ HD[?G>BD SMG@?JDa@JBDHE $DT ()* TCJ DXM@HHDT XM@ ?@Z?@T@JBDJ HCT >JB@?@T@T R@R>]@?TCT S?MZCT >J]CHMA?DRCT R>?@ABD C >JR>?@ABDa@JB@ @J HDT CZ@?DA>CJ@T R@H 13' BDJBC D J>]@H R@ ZDFT7 ?@S>CJDH @ >JB@?JDA>CJDHE $DT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD TCA>@RDRA>]>H >JAHMY@J5 (?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T g(/.ThE (?SDJ>LDA>CJ@TACaMJDH@T7 S?MZCT ACaMJ>BD?>CT C R@ ZCGHDRC?@T @J LCJDT R@ >JB@?DAA>[J R>?@ABD @>JR>?@ABD ZC? Z?CY@ABCT R@H 1DJACE (?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T T>J W>J@T R@ HMA?CE .?@a>CTE0J>]@?T>RDR@T7 DADR@a>D7 A@JB?CT R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J Y DTCA>DA>CJ@T Z?CW@T>CJDH@T7
AMYC ADaZC R@ @TBMR>C G?>JRD >aZC?BDJB@T DZC?B@T DH13'
E 3JTB>BMA>CJ@T ,@H>S>CTDTE.?MZCT JC C?SDJ>LDRCT R@ ZCGHDA>CJ@T >JRFS@JDT7 DW?CR@TA@JR>@JB@T Y CB?CT XM@7ZC? TM JDBM?DH@LD7 T@DJ R@ ?@H@]DJA>D ZD?D JM@TB?D >JTB>BMA>[JE g,DGCBJ>mCW7 Q^^^5VUh
'@TR@ @H DJIH>T>T R@ ,DGCBJ>mCW ! GDTDRC @J @H DJIH>T>T R@ HD ACJWHM@JA>D Z@?]@?TD R@
'DSJ>JC ! HCT GDJACT ?@ACJCA@J HD ]D?>@RDR XM@ >aZH>AD @H BN?a>JC R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H
R@TR@ HCT B@aDT7 BDaDoCT7 Z?CZ[T>BCT7 W>HCTCWFDT7 T> TCJ ACJW@T>CJDH@T7 HD>ADT7 @BA Y HDT
R@TA?>G@J @J TMT >JB@JA>CJ@T7 TF TCJ CZ@?DB>]DT gCZ@?DB>CJDHh C R@ ADG>HR@C gDR]CADAYhE
%@?C7 BDaG>NJ HDT ?@ACJCA@J @J TMT H>a>BDA>CJ@T5 R@TACC?R>JDA>[J7 ADZDA>RDR H>a>BDRD7
DAA>[J @J Z@XM@oD @TADHDE #aZ@?C R@TR@ TM a>?DRD >JTB?Ma@JBDH7 @TBIJ ACJ]@JA>RCT R@
XM@ T> HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H HH@]D D ADGC HCT Z?CY@ABCT7 T@?IJ aMAKC a@JCT ACTBCTCT Y aIT
@W>A>@JB@T @J BN?a>JCT R@ ?@TMHBDRCT Y DZC?BD?IJ D HCT Z?CA@TCT R@ H@S>B>a>RDR
R@aCA?IB>ADE
QU 1DJAC 2MJR>DH gPUQQh7 J4+&)2$2 +&(&0 7 ?@AMZ@?DRC @H Qb R@ CABMG?@ R@ PUQP R@ '@W>J>A>[J R@ )CA>@RDR *>]>H5
KBBZ5nnf@GEfC?HRGDJmEC?Sne1)3+#n#q+#,/&$n1&/*(20/'3&$n#q++#2&)n#q+*)()%&/3)lnU77ACJB@JB2'{5PUbPQ`PV•a@JM%{5QbQ\Vd\•ZDS@%{5PPU`U\•Z>%{5PPUVdb•BK@)>B@%{5QV^U^PV7UUEKBaHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 41/159
VQ
#J @TB@ T@JB>RC HD R@W>J>A>[J R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 ZD?D HCT C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T gXM@
ZD?D HD DMBC?D TCJ @H 1DJAC 2MJR>DH Y @H 1DJAC 3JB@?Da@?>ADJC R@ '@TD??CHHCh7 T@ ?@ACJCA@
ACaC MJ >JTB?Ma@JBC R@ ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J ZD?D R@aCA?DB>LD?nH@S>B>aD? HDT ZCHFB>ADT DTF ACaC
MJ a@ADJ>TaCT ZD?D GDiD? HCT ACTBCT R@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT7 a@iC?D? TM CZ@?DB>]>RDR7 Y
R>TAM?T>]Da@JB@ >JAC?ZC?DJ HDT @TB?DB@S>DT5 B?DJTZD?@JA>D7 ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J Y ?@JR>A>[J R@
AM@JBDT g,DGCBJ>mCW7 Q^^^hE
&D?B )AKCHB@7 ACJT>R@?D XM@ HD Z?@T@JA>D Y ?@H@]DJA>D R@H ACJA@ZBC R@ )CA>@RDR *>]>H @J HCT
C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ACaC HD (/0 Y HCT 1DJACT R@ '@TD??CHHC7 T@ R@G@ D TM
ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J @J HD SCG@?JDJLD SHCGDH7 D HD >JWHM@JA>D R@ MJD SHCGDH>LDA>[J XM@ KD
>JB@?ACJ@ABDRC aMAKC aIT D HDT Z@?TCJDT Z@?C BDaG>NJ TMT Z?CGH@aIB>ADT7 @TBC KD K@AKCaIT ]>T>GH@ D DABC?@T XM@ YD B@JFDJ MJD B?DY@ABC?>D HCADH Z@?C XM@ ACa>@JLDJ D ZD?B>A>ZD?
R@ HDT R>JIa>ADT SHCGDH@T C >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T g&D?B )AKCHB@7 Q^^^hE *CJ GDT@ @J @HHC7 R>]@?TCT
DMBC?@T KDJ ACJTB?M>RC @H ACJA@ZBC R@ )CA>@RDR *>]>H .HCGDH D ZD?B>? R@ MJD WM@?B@
Z?@T@JA>D R@ C?SDJ>TaCT R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @J @TZDA>CT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ BCaD R@
R@A>T>CJ@T C @J @TZDA>CT R@ D?B>AMHDA>[J7 ACaC ZC? @i@aZHC7 @J HCT JC]@JBD7 HDT ?@R@T Y
D?B>AMHDA>CJ@T R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZD?B>A>ZDJRC @J HDT ACJW@?@JA>DT R@ /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT C aIT
DR@HDJB@ @J HD C?SDJ>LDA>[J R@ HCT 6C?CT )CA>DH@T 2MJR>DH@T ACaC @TZDA>CT ZD?DH@HCT D HDTAMaG?@T CW>A>DH@TE
&TF HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@ DAM@?RC ACJ )AKCHB@7 T@ ZM@R@ >R@JB>W>AD? ACaC SHCGDH AMDJRC8
DGC?RDJ B@aDT XM@ B?DTA>@JR@J HCT B@??>BC?>CT @TZ@AFW>ACTj >J]CHMA?DJ MJD ACaMJ>ADA>[J
B?DJTW?CJB@?>LDj B>@J@J MJD C?SDJ>LDA>[J SHCGDH7 @T R@A>?7 XM@ >J]CHMA?D DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T
R@ R>TB>JBCT ZDFT@T Y ACJB>J@JB@T R@H /C?B@ Y R@H )M?j Y B?DGDiDJ TCG?@ MJD Z?@a>TD R@
TCH>RD?>RDR TMZ?DB@??>BC?>DHE +DaG>NJ ZM@R@J B@J@? MJ AD?IAB@? SHCGDH ?@TZ@ABC D MJC C
]D?>CT R@ @TBCT DB?>GMBCT7 NTBCT DB?>GMBCT TCJ5 D)DF/)+:$RQQ -4/D$" 2) 4/*$'&1$+&,'
QQ 0J DZC?B@ >JB@?@TDJB@ R@ @TB@ DMBC? @T XM@ AM@TB>CJD @H HDRC "ZCT>B>]C8 R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H SHCGDH7
>JAC?ZC?DJRC @J TM DJIH>T>T C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@H B>ZC T>JR>ADBCT A?>a>JDH@T Y DTCA>DA>CJ@T R@ JD?ACB?IW>AC7 T>J
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 42/159
VP
gA@JB?DH>LDRDT7 R@TA@JB?DH>LDRDT Y ACJ ]FJAMHCT RNG>H@Th7 #B+#&+$" gZ?@TBDA>[J R@ T@?]>A>CT7
>JA>R@JA>D ZCHFB>AD7 ACCZ@?DA>[J7 W>JDJA>Da>@JBCh7 4F7)#&(4" gACJWC?a>TBDT7 ?@WC?a>TBDT Y
?DR>ADH@Th g&D?B )AKCHB@7 Q^^^5 ``hE
#H ACJA@ZBC R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H SHCGDH TM?S@ ACaC MJD "?@DH>RDR Y ACJA@ZBC @a@?S@JB@87
GC??DJRC @H C?>S@J R@ "JDA>CJDH>TaC a@BCRCH[S>AC8 XM@ "TCA>@RDR A>]>H8 KDGFD B@J>RC @J
HD Z?>a@?D aCR@?J>RDR g3DJJ>7 PUU`5 `^hE &TF ACJT>R@?D? D HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H SHCGDH ACaC
DABC?7 ZD?B@ R@ ?@ACJCA@? XM@ TM WC?aDA>[J JC @T H>J@DH Y R>?@ABDa@JB@ H>SDRD D HDT
>JWHM@JA>DT R@ HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J7 RCJR@ ,>AKD?R 6DHm g@J 3DJJ>7 PUU`5 dPh7 >JB?CRMA@ @H
ACJA@ZBC R@ "SHCGDH>LDA>[J R@TR@ DGDiC8 ZD?D R@TA?>G>? HDT R>TB>JBDT >JB@?]@JA>CJ@T R@ HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H SHCGDH XM@ ACJB?D??@TBD HD "SHCGDH>LDA>[J R@TR@ D??>GD8 ACaDJRDRD ZC? HCTa@?ADRCT Y XM@ DW@ABD HD ?@HDA>[J JC?B@cTM?E #J @TBD ?@HDA>[J S@CZCHFB>AD HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H
SHCGDH T@ ]M@H]@ MJ DABC? Z?@T@JB@ Y ACaZH@i>LD HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE
$D >aZC?BDJA>D R@ @TB@ ACJA@ZBC @T XM@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACaC HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 WCJRCT R@ ADMTD C >JAHMTC7 DHSMJDT Z@?TCJDT7 KDJ
T>RC ZD?B>A>Z@T R@ HCT @TZDA>CT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y KDJ ACJBDRC ACJ MJD aC]>H>RDR
B?DJTW?CJB@?>LD7 ZC? HC XM@ T@ ZM@R@ >JB@S?D? R@JB?C R@ HD )CA>@RDR *>]>H .HCGDHE
&TF @TBD R>]@?T>RDR R@ @JWCXM@T TCG?@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H Y TCA>@RDR A>]>H SHCGDH7 ZD?B@J R@
IaG>BCT aMY R>]@?TCT R@ HDT *>@JA>DT )CA>DH@T Y %CHFB>ADT7 aMAKDT ]@A@T ACJ Z@?TZ@AB>]DT
B@[?>ADT XM@ ZM@R@J ACJB?DZCJ@?T@ C ACaZH@a@JBD?T@7 T>J @aGD?SC ZCR@aCT @JACJB?D?
ACaC ACakJ R@JCa>JDRC? XM@ HDT R>TB>JBDT ACJA@ZA>CJ@T ZD?B@J R@ >R@JB>W>AD? HD ?@HDA>[J
@aGD?SC @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J JC >JAC?ZC?D?@aCT @TBD R>TAMT>[JE &MJXM@ AC>JA>R>aCT @J XM@ HD a>?DRDA?FB>AD R@ R@iD? R@ HDRC @H DGC?RDi@ R@ MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H "GM@JD8 T>JC aIT G>@J MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H AD?SDRD R@>JB@?@T@T Y ACJB?DR>AA>CJ@T XM@ DABkD ACaC WM@?LD Y ACJB?DZ@TC R@ HCT ZCR@?@T >JTB>BM>RCTE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 43/159
V\
XM@ T@ RD ACJ @H #TBDRC Y @H 2@?ADRC7 R@JB?C R@ MJ T>TB@aD ZCHFB>AC XM@ ZM@R@ T@?
R@aCA?IB>ACQP C JCE
#J TMaD7 K>TB[?>ADa@JB@ ZCR@aCT >R@JB>W>AD? Z@?TZ@AB>]DT @M?CANJB?>ADT Y DJSHCTDiCJDTXM@ JC ?@ACJCAFDJ MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ @TA@JD?>CT ZCHFB>ACT Y AMHBM?DH@TE $D >JB@S?D MJD
R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T7 TM R@W>J>A>[J @T R>JIa>AD K>TB[?>AD Y R@Z@JR@ R@ ACJB@OBCTE - @J TM
>JB@?]@JA>[J T@ @JWCADJ @J R@?@AKCT WMJRDa@JBDH@T7 D J>]@H JDA>CJDH C >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y
R@TR@ R>]@?TDT @TB?DB@S>DTE
%C? HC XM@7 ZD?D @W@ABCT R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J @TBD ?@]>T>[J JCT DYMRD D KDA@? MJ ?@AM@JBC
DaZH>C R@ HD MB>H>LDA>[J R@ )CA>@RDR *>]>H Y )CA>@RDR *>]>H .HCGDH7 ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? TM
>aZC?BDJA>DE )>J @aGD?SC JC @T TMW>A>@JB@ ZD?D JM@TB?C DJIH>T>T7 ZM@T KDGHDaCT R@ DABC?@T
XM@ BDaG>NJ G?>JRDJ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC TCHC ?@A>G@J Y @J @TB@ R>H@aD R@ T@? ZD?B>A>Z@T C JC
R@H a@?ADRC C ACJ W?CJB@?DT R>WMTDT7 @T XM@ DGC?RD?@aCT @H ACJA@ZBC R@ )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Y
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACJ W>J@T HMA?DB>]CT ZD?D @OZH>AD? @TBD ACaZH@i>RDRE
QP $D R>TAMT>[J DA@?AD T> @O>TB@ )CA>@RDR *>]>H @J T>TB@aDT DMBC?>BD?>CT C XM@ TCHC ZM@R@ B@J@? @O>TB@JA>D
R@JB?C R@ HCT aCR@HCT R@aCA?IB>ACT @T MJD R>TAMT>[J XM@ JC T@ DGC?RD?I @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[JE &MJXM@ @T>aZC?BDJB@ a@JA>CJD? XM@ @O>TB@J R>]@?TCT B@[?>ACT XM@ DZC?BDJ XM@ @J HCT ACJB@OBCT R@ B?DJT>A>[J ZCHFB>ADR@ TDH>RD R@H DMBC?>BD?>TaC C R>ABDRM?DT7 "?@cTM?S@8 HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 ?@ACJCA>@JRC TM @O>TB@JA>D Z?@]>D(Ianni, 2005).
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 44/159
VV
5/> 7MNRLFKGH CF HB\JDKDK CF JNK HEGNMFK P HQFBGFK #N +LIFMBHSFBGHJFK/ (F JH
KNEDFCHC EDWDJ H JH $NEDFCHC -]WDEH/
0JD R@ HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T R>W>AMHBDR@T DH DJDH>LD? D HCT DABC?@T XM@ ?@DH>LDJ DAA>CJ@T R@ *3%' JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T XM@ JC @O>TB@ MJ aD?AC B@[?>AC TMW>A>@JB@a@JB@ TMTB@JBDRC XM@
Z@?a>BD MJ DJIH>T>T ACJT>TB@JB@ R@ @TBCT DABC?@T7 T>JC akHB>ZH@T R>TA>ZH>JDT ACJ HDT XM@
ZCR@aCT DJDH>LD?HCE
$CT XM@ K@aCT DGC?RDRC KDTBD @H aCa@JBC TCJ R@TR@ HCT @TBMR>CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH CW>A>DH Y HD TCA>@RDR A>]>HE €TBCT T@ KDJ @JWCADRC Z?>aC?R>DHa@JB@ @J DJDH>LD?TM ZDZ@H ACaC ACHDGC?DRC?@T7 ?@A@ZBC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J C DABC?@T XM@ >JA>R@J
>JB@?JDA>CJDHa@JB@E )>J @aGD?SC JM@TB?C aD?AC R@ @TBMR>C @T >R@JB>W>AD? TM S?DJ
R>]@?T>RDR Y ACJR>A>CJ@T ZD?D G?>JRD? W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 >JAC?ZC?DJRC @J
DHSMJCT ADTCT XM@ @TBCT a>TaCT T@DJ ?@A@ZBC?@T Y KDSDJ >JA>R@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDH Z@?C TM
Z?>JA>ZDH AD?DAB@?FTB>AD @T XM@ G?>JR@J ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
#J @TB@ IaG>BC JC @O>TB@J aMAKCT @TBMR>CT XM@ JCT ZM@RDJ DYMRD? ZD?D @TBD
@TZ@A>DH>LDA>[J7 ZC? @TC T@ R@A>R>[ >JAC?ZC?D? @H ACJA@ZBC R@ )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE #TB@
ACJA@ZBC HC Z?CZCJ@ HD B@[?>AD $DLFJ7 XM>@J @J TM @TBMR>C [S$ I04F$0&1$+&,' ")
2)"+)'#/$0&1$R S&F/) D)/+$24R -.'2$+&4')" "4+&)2$2 +:(&+$ 5 *4F&)/'4 +&(&0 )' 0$" /)*&4')"
2)0 D.'24\ KLMMOQ7 KDA@ MJ DZC?B@ DJDHFB>AC XM@ JCT Z@?a>B@ DGC?RD? a@iC? @H DJIH>T>T R@
HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH Y /C?B@ .HCGDH ZCJ>@JRC @J @H
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 45/159
V`
A@JB?C R@ HD R>TAMT>[J HD R@Z@JR@JA>D C DMBCJCaFD R@H @TBDRC7 Y TM R>W@?@JA>D @JB?@ HCT
IaG>BCT R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Y .CG>@?JC *>]>HEQ\
0J Z?>a@? @H@a@JBC7 TCJ HDT ACaZH@i>RDR@T R@H ACJA@ZBC R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 XM@ T@ ?@]>T[@J @H DZD?BDRC DJB@?>C?7 ZD?D @TBD DMBC?D7 HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 Y TM ?@HDA>[J
ACJ HD W>HDJB?CZFD #TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ gXM@ @T TM Z?>JA>ZDH DJIH>T>Th JC KDJ T>RC DJDH>LDRCT HC
TMW>A>@JB@ @J TM >JB@?DAA>[J ZD?D @JB@JR@? TM >aZDABC R@JB?C R@H Z?CA@TC R@ SHCGDH>LDA>[J
@ >J@XM>RDRE & ZD?B>? R@ @HHC Z?CZCJ@ KDA@? MJD R>TB>JA>[J @JB?@ HC "AF]>AC8 Y HC "A>]>H87
ZD?B>@JRC R@ HCT DZC?B@T R@ &HaCJR Y ;@?GD g@J $DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q_`h7 XM>@J@T ?@AMZ@?DJ @H
ACJA@ZBC R@ "AMHBM?D AF]>AD8 Y HD R@W>J@J ACaC "AMHBM?D ZCHFB>AD8 @J @TB@ T@JB>RC7 ZD?D @TBD
DMBC?D HD R>W@?@JA>D ACJA?@BD @JB?@ @TBCT ACJA@ZBCT T@ B?DRMA@ @J XM@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD@T HD ZD?B@ "ZCHFB>AD8 "DAB>]>TBD8 R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H5
$D )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 XM@ @T @H T@ABC? DAB>]>TBD R@ HD TCA>@RDR *>]>H7 GMTAD >J>A>D?R@aCA?IB>ADa@JB@ ADaG>CT ZD?D @H G>@J ACakJE -C ACJT>R@?C XM@ HD )CA>@RDR*F]>AD7 DZC?BD MJ ACJB?DZ@TC D R>ABDRM?DT @TBDB>TBDT C AH>@JB@H>TaCT ZCHFB>ACT R@HFR@?@T XM@ ACHCADJ D TMT T@SM>RC?@T @J ZM@TBCT ZkGH>ACT ACaC ZD?B@ R@ MJ T>TB@aDR@ Z?@G@JRDT7 DTF ACaC DH @TBDB>TaC Y HDT ZCHFB>ADT @XM>]CADRDT R@H SCG>@?JC A>]>HE&kJ aIT HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 >JB@JBD ?@TCH]@? DXM@HHCT Z?CGH@aDT XM@ @H SCG>@?JCA>]>H JC ZCR?FD TCHMA>CJD? DMJXM@ @TBM]>@?D ACaZH@BDa@JB@ ACJT>@JB@ R@ TM
@O>TB@JA>DE g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q_`h
#JBCJA@T7 T> G>@J HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZM@R@ ACJSHCa@?D? MJD S?DJ R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T MJD AD?DAB@?FTB>AD WMJRDa@JBDH @T XM@ KDY MJ T@ABC? ZD?B>AMHD? R@ @T@
ACJSHCa@?DRC XM@ GMTAD KDA@? ADaG>CT @J HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? Y XM@ HD "ZCHFB>AD8 T@
]M@H]@ MJD WC?aD R@ DAA>[JE & @TB@ T@ABC?7 >JB@S?DRC ZC? "HDT DAB>]>TBDT R@ HD TCA>@RDR
A>]>H8 @T D HD XM@ HHDaDaCT )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE # >JAC?ZC?D D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC
Q\ $D DMBC?D Z?CZCJ@ XM@ MJD WC?aD R@ R>W@?@JA>D? @H ACJB@J>RC R@ )CA>@RDR *F]>AD ACJ @H R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H @T
XM@ T@ aDJB@JSD @J aDYkTAMHDT )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 ZC? HC XM@ D HC HD?SC R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J T@ aDJB>@J@ @TBDR>W@?@JA>DE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 46/159
Vb
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 WMJRDA>CJ@T7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ ]CHMJBD?>CT7 Y A>MRDRDJFD ACJ
a@JBDH>RDR A>]>H7 XM>@J@T RCJDJ TM R>J@?C Y @aZH@DJ TM B>@aZC @J ADMTDT R@ TM @H@AA>[JE
& ZD?B>? R@ @TBD R>W@?@JA>D TCG?@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 HD DMBC?D Z?CZCJ@ MJ DJIH>T>T aITa>JMA>CTC TCG?@ @H ZDZ@H R@ HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J @J @H >aZMHTC R@ @TB@ T@ABC?E %D?D @HHD HD
SHCGDH>LDA>[J Z@?a>B>[ RCT ACTDT5
• 6HMiC R@ WCJRCT S@J@?DRC?@T R@ SDJDJA>DT gJ@A@TD?>CT ZD?D W>JDJA>D? Y R>?>S>? HCT
DTMJBCT R@ J@SCA>CTh
• 6HMiC R@ WCJRCT ACJ W>J@T R@ HMA?C R@ MTC JC Z?>]DRC gJ@A@TD?>CT ZD?D ACJTB?M>? HD
)CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 DTF ACaC ZD?D Z?CB@S@? HCT '@?@AKCT lMaDJCT Y @H a@R>C
DaG>@JB@ aMJR>DH Y ACJTB?M>? MJ SCG>@?JC A>]>H TDJCh
& ZD?B>? R@ @TB@ WHMiC W>JDJA>@?C @JWCADRC D HCT W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT7 C T@D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDHcXM@ @T @H A@JB?C R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[Jc @T XM@ @HHD KDA@ MJD R>]>T>[J ACJ
MJ NJWDT>T TCG?@ @H ACJA@ZBC R@ "W>J@T R@ HMA?C8 Y XM@ T@ ?@HDA>CJD R>?@ABDa@JB@ ACJ
DZCYD? D MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @J S@J@?DH C D MJ B>ZC R@ )CA>@RDR *F]>AD ZC? a@R>C R@ HDT
NMQHBD[HEDNBFK KDB UDBFK CF JLEMN RMDWHCN d'$A47hE $DT ?@SMHDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T XM@
KDJ aD?ADRC B@JR@JA>D R@ @TBCT WHMiCT R@ WCJRCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 XM@ ZD?D @TBD
>J]@TB>SDA>[J HHDaD?@aCT HCT "WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH87 TCJ
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ R@ HCT RCJDJB@T aIT ZCR@?CTCT5 #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y #M?CZDE )>J @aGD?SC7
HDT R>W@?@JA>DT JC?aDB>]DT TCJ XM@ @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT HCS?D?CJ B@J@? MJD H@Y @TBIJRD?
ZD?D ?@SMHD? @TBCT WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y @J @H ADTC R@ HD
0J>[J #M?CZ@D ZD?D PUUd KDGFD P` JC?aDB>]>RDR@T R>TB>JBDTE %D?D $DLFJ7 @TBDT
JC?aDB>]>RDR@T B>@J@J MJD >aZH>ADA>[J S@CZCHFB>AD7 ZM@T @J TM @TBMR>C R@aM@TB?D XM@ @J
ADTCT ACaC 2NO>AC Y ,MaDJ>D7 T@ GMTAD ?@SMHD? @TB@ T@ABC? ACZ>DJRC HD H@S>THDA>[J
@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 D Z@TD? R@ ACJBD? ACJ aD?ACT #TBDBDH@T aMY R>TB>JBCT DH /C?B@ .HCGDH7
Z?C]CADJRC HC XM@ ]@?@aCT @J JM@TB?C DJIH>T>T W>JDH R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J XM@ T@ ?@HDA>CJD
ACJ H>a>BD? @H WC?BDH@A>a>@JBC R@ MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD @J @H )M? .HCGDH R@TR@ A>@?BCT WHMiCT
W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 47/159
Vd
#JBCJA@T MJC R@ HCT @H@a@JBCT ZD?D @JB@JR@? D HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD *3%'
@T >R@JB>W>AD? @J XM@ ZD?B@ R@H aDZD R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H Y @H SCG>@?JC A>]>H @TBIJ MG>ADRCTE
#J ZD?B>AMHD? B>@J@J SDJDJA>DT Z@?C XM@ TCJ MB>H>LDRDT ZD?D W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT Y XM@ TCJ HDT
'MQHBD[HEDNBFK $DB ADBFK CF 4LEMN 7MDWHCN d'$A47h7 ZD?D DYMRD?JCT D @TBD ACaZ?@JT>[J
?@]>T@aCT @H AMDR?C T>SM>@JB@ Z?CZM@TBC ZC? HD DMBC?D5
,B\JDKDK I\KDEN CF JH $NEDFCHC -]WDEH d" #$ %&'()(#(*$* *+ $,-.-#$/ -0(#(*$*+'e FB MFJHEDOB ENB JH KNEDFCHC
EDWDJ/
%MFK SNCFJNK GFOMDENK/
4H 1&,(+*$* 234(,$ FK DBCFRFBCDFBGF CFJ QNIDFMBN FB FJ SNCFJNK FKGHCNLBDCFBKF P CFRFBCDFBGF CFJ
SDKSN SNCFJN FB JH &BDOB )LMNRFHT BDBQLBH CF JHK CNK GDFBF JLQHM FB FJ SNCFJN CF JH CDEGHCLMH
1+,0&/+' 5& ,(4(#+' J)+#4/)" 2) 0$ ]"4+&)2$2 +&(&0^
2NCFJNK CF JH CDEGHCLMH P KLK
KFEGNMFK
2CR@HC R@ HD 0J>[J #M?CZ@D Y
$DB>JCDaN?>AD GDTDRC @J @H
@H@ABC?DRC
2CR@HC #TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ GDTDRC
@J @H @H@ABC?DRC
5/ )^FELGDWNT IHKHCN FB JHK
ULFM[HK HMSHCHKT KDBCDEHGNKT N FJ
KFEGNM MFJDQDNKN NUDEDHJ/
QE .CG>@?JC *>]>H
Dh *@JB?DH g>JAHMY@JRC Y TM ZCR@?
ZCH>A>DH Y a>H>BD?h'@TA@JB?DH>LDRCj
@TBDBDHj HCADHj ZCR@?@T H@S>THDB>]C
Y iMR>A>DHE
Gh*IaD?DT R@ ACa@?A>C @
>JRMTB?>DH@TE
Ah)>JR>ADBCT
Ce$NEDFCHC -DWDJ N HKNEDHEDNBFK
QE .CG>@?JC *>]>H
Dh *@JB?DH g>JAHMY@JRC Y TM ZCR@?
ZCH>A>DH Y a>H>BD?h'@TA@JB?DH>LDRCj
@TBDBDHj HCADHj ZCR@?@T H@S>THDB>]C
Y iMR>A>DHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 48/159
V_
EDWDJFK dDBEJLPFB NMQHBD[HEDNBFK
BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJFK EHKD
HLGOBNSHK P CF NMDQFB
QLIFMBHSFBGHJh JHK ELHJFK QHKGHB
KLK UNBCNK RHMH LKNK BN RMDWHCNK
P QFBFMHJSFBGF BN KF JFK RFMSDGF
QFBFMHM UNBCNK RHMH DBWFMGDM FB
FJ SFMEHCN CF WHJNMFKh FKGF
KFEGNM FK #$ 1&,(+*$* 234(,$
HGMHRHCH FB FJ QNIDFMBN/
+NIDFMBN 2NBNJ]GDEN/
He 7NCFM 0LCDEDHJT VKFQLMDCHC
BHEDNBHJX P RNJDE]H/
Ie 4FQDKJHGLMH
Ee 7MFBKHT GFJFWDKDOBT DBGFMBFG
Ce #FQNEDNK RMDWHCNK
VUHWNMFEDCNKX ENB ENBGMHGNK KD
ENSRHMGFB LGDJDCHCFK ENB JNK
VJDCFMFKX CFJ QNIDFMBN/
Fe $FEGNM KDBCDEHGNK
Ue "BCLKGMDHK P ENNRFMHGDWHK
Qe -\SHMHK CF ENSFMEDN
DBCLKGMDHJFK
Ze $FEGNMFK8 RFGMOJFN/ SDBFM]HT
UNMFKGHJT RFKEHT HQMNRFELHMDNT
De $FEGNM ENSLBHJ
PE )@ABC? Z?>]DRC5 J@SCA>CT
Z@?TCJDH@T Y ACaZDoFDT R@
Dh )CA>@RDR A>]>H7 ACJ W>J@T R@
HMA?C ZD?D MTC Z?>]DRCE
Gh )CA>@RDR DJ[J>aDT Y
ACCZ@?DB>]DTE
Ah %?@JTD7 B@H@]>T>[J7 >JB@?J@BE
PE )@ABC? Z?>]DRC5 J@SCA>CT
Z@?TCJDH@T Y ACaZDoFDT R@
Z?@JTD7 B@H@]>T>[J7 >JB@?J@B Y
ACCZ@?DB>]DTE
)@ABC? a>OBC5
.CG>@?JCnT@ABC? Z?>]DRC )@ABC? a>OBC5
.CG>@?JCnT@ABC? Z?>]DRC
VE )@ABC? T>JR>ADBCT >/ $NEDFCHC -]WDEH ENB UDBFK CF
4LEMN dFJ ELHJ KF RLFCF DBWFMGDM
FB FJ SFMEHCN CF WHJNMFKe $LK
QHKGNK KNB RHMH LKNK BN RMDWHCNK
dCFKCF ;ggg KF DBEJLPF FJ
RFMDNCDKSN RFMKNBHJ ZFEZN
`E 3JRMTB?>DT Y ACCZ@?DB>]DT
bE *IaD?DT R@ ACa@?A>C
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 49/159
V^
^e $FEGNM MFJDQDNKN BN NUDEDHJ >JRMTB?>DH@T SFCDHBGF IJNQK P WDCFNK
DBENMRNMHCNK FB :NL%LIFe/
)MMOBFHSFBGF JJHSHCN KNEDFCHC
EDWDJ N GFMEFM KFEGNM/
dE )CHRDRCT @J TM ACJR>A>[J R@
>JR>]>RMCT ACJ R@?@AKC D ]CBD?
`E 3JRMTB?>DT Y ACCZ@?DB>]DT
_E )@ABC? ACaMJDH bE *IaD?DT R@ ACa@?A>C
>JRMTB?>DH@T
^E )@ABC? ?@H>S>CTC dE )CHRDRCT @J TM ACJR>A>[J R@
>JR>]>RMCT ACJ R@?@AKC D ]CBD?
_E )@ABC? ACaMJDH
^E )@ABC? ?@H>S>CTC
9$F0$ _; <'B0&"&" 2) "4+&)2$2 +&(&0R KS$1:'R LMMON GUMXGUGQ
#TB@ AMDR?C JCT @OZH>AD @H HMSD? XM@ CAMZDJ HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T Y HCT CB?CT
T@ABC?@T ACaC #TBDRC7 .CG>@?JC7 )CA>@RDR XM@ KDJ T>RC AHDT>W>ADRDT T>@aZ?@ T>J
ACJT>R@?D? TM R>]@?T>RDR @J @TB@ T@JB>RC ZCR@aCT @JWDB>LD? DHSMJCT ZMJBCT ZD?D @TBD
>J]@TB>SDA>[J5
• $D R>TB?>GMA>[J R@H HMSD? XM@ CAMZD HD @TW@?D R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H JC ZM@R@ T@? MJD
?@W@?@JA>D "MJ>]@?TDH8 ZM@T R@Z@JR@ R@ HCT aCR@HCT Y HDT JC?aDB>]>RDR@T @TBDBDH@T
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@TE %@?C ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ ?@H@]DJB@ >R@JB>W>AD? HD >JWHM@JA>D R@ HD
R>]>T>[J #TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ Y #M?CZ@D ZD?D ACJW>SM?D? JC?aDB>]>RDR@T Y aD?AD?
B@JR@JA>DT @J @H )M? .HCGDH Y BDaG>NJ A[aC @TBDT R>]>T>CJ@T C T@ABC?@T XM@RDJ
R>TM@HBCT @J MJD R>ABDRM?DE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 50/159
`U
•
$C @??[J@C R@ ]>JAMHD? D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACaC WMJRDA>CJ@T M C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T
W>HDJB?[Z>ADT7 ACaC "B@?A@? T@ABC?8E %D?D HD DMBC?D HCT T@ABC?@T TCJ5 Qh SCG>@?JC7
PhZ?>]DRC7 \h a>OBC gAMDJRC HCT T@ABC?@T SCG>@?JC Y Z?>]DRC B?DGDiDJ iMJBCT @J
Z?CY@ABCT ACJ W>J@T R@ HMA?Ch Y Vh )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE
• #J BN?a>JCT R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 R@Ta>B>W>AD7 XM@ NTBDT JC T@
?@HDA>CJDJ ACJ HCT SCG>@?JCT Y HDT AHDT>W>AD ACaC ADT> DMB[JCaDT7 R@ C?>S@J
SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y DMB[JCaDTE #T R@A>? KDY C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ D Z@TD? R@ XM@ T@
DS?MZ@J ACaC JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T B>@J@J MJD ?@HDA>[J ACJ NTB@ aIT A@?ADJD7
ACJT>R@?IJRCT@ MJ @TXM@aD a>OBCE
•
3R@JB>W>AD R@TR@ HD Z?DO>T7 @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT SDJDJA>DT @J HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7 @T R@A>?
>R@JB>W>AD XM@ JC @T TMW>A>@JB@ HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ T@ABC? HMA?DB>]C Y JC HMA?DB>]C7
T>JC ZD?D W>J@T Z?>]DRCT Y JC Z?>]DRCT g@JWDB>LDJRC HD JC MB>H>LDA>[J R@H BN?a>JC
ZkGH>AC ZM@T ZM@R@ S@J@?D? aIT ACJWMT>CJ@ThQV
• 3R@JB>W>AD MJD AHDT>W>ADA>[J ZCAC DJDH>LDRD TCG?@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD XM@ ZM@R@
>J]@?B>? ZD?D S@J@?D? SDJDJA>DT R@ MTC JC Z?>]DRC7 D HD XM@ @TBI H>a>BDRD D W>J@T JC
HMA?DB>]CTE #TBD Z?>a@?D Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ #TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ Y HD T@SMJRD7 #M?CZ@D Y
$DB>JCDa@?>ADJDE )>@JRC @TB@ MJ WDABC? R@B@?a>JDJB@ ZD?D @H DMa@JBC C ?@RMAA>[J
R@ WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y XM@ ZC? HC BDJBC @TBIJ
R>TB?>GM>RCT S@CZCHFB>ADa@JB@E
6?@JB@ D @TBD Z?CZM@TBD R@ R>]>T>[J B@[?>AD7 HD DMBC?D @JWDB>LD5
$D ACJWMT>[J DA@?AD R@ HD R@W>J>A>[J R@ HCT T@ABC?@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR T@ R@G@ D XM@HCT DJDH>TBDT JC BCaDJ @J AM@JBD @H ZDZ@H R@H T@ABC? @TBDBDHnZ?>]DRC a>OBC7 XM@
QV $D DMBC?D a@JA>CJD XM@ @H MTC R@ HD ZDHDG?D "ZkGH>AC8 S@J@?D ACJWMT>CJ@T ZC? TMT T>SJ>W>ADRCT
R>]@?S@JB@TE #J HDT TCA>@RDR @TBDB>TBDT T>SJ>W>AD SCG>@?JC C Z?CZ>@RDR R@ SCG>@?JCE #J ADaG>C @J HDT JC@TBDB>TBDT ACaC #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 T@ ?@W>@?@ D HD ZCGHDA>[J @J S@J@?DH7 D a@JCT XM@ T@ KDGH@ R@ "T@ABC?ZkGH>AC8 XM@ T@ ?@W>@?@ D T@ABC? SMG@?JDa@JBDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 51/159
`Q
RM?DJB@ aMAKCT DoCT KD T>SJ>W>ADRC MJ "ZM@JB@ B@[?>AC8 @JB?@ @H SCG>@?JC Y HCTJ@SCA>CT Z?>]DRCT7 @TZ@A>DHa@JB@ @J 3JSHDB@??D Y #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 Y XM@ DR@aITaDJB>@J@ @J @H ZCR@? @H >J@W>A>@JB@ Y AC??MZBC @TBDB>TaC7 @TZ@A>DHa@JB@ @J&aN?>AD $DB>JD Y #M?CZD C?>@JBDHE 'DRD HD >R@CHCSFD R@ HD "B@?A@?D ]FD87 DRCZBDRD
ZC? R>]@?TCT H>R@?@T @J R>W@?@JB@T NZCADT gZC? @i@aZHC7 rMDJ 'Ca>JSC %@?[J @J&?S@JB>JD @J HCT DoCT AMD?@JBD R@H T>SHC qq Y +CJY 1HD>? @J HD 3JSHDB@??D R@ HDRNADRD R@ HCT JC]@JBDh7 R>AKC ACJA@ZBC YD JC JCT ?@TMHBD kB>H ZC?XM@ D @TBDTDHBM?DT JC B>@J@ J>JSkJ T>SJ>W>ADRC +?DBC R@ aCTB?D?7 GDiC MJD JM@]D HML7 HD ?@HDA>[J@JB?@ HCT T@ABC?@T HMA?DB>]CT Y HCT XM@ JC B>@J@J W>J@T R@ HMA?C Z?>]DRC7 HCT kHB>aCTW>JDJA>DRCT ZC? HCT Z?>a@?CTE g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q^Ph
'@TR@ MJ ACJB@OBC R@ SHCGDH>LDA>[J7 HD R>]>T>[J @JB?@ HC @TBDBDHnZ?>]DRC7 B>@J@ MJD
R>a@JT>[J @J T> a>TaC7 ZM@T JC @TBIJ @TB?>ABDa@JB@ T@ZD?DRCT T>JC XM@ B>@J@J
aDJ>W@TBDA>CJ@T R>]@?TDT @J A>@?BCT ?@SFa@J@T7 RCJR@ T@ @JB?@HDLDJ Y ACJWC?aDJ
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T Y T@ABC?@T ACJA?@BCTE #J @TB@ IaG>BC ACG?D ?@H@]DJA>D XM@ @J @TBD
>JB@?DAA>[J B>@J@ ACaC ?@TMHBDRC HD S@J@?DA>[J R@ WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDHE & ZD?B>? R@ HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ DAMaMHD? SDJDJA>DT Y ZCR@? R@RMA>?HDT gC T@D
R>Ta>JM>? HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@H ZDSC R@ >aZM@TBCT SMG@?JDa@JBDH@Th Z?C]CA[ XM@ HDT
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ #M?CZD C #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 ZMR>@?DJ DAMaMHD? BDH ADZ>BDH ZD?D W>JDJA>D?
R>]@?TCT Z?CA@TCT @J @H )M? .HCGDH XM@ @J aMAKCT ADTCT Z?C]CA[ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ MJD
)CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 @T R@A>? @H MTC R@ ?@AM?TCT HMA?DB>]CT ZD?D W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT7 WCa@JB[ HD
aC]>H>LDA>[J ZCHFB>AD gAF]>ADh R@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T @J R>TB>JBCT ZDFT@T7 "CW?@LAC7 MJ JM@]C
ZMJBC R@ ]>TBD K>TB[?>AC R@ HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J ZD?D @OZH>AD? HD aDJ@?D @J XM@ @H aCR@HC
@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ R@ W>HDJB?CZFD KD T@?]>RC R@ GDT@ D HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD @J aMAKCT ZDFT@T8
g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q^dh %D?D @TBD DMBC?D7 @TBD >JWHM@JA>D @J HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Y HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H
JC KD T>RC @TBMR>DRD Y B>@J@ B?DJTA@JR@JA>D ZD?D @JB@JR@? @H >aZDABC Y H>a>BDA>CJ@T R@ HCT
aC]>a>@JBCT TCA>DH@T @J @H )M? .HCGDHE
- @J ZD?B>AMHD? $DLFJ @JWDB>LD HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@H ZDZ@H @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 ZM@T KD B@J>RC
>aZDABCT R>]@?TCT @J TMT R>TB>JBDT DAA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @J HCT ZDFT@T5
-C ACJT>R@?C XM@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ @T @H aCR@HC K>TB[?>AC aIT>aZC?BDJB@ ZD?D BCRCT HCT ZDFT@T7 ZM@T ZCT@@ HD aDYC? ADJB>RDR R@ WCJRCT R@ BCRC@H aMJRC ZD?D RCJD?HCT @J Z?C R@H R@TD??CHHC aMJR>DHE )M >aZC?BDJA>D ?DR>AD @J
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 52/159
`P
XM@ @TBDGH@A@ MJ R@TD??CHHC WH@O>GH@ @J HDT H@Y@T XM@ Z@?a>B@ XM@ Z@?TCJDT CAC?ZC?DA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT7 T@DJ @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T C JC7 WMJA>CJ@J @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT YCBC?SM@J WCJRCT BDJBC @J @H >JB@?>C? ACaC WM@?D R@H ZDFTE &MJXM@ #J?>XM@ 1D?[Ja>@aG?C JCBDGH@ R@H %D?HDa@JBC #M?CZ@C7 DW>?aD XM@ HD 0J>[J #M?CZ@D R@G@ T@?
@H ZDB?CA>JDRC? aIT S?DJR@ R@ HDT (/. Y7 ZC? HC BDJBC7 aIT >aZC?BDJB@ XM@#TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 TM D?SMa@JBC JC BCaD @J AM@JBD XM@ HD @JC?a@ ADJB>RDR R@WCJRCT DA@?AD R@ HCT AMDH@T @TA?>G@ TCJ aIT ZHDJ@T XM@ ?@DH>RDR Y7 @J AMDHXM>@?ADTC 7 CZ@?D KCY a@R>DJB@ P` gXM@ T@?IJ Pd ZD?D PUUdh @TBIJRD?@T R>TB>JBCT7 MJCZD?D ADRD ZDFT7 ACJ HC XM@ T@ R>HMY@ @H @W@ABC W>HDJB?[Z>AC R@ HD 0J>[J #M?CZ@D @J @HaMJRC g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 Q^dh
)> G>@J @H DJIH>T>T R@ HD DABMDH ACYMJBM?D R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH T@ DJDH>LD
@J @H T>SM>@JB@ ADZFBMHC7 @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J ?@AMZ@?D HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ $DLFJ7 AC>JA>R>@JRC
@J XM@ @H aCR@HC @TBDRMJ>R@JT@ KD >JWHM@JA>DRC Y R@B@?a>JDRC aD?ACT JC?aDB>]CT
DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCQ` Y @T MJD >JWHM@JA>D XM@ DH a@JCT KD B@J>RC RCT WC?aDT aMY
R>TB>JBDT R@ CZ@?DB>]>LD?T@ ZC? a@R>C R@H aCR@HC A@JB?DH>LDRC Y @H R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCE #H
aCR@HC A@JB?DH>LDRC ACJA@JB?D BCRDT HDT R@A>T>CJ@T ZCHFB>ADT Y W>JDJA>@?DT R@TR@ #TBDRCT
0J>RCTgC @H ZDFT R@ C?>S@J R@ HCT WCJRCT W>JDJA>@?CTh Y @H CB?C R@TA@JB?DH>LD HD SCG@?JDJLD
Y @H WHMiC R@ WCJRCT DH ZDFT RCJR@ T@ CBC?SDJ HCT ?@AM?TCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE
&TF ZD?D JM@TB?C DJIH>T>T TCJ B?@T HCT ZMJBCT ?@H@]DJB@T XM@ JCT DZC?BD @TBD DMBC?D Y XM@
>JB@S?DaCT @J JM@TB?C aD?AC ACJA@ZBMDH ZD?D DJDH>LD? HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@
HD ACCZ@?DA>[J5
• !0 $'B0&"&" 2) 0$ J4+&)2$2 6:(&+$ +4D4 $H.)00$ $+#&(&"#$ 2)'#/4 2) 0$ "4+&)2$2 +&(&0 7
ACHCADJRC HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HD H>G@?BDR W>JDJA>@?D ACaC MJD ]FD ZD?D XM@ HD
)CA>@RDR *F]>AD ZM@RD T@? A?>B>AD R@H ZCR@? SMG@?JDa@JBDHE #T R@A>? DMBCJCaFD
W>JDJA>@?D ZD?D MJ DAB>]>TaC ZCHFB>AC XM@ WC?BDH@A@ HCT Z?CA@TCT R@aCA?IB>ACT C
ACaC 1CD]@JBM?D R@ )CMTD a@JA>CJD7 R@aCA?DB>LD? HD R@aCA?DA>DE
Q` #TBD DMBC?D Z?@T@JBD HCT ADTCT R@ #M?CZD R@H #TB@ Y $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 ZD?D aIT >JWC?aDA>[J ?@]>T@ BCRC @H
@TBMR>C R@ @TB@ >aZDABC (Lazín, 2007).
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 53/159
`\
• Y'-0.)'+&$ 2)0 D42)04 )"#$24.'&2)'") )' 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0
&'#)/'$+&4'$0 E %M@T D Z@TD? R@ JC AC>JA>R>? ACJ HD Z@?B>J@JA>D R@ @TBD >JWHM@JA>D 7
MJD ?@DH>RDR7 XM@ @T >aZ@?DJB@ TM DJIH>T>T Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J @H )M? .HCGDHE %M@T T>
G>@J @TBD >JWHM@JA>D KD Z?C]CADRC Z?CA@TCT R@ aDJB@J>a>@JBC R@ MJD TCA>@RDR
A>]>H DT>TB@JA>DH7 ZCAC A?>B>AD7 BDaG>NJ @TB@ a>TaC Z?CA@TC KD S@J@?DRC MJD
)CA>@RDR *F]>AD DAB>]D @J HCT Z?CA@TCT ACJB?D HD >JiMTB>A>D TCA>DH HCADH Y SHCGDHE
• S$ -4/D$ 2) F/&'2$/ 04" /)+./"4" -&'$'+&)/4" 3.)2) ")/ 2)"2) D42)04" +)'#/$0&1$24"
4 2)"+)'#/$0&1$24 5 )"#4 #&)') .' &D3$+#4 )' 0$ +4'-4/D$+&,' 4 '4 2) 0$ J4+&)2$2
6:(&+$; #J HCT T>SM>@JB@T ADZFBMHCT Z?@T@JBD?@aCT @i@aZHCT ?@TZ@ABC D @TBCT
aCR@HCT7 HC >aZC?BDJB@ DXMF @T ACJT>R@?D? XM@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH
JC @T >SMDH DMJXM@ Z?C]@JSD R@ MJ a>TaC ZDFTE %M@T R@Z@JR@ R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J
C?SDJ>LDA>CJDH RCJR@ HD @TB?MABM?D R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T T@ A@JB?DH>LD C JC7 aD?AD
MJD Z?>a@? B@JR@JA>D R@ DJIH>T>TE $D Z?CZM@TBD XM@ JCT Z?@T@JBD HD DMBC?D @T5 $
D$54/ 3/4+)"4" 2) 2)"+)'#/$0&1$+&,' 2) 0$ #4D$ 2) 2)+&"&4')" 2) 0$" -.'2$+&4')"
)' #`/D&'4" &'#)/'$+&4'$0)" D$54/ -4/#$0)+&D&)'#4 2) .'$ J4+&)2$2 6:(&+$R 34/ 04
H.) $ D$54/ +)'#/$0&1$+&,' 2) )"#$" 2)+&"&4')" D)'4" -4/#$0)+&D&)'#4 2) 0$
J4+&)2$2 6:(&+$;
*CJT>R@?DJRC @TBCT ZMJBCT Y @H '@ACHCJ>DH>TaC ACaC ADB@SC?FDT R@ DJIH>T>T T@ Z?CZCJ@ MJ
T>SM>@JB@ @TXM@aD ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH5
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 54/159
`V
Y0."#/$+&,' GR 6.$2/4 2) $'B0&"&" 2) 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0;
#JBCJA@T7 ACaC KDGFDaCT a@JA>CJDRC DJB@?>C?a@JB@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH JC @T
MJD R>W@?@JA>D S@CS?IW>AD @T MJD R>W@?@JA>D @TZDA>DH ACJ A?>B@?>CT @TZ@AFW>ACT XM@ C?>@JBDJ
MJD ACHCJ>DH>RDR R@ ZCR@? C HD AM@TB>CJDJE %C? @i@aZHC7 ZCR@aCT DJDH>LD? XM@ R@TR@ MJ
/C?B@ S@CS?IW>AC ACaC #TBDRCT 0J>RCT KDY WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ DZCYDJ R@TR@ MJ @JWCXM@ R@
/C?B@ .HCGDH C )M? .HCGDHE lDY WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ W>JDJA>DJ @H Z?CA@TC R@ aC]>H>LDA>[J R@
MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD XM@ Z>R@ AM@JBDT D HCT SCG>@?JCT @J aDB@?>D R@ '@?@AKCT lMaDJCT
Z@?C DH ACJB?D?>C ZM@R@ @O>TB>? R@TR@ @H a>TaC @TZDA>C S@CS?IW>AC WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@
Z?CaM@]@J HD DT>TB@JA>D Y AD?>RDR T>J J>JSkJ DJ>aC R@ AM@TB>CJDa>@JBC DH ZCR@? C
ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J ZCHFB>AD7 DZCYDJRC D MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @J S@J@?DH XM@ JC >aZMHTD D HD
)CA>@RDR *F]>ADE
#TB@ aD?AC R@ DJIH>T>T JCT DYMRD D @OZH>AD? Y JC TCHC @TBDJRD?>LD? @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZM@T @J @TBMR>CT aMY S@J@?DH@T TCHC T@ H@T ACJT>R@?DGDJ
ACaC MJD @OB@JT>[J R@ HDT ZCHFB>ADT >aZ@?>DH>TBDT R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT @J ZD?B>AMHD? R@H
)HHEFGCMKJI &H BVhFGICLFIOCP# (GWCIKcCMKHIFD DKIlKIFD NF PVMGH EGKRCNH# (.<4'
&HGOF BPHhCP
/HLC NF NFMKDKHIFDMFIOGCPKcCNC\ hCDCNC FIFP PVWCG NF HGKWFI NF PHD
UHINHD lKICIMKFGHD#
&H FD VIC EGKHGKNCN FP-LEVPDH NF VIC .HMKFNCN
)bRKMC#
.VG BPHhCP
/HLC NF NFMKDKHIFD NFDMFIOGCPKcCNC\ hCDCNCFI FP PVWCG NHINF DF HOHGWCI PHD UHINHD
lKICIMKFGHD#
+D VIC EGKHGKNCN FP -LEVPDH NF VIC .HMKFNCN)bRKMC#
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 55/159
``
@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 Z@?C @TB@ aD?AC DJDHFB>AC Z?CZCJ@ ACJT>R@?D? A[aC T@ BCaDJ HDT
R@A>T>CJ@T Y XM@ >JB@JA>[J T@ B>@J@ DH ACCZ@?D?E
& ZD?B>? R@ @TBCT RCT A?>B@?>CT @T ACaC ZCR?@aCT @JB@JR@? @H ZDZ@H XM@ iM@SD @J HDDABMDH>RDR HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT R>TB>JBDT WC?aDT R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT KDJ Z?CaC]>RC R@JB?C R@H aD?AC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 56/159
`b
; 4H -NNRFMHEDOB "BGFMBHEDNBHJ RHMH FJ (FKHMMNJJN #N +LIFMBHSFBGHJ
/CLhKkI ]Cf LHOKRHD ECGC MGFFG iVF PCD CWFIMKCD HUKMKCPFD NF NFDCGGHPPHEVFNFI CEGFINFG CPWVICD MHDCD NF PCD UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD# 4C KIKMKCOKRCUKPCIOGJEKMC EGKRCNC UVF EKHIFGC FI UKICIMKCG LVM]CD gGFCD NF NFDCGGHPPH#*CNH iVF PCD UVINCMKHIFD DHI KINFEFINKFIOFD NF PHD WHhKFGIHD\ OCLhKkI
OKFIFI LCfHG PKhFGOCN ECGC CDVLKG GKFDWHD\ ECGC MHIDKNFGCG EGHWGCLCD iVFDJPH NCGgI DVD UGVOHD C PCGWH EPCcH H ECGC FmEFGKLFIOCG MHI HGWCIKcCMKHIFD
CPOCLFIOF NFDMFIOGCPKcCNCD# 4HD GFDVPOCNHD NF DV FmEFGKFIMKC EVFNFIDVWFGKG KIIHRCMKHIFD NF VOKPKNCN FI FP DFMOHG HUKMKCP\ CDb MHLH HUGFMFG
CNRFGOFIMKCD CMFGMC NF MHIDFMVFIMKCD KLEGFRKDOCD# !A$<98) B) ;>(B= =*
C)%=##$**$+ -..D3
)> G>@J HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH XM@ T@ DJDH>LD?IJ @J@TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J TCJ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT R@ ADMTD Y HDT Z@?TCJDT7 @O>TB@J MJD
S?DJ ]D?>@RDR XM@ ZD?B>A>ZDJ R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH DH R@TD??CHHCE *CaC HC
a@JA>CJD 3DJJ> gPUU`5 Q`h TM R>]@?T>RDR @J HDT kHB>aDT RNADRDT >aZH>AD ]CHB@D? D ]@? HD
S?DJ SDaD R@ ZCT>G>H>RDR@T Y ZC? HC BDJBCc ?@BCT XM@ >aZH>ADJE
%D?D >HMTB?D? Y R@TA>W?D? @TBD R>]@?T>RDR7 T@ Z?@T@JBD MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J R@ HCT DABC?@T Y
DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH KDA>@JRC MJ ?@AC??>RC TCG?@
TMT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT XM@ ]D R@TR@ DJB@T R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH KDTBD HCT
JC]@JBD7 ZD?D R@TZMNT aCTB?D? HDT R>W@?@JB@T WC?aDT R@ DGC?RDi@ Y HD R>]@?T>RDR R@
B>ZCHCSFDT @J HDT XM@ T@ DS?MZDJ7 ?@ACJCA>@JRC HD ACaZH@i>RDR Y ?@BCT XM@ @O>TB@ R@TR@ @H
)M? .HCGDH ZD?D TM AHDT>W>ADA>[JE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 57/159
`d
;/5 ,EGNMFK P HQFBGFK8 GDRNJNQ]HK CF JH -NNRFMHEDOB "BGFMBHEDNBHJ BN +LIFMBHSFBGHJ/
,CDOC MKFGOH EVIOH\ PCD CWFIMKCD HUKMKCPFD NFhFI C PCD UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCDVI GFDEFOH DKLKPCG CP iVF DF OKFIF C PHD LCfHGFD# 4CD CMOKRKNCNFD EGKRCNCD NF
CEHfH CP NFDCGGHPPH\ MHLH PC UKPCIOGHEbC EGKRCNC\ DHI CIOFGKHGFD C PHDEGHWGCLCD HUKMKCPFD# +P MHIOFmOH CMOVCP NF PC MHHEFGCMKJI HUKMKCP CP
NFDCGGHPPH UVF\ ]CDOC MKFGOH EVIOH\ EGFECGCNH f NFUKIKNH EHG PCD KNFCD fFmEFGKFIMKCD CIOFGKHGFD NF PCD UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD f NF PHD EGHWGCLCD iVF
UKICIMKCGHI# S-IUHGLF NFP )1*`()*+ DHhGF UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD\ ";;9
*CaC HC a@JA>CJD @H Z?>a@? >JWC?a@ TCG?@ WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT R@H *&'c(*'#7 HD
@OZ@?>@JA>D XM@ KDJ DAMaMHDRC HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACaC HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT TCJ DJB@?>C?@T D HDT R@ HDT DS@JA>DT CW>A>DH@T C HDT >JB@JA>CJ@T R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J CW>A>DH DH R@TD??CHHCE *MDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T >aZC?BDJB@ T@oDHD? HD R>]@?T>RDR XM@ HD ACJWC?aDJj @J @TB@ DZD?BDRC
Z?CWMJR>LD?@aCT @J @TBDT R@TA?>ZA>CJ@T ZD?D Z?@T@JBD?H@ DH H@ABC? HC XM@ >aZH>AD @TBD
ZHM?DH>RDR R@ WC?aDT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JE
%D?D @JB@JR@? HDT AHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T Z?>a@?C DGC?RD?@aCT HD R>TB>JA>[J @JB?@ DABC?@T Y
DS@JB@T7 DYMRDJRC D @JB@JR@? HDT R>W@?@JA>DT @JB?@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7 >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y
Z@?TCJDT Z@?C BDaG>NJ HD a@LAHD @JB?@ @TBCT ACJA@ZBCTE %D?D @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J DABC? Y
DS@JB@ @T5Qb
!
&ABC?5 )Mi@BCT ACJ Z?CZ>@RDR iM?FR>AD XM@ AMaZH@J WMJA>CJ@T R@ R>]@?TD JDBM?DH@LD
@J HD ?@DH>LDA>[J R@ DAB>]>RDR@T R@ G@J@W>A>C ACH@AB>]CE )CJ @J S@J@?DH HDT
(?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T 3JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 HCT #TBDRCT Y TMT R@Z@JR@JA>DT gT@A?@BD?FDT7
aMJ>A>Z>CT HCADH@T7 @BAEhE
Qb *CCZ@?DA>[J7 0JD ;>T>[J %?CTZ@AB>]D7 %?@T@JBDA>[J @H@AB?[J>AD7 ,@AMZ@?DRC @H PU iMH>C PUQV7 R@H T>B>C f@G5
(GT@?]DBC?>C R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ACJ ?@W@?@JA>D @J )#$& gPUU^h7fffET@HDEC?SnDBBDAKnP`_n#'(*)nEEEn+UP\bUUUUUd\bcUc'>dp&`c\EZZB
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 58/159
`_
! &S@JB@5 $CT DABC?@T T@ R>TB>JSM@J R@ HCT DS@JB@T7 YD XM@ @J S@J@?DH TCJ Z@?TCJDT
>JR>]>RMDH@T XM@ DABkDJ ZD?D HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE lDY
MJD AHDT>W>ADA>[J S@J@?DH R@ DS@JB@T7 XM@ R>TB>JSM@ @JB?@ HCT XM@ @i@?A@J WMJA>CJ@T
R@ AD?IAB@? ?@Z?@T@JBDB>]C C BNAJ>AC7 HCT ACJTMHBC?@T7 HCT WMJA>CJD?>CT R@ AD??@?D7
HCT ]CHMJBD?>CTE
#J AC>JA>R@JA>D ACJ HD ?@HDA>[J @JB?@ DS@JB@ Y @H DABC?7 $C 1>CJRC DS?@SD5
*MDJRC MB>H>LDaCT @H BN?a>JC "DABC?@T8 JCT ?@W@?>aCT DH ?CH R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT ACaC iMSDRC?@T DAB>]CT @J @H Z?CA@TC R@ R@TD??CHHCE $D ZDHDG?D DS@JB@ @TBI ?@HDA>CJDRDACJ HD ADZDA>RDR ZD?D HD DAB>]>RDRE *MDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT D HCT DABC?@T R@HR@TD??CHHC ACaC DS@JB@T7 @TBDaCT ZCJ>@JRC R@ ?@H>@]@ TM ADZDA>RDR R@ DTMa>?
?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T @J HD ]>RD7 R@ BCaD? R@A>T>CJ@T XM@ ACJRMLADJ D HD DAA>[J Y DHCS?CTE #J BDJBC @TBC ?@DHLD TM ?CH DAB>]C7 JC R>Ta>JMY@ TM ?CH ZDT>]C7 @H T@??@A@ZBC?@T R@ G@J@W>A>CT XM@ ZM@RDJ DA?@A@JBD? TM G>@J@TBD? C R@ Z@?iM>A>CT XM@ZCR?FDJ ?@RMA>?HCE g$C 1>CJRC7 PUU`5 `h
$CT DABC?@T BDJ R>]@?TCT ACaC TCJ @J @H IaG>BC R@ HC >JTB>BMA>CJDH ACaC C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7
WMJRDA>CJ@T7 ACCZ@?DB>]DT7 DS?MZDA>CJ@T7 DTF ACaC HDT Z@?TCJDT @J TF a>aDT gT>J MJD
>JTB>BMA>[J WC?aDHh7 B>@J@J HD ADZDA>RDR ZD?D T@? DS@JB@T DAB>]CT @J @H Z?CA@TC R@ MJ
R@TD??CHHC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE &TF BDJBC HCT DABC?@T XM@ TCJ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T WC?aDH@T BDJBC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T C JC7 B>@J@J DS@JB@T XM@ TCJ Z@?TCJDT7 Z@?C NTBDT BDaG>NJ B>@J@J MJ
ZDZ@H ACaC DABC?@T DH B@J@? MJ ?CH DAB>]C7 ACaC HC a@JA>CJD eCHW $[Z@L gPUU_h5
$CT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH @J S@J@?DH7 ZkGH>ACT C Z?>]DRCT7 TCJ>JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y Z@?TCJDT XM@ ZM@R@J ZD?B>A>ZD? @J DHSMJD @BDZD R@H Z?CA@TC R@S@TB>[JE #JB?@ @HHCT T@ ?@ACJCA@J DABC?@T7 BDH@T ACaC5 SCG>@?JCT7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T JCSMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 S?MZCT TCA>DH@T Y AF]>ACT7 @aZ?@TDT7MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 A@JB?CT R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J7 AIaD?DT R@ ACa@?A>C7 R>?>S@JB@T ZCHFB>ACTY T>JR>ADH@T7 @BAE geCHW $[Z@L7 PUQQ5 _h
&TF HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 aIT DHHI R@ TM AD?IAB@? WC?aDH C JC
WC?aDH ZM@R@J T@? >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y HCT DS@JB@T TCJ Z@?TCJDT XM@ ZD?B>A>ZDJ DAB>]Da@JB@
R@JB?C R@H Z?CA@TC R@ R@TD??CHHC D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDHE & Z@TD? R@ XM@ DMJ @O>TBDJ R@GDB@T
D ZD?B>? R@ TF HDT Z@?TCJDT ZM@R@J T@? @J TF a>TaDT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 59/159
`^
ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC7 ZC? @i@aZHC ZD?D HD (?SDJ>LDA>[J R@ #TBDRCT 3G@?CDa@?>ADJCT gPUQUh7
TCJ ADB@SC?>LDRDT ACaC HCT JM@]CT DS@JB@T Z?>]DRCT XM@ >JAHMY@ R@TR@ HCT aDSJDB@T7
D?B>TBDT C @TZ@AMHDRC?@T KDTBD HCT a>S?DJB@T C D HD R>ITZC?D7Qd XM@ DH JC T@? ?@ACJCA>RCT
KDG>BMDHa@JB@7 ACJT>R@?D XM@ ZMR>@?DJ ZD?@A@? "TCTZ@AKCTCT8 ZD?D HDT ?@DH>RDR@T
HDB>JCDa@?>ADJD (OEI, 2010: 119)E
& Z@TD? R@ @HHC7 @T >JJ@SDGH@ HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@JB?C R@ HD DS@JRD
>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@H R@TD??CHHC ZC? @TC @T >aZC?BDJB@ XM@ @J TM AD?IAB@? JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH
>R@JB>W>XM@aCT HDT R>]@?TDT AHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T XM@ T@ KDJ ?@DH>LDRCE
#J @H aD?AC R@H WC?C "&S@JRD 2@O>ADJD R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC
@J 2NO>AC7 PUU_cPUQ`87 ACJ]CADRC ZC? @H 3JTB>BMBC 2C?D @J PUU_7 TM?S>[ @H Z?>a@?
(GT@?]DBC?>C R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC7Q_ @H AMDH Z@?a>B@ >JB@S?D?
>JWC?aDA>[J T>TB@aDB>LDRD TCG?@ HDT akHB>ZH@T DAA>CJ@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@
HH@]DJ D ADGC HCT R>]@?TCT DABC?@TE &TF7 @J @H (GT@?]DBC?>C T@ Z?CZCJ@ MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J R@
DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ZkGH>AD Y Z?>]DRDE & ACJB>JMDA>[J T@ Z?@T@JBD HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J
Z?CZM@TBD ZD?D @H ADTC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH5Q^
Qd )@ JCaG?D R>ITZC?D D MJ T@ABC? WC?aDH C?SDJ>LDRC C T[HC ACaC MJ S?MZC R@ DRTA?>ZA>[J >R@JB>BD?>D R@
a>S?DJB@T7 XM@ G?>JRDJ ?@AM?TCT aCJ@BD?>CT D TMT ZDFT@T R@ C?>S@J R@ aDJ@?D WCADH>LDRD C TCHC DZCYDJRC DTMT WDa>H>DT Y ACaMJ>RDR@T R@ C?>S@JE
Q_ 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J @H T>B>C R@H (GT@?]DBC?>C R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 2NO>ACE
KBBZ5nnfffECGT@?]DACC5C?SEaO
Q^ #HDGC?DA>[J Z?CZ>D D ZD?B>? R@ HCT RDBCT CGB@J>RCT R@ HD ZIS>JD R@H (GT@?]DBC?>C R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J
3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 KBBZ5nnfffECGT@?]DACC5C?SEaOnE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 60/159
bU
Y0."#/$+&,' L; <+#4/)" 5 $*)'#)" 2) 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0 2)0 aF")/($#4/&4 2) 0$
6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0 =)"$//4004 KLMMPQ
%CR@aCT >R@JB>W>AD? @J @TBD Z?>a@?D AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ JC T@ ACJT>R@?DJ D HDT Z@?TCJDT C
HCT WCJRCT R@ ADMTD ACaC DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ZC? CB?C HDRC JC T@
a@JA>CJD @J HD AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T BDaG>NJ ZM@R@J T@?
ACCZ@?DJB@T W>JDJA>@?DTE
*CJB>JMD?@aCT ACJ JM@TB?DT R@TA?>ZA>CJ@T R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T
DKC?D ACJ R@ $@[J &MH>JD gPUU_h XM>@J ZD?B@ R@ ACJT>R@?D? HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACaC ACCZ@?DA>[J Z?>]DRDE #TBD DMBC?D R@W>J@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J
3JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC HDT DAA>CJ@T R@ DZCYC @ACJ[a>AC7 aDB@?>DH7 BNAJ>AC7 Y KMaDJC ACJ @H
CGi@B>]C R@ Z?CaC]@? @H R@TD??CHHC Y Z?CZCJ@ B?@T ]@?B>@JB@T R@ AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HDACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH gR@ $@[J &MH>JD7 PUU_5 Pb\h5
• $D SMG@?JDa@JBDH G>HDB@?DH
• $D SMG@?JDa@JBDH aMHB>HDB@?DH
<VINCMKHIFD
n -IDOKOVMKJI EGKRCNC MHI
GFMHIHMKLKFIOH NF PC PFfMVfC UVIMKJI EGKIMKECP DFhCDC FI EGFDOCG DFGRKMKHDMHIDKNFGCNHD NF KIOFGkDE^hPKMH ECGC VICMHLVIKNCN#
n +DOgI MHIDOKOVKNCD EHGRHPVIOCN NF DVDMGFCNHGFD\ ECGC PH MVCPCEHGOCI VIC NHOCMKJIFMHIJLKMC# )VFIOCI MHIVI ECOGKLHIKH FDEFMblKMHiVF FD VDCNH ECGC PCGFCPKcCMKJI NF PHD lKIFDNF KIOFGkD WFIFGCP iVFEFGDKWVF
(GWCIKcCMKHIFD-IOFGICMKHICPFD
n (GWCIKcCMKHIFD NF PC
DHMKFNCN MKRKP iVF DFMHIDOKOVfFI MHLHKIDOCIMKCD IH PVMGCOKRCDoDVD HhjFOKRHD CEVIOCI]CMKC PC OGCIDUHGLCMKJIDHMKCP DHhGFEGHhPFLgOKMCD MHLH FPMHLhCOF C PC EHhGFcC fNFDKWVCPNCN\ PC NFUFIDCNF PHD NFGFM]HD]VLCIHD\ FIOGF HOGHD#
n .F CGOKMVPCI FI GFNFD fLHRKLKFIOHD CDHMKCOKRHDNF MCGgMOFG RHPVIOCGKH fCPOGVKDOC MHIEFGDHICPKNCN jVGbNKMCEGHEKC#
+LEGFDCD
n .F OGCOC WFIFGCPLFIOF NF
CMOHGFD iVF EHG DVCMOKRKNCN MHLFGMKCP\ DFMHIRKFGOFI FI NHICIOFDNF GFMVGDHD MHIKIMKNFIMKC FI OFLCDDHMKCPFD#
n BFIFGCPLFIOF C OGCRkDNF FDiVFLCD PPCLCNHDNF GFDEHIDChKPKNCNDHMKCP FLEGFDCGKCP S0.+X#
(GWCIKcCMKHIFD .HMKCPFD&CMKHICPFD H 4HMCPFD
n 'VFNFI CGOKMVPCGDF f
MHIUHGLCG HOGCD GFNFDICMKHICPFD H GFWKHICPFDMHI VIC LKDKJI MHLVI#
n /CLhKkI DF IHLhGCIMHLH HGWCIKcCMKHIFDEGKRCNCD EFGH DKI lKIFDNF PVMGH#
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 61/159
bQ
•
$D JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Z?>]DRD
& ZD?B>? R@ @TBDT B?@T aCRDH>RDR@T7 HD DMBC?D R@W>J@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J Z?>]DRD ACaC5
$D ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH C Z?>]DRD KD CZ@?DRC @JB?@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@TJC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@H /C?B@ Y R@H )M?7 T@ @OZ?@TD @J DS@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JH>SDRDT D HDT 3SH@T>DT7 D HDT S?DJR@T @aZ?@TDT Y TMT H@SDRCT7 D HCT ZD?B>RCT ZCHFB>ACT7@ >JAHMTC D HD TCH>RD?>RDR R@ Z@?TCJDT @ >JR>]>RMCT @J HC ZD?B>AMHD?7 Y R@TR@ HM@SCDHSMJDT R@ @HHDT >JAC?ZC?DJ BDaG>NJ ?@AM?TCT R@ TMT SCG>@?JCTE )> G>@J D B?D]NT R@@TBD ACCZ@?DA>[J T@ RD BDaG>NJ MJ >JB@?ADaG>C R@ AD?IAB@? BNAJ>AC7 @ACJ[a>AC7ZCHFB>AC7 TCA>DH Y AMHBM?DH7 HC A>@?BC @T XM@ TM DYMRD T@ KD C?>@JBDRC aDYC?a@JB@ DWCa@JBD? @H R@TD??CHHC @ACJ[a>AC7 TCA>DH Y ZCHFB>AC @J HCT ZDFT@T R@H )M? .HCGDH7 YaIT ?@A>@JB@a@JB@ R@ #M?CZD (?>@JBDHE lDJ DZC?BDRC BDaG>NJ @J HD ACJTB?MAA>[JR@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H gZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ R@ (/. Y R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T TCA>DH@ThE gR@ $@[J
&MH>JD7 PUU_5 PbVh
$D AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH @J @TBDT B?@T aCRDH>RDR@T T@ >HMTB?D @J @H
T>SM>@JB@ AMDR?C7 RCJR@ T@ ZCJ@J @i@aZHCT R@ HC XM@ T>SJ>W>AD @TBD AHDT>W>ADA>[J ACJ B>ZCT
R@ >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T5
Y0."#/$+&,' _; 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0; !0$F4/$+&,' 3/43&$ $ 3$/#&/ 2) S),' <.0&'$R LMMP;
n 1WFIMKCD NF )HHEFGCMKJI NF PHDBHhKFGIHDn 1WFIMKC NF )HHEFGCMKJI +DEC_HPCn 1WFIMKC =FmKMCIC NF )HHEFGCMKJI
-IOFGICMKHICP ECGC FP *FDCGGHPPHn <HINHD =KmOHD FIOGF 4FWKDPCOKRH f
+jFMVOKRHn -IOFG`1LFGKMC <HVINCOKHI
BVhFGICLFIOCPAKPCOFGCP
n .KDOFLC NF &CMKHIFD %IKNCDn '&%*n %&<'1
n .KDOFLC <KICIMKFGH -IOFGICMKHICPn ACIMH =VINKCPn ACIMH -IOFGLFGKMCIH NF *FDCGGHPPH
n .KDOFLCD 0FWKHICPFDn %IKHI +VGHEFCn =FGMHDVG
BVhFGICLFIOCP=VPOKPCOFGCP
n -WPFDKCDn )HLKOF )COJPKMH MHIOGC FP ,CLhGF f
FP *FDCGGHPPHn 4FWCNHD NF +LEGFDCD
n <HGN <VINCOKHIn 'CGOKNHD 'HPbOKMHD
n +hFGO <VINCOKHIn .HPKNCGKNCN NF PCD EFGDHICD
n *HICMKHIFD NF 'FGDHICDQ AHIH\BCOFD#
&HBVhFGICLFIOCP'GKRCNC
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 62/159
bP
'@ DAM@?RC ACJ @TBD DMBC?D7 @J HD aCRDH>RDR SMG@?JDa@JBDH ZCR@aCT @JACJB?D? RCT
]@?B>@JB@T ACaC HD aMHB>HDB@?DH C G>HDB@?DH7 ACJ MJ ZDZ@H Z?@ZCJR@?DJB@ R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT YRCJR@ @H C?>S@J W>JDJA>@?C @TBD R>?@ABDa@JB@ H>SDRC D HCT >aZM@TBCT R@ HD A>MRDRDJFDE %C?
@H ACJB?D?>C @J HD aCRDH>RDR Z?>]DRD TMT C?FS@J@T BDJBC R@ A?@DA>[J ACaC R@ ?@AM?TCT
ZM@R@J ]@J>? R@ C?FS@J@T aMY R>W@?@JB@T7 ACaC ZC? @i@aZHC HDT Z@?TCJDT ACJ DHSMJD
AC>JA>R@JA>D gACaC @J @H ADTC R@ HDT >SH@T>DT ZC? TM AC>JA>R@JA>D ?@H>S>CTDh C ZC? TM
DRTA?>ZA>[J HDGC?DH C ZCHFB>AD gACaC @J @H ADTC R@ ZD?B>RCT ZCHFB>ACT C DHSMJCT T>JR>ADBCTh7
C ZC? K@?@JA>DT C ?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T R@H a@?ADRC gACaC @T @H ADTC R@ HDT @aZ?@TDThE #J
ZD?B>AMHD? TCG?@ HD ADB@SC?>LDA>[J R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J Z?>]DRD ZCR@aCT Z?CWMJR>LD? ACJ @HT>SM>@JB@ AMDR?C R@TA?>ZB>]C5
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 63/159
b\
Y0."#/$+&,' W; <+#4/)" 5 $*)'#)" 2) 0$ 6443)/$+&,' 84 I.F)/'$D)'#$0 2) S),' <.0&'$ KLMMPQ
(B?D R@ HDT AHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH
R@TR@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7 HD KDA@ 1M?TB@>J gPUU_5 \PUc\PPh7 @J MJ DJIH>T>T
@TZ@AFW>AC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ KDA>D 2NO>ACE %D?D @TB@
DMBC? @T T>J[J>aC KDGHD? R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y "6>HDJB?CZFD87 @TB@ kHB>aC
)HIUFDKHICPFD
n 1iVFPPCD HGWCIKcCMKHIFD iVF EGHUFDCI VIC MHIUFDKJI GFPKWKHDCn (EFGCI FI ECKDFD NFDCGGHPPCNHD MHI GFMVGDHD EGHRFIKFIOFD NF PCD -WPFDKC MCOJPKMC\ EGHOFDOCIOF f LVDVPLCIC#
1WFIMKCD ,VLCIKDOCDn =CfHGKOCGKCLFIOF FVGHEFCD\ DF NFlKIFI MHLH IH MHIUFDKHICPFD\ IH ECGOKNCGKCD f MHI CMOKOVN NF MHGGFDEHIDChKPKNCN#n .VD GFMVGDHD DHI NF CEHGOCMKHIFD EFGDHICPFD\ WHhKFGIHD\ lKPgIOGHEKC FLEGFDCGKCP H MCLEC_CD#
'CGOKNCGKCD
n 4C lKPKCMKJI FDOC PKWCNC C PHD ECGOKNHD EHPbOKMHD f DVD UHINHD EGHRKFIFI NF DVhDKNKHD NF PHD WHhKFGIHD C FPPHD#n .VD CMMKHIFD DF FIMCLKICI C UHLFIOCG PC *FLHMGCMKC H CEHfCG C ECGOKNHD DKLKPCGFD NFP .VG BPHhCP#
<VINCMKHIFD 'GKRCNCD
n /KFIFI GFMVGDHD NF UHINHD ECOGKLHIKCPFD PKWCNHD C DVD UVINCNHGFD NF UHGOVICD NF WGCINFD MHIDHGMKHD H FLEGFDCD#n 'GKIMKECPLFIOF DF VhKMCI PCD +DOCNHVIKNFIDFD#
<VINCMKHIFD +LEGFDCGKCPFD
n *FGKRCNCD NF PC CMMKJI NF GFDEHIDChKPKNCN DHMKCP iVF ]CI KLEPFLFIOCNH MHGEHGCMKHIFD KIOFGICMKHICPFD#n .VD UHINHD NFEFINFI NF PHD GFMVGDHD NF PC FLEGFDC\ hVDMCI LFjHGCG PC KLCWFI NF PC FLEGFDC f DKI ECOGKLHIKH
EGHEKH#
<VINCMKHIFD <CLKPKCGFDZ+LEGFDCGKCPFD
n .VD GFMVGDHD EGHRKFIFI NF PHD GFMVGDHD NF PCD FLEGFDCD#n pVKFIFD PCD LCIFjCI NFDNF DVD MHIDFjHD NKGFMOKRHD DHI PHD EGHEKHD KIOFWGCIOFD NF PC UCLKPKC iVF HGKWKIJ FP IFWHMKH#
<VINCMKHIFD )HLVIKOCGKCD
n *F PCD iVF hGKINCI CEHfHD KIOFGICMKHICPFD PC LCfHGbC DHI +DOCNHVIKNFIDFD#n 4KWCNCD CP NFDCGGHPPH MHLVIKOCGKH#
<HINHD -INFEFINKFIOFD
n 1EHGOCI GFMVGDHD KIOFGICMKHICPFD ECGC OFLCD FDEFMblKMHD#
n
.VFPFI DFG LgD GCNKMCPFD f CEHfCG C LHRKLKFIOHD DHMKCPFD MHLH FP FMHPHWKDOC\ FP UFLKIKDOC f FP NF *FGFM]HD,VLCIHD#
)HHEFGCMKJI NF +LFGWFIMKC
n (GWCIKcCMKHIFD IH WVhFGICLFIOCPFD iVF CDKDOFI C EHhPCMKJI LCGWKICNC KIOFGICMKHICP FI MCDH NF MCOgDOGHUFD HFLFGWFIMKCD#
n .VD UHINHD DHI NF EFGDHICD H EHG DVD WHhKFGIHD#
<VINCMKHIFD +DEFMKCPKcCNCD +LEGFDCGKCPFD
n &VFRC OFINFIMKC NF UVINCMKHIFD iVF hVDMCI KLECMOCG MHI WGCINFD MCIOKNCNFD NF GFMVGDHD EGHhPFLCD ECGCDHMKFNCNFD LVf LCGWKICPFD#
n *KGFMOKRHD GFPCOKRCLFIOF jJRFIFD\ hVDMCI RFG GFDVPOCNHD NF DV CMMKJI
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 64/159
bV
BN?a>JC @T aIT MTDRC @J @H HNO>AC @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCTE +DaG>NJ @O>TB@J CB?CT DABC?@T Y
DS@JB@T XM@ ?@AMZ@?DJRC @H ACJA@ZBC R@ W>HDJB?CZFD Z?CZCJ@J XM@ TM ZDZ@H @J @H ZHDJC
>JB@?JDA>CJDH T@ ZM@R@ JCaG?D? ACaC "6>HDJB?CZFD .HCGDH8 g%H@f@T7 PUUdhE '@TR@ @TBCT
@JWCXM@T >aZMHTDRCT R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ R@TR@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y
*DJDRI7 HD W>HDJB?CZFD ZM@R@ AHDT>W>AD?T@ ACaC5
Y0."#/$+&,' V; 6443)/$+&,' 84 I.F)/'$D)'#$0 34/ T./"#)&' KLMMPQ
&TF CB?D B>ZCHCSFD R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T @T Z?CZM@TBD ZC? HD C?SDJ>LDA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
&TCA>DA>[J ZD?D HCT '@?@AKCT R@ HD 2Mi@? Y @H '@TD??CHHCn&e3' gZC? TMT T>SHDT @J 3JSHNTh
n <VINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD NF qLFLhGFDbCq# MGFCI VIC hCDF NF NHICIOFD NFEFiVF_HD LHIOHD iVF NFDFLhHPDCI CIVCPLFIOF PHD KIWGFDHD#
n <VINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD ECOGKLHIKCPFD# )HLVILFIOF KIRKFGOFI DV ECOGKLHIKHFI PC hHPDC NF RCPHGFD f NHICI PHD NKRKNFINHD#
<VINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD KINFEFINKFIOFD
n +IOKNCNFD lKICIMKCNHGCD PKWCNCD C MHIUFDKHIFD GFPKWKHDCDo HEFGCI MHIDHPKNCGKNCN FIOGF PCD f PHD MHGGFPKWKHICGKHD\ UGFMVFIOFLFIOFqEGHUFDKHICPKcCNCDq FI DVD MGKOFGKHD NF KIRFGDKHIFD#
1WFIMKCD MHIUFDKHICPFD
n <VINCMKHIFD MHGEHGCOKRCD# +DOCI UHINFCNCD EHG MHLEC_bCD PVMGCOKRCD#&HGLCPLFIOF PPFRCI FP IHLhGF NF PC FLEGFDC#
n <KICIMKCI PHD PVWCGFD H DFMOHGFD FDOGCOkWKMHD FI OkGLKIHD NF DVD LFGMCNHD\CVIiVF CPWVIHD MCDHD LCIOKFIF CVOHIHLbC NF PCD FLEGFDCD#
<VINCMKHIFD FLEGFDCGKCPFD
n +DOCD GFMKhFI NHICOKRHD EFiVF_HD\ WGCINFD f LFNKCIHD\ IHGLCPLFIOF NFNKRFGDHD NHICIOFD PHMCPFD ECGC lKIFD LVf FDEFMKlKMHD#
<VINCMKHIFD MHLVIKOCGKCD
n %IC NF PCD LgD UVFGOFD FD PH iVF DF PPCLC q*KgDEHGCq\ DHI NHICMKHIFD NFKINKRKNVHD LKWGCIOFD C DVD ECbDFD NF HGKWFI#
n BFIFGCPLFIOF DF FjFGMF NF LCIFGC IH PVMGCOKRC\ IH WVhFGICLFIOCP\ IHECGOKNCGKC f IH EGHDFPKOKDOC ECGC FP NFDCGGHPPH PHMCP#
n .F EVFNF IHLhGCG OCLhKkI MHLH q0FLFDCD <KPCIOGJEKMCDq
<KPCIOGHEbC DHPKNCGKC
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 65/159
b`
XM>@J @J PUUb7 HDJL[ HD >J>A>DB>]D TCG?@ HDT B@JR@JA>DT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D
HCT '@?@AKCT lMaDJCT R@ HDT 2Mi@?@T7 HHDaDRD5 A=,'2) )"#$ )0 2&')/4 3$/$ 04 2)/)+C4" 2)
0$" D.7)/)"E; $D C?SDJ>LDA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D ACJWC?aD? MJ DJIH>T>T R@ HDT B@JR@JA>DT
R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J D J>]@H SHCGDH7 Z?CZCJ@ MJ @TXM@aD XM@ ADB@SC?>LD D HCT DABC?@T Y
DS@JB@T XM@ G?>JRDJ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH g&e3'7 PUUbhE $D @TB?MABM?D R@ HCT
C?SDJ>TaCT XM@ S@J@?DJ ACCZ@?DA>[J W>JDJA>@?D D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH TCJ5
Y0."#/$+&,' b; <+#4/)" 2) 0$ 6443)/$+&,' 84 I.F)/'$D)'#$0 2) <cY= KLMMbQ
#T >aZC?BDJB@ ?@AMZ@?D? XM@ BDJBC ZD?D 1M?TB@>J gPUU_h ACaC $@[J &MH>JD gPUU_h Y &f>R
gPUUbh7 HDT Z@?TCJDT TCJ ZD?B@ R@ HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J TM HDGC? W>HDJB?[Z>ADE
<VINCMKHIFD -INFEFINKFIOFD
n (OHGWCI NHICMKHIFD C ECGOKG NF UHINHD ECOGKLHIKCPFD MHI lKIFD hFIklKMHD#n 4C LCfHGbC DHI KINFEFINKFIOFD NF PC FLEGFDC H UCLKPKC UVINCNHGC CVIiVF PPFRFI DV IHLhGF#n 'HG PH WFIFGCP GFMKhFI CPWVIC MPCDF NF hFIFlKMKHD H EGKRKPFWKHD lKDMCPFD#
<VINCMKHIFD NF MCGgMOFG E^hPKMHZ(&B -IOFGICMKHICPFD
n .HI HGWCIKcCMKHIFD DKI lKIFD NF PVMGH iVF MVFIOCI MHI FP CEHfH NFP DFMOHG E^hPKMH#n (hOKFIFI DVD UHINHD C ECGOKG NF VIC MHLhKICMKJI NF CEHGOFD NF NHICIOFD KINKRKNVCPFD\ WVhFGICLFIOCPFD\
UVINCMKHIFD EGKRCNCD H NF MCGgMOFG E^hPKMH#
<KPgIOGHEKC -INKRKNVCP
n 4CD EFGDHICD EVFNFI NFMKNKG NCG NHICMKHIFD C VIC H RCGKCD MCVDCDQ C FDH DF PF PPCLC lKPgIOGHEKC KINKRKNVCP#
<VINCMKHIFD <CLKPKCGFD
n +DOCD UVINCMKHIFD ECGOFI NF VI I^LFGH MGFMKFIOF NF EFGDHICD GKMCD iVF NFMKNFI MGFCG DVD EGHEKCD UVINCMKHIFDUCLKPKCGFD C ECGOKG NF VI UHINH ECOGKLHIKCP NF hFIFlKMKFIMKC#
n BFIFGCPLFIOF DHI NKGKWKNCD EHG PC EFGDHIC H UCLKPKC CNKIFGCNC CMHLEC_CNC NF VIC EFiVF_C jVIOC NKGFMOKRC#
<HINHD NF )CVDCQ =VjFGFD
n
4HD UHINHD DHI WGVEHD EFiVF_HD iVF hVDMCI lKICIMKCG LHRKLKFIOHD DHMKCPFD# +I FDOF MCDH <HINHD NF =VjFGFDiVF lKICIMKCI CP LHRKLKFIOH NF =VjFGFD BPHhCPLFIOF#
n .HI KIDOKOVMKHIFD iVF MVFIOCI MHI CEHfH NFP E^hPKMH iVF DF DVDOFIOCI FI NHICMKHIFD EGHRFIKFIOFD NF CWFIMKCDNHICIOFD\ MHGEHGCMKHIFD f E^hPKMH FI WFIFGCP#
*HICIOFDZ<KPgIOGHEKC )HGEHGCOKRC
n +D FP CMOH EHG FP MVCP VIC MHGEHGCMKJI NHIC VIC ECGOF NF DVD WCICIMKCD H GFMVGDHD C HOGCD HGWCIKcCMKHIFD#n 'VFNF DFG EHG LFNKH NF PC 0FDEHIDChKPKNCN .HMKCP +LEGFDCGKCP H IH#n 'VFNF OCLhKkI DFG ECGC WCICG VIC KLCWFI E^hPKMC UCRHGChPF iVF MHLEFIDF PCD MGbOKMCD iVF NFDEKFGOCI HOGCD
EGgMOKMCD FLEGFDCGKCPFD LFIHD GFDEHIDChPFD#
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 66/159
bb
%C? kHB>aC7 MJD R@ HDT B>ZCHCSFDT aIT DaZH>DT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T HD
XM@ T@ KDA@ R@TR@ HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T gXM@ ACaC T@ a@JA>CJ[ @J @H Z?>a@?
ADZFBMHC B>@J@ ?@H@]DJA>D ZC? TM >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDHh @J @TB@ T@JB>RC @H >JTB>BMBC ACJ
aDYC? @TZ@A>DH>RDR @J @H B@aD @T 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?7 ACJ GDT@ @J /@f -C?m Y WMJRDRC @J
Q^`b ZD?D @H @TBMR>C R@H W@J[a@JC W>HDJB?[Z>AC R@ @TB@ ZDFT Y DKC?D @J BCRC @H aMJRCEPU &
ZD?B>? R@ PUQP7 ACa@JL[ ACJ MJD S?DJ HDGC? ?@TZ@ABC D HD B>ZCHCSFD Y AHDT>W>ADA>[J R@ HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@TE )M >JB@JA>[J @T HCS?D? B@J@? MJ @TBIJRD? BDOCJ[a>AC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@
Z@?a>BD @JB@JR@? HD ?@DH>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@TEPQ #TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J XM@
@TBD DG>@?BD ZD?D XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DADRNa>ADT C @OZ@?BDT DZC?B@J ACHDGC?DB>]Da@JB@7 KD
T>SJ>W>ADRC XM@ D HD W@AKD B@JSDJ aIT R@ a>H ADB@SC?FDT R>]>R>RDT @J A>JAC J>]@H@T XM@ TCJ5
B>ZCT R@ C?SDJ>LDA>[J XM@ T@ DZCYDJ gACaC C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T HCADH@T C MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7 @BAEh7
B>ZC R@ ZCGHDA>[J XM@ ZM@R@J DB@JR@? gACaC DAB>]>TBDT7 B?DGDiDRC?DT T@OMDH@T7 aMi@?@T7
@BAEh7 B@aDT XM@ Z?>C?>LDJ ZD?D W>JDJA>D? gDS?>AMHBM?D7 a@R>C DaG>@JB@7 '@?@AKCT
lMaDJCT7 @BAEh7 B>ZC R@ RCJDB>]CT XM@ CBC?SDJ g&ZCYC S@J@?DH7 DT>TB@JA>D BNAJ>AD7 @BAEh7
B>ZCT R@ B?DJTDAA>[J gG@ADT7 RCJDB>]CT7 @J @TZ@A>@7 T@?]>A>CT Z?C GCJC7 @BAEh7 R@JB?C R@
ADRD MJC R@ @TBDT AHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T KDY MJD TMGR>]>T>[J XM@ T@ aM@TB?D D ACJB>JMDA>[J5
PU 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E gUQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE d4.'2$#&4' 6)'#)/R e'4f0)2*) #4 F.&02 4'E *CJTMHBDRC UQ R@
rMJ>C R@ PUQV @J &GCMB 0T5 KBBZ5nnWCMJRDB>CJA@JB@?EC?SnDGCMBn
PQ 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E gUQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE d4.'2$#&4' 6)'#)/ E *CJTMHBDRC UQ R@ rMJ>C R@ PUQV @J
gC&0$'#C/435 60$""&-&+$#&4' J5"#)DN KBBZ5nnBDOCJCaYEWCMJRDB>CJA@JB@?EC?SnR?DWBTcDJRc?@TCM?A@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 67/159
bd
Y0."#/$+&,' O; 60$"&-&+$+&,' 2) -.'2$+&4')" 2)"2) d4.'2$#&4' 6)'#)/
*CaC HC aM@TB?D HD R>TB?>GMA>[J DJB@?>C?7 HCT J>]@H@T R@ AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ KD HCS?DRC
ACJiMJBD? @H 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? @J HCT kHB>aCT RCT DoCT Y XM@ DkJ @T MJ Z?CA@TC DG>@?BC
R@ ?@AMZ@?DA>[J7 ZM@R@ HH@SD? D aIT R@ a>H TMGR>]>T>CJ@T XM@ ZM@R@J R@TA?>G>? MJ B>ZC R@
DAA>[J C AD?DAB@?FTB>AD XM@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T cC ACaC HC K@aCT HHDaDRC R@TR@ @TBD
>J]@TB>SDA>[J R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHc ZM@R@J DRXM>?>? @J HD DABMDH>RDRE
#TBC JCT R@aM@TB?D HDT R>TBDJA>DT DJDHFB>ADT XM@ KDY R@TR@ ?@S>CJ@T R[JR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH KD T>RC RCJDJB@T ACaC HC ?@WH@iD @H ADTC R@H 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?7 @J
ACJB?DZCT>A>[J ACJ HDT XM@ KDJ B@J>RC aIT @OZ@?>@JA>D ACaC ?@A@ZBC?DT7 XM@ KD T>RC @H
ADTC R@ $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 &T>D C <W?>ADE )>@JRC @J @TBDT ?@S>CJ@T XM@ @O>TBDJ ?@A>@JB@a@JB@
"JM@]CT8 RCJDJB@T7 ZC? HC XM@ BDaG>NJ @O>TB@ a@JCT >J]@TB>SDA>[J Y @J ACJT@AM@JA>D
a@JCT Z?CZM@TBDT BDOCJ[a>ADT @J ACJAC?RDJA>D ACJ HD Z?CZ>D @OZ@?>@JA>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE
& Z@TD? R@ @HHC7 @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J Z?CWMJR>LD?@aCT @J B?@T IaG>BCT R@ HD S?DJ
R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J5 HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT
/ C
m H I H L K C N F U V I N C M
K H I F D /KEHD NF (GWCIKcCMKJI =gD NF $;;
MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD
'HhPCMKHIFD C PCD iVFCOKFINF
=gD NF $$;MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD
/FLCD iVF CEHfC =gD NF 28; OFLgOKMCDNF MPCDKlKMCMKJI
/KEH NF NHICOKRHD =gD NF 8;MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD
/KEHD NF OGCIDCMMKHIFD =gD NF 6;MPCDKlKMCMKHIFD
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 68/159
b_
>JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDTE & Z@TD? R@ XM@ @J aDB@?>D R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T
ZCR@aCT @JACJB?D? HDT R@ AD?IAB@? ZkGH>AC C HDT WDa>H>D?@T ZC? HDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T @J @H
DHADJA@ R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J TCHC DGC?RD?@aCT HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T XM@ TCJ5
Y0."#/$+&,' P; 6443)/$+&,' 2) d.'2$+&4')"
$CT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T XM@ DGC?RDaCT T@ AD?DAB@?>LDJ ZC?5
Y0."#/$+&,' U; 6443)/$+&,' 2) d4'24";
%C? kHB>aC AMDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT DH ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT ACaC DS@JB@T R@JB?C R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TR@5
6MJRDA>CJ@T3JR@Z@JR>@JB@TC Z?>]DRDT
(BC?SDJ RCJDA>CJ@T D ZD?‚? R@ WCJRCT ZDB?>aCJ>DH@T ACJ ƒJ@T G@JNƒACTE
$D aDYC?FD TCJ >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T R@ HD @aZ?@TD C WDa>H>D WMJRDRC?D DMJXM@ HH@]@J TMJCaG?@E
%C? HC S@J@?DH ?@A>G@J DHSMJD AHDT@ R@ G@J@ƒA>CT C Z?>]>H@S>CT ƒTADH@TE
#r#2%$()5 6MJRDA>[J 6C?R7 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 6MJRDA>[J 2DA&?BKM?76MJRDA>[J {@HHCSS
6CJRCT3JR@Z@JR>@JB@T5+DaG>NJ T@ZM@R@J ]>JAMHD?ACJ ADMTDT CHMAKDTZD?‚AMDH?@T5
2Mi@?@T7 2@R>C&aG>@JB@7'@?@AKCTlMaDJCTE
$CT WCJRCT TCJ S?MZCT Z@XM@oCT XM@ GMTADJ ƒJDJA>D? aC]>a>@JBCTTCA>DH@TE #J @TB@ ADTC 6CJRCT R@ 2Mi@?@T XM@ ƒJDJA>DJ DH aC]>a>@JBCR@ 2Mi@?@T .HCGDHa@JB@E
)CJ >JT‚BMA>CJ@T XM@ AM@JBDJ ACJ DZCYC R@H ZkGH>AC XM@ T@ TMTB@JBDJ@J RCJDA>CJ@T Z?C]@J>@JB@T R@ DS@JA>DT RCJDJB@T7 AC?ZC?DA>CJ@T YZkGH>AC @J S@J@?DHE
#r#2%$()5 .HCGDH .?@@J .?DJBT7 g#TBDRCT 0J>RCTh7 .HCGDH 6MJR WC?lMaDJ ,>SKTB g#TBDRCT 0J>RCTh .HCGDH 6MJR WC? eCa@J g#TBDRCT0J>RCTh7 2DaD*DTK glCHDJRDh7 6?>RD -CMJS 6@a>J>TB6MJRg 3JB@?JDA>CJDHh
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 69/159
b^
Y0."#/$+&,' GM; 6443)/$+&,' Y'2&(&2.$0
&TF HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT Z@?TCJDT7 >JAC?ZC?DJ Z?IAB>ADT RCJR@
T@ aDB@?>DH>LD HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ R>]@?TDT aDJ@?DTE #J @H T>SM>@JB@ ADZFBMHC
T@ Z?@T@JBDJ HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T XM@ iM@SDJ R@JB?C R@ HD ?@DH>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDH KCY RFD @TBDT
R>]@?TDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
<KPgIOGHEKC-INKRKNVCP
4CD EFGDHICD EVFNFI NFMKNKG NCG NHICMKHIFD C VIC H RCGKCD MCVDCDQ C FDH DF PF PPCLC lKPgIOGHEKCKINKRKNVCP#
%IC NF PCD LgD UVFGOFD FD PH iVF DF PPCLC q*KgDEHGCq\ DHI NHICMKHIFD NF KINKRKNVHD LKWGCIOFD CDVD ECKDFD NF HGKWFI# .F EVFNF IHLhGCG OCLhKkI MHLH q0FLFDCD <KPCIOGJEKMCDq
+Y+='4(.Q AHIH S-GPCINFD\ MCIOCIOF NF %"X \ BCOFD S+DOCNHVIKNFIDF =K-PHICGKHX\ =KWGCIOFD
=kmKMCIHD\ -INVFD f AGCDKPF_HD#
*HICIOFDZ<KPCIOGJEKC)HGEHGCOKRC
+D FP CMOH EHG FP MVCP VIC MHGEHGCMKJI NHIC VIC ECGOF NF DVD WCICIMKCD H GFMVGDHD C HOGCDHGWCIKcCMKHIFD#
'VFNF DFG EHG LFNKH NF PC 0FDEHIDChKPKNCN .HMKCP +LEGFDCGKCP H IH#
'VFNF OCLhKkI DFG ECGC WCICG VIC KLCWFI E^hPKMC UCRHGChPF iVF MHLEFIDF PCD MGbOKMCD iVFNFDEKFGOCI HOGCD EGgMOKMCD FLEGFDCGKCPFD LFIHD GFDEHIDChPFD#
+Y+='4(.Q <VINCMKJI 1RHI S=kmKMHX\ <VINCMKJI &KrF S+DOCNHD %IKNHDX
<KICIMKCLKFIOH
)HPFMOKRH H)GHTI<VINKIW
'VFNF OFIFG FDOHD HOGHD OkGLKIHD alKICIMKCMKJI FI LCDCd\ alKICIMKCMKJI MHPFMOKRCd\aLKMGHlKICIMKCMKJI MHPFMOKRCd fd LKMGHLFMFICcWHd#
+D PC EGgMOKMC NF NFDCGGHPPCG VIC MCLEC_C NF KIRFGDKJI FI PbIFC ECGC WFIFGCG PC lKICIMKCMKJIECGC VI EGHfFMOH FDEFMblKMH#
+DOC EGgMOKMC CEGHRFM]C DKOKHD TFh NF GFMCVNCMKJI NF UHINHD FI -IOFGIFO ECGC FDOKLVPCG FPCEHfH NF PC MHLVIKNCN f FP lKICIMKCLKFIOH ECGC VIC RCGKFNCN NF KIKMKCOKRCD#
+Y+='4(.Q /CGjFOCD NF 0FWCPH NF <CMFhHHr\ <HINFCNHGCS=kmKMHX\ =KBGCIHNF1GFICS+DEC_CX\)]KE-IS=KMGHDHUOX
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 70/159
dU
;/; ,BGFEFCFBGFK ZDKGOMDENK CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJ
1P EGKIMKEKH DF PPCLCGHI s1LKWHDt H s.HMKFNCN NF PHD 1LKWHDt# *FDEVkD FPEVFhPH PHD PPCLJ MVgiVFGHD H s/FLhPCNHGFDt\ EHGiVF FI VI jVKMKH DV
UVINCNHG PF NKjH CP jVFcQ spVCrFt\ FD NFMKG s/KFLhPCt\ CIOF PC 'CPChGC NF*KHD S$[8;X# !E6=*)7+ /1@@0 F3
#J Q^Qd T@ WMJR[ @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT @H *Ca>BN &a@?>ADJC R@ )@?]>A>C R@ HCT &a>SCT7
ACJWC?aIJRCT@ RM?DJB@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH ZD?D WCa@JBD? HD ZDL Y @H DZCYC D HCT
?@WMS>DRCTE '@TZMNT ACJB>JMD?CJ ACJ MJD a>T>[J XM@ >JAC?ZC?DGD HD ">SMDHRDR ?DA>DH HD
DGCH>A>[J R@ HD Z@JD ADZ>BDH7 HD @H>a>JDA>[J R@ GD??>CT aD?S>JDH@T7 @H DZCYC D HDT /DA>CJ@T
0J>RDT Y DTMJBCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 DZCYC D HD KCaCT@OMDH>RDR7 @BAE8 geKDH@J7 Q^dd5 \Uc
\\hE & Z@TD? R@ T@? MJ C?SDJ>TaC R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@ C?>S@J @AH@T>DH7 BM]C MJD DS@JRD
Z?CS?@T>TBD R@TR@ TMT >J>A>CT Y ACa@JL[ TMT HDGC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH D B?D]NT
R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@ DAA>CJ@T DH?@R@RC? R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DHE &TF ZD?D Q^dd
ACJBDGD ACJ >JS?@TCT R@ QQ a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T DJMDH@T ZD?D TM HDGC? >JB@?JDA>CJDHE#TB@
DZD?BDRC >JB?CRMA@ G?@]@a@JB@ HD K>TBC?>D R@ HCT AMIXM@?CT7 ACaC Z?@HMR>C XM@
@i@aZH>W>AD HD DaZH>D B?DY@ABC?>D R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J R@ @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T7 Z@?C
BDaG>NJ ZC? aD?AD? B@JR@JA>DT R@ >JAC?ZC?DA>[J R@ CB?DT aCRDH>RDR@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
aIT DHHI R@ HD B?DR>A>CJDH JC?B@cTM? ZC?XM@ B?DGDiD?CJ MJD ?@HDA>[J R@ ACCZ@?DJB@T R@TR@
HDT Z?>C?>RDR@T C J@A@T>RDR@T R@H TCA>C HCADH JC R@H ACCZ@?DJB@7 Z@?C BDaG>NJ BM]>@?CJ
MJD a>?DRD ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH ?@TZ@ABC D TM DS@JRD R@ B?DGDiC7 WM@?CJ R@ HDT Z?>a@?DT
ACaMJ>RDR@T ?@H>S>CTDT XM@ ?@TZ@BDGDJ HD R>]@?T>RDR T@OMDH @J HCT T@T@JBDE
#H ADTC R@ HCT AMIXM@?CT aIT DHHI R@ T@? @OA@ZA>CJDH WM@ BFZ>AC @T R@A>?c KMGC
>JB@?]@JA>CJ@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH ZD?D S@J@?D? Z?CA@TCT HCADH@T R@R@TD??CHHC7 >aZMHTC R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 B?DGDiC ACaMJ>BD?>C7 DZCYDJRC aIT DHHI R@
Z?CY@ABCT DJMDH@T T>JC aIT G>@J >JB@?]@JA>CJ@T D HD?SC ZHDLC DZCYDJRC Z?CA@TCT Y
ADaG>CT TCA>DH@TE %C? @TC7 @TB@ DZD?BDRC GMTAD ACaZD?B>? HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J Y TMT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T E
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 71/159
dQ
;/;/5 &B RNEN CF ZDKGNMDH
%D?D ?DTB?@D? HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 ?@TMHBD >JR>TCA>DGH@ >R@JB>W>AD? DHSMJCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT GDTDRCT @J HDK>TBC?>D R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD DTF ACaC DACJB@A>a>@JBCT K>TB[?>ACT XM@ R@TBDADJ @H@a@JBCT R@
TCH>RD?>RDR C AD?>RDRE )> G>@J HD AD?>RDR JC @T MJ T>J[J>aC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J @T ?@AM??@JB@
>R@JB>W>AD? NTBCT TMA@TCT D ZD?B>? R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ HDT A>MRDR@T C ZCH>T7 YD XM@ HCT
T@?]>A>CT ZkGH>ACT g@RMADA>[J7 TDHMR7 @BAEh JC @?DJ ?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR R@ HCT >J@O>TB@JB@T
@TBDRCT JDA>[J7 ZC? HC XM@ HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T >SH@T>DT HDT DTMaFDJE 0J @i@aZHC @T @H >aZ@?>C
,CaDJC7 RCJR@ T@ KDA@ DHMT>[J D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TR@ HCT ]DHC?@T R@ W>HDJB?CZFD7 AD?>RDR Y
TCH>RD?>RDR KMaDJ>BD?>DE
)>J RMRD CB?C R@ HCT C?FS@J@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZC? ZD?B@ R@ R>]@?TCT
C?SDJ>TaCT R@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H @T R@ C?>S@J @AH@T>DH Y ACJW@T>CJDHE #H ZDZ@H R@ HDT >SH@T>DT
>JWHMY[ R@ aDJ@?D aMY >aZC?BDJB@ @J R>]@?TCT C?SDJ>TaCT KDTBD HD DABMDH>RDRE )MT
ACJT@AM@JA>DT WM@?CJ R>TB>JBDT R@ HCT HMSD?@T R@H /C?B@ .HCGDH RCJR@ Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ T@
C?>S>JD?CJ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ @TBCT A?@RCT7 DH ACJB?D?>C R@ HCT ZDFT@T R@H )M? .HCGDH RCJR@
T@ >JTBDM?D?CJ D B?D]NT R@ AC@?A>[J C @]DJS@H>LDA>[J ACaC HDT ACJXM>TBDT C HD ACHCJ>LDA>[JE
• QQP\ 'E*E $D ]@?T>[J R@H *C?IJ hi#CDj' >JAC?ZC?D HCT A>JAC Z>HD?@T R@H 3THDa7
RCJR@ MJC R@ @HHCT @H 1$k$# PP XM@ T>SJ>W>AD "DXM@HHC XM@ ZM?>W>AD8 @T @H RCJDB>]C R@
HD ?>XM@LD Z@?TCJDH XM@ T@ R@G@ R@ MTD? ZD?D DYMRD? D HCT aIT J@A@T>BDRCTEP\
PP #T MJC R@ HCT A>JAC Z>HD?@T R@H 3THDa Y CGH>SD D HCT aMTMHaDJ@T D RCJD? MJ PE` ZC? A>@JBC R@ TM >JS?@TC
DJMDH Y R@ TM ?>XM@LD ACJ W>J@T AD?>BDB>]CTE
P\ .D?AFD7 2E gP^ R@ @J@?C R@ PUQ\hE &%6()E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J $D W>HDJB?CZFD Y TM
>JAHM@JA>D @J HD ADZBDA>[J R@ WCJRCT5 fffEADZBDA>CJWCJRCTCJSTEACa
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 72/159
dP
•
QP`UE #J HD #RDR 2@R>D7 +CaIT R@ &XM>JC Z?CZCJ@ XM@ HD AD?>RDR ZM@RDJ T@?
CG?DT R@ a>T@?>AC?R>D AC?ZC?DH@T Y @TZ>?>BMDH@TE #TBC ZCAC D ZCAC T@ ]D
aDB@?>DH>LDJRC R@ HDT H>aCTJDT D >JB@S?D? HC XM@ T@ ACJCA@ ACaC R>@LaC @J HD
>SH@T>D A?>TB>DJD g*DTB>HHC 1DMB>TBD } rMI?@L &JSM>DJC7 PUU_5 \PhE
• Q`PQE '@TZMNT R@ HD ACJXM>TBD R@ HD /M@]D #TZDoD7 @J ]D?>CT B@??>BC?>CT HDT [?R@J@T
?@H>S>CTDT R@ 6?DJA>TADJCT7 &SMTB>JCT Y 'Ca>J>ACT7 DZCYD?CJ ACJ KCTZ>BDH@T7
A@JB?CT R@ @JT@oDJLD Y ACW?DRFDT7 D HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T >JRFS@JDT a@LAHDJRC HD
AD?>RDR ACJ HD BD?@D @]DJS@H>LDRC?D @J HD ?@S>[J $DB>JCDa@?>ADJD g)DJGC?J7 PUU\5
dhE
•
Qdd` T@ WMJRD @H )DA?C Y ,@DH 2CJB@ R@ %>@RDR R@ <J>aDT7 WMJRDRC ZC? %@R?C
,Ca@?C R@ +@??@?CT7 @J HD /M@]D #TZDoD7 B@J>@JRC ACaC a>T>[J DZCYD? ZC? a@R>C
R@H @aZ@oC D HDT Z@?TCJDT J@A@T>BDRDT Y RCJDB>]CT D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ DT>TB@JA>D
g)DJGC?J7 PUU\5 QPhE
(B?C DJB@A@R@JB@ @J @H ACJB@OBC R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ A>MRDR@T Y #TBDRCTc/DA>[J R@TR@
@H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 @J 3JSHDB@??D gQbUQh7 RM?DJB@ @H ?@>JDRC R@ 3TDG@H 37 T@ @TBDGH@A@ HD
H@S>THDA>[J "#TBDBMBC R@ MTCT AD?>BDB>]CT8 C a@iC? ACJCA>RD ACaC HD "$@Y R@ %CG?@T
3TDG@H>JD8 @J @H AMDH T@ >JB@S?DJ HCT ACJA@ZBCT R@ W>HDJB?CZFD Y AD?>RDR7 @H Z?>a@?C ACaC
]DHC? T@AMHD? Y @H T@SMJRC ACaC ]DHC? ?@H>S>CTC g*DTB>HHC 1DMB>TBD } rMI?@L &JSM>DJC7 PUU_5
\dhE
'@TZMNT @J Q_VV @J @H ACJB@OBC R@ HD ,@]CHMA>[J 3JRMTB?>DH T@ ACJWC?aD -CMJS 2@JtT
*K?>TB>DJ &TTCA>DB>CJ g-2*&h aCB>]DRC ZC? HDT RM?DT ACJR>A>CJ@T R@ B?DGDiC Y
Z?CGH@aIB>ADT R@ HCT i[]@J@T 1C?>TBDTE %D?D Q_`` C?SDJ>LD?CJ HD Z?>a@?D ACJ]@JA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH7 @J Q_`Q T@ A?@D?CJ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y *DJDRI7 @J
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 73/159
d\
$DB>JCDaN?>AD @J 2NO>AC HD Z?>a@?D R@ HD ?@S>[J @J Q_^P Y @J CB?CT ZDFT@T ACaC
&?S@JB>JD KDTBD Q^UPEPV
#J @H ADTC R@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 R@ HCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT aIT ?@aCBCT XM@ >aZMHTD?CJ TMW>HDJB?CZFD WM@?CJ5
•
Qb`dE )@ ACJWC?aD HD Z?>a@? )CA>@RDR R@ *D?>RDR #TACA@TD7 XM@ T@ WMJRD @J
1CTBCJ7 ACJ HD >JB@JA>[J R@ DZCYD? HD a>S?DA>[J @T @TACA@TD D &aN?>ADEP`
• QdUUcQ_UUE *Ca>@JLDJ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T AD?>BDB>]DT XM@ DYMRDJ ACJ G@ADT
@TBMR>DJB>H@T ACaC HDT G@ADT R@ lD?]D?R 0J>]@?T>BY7 M C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ DZCYDJ D
HCT a>S?DJB@T ?@A>NJ HH@SDRCT ACaC %?>JA@ lDHH 2DTCJ>A $CRS@ WMJRDRD @J Qdd`
XM@ Z?CZC?A>CJ[ R>J@?C D @TAHD]CT H>G@?DRCT Y TMT WDa>H>DT ACaC &W?>ADJ )CA>@BY CW
2MBMDH &>R DJR *KD?>BY WMJRDRD @J Qd^bEPb
#H B@?A@? DACJB@A>a>@JBC ?@H@]DJB@ R@ @TB@ ?@AM@JBC K>TB[?>AC T@ R>C @J @H aD?AC R@ HDT
ACJWH>ABCT GNH>ACT ACaC HD Z?>a@?D Y T@SMJRD SM@??D aMJR>DHE $D %?>a@?D DGD?A[ R@ rMH>C
R@ Q^QV D /C]>@aG?@ R@ Q^Q_7 R@iDJRC ACJT@AM@JA>DT H@BDH@T Z?>aC?R>DHa@JB@ @J #M?CZD7
RCJR@ HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@ Z@?TCJDT7 >SH@T>DT M C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T T@ @JWCAD?CJ D HD DB@JA>[J D
]FAB>aDT Y R@TZHDLDRCTE #J #M?CZD TM?S@J C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACaC HD *?ML ,CiD 3JB@?JDA>CJDH7
HD ,@R *I?>BDT7 )D]@ BK@ *K>HR?@J g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_UhE #J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT T@
WMJRD @H *Ca>BN &a@?>ADJC R@ )@?]>A>C R@ HCT &a>SCT R@ HCT *MIXM@?CTE
PV -2*&E gUQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQVhE l&"#4/&$ E *CJTMHBDRC QU R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J &H>DJLD 2MJR>DH -2*&5
KBBZ5nnfffEHDADYaADEC?S
P` /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTB E gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
Pb 3G>R@a
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 74/159
dV
#J a@R>C R@ @TBCT Z?CA@TCT T@ WMJRDJ >aZC?BDJB@T WMJRDA>CJ@T @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT5
,CAm@W@HH@? 6CMJRDB>CJ gQ^Q\h7 eE{E {@HHCSS 6CMJRDB>CJ gQ^\Uh7 +K@ 6C?R 6CMJRDB>CJ
gQ^\bhEPd
+DaG>NJ TM?S@J HDT Z?>a@?DT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT7 @J Q^QV ACJ HD WC?aDA>[J R@ HD HD
6MJRDA>[J *H@]@HDJR7 @J (K>CE 6?@R@?>Am lE .CWW7 GDJXM@?C HCADH7 ACJA>G>[ HD
DZD?@JB@a@JB@ T@JA>HHD >R@D R@ ACJTCH>RD? MJD T@?>@ R@ W>R@>ACa>TCT @J MJD TCHD
C?SDJ>LDA>[J XM@ @O>TB>?FD D Z@?Z@BM>RDR Y @TBD?FD ?@S>RD ZC? MJD iMJBD R@ A>MRDRDJCT
HCADH@TEP_
%D?D HD )@SMJRD .M@??D 2MJR>DH C?>@JBDRC ZC? HCT a>TaCT aCB>]CT TM?S@J C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T
@J #M?CZD ACaC *>aDR@7 *K?>TB>DJ &>R7 (OWDa .?DJ 1?@BDoDE #J ?@>JC 0J>RC @J Q^\b T@
WMJRD iFJENSF %MLKG7 ZC? @H SDJDRC? R@H Z?@a>C JC]@H @H A>@JBFW>AC l@J?Y e@HHACa@ XM@
T@ @JWCAD?I DH >aZMHTC A>@JBFW>AC Y aNR>ACE
#J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT T@ ACJWC?aD MJ ACa>BN R@ Z@?TCJDT @JB?@ @HHDT MJ S?MZC R@ AMIXM@?CT
XM@ ACJWC?aDJ @H Z?>a@? (OWDa gQ^VPh geKDH@J7 Q^ddhE
#J @H ADTC R@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ #M?CZD XM@ T@ ACJWC?aD?CJ DH?@R@RC? R@H DZCYC
KMaDJ>BD?>C R@ HCT Z?CA@TCT GNH>ACT7 BDaG>NJ DZCYD?CJ KMaDJ>BD?>Da@JB@ HCT Z?CA@TCT R@
R@TACHCJ>LDA>[J @J <W?>AD Y &T>D7 Y ZD?B>A>ZD?CJ DAB>]Da@JB@ @J HD ?@ACJTB?MAA>[J
ACaMJ>BD?>D7 WC?BDH@A>a>@JBC R@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT7 @BAE7 @TBDT DAA>CJ@T
aD?AD?CJ @H ?MaGC R@ "ADaG>C TCA>DH8 XM@ T@SM>?FDJ @TBDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T D R>W@?@JA>D R@
Pd 3G>R@a
P_ *CaMJDH>D gPUQVhE 64D.'$0&$R <0&$'1$ 2) d.'2$+&4')" 64D.'&#$/&$" 2) ?`@&+4E *CJTMHBDRC UQ R@ Ub R@
PUQV @J 6MJRDA>CJ@T *CaMJ>BD?>DT @J @H 2MJRC 5 KBBZ5nnfffEACaMJDH>DEC?SEaOnJM@TB?DTEZKZ
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 75/159
d`
HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT XM@ JC BM]>@?CJ @TBCT @TZDA>CT R@ >JB@?DAA>[J SHCGDH
g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_QhE
$CT CGi@B>]CT DABMDH@T R@H WHMiC R@ ?@AM?TCT Y DYMRD @J aDB@?>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J>JB@?JDA>CJDH B>@J@J TM C?>S@J @J MJD Z@B>A>[J R@H *CJT@iC 2MJR>DH R@ 3SH@T>DT g"eC?HR
*CMJA>H CW *KM?AK@T87 C e**h R@ Q^`_ ZD?D XM@ @H Q ZC? A>@JBC R@H >JS?@TC R@ HCT ZDFT@T
>JRMTB?>DH>LDRCT T@ ADJDH>A@ D HCT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC g*Ca>B@ R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7
PUUV5 QVhE #TBC R@TZMNT WM@ HC XM@ T@ HHDaC HD &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7 @H@a@JBC GDT@ R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 C?>S>JDRC R@TR@ HDT >SH@T>DTE
$DT DS@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J R@ C?>S@J @AH@T>DH WM@?CJ TMTBDJA>DH@T BDaG>NJ ZD?D HCT
C?FS@J@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC @TBDBDHE $DT >SH@T>DT ADB[H>ADT A?@D?CJ HDT DS@JA>DT5 2>T@?@C?
g&H@aDJ>Dh7 6DTB@JCZW@? g)M>LDh7 *DBKCH>A ,@H>@W )@?]>A@T g#TBDRCT 0J>RCTh7 *Ca>BN
*DBCH>XM@ ACJB?@ HD 6D>a @B ZCM? H@ 'N]NHCZZ@a@JB g6?DJA>Dh7 @JB?@ CB?DTE - ZC? @H HDRC R@
HDT >SH@T>DT Z?CB@TBDJB@T5 %DJ ZD?D @H 2MJRC g&H@aDJ>Dh7 '>DmCJ>D g)M@A>Dh7 HD (?SDJ>LDA>[J
3JB@?@AH@T>ITB>AD ZD?D HD *CCZ@?DA>[J DH '@TD??CHHC glCHDJRDh g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5
P_PhE & TM ]@L @TBDT DS@JA>DT WCa@JBD?CJ HD A?@DA>[J R@ ACJB?DZD?B@T @J @H )M? .HCGDH7
ACJWC?aDJRC MJD DaZH>D SDaD R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T HCADH@T A?@DRDT T[HC ZD?D aDJ@iD? TMT
?@AM?TCT ACaC ACJB?DZD?B@T7 @TBDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T HCADH@T WM@?CJ ACJCA>RDT @J @H )M?
.HCGDH ACaC *@JB?CT R@ &ZCYCE
;/;/; (_EHCH CF JNK KFKFBGH P KFGFBGH
#J @TBD RNADRD HD >SH@T>D ADB[H>AD D B?D]NT R@H *CJA>H>C ;DB>ADJC 33 iMJBC ACJ @H *CJT@iC
#Z>TACZDH $DB>JCDa@?>ADJC R@ 2@R@HHFJ R@AHD?DJ XM@ @H R@TD??CHHC @?D MJD BD?@D XM@ JC
T[HC H@ ACaZ@BFD DH #TBDRC7 T>JC BDaG>NJ D HD >SH@T>D Y TMT akHB>ZH@T >JTB>BMA>CJ@TE #TBD
>JWHM@JA>D iMJBC ACJ HCT aC]>a>@JBCT @TBMR>DJB>H@T7 T>JR>ADH@T7 R@ B?DGDiDRC?@T7 R@
aMi@?@T7 HD +@CHCSFD R@ HD $>G@?DA>[J7 HD >JWHM@JA>D R@H 1?DT>H@oC %DMHC 6?@>?@ gTCHC ZC?
a@JA>CJD? DHSMJCTh >aZMHTDJ MJD JM@]D @BDZD R@ aC]>H>LDA>[J7 C?SDJ>LDA>[J Y
ACCZ@?DA>[J H@iDJD R@ HDT B@C?FDT R@ R@TD??CHHC AHIT>ADT g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_PhE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 76/159
db
%D?D )IJAK@L7 @J @TB@ Z@?>CRC TM?S@J A?FB>ADT WMJRDa@JBDH@T D HCT aCR@HCT R@ R@TD??CHHC
GDTDRCT @J MJ Z?CS?@TC Y A?@A>a>@JBC @ACJ[a>AC H>J@DH7 ACJWC?aDJRC JM@]DT ]>T>CJ@T R@H
R@TD??CHHC Y7 ZC? @JR@7 JM@]DT WC?aDT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE 0JC R@ HCT @W@ABCT @T
@H ADaG>C @J HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D a@?Da@JB@ DT>TB@JA>DH XM@ B@JFDJ ]D?>DT DS@JA>DT Y
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACJWC?aDRDT Z?@]>Da@JB@ KDA>D MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D GDTDRD @J HD Z?CaCA>[J
R@H R@TD??CHHC @J MJ T@JB>RC DaZH>C Y JC DACBDRC DH A?@A>a>@JBC @ACJ[a>AC g)IJAK@L
.MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_QhE
%C? CB?C HDRC7 HD ?@Z@?AMT>[J @J @H )M? .HCGDH W?@JB@ D HD ACJTBDJB@ Y ADRD ]@L aIT WM@?B@
@OZHCBDA>[J Y @OB?DAB>]>TaC R@ MJD S?DJ ]D?>@RDR R@ ?@AM?TCT @J @H ACJB@OBC R@ HD ZCT
SM@??D Y HD ACaZH@i>RDR R@ ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ TMT #TBDRCTc/DA>[J >JA?@a@JBDJTMTBDJA>DHa@JB@ HDT R@T>SMDHRDR@T Y ZCG?@LD g$H>TBD? 1CTAK7 PUU^5 PVdhj Z?CaC]>@JRC HD
M?S@JA>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @JB?@ R>]@?TCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T KDA>D @H
)M? .HCGDHE
#J #M?CZD @J @TBD NZCAD TM?S@J R>]@?TDT >JTBDJA>DT @J HCT SCG>@?JCT DGCADRDT D HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC7 GDiC HD WC?aD R@ a>J>TB@?>CT C
R@ZD?BDa@JBCT C I?@DT R@JB?C R@ HCT a>TaCTE 2MY Z?CJBC HCT SCG>@?JCT @M?CZ@CT
?@ACJCA>@?CJ @H ZDZ@H XM@ KDGFDJ iMSDRC @J HD ZCTSM@??D HDT DS@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@TE & W>JDH@T R@ HCT DoCT T@B@JBD DHSMJCT SCG>@?JCT @M?CZ@CT ACa>@JLDJ D
CBC?SD? TMGT>R>CT D HDT (?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T C &S@JA>DT JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 RDRD TM
@OZ@?>@JA>D7 ?@HDA>CJ@T Y ACJBDABC R>?@ABC ACJ HDT ?@DH>RDR@T R@ HCT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC
g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_\hE
#J CB?DT ?@S>CJ@T R@H 2@R>C (?>@JB@7 RCJR@ aMAKCT R@ HCT ZDFT@T ACa>@JLDJ D
>JR@Z@JR>LD?T@ BDaG>NJ T@ RD MJ DMS@ ZC? @H R@TAMG?>a>@JBC Z@B?CH@?C Y TM ?>XM@LD @J
ZD?B>AMHD? @J &?DG>D )DMR>BD @J Q^bU7 T@ A?@DJ HDT 6MJRDA>CJ@T 3THIa>ADT7 XM@ T>SJ>W>AD XM@
@H SCG>@?JC >JTB>BMA>CJDH>LD @H 1$k$# Y HC DRa>J>TB?D R@JB?C R@ HCT T>TB@aDT
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@TE (B?D R@ HDT WM@JB@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @J @TBD ?@S>[J R@H aMJRC WM@?CJ HCT
HHDaDRCT 6CJRCT )CG@?DJCT R@ 3J]@?T>[J R@ %?CZ>@RDR7 XM@ T@ ACJT>R@?DJ WM@JB@T ZD?D @H
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 77/159
dd
'@TD??CHHC ACJ >JS?@TCT JC R>?@ABDa@JB@ ?@HDA>CJDRCT ACJ HDT @aZ?@TDTE & Z@TD? R@ HDT
A?FB>ADT DH?@R@RC? R@ XM>NJ HH@]D @H ACJB?CH7 T> HDT #aZ?@TDT C HCT .CG>@?JCT7 T@ aDJB>@J@J
@J MJD HFJ@D >JB@?a@R>D R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T HCADH@T7 MJC R@ HCT aIT
>aZC?BDJB@T &GM 'KDG> 3J]@TBa@JB &MBKC?>BY T@ WMJRD ZC? HCT #a>?DBCT <?DG@T 0J>RCT @J
Q^dbE P^
(B?C DACJB@A>a>@JBC >aZC?BDJB@ @T HD WMJRDA>[J @J Q^bd7 R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J &SD {DKJ7
JCaG?@ R@H HFR@? R@ HD ACaMJ>RDR aMTMHaDJD 3TaD>HFE )@ A@JB?[ @J DZCYD? HD TDHMR7
@RMADA>[J7 R@TD??CHHC ?M?DH Y DZCYC D (/.T7 ZD?D @H DZCYC >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ ZDFT@T @J
R@TD??CHHC R@H TM? Y @TB@ R@ <W?>AD Y @J @H TM? Y A@JB?C R@ &T>DE
#J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT @TBD @BDZD @T R@ ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ aMAKDT WMJRDA>CJ@TE )CJ ?@H@]DJB@T
DXM@HHDT XM@ ?@Z?@T@JBDJ HD HMAKD R@ T@ABC?@T B?DR>A>CJDHa@JB@ "@OAHM>RCT8 Y XM@ TCJ
?@TMHBDRC R@ MJ ACJB@OBC ZCHFB>AC ACJ aMAKD aC]>H>RDR ZCHFB>ADE ,@TDHBDJ WMJRDA>CJ@T
ACaC5 0J>[J R@ *DaZ@T>JCT Y +?DGDiDRC?@T R@ &aN?>AD *@TD? *KI]@L gQ^bPh7 QUU 1HDAm
2@J CW &a@?>AD gQ^b\h7 HD Z?>a@?D C?SDJ>LDA>[J DW?CDa@?>ADJD R@ DZCYC D a>S?DJB@T
KCaG?@Tj /DB>CJDH (?SDJ>LDB>CJ WC? eCa@J gQ^bbh7 ZD?D >aZMHTD? HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J ZCHFB>AD
R@ HDT aMi@?@Tj /DB>CJDH *CMJA>H CW $D ,DLD gQ^b_h C?SDJ>LDA>[J K>TZDJD ZC? HD R@W@JTD R@
HCT R@?@AKCT R@ a>S?DJB@TE\U
%C? kHB>aC MJ DACJB@A>a>@JBC >aZC?BDJB@ Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ ZD?D @H )M? .HCGDH7 @J
$DB>JCDaN?>AD WM@ HD >)(40.+&,' m)/2)7 R@TR@ Q^VV KDTBD Q^bP HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?
ACJ DYMRD R@ CB?DT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaC HD 6MJRDA>[J 6C?R7 >aZMHTD?CJ HD DZH>ADA>[J R@ HCT
P^ 1D?mDB>E gUQ R@ #J@?C R@ PUQUhE c4/02 4- Y"0$DE *CJTMHBDRC QU R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J &GGDT>RT5
KBBZ5nnfffEGD?mDB>EJ@Bn@JSH>TKn
\U /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTB E gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 78/159
d_
D]DJA@T A>@JBFW>ACT @J HD DS?>AMHBM?D7 ACaC MJD ]FD ZD?D DMa@JBD? HD Z?CRMAA>[J R@
DH>a@JBCT B@J>@JRC ACJT@AM@JA>DT A?>B>ADGH@T R@TR@ MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@H R@TD??CHHC
TMTB@JBDGH@ g(?BCHH7 PUU\hE
;/;/= (_EHCH CF JNK NEZFBGH
#TBD RNADRD BM]C ACaC ACJB@OBC HD A?FB>AD D HD ACJR>A>CJDH>RDR R@ HD *CCZ@?DA>[J
3JB@?JDA>CJDH .MG@?JDa@JBDH Y TM ZCAD @W@AB>]>RDR @J ?@TCH]@? HD ZCG?@LD R@ HCT ZDFT@T R@H
)M? .HCGDHE &H W>JDH R@ @TBD RNADRD T@ H@ HHDaC ACaC "HD RNADRD Z@?R>RD8 ZM@T D Z@TD? R@
XM@ HDT DS@JA>DT >J]>?B>@?CJ a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T ZD?D Z?CA@TCT R@ R@TD??CHHC DH?@R@RC? R@H
aMJRC JC T[HC JC T@ DADGC HD ZCG?@LD T>JC DH W>J R@ HCT CAK@JBD KDGFD aIT ZCG?@T @J @H
aMJRCE
#J @H ADTC R@ #M?CZD WM@ MJD @BDZD WHC?@A>@JB@ @JB?@ RCJDJB@T Y ACCZ@?DJB@T
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ KDA>D $DB>JCDaN?>ADE #TBD ACCZ@?DA>[J #M?CZ@D R@H /C?B@ .HCGDH7
ACa>@JLD ZCJ@ @J AM@TB>[J HCT aCR@HCT B?DR>A>CJDH@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @TBDGH@A>RCT R@
D??>GD KDA>D DGDiC g+CZc'CfJhE +DaG>NJ T@ >J>A>D MJD @BDZD R@ @RMADA>[J @ >JA>R@JA>D @J
aDB@?>D R@ HCT aCR@HCT R@ R@TD??CHHC T>@JRC aIT ]>T>GH@ TM ZDZ@H R@ R>TAMT>[J R@ HD
DS@JRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH @J B@aDT ACaC ACa@?A>C iMTBC7 ZCHFB>ADT R@ DiMTB@ @TB?MABM?DH7
B?DBDRCT R@ H>G?@ ACa@?A>C7 @JB?@ CB?CT g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_VhE #J @H ADTC R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J W>JDJA>@?D @T >aZC?BDJB@ HD ACaZD?DA>[J XM@ KDA@ 1>AmD?B TCG?@ @TBD RNADRD5
#H BCBDH R@H >JS?@TC R@ HDT DS@JA>DT R@ DYMRD Z?>]DRD ZDT[ R@ _bU a>HHCJ@T R@R[HD?@T @J Q^dU D V G>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T @J Q^_^7 HC AMIH T>SJ>W>A[ @H QPv R@H BCBDH R@HCT WHMiCT R@ DYMRD ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC @J @H )M?gyh #J Q^dU HD DYMRD CW>A>DH TCHCACJB?>GMY[ ACJ MJ aD?S>JDH QE`v R@H Z?@TMZM@TBC R@ HDT DS@JA>DT R@ HD DYMRDZ?>]DRD7 >JA?@a@JBIJRCT@ S?DRMDHa@JB@ D dv@J Q^dV7 Y ?IZ>RDa@JB@ DHADJLDJRC
DH?@R@RC? R@ VUv @J Q^_UE gA>BDRC @J )IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_`h
%C? CB?C HDRC @J $DB>JCDaN?>AD ACa>@JLDJ D TM?S>? HDT 6MJRDA>CJ@T *CaMJ>BD?>DT7 HD
Z?>a@?D @J HD ?@S>[J @T @H 6CJRC *[?RC]D R@ &?S@JB>JD WMJRDRD @J Q^_b7 A?@DRD ZC?
@aZ?@TD?>CT ACJ ACJA>@JA>D AF]>AD @JWCADRCT @J a@iC?D? HDT CZC?BMJ>RDR@T @RMADB>]DT R@
HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T HCADH@T g1@?S@?7 PUU^5 PhE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 79/159
d^
#J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 T@ @TB>aD XM@ ZD?D @TBD RNADRD HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T Y C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T
W>HDJB?[Z>ADT HH@SD?CJ D ACJBD? ACJ „V_EP G>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T Y ACJ MJD ADJB>RDR R@ ZCAC
aIT R@ PP a>H WMJRDA>CJ@T ?@S>TB?DRDT ZD?D @TB@ Z@?>CRCE #J @TBD @BDZD R@TBDAD HD
A?@DA>[J R@H Z?CS?DaD R@ W@HHCfT R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J 2DA&?BKM? gQ^_Qhj &a@?>ADJ #OZ?@TT
gQ^_bh HDJLD HD Z?>a@?D ADaZDoD R@ aD?m@B>JS ZD?D ?@TBDM?D? HD #TBDBMD R@ HD $>G@?BDR XM@
?@ADMRD MJ BCBDH R@ „QEd a>HHCJ@T7 @TB@ DACJB@A>a>@JBC T@ ACJT>R@?D ACaC HD SNJ@T>T R@H
aC]>a>@JBC R@ ,@TZCJTDG>H>RDR )CA>DH #aZ?@TD?>DH Y R@ HD ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT
ACCZ@?DB>]CTE #J Q^_\7 T@ K>LC MJD aCR>W>ADA>[J W>TADH R@JB?C R@H A[R>SC >JB@?JC R@
>JS?@TCT XM@ @T XM>@J ?@SMHD @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T7 @J HD T@AA>[J
`UQ DZD?BDRC A7 @J TM TMG DZD?BDRC \7 HD AMDH R@JB?C R@ HD @TW@?D R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @T
ACJCA>RD ACaC `UQgAhg\hE #TBD ADB@SC?FD W>TADH Z@?a>B>[ D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ B@JFDJ @TB@
@TBDBMT G?>JRD? ?@AM?TCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T T>@aZ?@ Y AMDJRC HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ?@A@ZBC?DT
WM@?DJ @XM>ZD?DGH@T @J TMT ZDFT@T D HD W>SM?D ?@SMHDRD ZC? @H `UQgAhg\h7 @T R@A>? TM CGi@B>]C
TCA>DH T@ @JWCAD?D @J TDHMR7 @RMADA>[J7 G>@J@TBD? TCA>DH gR@?@AKCT KMaDJCTh7 A>@JA>D7 @JB?@
CB?CTE\Q
)@ WMJRD& J>]@H aMJR>DH @H R@TAMG?>a>@JBC R@H ;3lnT>RD WM@ R@ HCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT aIT
?@H@]DJB@T R@ @TBD RNADRD7 @J @TB@ ACJB@OBC T@ A?@D @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 +K@ .DY}$@TG>DJ&HH>DJA@ &SD>JTB '>WDaDB>CJ gQ^_`h7 ACJB?D HD R>TA?>a>JDA>[J R@ @TB@ T@ABC?E\P
#TBD NZCAD ?@Z?@T@JB[ MJ ACJB@OBC R@ "GCCa8 R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC D B?D]NT R@ HD TCA>@RDR
A>]>H C DS@JA>DT JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T ZD?D R>]@?TCT B@aDT Y I?@DT S@CS?IW>ADT DH?@R@RC? R@H
aMJRCE
\Q %D?D Z?CWMJR>LD? aIT ?@TZ@ABC D @TBDT AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT R@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T ?@W@?>?T@ D
$DLFJ gPUUd5 Q^^h
\P /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTBE gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 80/159
_U
;/;/> (_EHCH CF JNK BNWFBGH
$D RNADRD R@ HCT JC]@JBD @T aD?ADRD ZC? HD *DFRD R@H 2M?C R@ 1@?HFJ Y @H *CJT@JTC R@
eDTK>JSBCJ7 @TBCT RCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T >aZDABD?CJ @J HD DS@JRD R@ HDACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 @J @H R@TD??CHHC R@ HCT ZDFT@T Y @J HD R>]>T>[J S@CZCHFB>AD
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE %D?D )IJAK@L7 @TBCT RCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT aD?ADJ HDT JM@]DT B@JR@JA>DT R@
HD ACCZ@?DA>[J5 "$DT ZCHFB>ADT J@CH>G@?DH@T7 HD Z?Ca>J@JA>D R@H a@?ADRC7 HD ?@RMAA>[J R@H
ZDZ@H R@H #TBDRC7 HDT R@aCA?DA>DT H>G@?DH@T Y @H ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC R@H >aZC?BDJB@ ZDZ@H R@ HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 T@?>DJ HCT T>SJCT XM@ B?DLD?FDJ HDT JM@]DT B@JR@JA>DT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH8 g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_bhE
$CT DoCT JC]@JBD T>SJ>W>AD?CJ MJD a@LAHD ACaZH@iD R@ DACJB@A>a>@JBCT7 ZM@T T@ ]@JFD
D??DTB?DJRC HDT R@T>SMDHRDR@T @ACJ[a>ADT Y DaG>@JBDH@T R@ HD RNADRD R@ HCT CAK@JBD @J @H
)M? .HCGDH ACJ MJ DMa@JBC @OZCJ@JA>DH R@ ZCGHDA>[J Y @H A?@A>a>@JBC @ACJ[a>AC R@ HDT
ZCB@JA>DT D ZD?B>? R@ HD @OZ?CZ>DA>[J R@ HCT ?@AM?TCT ACaC @J@?SNB>ACT7 aDB@?>DT Z?>aDT C
aDJC R@ CG?D aDH ZDSDRD R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDHE #TBC @J ZDFT@T R@H )M? .HCGDH Z?C]CA[
ZCADT ACJR>A>CJ@T ZD?D SD?DJB>LD? #TBDRCT WM@?B@T XM@ a@iC?D?DJ HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T R@ ]>RD
R>SJD R@ HDT Z@?TCJDTE
#J aDB@?>D R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J CW>A>DH DH R@TD??CHHC @J @TBD RNADRD7 T@ CGT@?]D @H W@J[a@JC
R@ HC XM@ T@ ACJCA@ ACaC HD "WDB>SD R@ HD DYMRD87 D ZD?B>? R@ ?@S>TB?D? CW>A>DHa@JB@ TM aIT
GDiC J>]@H R@ HDT kHB>aDT RCT RNADRDT ZC? ZD?B@ R@ HD &('7 XM@ WM@ R@H UE\ ZC? A>@JBC R@H
%31 ZD?D Q^^\ g)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_bhE
%@?C @J @H IaG>BC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @O>TB>@?CJ R>W@?@JA>DT S@CZCHFB>ADT
XM@ JCT R@aM@TB?DJ XM@ T> G>@J @J DHSMJDT ?@S>CJ@T C ZDFT@T @TZ@AFW>ACT T@ ?@RMiC HD
DYMRD ACaC ZM@R@ T@? @H ADTC R@ $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 @J CB?DT ?@S>CJ@T HD DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH
R@TR@ HCT C?SDJ>TaCT JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T T>SM>[ DMa@JBDJRC7 aMY ACJB?D?>Da@JB@ DH
Z?CA@TC R@ HD &('7 ACaC WM@?D @H ADTC R@ HD ?@S>[J R@ <W?>ADE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 81/159
_Q
#J @TBD RNADRD R@TR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J @M?CZ@D T@ ?@DH>LD?CJ R>]@?TCT @TBMR>CT R@ >aZDABC Y
@]DHMDA>[J XM R>C >J S>?C @J @H ZD?DR>SaD R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JE & Z@TD? R@H DMS@ HD >J]@?T>[J
XM@ BM]>@?CJ @J HCT CAK@JBD HCT ?@BCT @J aDB@?>D R@ HD ZCG?@LD T@SMFDJ T>@JRC MJD
?@DH>RDR @J @H )M? .HCGDHE #J @TBD R>]@?T>RDR R@ @TBMR>CT HCT ?@TMHBDRCT WM@?CJ XM@ JHK
HQFBEDHK P KLK ENBGMHRHMGFK FB FJ $LM R@G@?FDJ R@ @JWCAD?T@ aIT @J5 [30$')$+&,' 2)
3/45)+#4"R D`#424" 2) )($0.$+&,'R )-&+&)'+&$ 4/*$'&1$+&4'$0R $++4.'#$F&0\ g)IJAK@L
.MB>N??@L7 PUU_5 P_bh; %D?D @TBD DMBC?D7 @TBCT @TBMR>CT WM@?CJ TMTBDJA>DH@T ZD?D R>?>S>? MJD
JM@]D @BDZD R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @J HDT DS@JA>DT @M?CZ@DTj XM@ D ZD?B>? R@ @TB@
AM@TB>CJDa>@JBC ZCJ@J ACaC Z?>C?>RDR R@ HDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T HD ZCAD ADZDA>RDR R@
"@W>A>@JA>D8 R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[JE
#TBC Z?C]CA[ MJ ADaG>C R@ Z@?TZ@AB>]D XM@ ]@J>D R@TR@ @H "ZDB@?JD?>DRCcACJW>DJLDc
TCH>RD?>RDR8 D HD H[S>AD R@ HD "@W>ADA>Dc@W>A>@JA>D8 ACaC JM@]D ?@SHD R@H iM@SCE )>J @aGD?SC
@TB@ Z?CA@TC R@ ADaG>C R@ ZD?DR>SaD JC CAM??>[ ACJ CB?CT DABC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH @J CB?DT ?@S>CJ@T R@H aMJRCE
#J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 @H R@TD??CHHC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J DMa@JB[ TMTBDJA>DHa@JB@ @J @TBD
RNADRDE %D?D >J>A>CT R@ HCT JC]@JBD KF MFQDKGMHMNB =;T>g5 ULBCHEDNBFK P RHMH UDBHJFK CF
5jjj ZHI]HB >kTggg MFQDKGMNKT ENB LB SNBGN CF CNBHGDWNK YLF JJFQHIH H l5gg/m SDJ
SDJJNBFK CF COJHMFK/ \\ %D?D @TB@ ZDFT HD DAMaMHDA>[J R@ ?>XM@LD ]D @J DMa@JBC7
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ ZC?XM@ HDT @aZ?@TDT XM@ @TBIJ WCa@JBDJRC @H J@CH>G@?DH>TaC Y HD
SHCGDH>LDA>[J DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC TCJ @J TM aDYC?FD @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@TE %D?D 1M?TB@>J JC
@T ZCT>GH@ T@ZD?D? @J @TBD @BDZD HCT >JS?@TCT ZC? HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J Y J@CH>G@?DH>TaC R@H DMS@
R@ aCJBCT @J HD W>HDJB?CZFD @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@5
\\ /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTBE gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 82/159
_P
#J HD B?DJT>A>[J R@ HD ZCTSM@??D W?FD D HD @?D AD?DAB@?>LDRD ZC? HD J@C SHCGDH>LDA>[J7R>TB>JSM>RD ZC? @H B?DTHDRC R@H aDJ@iC R@ HCT ?@AM?TCT @ACJ[a>ACT D HDT @aZ?@TDTZ?>]DRDT B?DJTJDA>CJDH@T7 HD WMJA>[J A@JB?DH R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACJ ]>T>[J>JB@?JDA>CJDH>TBD T@ ]M@H]@ aIT ZCHFB>AD Y DaZHFD TM ]>T>[J R@ HD R@aCA?DA>D D HD
ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ HD SCG@?JDJLDE g1M?TB@>J7 PUU_5 \P`h
#T R@A>? HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 XM@ 1M?TB@>J HHDaD "6MJRDA>CJ@T R@ *C?B@ 3JB@?JDA>CJDH>TBD8 JC
TCHC ]DJ >JA?@a@JBDJRC TMT ?@AM?TCT Y Z?@T@JA>D @J HD D?@JD >JB@?JDA>CJDH T>JC XM@ ]DJ
aCR>W>ADJRC TM Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ >JB@?]@JA>[J ]CHAIJRCT@ aIT ZCHFB>AD Y R@ DZCYC
R@aCA?IB>ACE €H a@JA>CJD Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ RCT HD 6MJRDA>[J 2DA&?BKM? Y HD 6MJRDA>[J
{@HHHCSSE
#J aDB@?>D R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ T@ ACJWC?aDJ @J @TB@ ZDFT7 R@TBDADJ HDT R@ ZCGHDA>CJ@T
C T@ABC?@T @TZ@AFW>ACT XM@ ]DJ ACG?DJRC aIT WM@?LD ACaC "/DB>]@ &a@?>ADJT >J
%K>HDJB?CZY8 gQ^^Uh7 "rMTB>J 'D?B } '?E )YH]>D eDHm@?7 +K@ &a@?>ADJ &TTCA>DB>CJ CW %@CZH@
f>BK '>TDG>H>B>@T8 gQ^^`h WMJRDA>[J R@ DZCYC D Z@?TCJDT ACJ R>TADZDA>RDRE
(B?C B>ZC R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ TCJ B?DTA@JR@JBDH@T ZC? @H ZCR@? XM@ B>@J@J @J HD CZ>J>[J
R@ ZkGH>AD DHSMJDT R@ HDT A@H@G?>RDR@T ACaC ZC? @i@aZHC5 #HBCJ rCKJ &3') 6CMJRDB>CJ T@
WMJRD @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT @J Q^^P Y R@TZMNT @J 3JSHDB@??D @J Q^^\j C "*C?ZC?DB>CJ WC?
/DB>CJDH DJR *CaaMJ>BY )@?]>A@8 gQ^^\h >J>A>DB>]D R@ 1>HH *H>JBCJj "(Z@J )CA>@BY8 gQ^^\h
WMJRDA>[J R@ .@C?S@ )C?CT7 Vl@fH@BBc%DAmD?R 6CMJRDB>CJ8 gQ^^bh DZCYDRD ACJ HD aDYC?
K@?@JA>D R@ WCJRC ZDB?>aCJ>DH XM@ T@ RCJD ACaC K@?@JA>D D TM aM@?B@7 %DAmD?R G?>JRD „V
a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE\V
(B?CT DACJB@A>a>@JBC XM@ T>@JBD MJ Z?@A@R@JB@ >aZC?BDJB@ R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH @J @H IaG>BC >JB@?JDA>CJDH @T @H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@H a>HHCJD?>C +@R +M?J@?
\V /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTBE gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 83/159
_\
RM@oC R@ *//7 DH )>TB@aD R@ /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT @J Q^^dE €H KDA@ MJD "Z?Ca@TD8 ZD?D HD
(/0 R@ „ Q a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 ACaC MJD WC?aD R@ AM@TB>CJD? HD WDHBD R@ ZDSC R@ HDT
AMCBDT AC??@TZCJR>@JB@T ZC? ZD?B@ R@ DHSMJCT SCG>@?JCT ACaC @H R@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCTE )M
ADaZDoD HHDaDRD |ZCJ>@JRC TCG?@ D]>TC D HCT ?>ACT| Z?CaC]>[ HD A?@DA>[J R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J
R@ HDT /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT7 ZD?D DRa>J>TB?D? TMT RCJDA>CJ@TE %D?D @H PUUb7 +M?J@? YD KDGFD
AMaZH>RC @J ADT> MJ bUv TM Z?Ca@TD R@ DZC?BDA>[J DH )>TB@aD R@ /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDTE
(B?C R@ HCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT XM@ aD?ADJ B@JR@JA>D7 WM@ @J Q^^d HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ "1>HH
DJR 2@H>JRD .DB@T 6CMJRDB>CJ8 AMYD Z?>a@?D a>T>[J WM@ DZCYD? D HDT H>G?@?FDT ZkGH>ADT R@H
ZDFT Z@?C ZD?D Q^^_7 DTMa@J ACaC Z?>C?>RDR @H B@aD R@ HD TDHMR ZkGH>AD aMJR>DH7 HD AMDH
>J>A>D ACJ MJD RCJDA>[J7 HD aIT S?DJR@ @J HD K>TBC?>D R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 R@ „Qb a>Ha>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T\` @JWCADRD D @TBD Z?>C?>RDRE
'@TR@ HD ?@S>[J HDB>JCDa@?>ADJD @TBD RNADRD BDaG>NJ T>SJ>W>A[ A?@A>a>@JBC R@JB?C R@H
IaG>BC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T JDA>CJDH@T7 ZC? @i@aZHC5
%D?D Q^^^7 @J BN?a>JCT R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T HDB>JCDa@?>ADJDT7 @O>TB@ MJD S?DJK@B@?CS@J@>RDR R@B?IT R@ @TBD W>SM?D H@SDH7 Z@?C KDTBD DKC?D K@aCT >R@JB>W>ADRC?@HDB>]Da@JB@ ZCADT g\Q_ @J T>@B@ ZDFT@Th XM@ TCJ Z?>]DRDT7 DMB[JCaDT @J TM
S@TB>[J Y XM@ ZCT@@J DHSkJ ZDB?>aCJ>C Z?CZ>CE '@ @TB@ S?MZC7 HD aDYC?FD ZD?@A@T@? CZ@?DJB@T DJB@T R@ RCJDJB@T7 DMJ AMDJRC MJ bUv gPUV WMJRDA>CJ@Th >JAHMY@ HDTRCJDA>CJ@T D B@?A@?CT ACaC ZD?B@ R@ TMT DAB>]>RDR@T Z@?aDJ@JB@TE &T>a>TaC7 @JTM aDYC? ZD?B@ AD?@A@J R@ )'24fD)'#" M CB?CT >JS?@TCT ACJTBDJB@T ZD?D TCTB@J@?TMT DAB>]>RDR@T ?MB>JD?>DTE g)DJGC?J7 PUU\5 QQh
#T R@A>? @J HD ?@S>[J HDB>JCDa@?>ADJD HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T WM@?CJ A?@A>@JRC aMAKC aIT7 ZC?
@i@aZHC @J @H ADTC R@ 2NO>AC ACa>@JLDJ D @O>TB>? MJ S?MZCT R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT7
@aZ?@TD?>DH@T7 C WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T XM@ HCS?DJ T@? MJD DABC? R@ ?@W@?@JA>D @J HD
\` /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTBE gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 84/159
_V
ACCZ@?DA>[J JDA>CJDHE '@TBDAD @H DJIH>T>T R@H *@JB?C 2@O>ADJC ZD?D HD 6>HDJB?CZFD XM>NJ
ZMGH>AD7 XM@ HDT 3JTB>BMA>CJ@T 'CJDJB@T g3'h gTM ADB@SC?FD ZD?D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T JDA>CJDH@Th
KDJ W>JDJA>DRC aMAKC aIT XM@ HDT Z?CZ>DT DS@JA>DT SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T D J>]@H JDA>CJDH5
#JB?@ Q^^^ Y PUUU7 HDT 3' 2@O>ADJDT RCJD?CJ aIT R@ Q\_ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@TCT g@TBDTMaD T>J ACJBD? HCT DZ?CO>aDRDa@JB@7 HCT PPQ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@TCT CBC?SDRCT ZC? @H/DA>CJDH 2CJB@ R@ %>@RDRh7 A>W?D a@JC? R@ HC CBC?SDRC R@JB?C R@H Z?CS?DaD R@6CJRCT R@ *C>J]@?T>[J XM@ DTA@JR>[ D QP\ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@TCTE g/DBDH7 PUUP5 Q`h
%C? CB?C HDRC R@TR@ CB?DT ?@S>CJ@T7 @H ADTC R@ rDZ[J R@TBDAD @J HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH HD >J>A>DB>]D "%CTBDH )D]>JST WC? 3JB@?JDB>CJDH ;CHMJBD?Y &>R8 MJD
C?SDJ>LDA>[J ACJTB>BM>RD ZC? HD (W>A>JD R@ *C??@CT R@ rDZ[J @J Q^^QE $D >JB@JA>[J @?D
RCJD? HCT >JB@?@T@T S@J@?DRCT ZC? DKC??CT R@ Z@?TCJDT D Z?CY@ABCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZD?D @H
R@TD??CHHCE %D?D PUUQ YD KDGFD Pb a>HHCJ@T R@ AM@JBDT ACJB?>GMY@JRC DH T>TB@aD g*Ca>B@
R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7 PUUV5 V`hE
%C? kHB>aC D W>JDH@T R@ HCT JC]@JBD Y aIT WM@?B@a@JB@ D ZD?B>? R@H DoC PUUU7 HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T R@TR@ <W?>AD ]DJ SDJDJRC aDYC? Z?@T@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDHE )>J @aGD?SC @J
@TBCT DoCT R@TBDAD HD Z?>a@? WMJRDA>[J ACaMJ>BD?>D WMJRDRD @J {@JYD @J Q^^b7 "{@JYD
*CaaMJ>BY '@]@HCZa@JB 6CMJRDB>CJ8 ACJ a>?DT D >JA?@a@JBD? HD ADZDA>RDR R@ HDT
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T A>MRDRDJDT ZD?D ZD?B>A>ZD? @J DAB>]>RDR@T R@ R@TD??CHHC ACaMJ>BD?>C @
>JB?CRMA>? DAB>]>RDR@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADT ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC JDA>CJDHE\b
\b *CaMJDH>D gPUQVhE 64D.'$0&$R <0&$'1$ 2) d.'2$+&4')" 64D.'&#$/&$" 2) ?`@&+4E *CJTMHBDRC UQ R@ Ub R@
PUQV @J 6MJRDA>CJ@T *CaMJ>BD?>DT @J @H 2MJRC 5 KBBZ5nnfffEACaMJDH>DEC?SEaOnJM@TB?DTEZKZ
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 85/159
_`
9$F0$ W; <'#)+)2)'#)" 2) 0$ 6443)/$+&,' &'#)/'$+&4'$0 2) J4+&)2$2 6&(&0
6>JDHa@JB@7 @J @TB@ ?@AM@JBC K>TB[?>AC XM@ JC Z?@B@JR@ T@? @OKDMTB>]C T>JC @i@aZH>W>AD?
HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @J BN?a>JCT aMY S@J@?DH@T7
TCG?@TDH@J B?@T aCa@JBCT B?DTA@JR@JBDH@T ZD?D HD K>TBC?>D R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH5 HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ HDT A>MRDR@T C ZCH>T R@TR@ @H
/C?B@ .HCGDHj HD ACJWC?aDA>[J @J @H /C?B@ .HCGDH R@ HDT >SH@T>DT Y TM @OZDJT>[J ]FD
ACHCJ>LDA>[J C ACJXM>TBD R@H )M? .HCGDHj HDT ACJT@AM@JA>DT R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH Y
TMGT@AM@JB@T DACJB@A>a>@JBCT GNH>ACTE
& aDJ@?D ACJAHMT>[J T@ ZM@R@ CGT@?]D? XM@ @H R@TD??CHHC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 KDJ T>RC WM@?B@a@JB@ >aZMHTDRD ZC? ACYMJBM?DT ZCHFB>ADT7 ?@H>S>CTDT7R@ aC]>a>@JBCT TCA>DH@T7 GNH>ADT7 Y XM@ NTB@ >aZDABC KD T>RC R>W@?@JB@ @J ADRD ?@S>[J R@H
aMJRCE )> G>@J HCT DACJB@A>a>@JBC Z?@T@JBDRCT WM@?CJ DACBDRCT7 GMTAC R@aCTB?D? HCT
R>]@?TCT DJB@A@R@JB@T7 @J 2@R>C (?>@JB@7 $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y #M?CZD JC
1IOFMFNFIOFD,KDOJGKMHD
n
-LEFGKH 0HLCIHn -WPFDKCD )COJPKMC F-DPgLKMC
n BVFGGCD =VINKCPFD
[;uD`2;uDn 1VWF NF =HRKLKFIOHD
.HMKCPFDn )GKDKD NF *FDCGGHPPPHn +IGKiVFMKLKFIOH NF
EHOFIMKCD
8;uDn AHHL NFP
lKICIMKCLKFIOH C .)n )GKDKD +MHIHLKMCD FI
FP .VG BPHhCPn *FDMVhGKLKFIOH NFP
:-,ZDKNCn 'CGOKMKECMKJI NF
MHGEHGCMKHIFD#
>;uD CP ";$9n )HHEFGCMKJI
MHIOFLEHGgIFC NFHGWCIKDLHD IHWVhFGICLFIOCPFD#
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 86/159
_b
ACaC ADTCT kJ>ACT7 T>JC ACaC @i@aZHCT R@ HD R>]@?T>RDR Y R@ HDT ?@DH>RDR@T aIT
RCAMa@JBDRDTE
)> G>@J B?DR>A>CJDHa@JB@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH KD ACCZ@?DRC aMAKC aIT ZC? B@J@? aDYC? WM@?LD@ACJ[a>AD D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 BDaG>NJ @O>TB@J @OZ@?>@JA>DT R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDHE 9M@
ACaC T@ @i@aZH>W>A[ KDJ @O>TB>RC WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT7 WMJRDA>CJ@T7 XM@ R@TR@ CB?DT
HDB>BMR@T KDJ S@J@?DRC BDaG>NJ ACCZ@?DA>[J7 @T R@A>? JC TCHC HCT ZDFT@T C Z@?TCJDT aIT
?>ADT ZM@R@J ACCZ@?D?E
)>J @aGD?SC HDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T ZD?D @TB@ ?@AM@JBC K>TB[?>AC TCJ aMAKDT7 @J ZD?B>AMHD? @H
DJIH>T>T R@ aIT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ G?>JRDJ ACCZ@?DA>[J WMJRDRDT @J <W?>AD7 &T>D Y @H
*D?>G@ XM@ T>J RMRD BDaG>NJ KDJ B@J>RC Z?CA@TCT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J Z@?C JC WM@?CJ
DT@XM>GH@T ZD?D @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[JE #J @H ADTC R@ DHSMJCT ZDFT@T R@ <W?>AD Y lD>BF HD
DMT@JA>D R@ >JWC?aDA>[J R@ TM ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC RCJDJB@T ACJB?DTBD ACJ @H
K@AKC R@ XM@ KDJ T>RC R@ HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T ?@A@ZBC?@T R@ NTBD Y R@ HD AMDH KDJ @O>TB>RC
R>]@?TDT A?FB>ADTE %C? @i@aZHC ZD?D $H>TBD? gPUU_h DHSMJDT R@ @TBDT DAB>]>RDR@T R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J aIT G>@J KDJ T>RC ADBDHCSDRDT ACaC DJB>cACCZ@?DA>[J C >JB@?W@?@JA>DT
J@SDB>]DT ZC?XM@ H>a>BDJ TM ADZDA>RDR R@ DMBCJCaFD W?@JB@ D HD >JWHM@JA>D R@ DABC?@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 JC T@ S@J@?DJ Z?CA@TCT R@ R@TD??CHHC HCADH7 Y HDT Z?>C?>RDR@T @TBIJ
R@W>J>RDT ZC? @H DABC? XM@ ZCJ@ HCT ?@AM?TCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ "ACCZ@?DA>[J8 g$H>TBD? 1CTAK7
PUU^hE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 87/159
_d
= ,B\JDKDK CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJT JHK ULBCHEDNBFKT JNK
UNBCNK DBCFRFBCDFBGFK P FJ RHRFJ CF JHK RFMKNBHK/
#TB@ ADZFBMHC DJDH>LDaCT HD >JWHM@JA>D Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HCT DABC?@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACaC TCJ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y HDT Z@?TCJDT R@TR@
HDT ADB@SC?FDT R@H /C?B@ .HCGDH ACaC DXM@HHDT A@JB?DH>LDRDT Y T>J DZCYD? D HD )CA>@RDR
*F]>AD Y R@H )M? .HCGDH ACJ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD Y WC?BDH@A>@JRC D HD
)CA>@RDR *F]>ADE
*Ca@JLDaCT ACJ MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J S@J@?DH TCG?@ TM ZDZ@H @J HD DABMDH ACYMJBM?D
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE '@TZMNT ZC? ADRD DABC? Z?@T@JBDaCT HDT @OZ@?>@JA>DT XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT R@H
/C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE
#J @H ADTC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?@T@JBDaCT MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J aIT @HDGC?DRD7 D ZD?B>? R@
?@AMZ@?D? RDBCT R@H kJ>AC >JWC?a@ CW>A>DH R@TR@ @H *&' gPUU\h Y HC DABMDH>LDaCT ACJ A>W?DT
R@ PUQUE '@TZMNT Z?@T@JBDaCT HCT ADTCT XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT ACaC >J>A>DB>]DT R@TR@ @H
/C?B@ .HCGDH ACaC TCJ5 HD ?@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@ R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? Y @H ADTC R@
.CCSH@E '@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH7 T@ Z?@T@JBD @H ADTC R@ (Z@J )CA>@BY 6MJRDB>CJT R@ )C?CTE
'@TZMNT DGC?RDaCT @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT R@JB?C R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACaC
DS@JB@T7 KDA>@JRC MJ G?@]@ ?@AM@JBC R@ TM >aZDABC7 Y T@ Z?@T@JBDJ HCT ADTCT R@ 1CJC
ACaC MJ @i@aZHC R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ *?CfRWMJR>JS
ACaC @i@aZHCT R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDHE
%C? kHB>aC Z?@T@JBDaCT @H ADTC R@ HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T R@ HCT aC]>a>@JBCT TCA>DH@T
@H ADTC R@H 6CJRC R@ r[]@J@T 6@a>J>TBDT 6,3'&7 XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT R@H )M? .HCGDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 88/159
__
=/5 -NBGFcGN HEGLHJ F DBUJLFBEDH DBGFMBHEDNBHJ/
4CD UVINCMKHIFD OKFIFI DVUKMKFIOFD UHINHD EGHEKHD MHLH ECGC NFDCGGHPPCGCMOKRKNCNFD NF PCGWH EPCcH iVF FIOGC_CI GKFDWHD FPFRCNHD f iVF EVFNFIGFDVPOCG KLEHEVPCGFD ECGC NFOFGLKICNCD MHGGKFIOFD NF HEKIKJI# +I FDOF
MHIOFmOH\ IH FD DHGEGFINFIOF iVF CPWVIHD NF PHD FDUVFGcHD LgD FmKOHDHD NFPCD UVINCMKHIFD FDOkI GFPCMKHICNHD MHI PC KIRFDOKWCMKJI f NFDCGGHPPH NF PCD
UCDFD KIKMKCPFD NF KLEPCIOCMKJI NF IVFRCD OkMIKMCD f OFMIHPHWbCD# !A$<98) B)
;>(B= =* C)%=##$**$+ -..D0 -/3
& Z@TD? R@ HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT R@ HCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J JC WM@7 T>JC KDTBD @H 6C?C R@ &HBC />]@H TCG?@ HD #W>ADA>D R@ HD &YMRD7 HH@]DRC D
ADGC @J R>A>@aG?@ R@ PUQQ7 @J 1MTDJ *C?@D RCJR@ T@ H@T ?@ACJCA@ TM DZC?BDA>[J @J HD
DS@JRD CW>A>DH R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE\d #J @TB@ WC?C TCG?@ HD #W>ADA>D R@ HD &YMRD
(W>A>DH DH '@TD??CHHC g&('h T@ >JAC?ZC?[ ZC? Z?>a@?D ]@L @H BN?a>JC 2) <0&$'1$ I04F$0 3$/$
0$ !-&+$+&$ 2) 0$ <5.2$ KI04F$0 g$/#')/"C&3 -4/ !--)+#&() =)()043D)'# 6443)/$#&4'QR XM@
T>SJ>W>A[ ?@ACJCA@? XM@ R@JB?C R@ HD DS@JRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
SMG@?JDa@JBDH @?D J@A@TD?>C >JAHM>? DABC?@T ACaC HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 @JB?@
CB?CT5
$D ACaZH@i>RDR DABMDH R@ HD D?XM>B@ABM?D R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J KD @]CHMA>CJDRC aITDHHI R@H ZD?DR>SaD /C?B@c)M?Egyh +CRCT JCTCB?CT DKC?D WC?aDaCT ZD?B@ R@ MJDJM@]D Y aIT >JAHMY@JB@ DS@JRD R@H R@TD??CHHC @J 1MTDJ7 @J HD AMDH HCT DABC?@TZD?B>A>ZDaCT ACJ GDT@ @J a@BDT ACaMJ@T7 Z?>JA>Z>CT ACaZD?B>RCT Y ACaZ?Ca>TCTR>W@?@JA>DRCTE )CG?@ @TBD a>TaD GDT@7 TDHMRDaCT HD >JAHMT>[J R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7@H T@ABC? Z?>]DRC Y CB?CT DABC?@TE\_
\d #H ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC R@T @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T B>@J@J ACaC DJB@A@R@JB@ >JJ@SDGH@ HD A?@DA>[J R@H
)>TB@aD R@ /DA>CJ@T 0J>RDT Y TM >JAC?ZC?DA>[J D ZD?B>? R@H ?@S>TB?C R@ #*()(* R@TR@ a>BDR R@H T>SHC q3q7JCT ?@W@?>aCT ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ D TM >JAC?ZC?DA>[J Y ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC ACaC DABC?@T R@JB?C R@H T>TB@aD>JB@?JDA>CJDH CW>A>DH R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J DH R@TD??CHHCE
\_ (*'#c*&' gQC R@ R>A>@aG?@ R@ PUQQh7 <0&$'1$ 2) T."$' 3$/$ 0$ 6443)/$+&,' !-&+$1 $0 =)"$//40047
?@AMZ@?DRC @H QV R@ CABMG?@ R@ PUQP R@ &>R @WW@AB>]@J@TT5KBBZ5nnfffEC@AREC?SnRDAnD>R@WW@AB>]@J@TTnWCM?BKK>SKH@]@HWC?MaCJD>R@WW@AB>]@J@TTEKBa…W>]@pZ?>JA>ZH@TE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 89/159
_^
)> G>@J CW>A>DHa@JB@ R@JB?C R@ HD D?XM>B@ABM?D R@ HD DYMRD CW>A>DH DH R@TD??CHHC g&('h @T @J
PUQQ AMDJRC aIT DHHI R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT T@ >J]>BD D HD R>TAMT>[J DH T@ABC? Z?>]DRC7
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 WMJRDA>CJ@T R@ HD @W>ADA>D R@ HD DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 TM
>aZC?BDJA>D KD ACG?DRC ADRD ]@L aIT ?@H@]DJA>D R@TR@ @H >J>A>C R@H JM@]C a>H@J>CE
#i@aZHC R@ @HHC @T XM@ ZD?D PUUU HD ACJB?>GMA>[J R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T Z?>]DRDT @?D R@ ZCAC
aIT R@ B?@T a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T Y aIT R@ HD a>BDR R@ @TBCT ?@AM?TCT Z?C]@JFDJ TCHC R@
WMJRDA>CJ@T MG>ADRDT @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 R@ DAM@?RC D HD (?SDJ>LDA>[J ZD?D HD
*CCZ@?DA>[J Y @H '@TD??CHHC #ACJ[a>AC g(*'#h g*Ca>B@ R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7 PUUVhE
%D?D R>a@JT>CJD? @TBCT RDBCT7 HD &(' CBC?SDRD ZC? HCT C?SDJ>TaCT aMHB>HDB@?DH@T WM@ R@
Qd a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T ZD?D @H a>TaC DoC g(#*'E*&' 7 PUUUhE
(B?C @TBMR>C HC KDA@ e>Hm>@ gPUUd5Q`dh7 XM>NJ D ZD?B>? R@ HCT DAB>]CT W>JDJA>@?CT R@H PUU`
Z?@T@JBD D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T aIT >aZC?BDJB@T R@H aMJRCE $CT ZDFT@T ACJ aDYC? Z?@T@JA>D
>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@TR@ TMT WMJRDA>CJ@T @T T>J RMRD #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 ,@>JC 0J>RCE )CG?@TDH@
1NHS>AD7 3BDH>D7 rDZ[J Y 2NO>AC ZC? TMT AC?ZC?DA>CJ@T Y a>HHCJD?>CT XM@ KDJ WMJRDRC TMT
WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ACaC @H 3JTB>BMBC *D?TC5
,EGDWNK UDBHBEDFMNK CF JHK ULBCHEDNBFK S\K DSRNMGHBGFK CFJ SLBCNT ;ggm
ALBCHEDOB 2DJFK CFSDJJNBFK CFCOJHMFK
+HGFK`9LUUFGG d;ggke bU
"n),d;gg>T9_JQDEHe \d\^
\^ 6MJRDA>[J A?@DRD ZD?D ?@TZDHRD? D HD ACaZDoFD Z?>]DRD 3{#&E g/CBDT R@H &MBC?h
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 90/159
^U
&BDWFMKDCHC CF ?HMWHMC PbVU
iFJENSF %MLKG d.FDBN &BDCNe PP
ANMC QP
^/ 7HLJ +FGGP %MLKG QUVQ
.NIFMG iNNC 0NZBKNB j
4DJJP )BCNoSFBG ^
-HMDRJN d"GHJDHe j
2NBGF CFD 7HKEZD CF $DFBH d"GHJDHe _
nFJJNQQ a
?FoJFGG d
$HKHpNoH d0HROBe m
-HMJNK $JDS d%FJSFc P +MLRN -HMKNe \VP
.NEpFUFJJFM =
-NMRNMHEDOB -HMBFQDF P
VU 6MJRDA>[J CZ@?DB>]D AMYD a>T>[J @T DZCYD? TMT Z?CZ>DT CZ@?DA>CJ@T7 ZC? @i@aZHC @J HD @RMADA>[J
MJ>]@?T>BD?>D Y @H aDJB@J>a>@JBC R@ aMT@CTE g/CBDT R@H &MBC?h
VQ 6MJRDA>[J CZ@?DB>]D AMYD a>T>[J @T DZCYD? TMT Z?CZ>DT CZ@?DA>CJ@T7 ZC? @i@aZHC @J HD @RMADA>[J
MJ>]@?T>BD?>D Y @H aDJB@J>a>@JBC R@ aMT@CTE g/CBD R@H DMBC?h
VP &JMJA>D @J T@ZB>@aG?@ R@ PUUb XM@ @TBI DaZH>DJRC TM DAB>]>RDR W>HDJB?[Z>ADE g/CBD R@H DMBC?h
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 91/159
^Q
$NMNK ` gSDTBDRCTh V\
ALBCHEDOB +NNQJF gZD?B@ ACJ W>J@T R@ HMA?C Z?>]DRC ZD?D @H
WCa@JBC R@ @aZ?@TDT >JJC]DRC?DT ACJ C T>J MB>H>RDR@Th
Q
ALBCHEDOB +NNQJF gZD?B@ B>ZC (?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T )>J 6>J@T R@ $MA?C
%?>]DRCh
^U
9$F0$ V;d.'2$+&4')" DB" &D34/#$'#)" 2)0 D.'24; Kc&0k&)R LMMONGVOQ
#J @H ADTC R@ wXMN BDJBC R@ TM WC?BMJD Z@?TCJDH RCJDJ @TBCT a>HHCJD?>CT KDA>D TMT
WMJRDA>CJ@Tx7 @TB@ @TBMR>C7 ZCJ@ @J Z@?TZ@AB>]D SHCGDH HDT DZC?BDA>CJ@T R@ @TBCT DS@JB@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE ,@TZ@ABC D HCT bU KCaG?@T aIT ?>ACT R@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT @J Z?Ca@R>C
RCJD?CJ T[HC @H QEVv R@ TMT WC?BMJDT XM@ T@ @JAM@JB?D DH?@R@RC? R@ d a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE
e>Hm>@ ACaZD?D HDT WC?BMJDT aIT @XM>ZD?DGH@T R@ *D?J@S>@7 .DB@T7 )C?CT Y )H>a7 XM@ TCJ
HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T a>HHCJD?>CT ge>Hm>@ eE7 PUUd5 bU`cbUdh5
• &JR?@f *D?J@S>@ d_v R@ TM WC?BMJD Z@?TCJDH
• 1>HH .DB@T `Uv R@ TM WC?BMJD Z@?TCJDH
•
)C?CT bUv R@ TM WC?BMJD Z@?TCJDHE•
)H>a _v R@ TM WC?BMJD Z@?TCJDHE
#T ?@H@]DJB@7 A[aC @TBCT a>HHCJD?>CT D Z@TD? R@ TM DAMaMHDA>[J R@ ?>XM@LD R@A>R@J RCJD?
ZC? ?DLCJ@T aC?DH@T7 NB>ADT C W>TADH@T aIT R@ HD a>BDR R@ TMT WC?BMJDT Y @J @H ADTC R@ )H>a
J> T>XM>@?D HH@SD D MJ Q† ZC? A>@JBCE 0JD WC?BMJD XM@ KD Z@TD? R@ T@? S@J@?DRD @J @H )M?
.@CS?IW>ACn2NO>AC Y CB?CT ZDFT@T R@ $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 JC KDA@ MJD ACJB?>GMA>[J
V\ #J HCT Q\ DoCT R@ TM @TBDGH@A>a>@JBC @J Q^^\7 )C?CT KD DZC?BDRC „`7UUU a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE
&ZD?@JB@a@JB@ TM ?@R JC B>@J@ DAB>]CTE $CT RCJDB>]CT R@ )C?CT ZD?D CZ@?D? (Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT JC>JAHMY@ HC XM@ SDTBD ZD?D @JW?@JBD? HD ZCHFB>AD R@ 1MTK 337 SDTBCT JC R@RMA>GH@T R@ HCT >JS?@TCT Z@?TCJDH@T R@)C?CT g/CBD R@H DMBC?h
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 92/159
^P
Z?CZC?A>CJDH D @TBD ?>XM@LD @J HD ?@S>[JE *CaC HC a@JA>CJD @TB@ DMBC? )H>a D Z@TD? R@ T@?
MJ a>HHCJD?>C R@H )M? @TBD H@iCT R@ HDT Z?IAB>ADT W>HDJB?[Z>ADT C R@ DZCYC D MJ )M? .HCGDH5
[04" */$'2)" 2) 0$ -&0$'#/43:$ C$' 2&+C4 H.) #&)')' )0 2)F)/ 2) ."$/ ". 2&')/4 $ -$(4/ 2) 0$
"4+&)2$2 D.'2&$0R J0&D C$ $-&/D$24 H.) ". 2)F)/ )" $+.D.0$/ 2&')/4 Kc&0k&) c;R
LMMONbMOQ\;
#J @H ADTC R@H *&' HD >J]@?T>[J Z?>]DRD R@ ADZ>BDH7 HD W>HDJB?CZFD Y HDT ?@a@TDT TCJ
>JB@S?DRDT @J MJD a>TaD AHDT>W>ADA>[J XM@ TCJ HCT WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT Z?>]DRCTE $D
ACaZH@i>RDR R@ iMJBD? @TBCT RDBCT @T XM@ HD >J]@?T>[J R@ ADZ>BDH JC T@ ZM@R@ ACaZD?D? ACJ
HCT a@ADJ>TaCT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@ DABC?@T ACaC HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T Y R@
DS@JB@T ACaC HDT Z@?TCJDT ACaC HC K@aCT ]@J>RC R@TA?>G>@JRC D HCT HD?SC R@ @TBD B@T>T DH?@ACJCA@? TM @TZ@A>W>A>RDR7 D Z@TD? R@ @HHC7 ACaZD?B>aCT @TBDT A>W?DTE
#J PUQQ DTA@JR>[ D „`dd a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T Y T@ aDJBM]C @TBDGH@ D ZD?B>? R@ PUQUE
#TBCT WHMiCT Z?>]DRCT ACaG>JDRCT R@ >J]@?T>[J @H ADZ>BDH7 HD W>HDJB?CZFD Y HDT ?@a@TDT @?DJ
aIT R@ AMDB?C ]@A@T aDYC? XM@ HCT WHMiCT CW>A>DH@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @J PUQQE '@ DAM@?RC DH
3JTB>BMBC lMRTCJ @TBDT A>W?DT WM@?CJ @H _Uv R@ HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J @ACJ[a>AD BCBDH R@ BCRCT
HCT RCJDJB@T R@H *&' ZD?D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J glMRTCJ 3JTB>BMB@7 PUQ\5 `hE )> R@TSHCTDaCT
@TBCT RDBCT5
•
#H ADZ>BDH R@ >J]@?T>[J Z?>]DRC @J PUQQ7 DTA@JR>[ D „\PP a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE
• #H BCBDH R@ ?@a@TDT R@ BCRCT HCT RCJDJB@T R@H *&' D HCT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC @?DJ
„Q^b a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 MJ H>S@?C DMa@JBC R@ Q^U a>H a>HHCJ@T R[HD?@T @J
PUQUE
• - ZC? kHB>aC HCT WHMiCT R@TR@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD R@H BCBDH R@ BCRCT HCT RCJDJB@T R@H *&'
WM@ „`^ a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T @J PUQQ
)CHC ACJT>R@?DJRC HCT RDBCT R@ W>HDJB?CZFD Y ?@a@TDT NTBCT @J PUQQ DTA>@JR@J D P``
a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 MJD A>W?D ZC? R@GDiC R@ HD &(' XM@ ACaC a@JA>CJDaCT
DJB@?>C?a@JB@ DTA>@JR@ D Qd a>H a>HHCJ@TE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 93/159
^\
'@ DAM@?RC D @TBCT RDBCT Y R@TR@ @H lMRTCJ 3JTB>BMB@ gPUQ\h7 @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT ]DJ
T>@JRC ADRD ]@L aIT ?@H@]DJB@ YD T@D D B?D]NT R@ TM ZDZ@H ACaC W>HIJB?CZCT C ACaC HDT
Z@?TCJDT Y ACaMJ>RDR@T a>S?DJB@T XM@ @J]FDJ ?@a@TDT D TMT ZDFT@T R@ C?>S@JE
$D ACaZH@i>RDR D HD XM@ JCT @JW?@JBDaCT ZD?D ACJCA@? D R@BDHH@ HD >JWHM@JA>D @ACJ[a>AD
R@ @TBD R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T T@ R@G@ D XM@ JC @O>TB@J A>W?DT CW>A>DH@T XM@ >JB@S?@J BCRCT
HCT RDBCT7 T>JC MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ >JTB?Ma@JBCT R@TR@ 0J>]@?T>RDR@T7 *CJTC?A>CT7
(?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD )CA>@RDR *>]>H C DHSMJCT >JWC?a@T SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@ ]DJ
@OZH>ADJRC ZD?A>DHa@JB@ TMT DZC?BDA>CJ@T @ACJ[a>ADT7 B@JR@JA>DT Y Z?>C?>RDR@T
B@aIB>ADTE $D >JWC?aDA>[J TCG?@ HCT WHMiCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH
@TBIJ ACJA@JB?DRCT @J TM aDYC?FD @J @TBMR>D? D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y aMAKCTa@JCT @TBMR>CT DGC?RDJ @H B@aD R@ CB?CT DABC?@T a@JCT ]>T>GH@T ACaC HCT WCJRCT
>JR@Z@JR>@JB@T Y aMAKC a@JCT @H ZDZ@H R@ HCT DS@JB@T ACaC @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDTE
%D?D @OZH>AD? TM ZDZ@H R@JB?C R@ HD DABMDH ACYMJBM?D DGC?RD?@aCT DHSMJCT ADTCT XM@ JCT
Z@?a>BDJ AD?DAB@?>LD? TM ZDZ@H R@JB?C R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
=/5/5
4HK ALBCHEDNBFK "BGFMBHEDNBHJFK CFKCF FJ "BUNMSF CFJ -,(
$DT WMJRDA>CJ@T T@ AD?DAB@?>LDJ ZC? B@J@? MJ WCJRC ACJ @H XM@ G?>JRDJ ?@AM?TCT
W>JDJA>@?CT R@TR@ HD K@?@JA>D R@ DHSMJD WDa>H>D7 MJD @aZ?@TD C D ZD?B>? R@ HD RCJDA>[J R@
Z@?TCJDT C SCG>@?JCTE '@JB?C R@ NTBDT ZCR@aCT ACJT>R@?D? D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T
>JR@Z@JR>@JB@T C Z?>]DRDT7 ACJ ?@AM?TCT R@ AD?IAB@? ZkGH>AC gM (/. >JB@?JDA>CJDH@Th7
WMJRDA>CJ@T WDa>H>D?@T7 WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT7 WMJRDA>CJ@T AC?ZC?DB>]DTE
#J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT HCT A@JB?CT R@ @TBMR>CT 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? Y @H *CMJA>H CJ 6CMJRDB>CJT
>JWC?aD?CJ XM@ HDT RCJDA>CJ@T @W@ABMDRDT ZC? HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T ACJ W>J@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T DHADJLD?CJ HCT T>SM>@JB@T aCJBCT5
• #J PUU` „VEP a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 MJ >JA?@a@JBC R@ ADT> QPv ACaZD?DRC ACJ @H
PUUP g{@?? rE 7 PUUd5 ^`hE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 94/159
^V
•
'@TZMNT ZD?D PUUd ACJ MJ @TB>aDRC R@ dP a>H RCJDA>CJ@T T@ HH@S[ DH aCJBC R@
„`EV a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE *CJT>R@?DJRC HD >JWHDA>[J T@ @TB>a[ MJ DMa@JBC R@
`Uv R@ @TBDT RCJDA>CJ@T ACaZD?DRCT ACJ @H PUUP g6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?c*CMJA>H CJ
6CMJRDB>CJT7 PUU_5 \hE
• #J HD kHB>aD RNADRD @O>TB>[ MJD R@ADFRD @J PUU_ „bE\ a>H a>HHCJ@T HD A>W?D ?NAC?R7
ZM@T ZD?D PUQU GDi[ D „VE\ a> a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T g6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?7 PUQP5 QhE
Y0."#/$+&,' GG; =4'$+&4')" 2) -.'2$+&4')" )"#$24.'&2)'")"
&TF @JB?@ Q^^d Y PUU\7 @H Jka@?C R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T DAB>]DT @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT ZDT[ R@
\d7bUU D bb7VUU A?@A>@JRC ADT> @H ddvE #J @H ADTC #M?CZ@C @O>TB@J bP7UUU WMJRDA>CJ@T
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J '>JDaD?AD7 )M@A>D7 &H@aDJ>D7 ,@>JC 0J>RC Y #TZDoDE g&e3'7 PUUb5 `PhE
& Z@TD? R@H S?DJ DMa@JBC @J @TBCT ZDFT@T7 JC T@ AM@JBD ACJ MJD @TB>aDA>[J SHCGDH R@ TMT
RCJDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZC? HC XM@ JC @O>TB@ MJ ?@S>TB?C R@ HC XM@ ?@DHa@JB@ @TBDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T DZC?BDJ @J BN?a>JCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 JC T@ B>@J@J aD?ACT W>TADH@T SHCGDH@T7 C
>JWC?a@T XM@ ZM@RDJ ?@AMZ@?D?HC aIT XM@ HCT a@JA>CJDRCT DJB@?>C?a@JB@ ZC? ?@S>CJ@T C
*HICMKHIFD\9#7
;
$
"
7
96
[
2
";;6 ";;2 ";;8 ";$;
0 D E E F G H I J H J K E
L M H I
&FGLNDFGHI JH OPGJLNDFGHI HIQLJFPGDJHGIHI
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 95/159
^`
ZDFT@TE 0J @i@aZHC7 @T XM@ R@TR@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT MJD @TB>aDA>[J ZC? HDT A>W?DT
?@ACH@ABDRDT @T XM@ HCT RCJDB>]CT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZM@R@J >? R@TR@ @H QU KDTBD @H `U ZC?
A>@JBC R@H Z?@TMZM@TBC BCBDH R@ HD WMJRDA>[J7VV @J @TB@ ADTC TM ]D?>DA>[J T@ R@G@7 @JB?@
CB?DT ?DLCJ@T7 D HDT ?@TB?>AA>CJ@T R@ TM ZCHFB>AD @OB@?>C?E %C? @i@aZHC HD $@Y aC?RDLD7
>JTBDM?DRD ACJ HD HH@SDRD R@H Z?@T>R@JB@ 1MTK gXM@ H>a>B[ @TZ@AFW>ADa@JB@ HCT ?@AM?TCT
CBC?SDRCT D )DHMR )@OMDH7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ T@?]>A>CT R@ Z?@]@JA>[J ACaC DRXM>T>A>[J R@
aNBCRCT DJB>ACJA@ZB>]CT Y DGC?BCh C BDaG>NJ HD ZCHFB>AD ACJB?D @H B@??C?>TaC XM@ ACJB?CHD
XM@ HCT ?@A@ZBC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC @TBNJ R@JB?C R@ HD H>TBD R@ "B@??C?>TBDT8E
*CJT>R@?DJRC @TBD @ TMG?@S>TB?C ACJ HCT aCJBCT R@ RCJDA>[J JDA>CJDH7 ZD?D @H DoC PUUU
gR@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCTh CBC?SD?CJ PP^ a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TEV`
%D?D @H ADTC R@ $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 BDaG>NJ HDT @TB>aDA>CJ@T R@ A>W?DT @T ACaZH@iC ZC?
R>TB>JBDT ?DLCJ@TE 0JD R@ @HHDT @T XM@ KD KDG>RC ZCAC DJIH>T>T DADRNa>AC C A@JB?CT R@
@TBMR>C7 @O>TB@ MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ aD?ACT JC?aDB>]CT7 Y @O>TB@J aMAKC TMG?@S>TB?C ZC? HD
MB>H>LDA>[J R@H ACJA@ZBC "WMJRDA>[J8EVb #J MJ Z?>a@? @i@?A>A>C ?@S>CJDH DZCYDRC ZC? HD
6MJRDA>[J 6C?R Y 6MJRDA>[J &]>JD g)DJGC?J7 PUU\5 Qdh7 @J T>@B@ ZDFT@T R@ HD ?@S>[J
g&?S@JB>JD7 1?DT>H7 *K>H@7 *CHCaG>D7 #AMDRC?7 %@?k Y 2NO>ACh R@ MJ ?@S>TB?C R@ Q\U_V
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T T@ ZMR>@?CJ >R@JB>W>AD? \Q_ XM@ AMG?@J @H Z@?W>H R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T JDA>CJDH@T
VV & @OA@ZA>[J R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J 1>HH Y 2@H>JRD .DB@T AMYC W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH @T ^\v R@ TM
Z?@TMZM@TBC Y T[HC dv R@ aDJ@?D JDA>CJDHE
V` /DB>CJDH %K>HDJBK?CZ>A +?MTBE gPUQPhE +K@ l>TBC?Y CW .>]>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
%K>HDJBK?CZY +>a@H>J@5 KBBZ5nnfffEJZB?MTBEC?SnK>TBC?YcCWcS>]>JS
Vb '@ DAM@?RC ACJ MJ DJIH>T>T K@AKC ZC? Sanborn gPUU\h HD MB>H>LDA>[J R@ "6MJRDA>[J8 @J $DB>JCDaN?>AD7
?@Z?@T@JBD MJ TMG?@S>TB?C ZM@T aMAKDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T T@ ?@S>TB?DJ Y MB>H>LDJ @T@ JCaG?@ T>J XM@ T@DJRCJDJB@T R@ ?@AM?TCTE %C? HC XM@ @T J@A@TD?>C JC ACJWMJR>?T@ ACJ HCT ?@S>TB?CT R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T Y @H R@"3JTB>BMA>CJ@T 'CJDJB@T8 ACaC HC JCaG?D *@a@W> @J 2NO>AC ZC? @i@aZHCE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 96/159
^b
Y R@ @TDT T[HC PUV TCJ WMJRDA>CJ@T XM@ G?>JRDJ ?@AM?TCT W>JDJA>@?CTE 0J Jka@?C aMY
GDiC ACaZD?DRC ACJ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@JB?C R@ HCT ZDFT@T aIT ?>ACT R@H ZHDJ@BDE
0JC R@ HCT >JTB?Ma@JBCT CW>A>DH@T XM@ Z?@T@JBDaCT ACaC MJ Z?>a@? DA@?ADa>@JBC DHT@ABC?7 @T @H kJ>AC >JWC?a@ TCG?@ @H ZDZ@H R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH XM@ ?@DH>L[
@H *Ca>BN R@ &(' @J PUU\E #TB@ >JWC?a@ HHDaDRC "6MJRDA>CJ@T 6>HDJB?[Z>ADT Y
*CCZ@?DA>[J DH '@TD??CHHC8 ?@ACJCA@ XM@ @O>TB@ ZCAD G>GH>CS?DWFD R@ @TB@ T@ABC? ZC? HC XM@
@T ?@H@]DJB@ >JWC?aD? D HCT DABC?@T SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T Y D HDT DS@JA>DT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
TCG?@ @H C?>S@J Y JDBM?DH@LD R@ @TBD ACCZ@?DA>[JE )> G>@J @TB@ >JWC?a@ ?@ACJCA@ XM@ @T MJ
@TBMR>C aMY S@J@?DH7 >R@JB>W>ADaCT XM@ TM DZC?B@ @T @H aDZ@C SHCGDH TCG?@ HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T
WMJRDA>CJ@TE
$CT RDBCT XM@ T@ Z?@T@JBDJ @J @TB@ >JWC?a@ HH@SDJ KDTBD PUUU Y @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J
DABMDH>LD?@aCT @TBD A>W?D ZD?D PUQU7 ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? AMIH @T HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@ ?@AM?TCT R@
@TBDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T Y T> KDJ @O>TB>RC ]D?>DA>CJ@T D MJD RNADRD R@ ADaG>CE
#J @H ADTC R@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 @H >JWC?a@ Z?@T@JBD HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T RCJDJB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
R@ PUUU Y T@ DABMDH>L[ D PUQUE *CaC ZCR@aCT CGT@?]D? @J HD BDGHD7 D MJD RNADRD BCRDT HDT
RCJDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T DMa@JBD?CJ ACJT>R@?DGH@a@JB@ Y HDT RCT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACJ
aDYC? ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC HD ALBCHEDOB ANMC Y HD ALBCHEDOB 9DJJ P 2FJDBCH +HGFK T>SM@J
ACJA@JB?DJRC @H aDYC? J>]@H R@ RCJDA>CJ@T @J aCJBCT R@H ZDFTE '@TBDAD iHJGNB AHSDJP
ANLBCHGDNB XM@ W>JDJA>D HCT B@aDT R@ a@R>C DaG>@JB@7 Y XM@ D R>@L DoCT T@ ACHCA[ R@JB?C
R@ HDT A>JAC ACJ aDYC? W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 97/159
^d
(NBHEDNBFK "BGFMBHEDNBHJFK
;ggg>a
d2DJJNBFK
CFCOJHMFKe
;g5g>q
d2DJJNBFK
CFCOJHMFKe
6MJRDA>[J 1>HH Y 2@H>JRD .DB@T ^P^ 1>HH } 2@H>JRD .DB@T 6CMJRDB>CJ QbVb
6MJRDA>[J 6C?R \\^ 6C?R 6CMJRDB>CJ Q^_
6MJRDA>[J 'D]>R Y $MA>H@ %DAmD?R Q\d eDHBCJ 6Da>HY 6CMJRDB>CJ QP^
6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? QPQ e>HH>Da DJR 6HC?D l@fH@BB 6CMJRDB>CJ QUb
6MJRDA>[J rCKJ 'E Y *DBK@?>J@ 2DA&?BKM? d\ )MTDJ +KCaZTCJ 1MWW@BB 6CMJRDB>CJ ^d
6MJRDA>[J e>HH>Da Y 6HC?D l@fH@BB Vd 'D]>R DJR $MA>H@ %DAmD?R 6CMJRDB>CJ ^V
6MJRDA>[J )BD? VQ rCKJ 'E DJR *DBK@?>J@ +E 2DA&?BKM? 6CMJRDB>CJ dd
6MJRDA>[J &JR?@f eE 2@HHCJ VU ,CAm@W@HH@? 6CMJRDB>CJ d`
6MJRDA>[J *KD?H@T )B@fD?B 2CBB \` 1HCCaG@?S 6Da>HY 6CMJRDB>CJ dV
6MJRDA>[J eE{E {@HHCSS \` lCfD?R .E 1MWW@BB 6CMJRDB>CJ bP
3JTB>BMBC (Z@J )CA>@BY Pb .C?RCJ DJR 1@BBY 2CC?@ 6CMJRDB>CJ Vb
6MJRDA>[J 6?@@aDJ PV &JR?@f eE 2@HHCJ 6CMJRDB>CJ VQ
*C?ZC?DA>[J *D?J@S>@ R@ /M@]D *C?m P\ 2A{J>SKB 6CMJRDB>CJ VU
6MJRDA>[J +M?J@? 3JAE PQ *D?J@S>@ *C?ZC?DB>CJ CW /@f -C?m \^
6MJRDA>[J lD??Y Y r@DJJ@BB@ e@>JG@?S PU )>H>ACJ ;DHH@Y *CaaMJ>BY 6CMJRDB>CJ \\
9$F0$ b; g/&'+&3$0)" -.'2$+&4')" )"#$24.'&2)'") LMMMXLMGM
+DaG>NJ ?@TDHBD XM@ aIT R@ HD a>BDR R@ HD H>TBD R@ HDT XM>JA@ aIT >aZC?BDJB@T TCJ JM@]DT
WMJRDA>CJ@T R@JB?C R@ HCT RCJDJB@T aIT >aZC?BDJB@T7 R@TBDAD 9JNNSIFMQ AHSDJP
ANLBCHGDNB R@H @O SCG@?JDRC? R@ /M@]D -C?m ACJ B@aDT R@ a@R>C DaG>@JB@7 SCG@?JDJLD7
TDHMR @RMADA>[J Y D?B@TE &TF ACaC ?NoHMC +/ 9LUUFGG ANLBCHGDNB7 XM>@J DZCYD B@aDT R@
DSMD7 T@SM?>RDR DH>a@JBD?>D7 Y DB@JA>[J ZCTACJWH>ABCT GNH>ACTE
#J @H ADTC @M?CZ@C7 T@ ACJA@JB?D @J ,@>JC 0J>RC7 #TZDoD7 3BDH>D7 &H@aDJ>D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T
XM@ B>@J@J aDYC? ZCR@? @ACJ[a>ACE #J S@J@?DH BCRDT HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T DMa@JBD?CJ TM
Vd 3JWC?a@ R@H *Ca>BN R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC gPUUVhE
V_ 3JWC?a@ &ABMDH>LDA>[J R@ 'CJDA>CJ@T 3JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@H 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? (2012).
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 98/159
^_
ACJA@JB?DA>[J R@ ?@AM?TCT7 D @OA@ZA>[J R@ $GDUGFMWFMIHBC ULM CDF (FLGKEZF iDKKFBKEZHUG
g&H@aDJ>Dh7 +JHcN$SDGZnJDBF g,@>JC 0J>RChT (FLGKEZF 9HBp g&H@aDJ>DhE
(NBHEDNBFK %NGHJFK d2DJJNBFK CF (OJHMFKe ,fN ;ggg ,fN ;g5g
6MJRDA>[J *KD?>B>@T &>R g,@>JC 0J>RCh P`\ bPU
6MJRDA>[J $D *D>OD g#TZDoDh Q`V VVQ
*CaZDSJ>D R> )DJ %DCHC g3BDH>Dh QPd Qb^
;CHmTfDS@J)B>WBMJS g&H@aDJ>Dh QU^ P_V
6CJRDL>CJ@ *DTTD R> ,>TZ>D?aC R@HH@ %?C]>JA>D $CaGD?RD g3BDH>Dh ^_ PUU
{JMB CAK &H>A@ eDHH@JG@?ST )B>WB@HT@ g)M@A>Dh _b Q^`
)B>WB@?]@?GDJR WM? R>@ '@MBTAK@ e>TT@JTAKDWB g&H@aDJ>Dh _U V\E_
.HDOC)a>BK{H>J@ g,@>JC 0J>RCh d_ V\E_
'@MBTAK@ 1DJm g&H@aDJ>Dh b` Q`
,CG@?B 1CTAK )B>WBMJS .21l g&H@aDJ>Dh `Q _`
9$F0$ O; g/&'+&3$0)" -.'2$+&4')" )./43)$" LMMMXLMGM
#J @H ADTC R@ +JHcN$SDGZnJDBF g,@>JC 0J>RCh XM>@J W>JDJA>D HD HMAKD ACJB?D @JW@?a@RDR@T
ACaC ;3lnT>RD @T DHSC ACJB?C]@?T>DH7 ZM@T TM >JWC?aDA>[J @JACJB?DRD ZD?D PUQU7 T[HC KDA@
?@W@?@JA>D R@ HCT ?@AM?TCT JDA>CJDH@T7 R@TA@JB?DH>LDJRC HD >JWC?aDA>[J R@ HCT RCJDB>]CT
XM@ ?@DH>LDJ >JB@?JDA>CJDHa@JB@ ZC? ADRD MJD R@ TMT T@R@TE #T R@A>?7 TM T@R@ @J <W?>AD
)MGTDKD?>DJD aDJ@iD TMT Z?CZ>CT >JWC?a@T W>JDJA>@?CT Y DTF ADRD MJD R@ HDT T@R@T7 T>J
@TZ@A>W>AD? aCJBCT SHCGDH@TE %C? HC XM@ DMJXM@ TMZCJR?FDaCT MJ DMa@JBC @J TMT A>W?DT
ACaC HDT B@JR@JA>DT S@J@?DH@T @JACJB?DRDT HD R>Ta>JMA>[J JCT ?@AM@?RD HD ACaZH@i>RDR R@
DAA@T>G>H>RDR D A>W?DT ]@?>W>ADGH@TE
%D?D @H ADTC R@ -ZHMDGDFK ,DC d.FDBN &BDCNe7 XM>NJ B>@J@ aDYC? ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC T@
@JWCAD D G?>JRD? WCJRCT D C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ G@J@W>A@JA>D7 S@TB>CJD Z?CS?DaDT Y
Z?CZC?A>CJD DT>TB@JA>D BNAJ>AD Y B>@J@ T@R@ @J PU ZDFT@TE )>J @aGD?SC BDaG>NJ B>@J@
Z?CY@ABCT ZD?D WC?BDH@A@? HD >JR@Z@JR@JA>D R@ (/.tT @J <W?>AD (AA>R@JBDH7 MJCT R@ TMT
Z?CS?DaDT aIT WDaCTCT @T "1@YCJR &>R8 ZD?D WC?BDH@A@? @H R@TD??CHHC TCTB@J>GH@ Y MJD
)CA>@RDR *F]>ADE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 99/159
^^
#J @H ADTC @M?CZ@C ACaC HC a@JA>CJDGD $DLFJ gPUUdh HD R>]@?T>RDR R@ aD?ACT JC?aDB>]CT
ZC? ZDFT@T XM@ HH@SDJ D aIT R@ P` H@S>THDA>CJ@T R>W@?@JA>DRDT ZD?D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T
BDaG>NJ >aZDABD @J HD ZCAD A@?B@LD R@ HD >JWC?aDA>[J XM@ T@ ZM@R@ B@J@?E #J MJ AIHAMHC
R@ PUU\7 VUv R@H BCBDH R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T @M?CZ@DT B>@J@J W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 T>J
@aGD?SC HCT aCJBCT C ZC?A@JBDi@T JC ACJHH@]DJ MJD ?@SMHDA>[J ACaZD?B>RD T>JC
Z?>C?>RDR@T ZD?B>AMHD?@T R@ HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T g*Ca>B@ R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7 PUUV5 b^hE #J
?@HDA>[J D TMT B?@T Z?>JA>ZDH@T B@aDT R@ DAM@?RC D @TB@ >JWC?a@ TCJ @RMADA>[J7 D?B@ Y
AMHBM?D @ >JWDJA>D Y iM]@JBMRE
& Z@TD? R@ XM@ @H >JWC?a@ R@H *&'7 JC >JAC?ZC?D MJ DZD?BDRC ACJA?@BC R@H ,@>JC 0J>RC7 T@
R@A>R>[ >JB@S?D? @J @TBD ?@]>T>[J HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T7 ZM@T @J HCT kHB>aCT DoCT KDJDMa@JBDRC BDJBC ACaC HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T B@J>@JRC MJ >aZDABC
>JB@?JDA>CJDH WM@?B@ Y ACaC T@ ACaZD?B>[ @J @H ?@AM@JBC K>TB[?>AC HCT C?FS@J@T R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH TCJ >JWHM@JA>DRCT ZC? HDT "$@Y@T 3TDG@H>JDT8E
%D?D @H ,@>JC 0J>RC7 HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T aDJ@iD?CJ aCJBCT ZC? @JA>aD R@ HCT QUU
a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T DJMDHa@JB@7 @T ?@H@]DJB@ @H ZDZ@H R@ iFJENSF %MLKG7 XM>@J @TBD ADT>
DH J>]@H R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@TE #TBI A@JB?DRD @J @H DZCYC R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J Y
D]DJA@T A>@JBFW>ACT ZD?D a@iC?D? HD TDHMR7 >JAC?ZC?D? HD a@R>A>JD D Z?IAB>ADT AMHBM?DH@T Y
DZCYC D >J]@TB>SDRC?@T R@TBDADRCTE $D XM@ H@ T>SM@ ACJ aCJBCT aMAKC aIT GDiCT R@ T[HC
ZCAC aIT R@ PUU a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T DJMDH@T @T +HGKIP -ZHMDGHIJF ANLBCHGDNBT XM>@J
DZCYD HD J@M?CA>@JA>D7 @RMADA>[J7 @H R@TD??CHHC R@ <W?>AD7 >JA>R@JA>D @J ZCHFB>ADT ZMGH>ADT7
D?B@ Y G>CHCSFD/ %C? kHB>aC -NSDE .FJDFU 7 XM@ TM?S@ ACJ HD >R@D R@ ?@ADMRD? R>J@?C D B?D]NT
R@ D ACa@R>D ZD?D DZCYD? @H R@TD??CHHC R@ <W?>AD @J Q^_`E )MT Z?>C?>RDR@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
TCJ @H>a>JD? HD ZCG?@LD7 DAA@TC D TDHMR Y @RMADA>[J7 @XM>RDR R@ SNJ@?C7 ]>]>@JRD7
iM]@JBMR @ >JWDJA>DE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 100/159
QUU
ALBCHEDNBFK .FDBN &BDCN(NBHEDNBFKSDJJNBFK CFCOJHMFK ;g5;
e@HHACa@ +?MTB _bb
.DBTGY *KD?>BDGH@ 6CMJRDB>CJ PVV*Ca>A ,@H>@W Q\P
$@]@?KMHa@ +?MTB QPP
,CYDH )CA>@BY _\
eCHWTCJ 6CMJRDB>CJ _\
.D?W>@HR e@TBCJ 6CMJRDB>CJ _\
*K>HR?@JtT 3J]@TBa@JB 6MJR 6CMJRDB>CJ d_
2CJMa@JB +?MTB db
#Ta‡@ 6D>?GD>J 6CMJRDB>CJ `V
9$F0$ P; =4'$+&4')" 2) -.'2$+&4')" 2)0 >)&'4 i'&24 LMGL
%C? CB?D ZD?B@7 MJC R@ HCT DZC?B@T ?@H@]DJB@T R@H >JWC?a@ R@H *&'7 @T G?>JRD? >JWC?aDA>[J
TCG?@ &TFD7 ZM@T @T H>a>BDRD HD >JWC?aDA>[J R@ @TBD ?@S>[J R@H aMJRCE '@ DAM@?RC ACJ @H
*@JB?C rDZCJNT ZD?D @H 3JB@?ADaG>C 3JB@?JDA>CJDH g*Ca>B@ R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7 PUUV5
dVh7 HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T DT>IB>ADT B>@J@J MJD WM@?B@ B?DY@ABC?>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J HCADH
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ D B?D]NT R@ HDT >SH@T>DT7 Z@?C aMY ZCAC @J aDB@?>D R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE '@ DAM@?RC D MJD @JAM@TBD ?@DH>LDRD ZC? @TB@ A@JB?C @J 3JR>D7 6>H>Z>JDT7
+D>HDJR>D @ 3JRCJ@T>D R@H ^Uv R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DRMHBDT ?@DH>LD?CJ DHSMJD RCJDA>CJ D
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ?@H>S>CTDTE '@JB?C R@ @TB@ a>TaC @TBMR>C T@ DW>?aD XM@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T
DT>IB>ADT B>@J@J aMAKDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T ZC? @H @JBC?JC H@SDH ZM@T aMAKDT WMJRDA>CJ@T C
>JTB>BMA>CJ@T RCJDJB@T JC HCS?DJ B@J@? MJ ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@ TM XM@KDA@?
ZD?B>AMHD?E
&HSMJCT @i@aZHCT5 @J rDZ[J @TB@ T@ABC? JC HCS?D B@J@? MJ ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC H@SDH ZD?B>AMHD?j
@J lCJS {CJS @H SCG>@?JC @T HD Z?>JA>ZDH WM@JB@ R@ >JS?@TCT Y RCa>JD TMT DAB>]>RDR@Tj @J
1DJSHDR@TK Y /M@]D =@HDJRD7 JC @O>TB@ JC?aDB>]>RDR R@ @OB@JT>[J W>TADH XM@ G?>JR@ @
>JA@JB>]CT D HD TCA>@RDR C DH T@ABC? @aZ?@TD?>DH ZD?D KDA@? RCJDA>CJ@T D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@Tj
@J *K>JD @H SCG>@?JC @TBDB>TBD7 JC Z@?a>B@ MJD >JR@Z@JR@JA>D R@ @TB@ T@ABC?E & Z@TD? R@
@TBDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T H@SDH@T ZC? ZD?B@ R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT7 MJD B@JR@JA>D XM@ KD >RC @J
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 101/159
QUQ
DMa@JBC @T @H DZCYC W>JDJA>@?C R@ HCT SCG>@?JCT KDA>D @TBDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T g*Ca>B@ R@
&YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC7 PUUV5 d\hE
'@H a>TaC aCRC7 T@ Z?@T@JBDJ HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T DT>IB>ADT XM@ G?>JRDJW>JDJA>Da>@JBC @J aDB@?>D AMHBM?DH7 @RMADB>]D7 A>@JBFW>AD Y R@ R@TD??CHHC ACaMJ>BD?>CE
*CJB?D?>Da@JB@ D HC XM@ T@ KD @OZ?@TDRC ZD?D HDT CB?DT ?@S>CJ@T C ZDFT@T ACaC #M?CZD C
#TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 ZD?D &TFD @O>TB>[ MJD R>Ta>JMA>[J R@ aCJBCT R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@TZMNT
R@ MJD RNADRD7 Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ ZD?D rDZ[J Y +D>fDJ7 D @OA@ZA>[J R@ 6>H>Z>JDT7 &MTB?DH>D Y HD
ALBCHEDOB $LSDGNBN/ #TBD WMJRDA>[J JC T[HC DMa@JB[ TMTBDJA>DHa@JB@ TMT aCJBCT R@
W>JDJA>Da>@JBC7 T>JC XM@ T@ ]CH]>[ HD aIT ?@H@]DJB@ R@ @TB@ T@H@AA>[J XM@ KDA@ @H >JWC?a@
ZM@T HH@S[ D aDJ@iD? @J PUQU ZCAC aIT R@ Q^ a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T DJMDH@TE #TBD WMJRDA>[JB>@J@ ACaC a>T>[J a@iC?D? HD TCA>@RDR KMaDJDE #J TM AD?IAB@? >JB@?JDA>CJDH DZCYD D
>J]@TB>SDRC?@T R@H #TB@ Y )MR@TB@ DT>IB>AC Y DZCYD @J ?@TBDM?DA>[J R@ D?B@ >JRFS@JD @J
$DB>JCDaN?>ADE
(NBHEDNBFK GNGHJFK FB SDJJNBFK CF COJHMFK/ ,fN ;ggg ,fN ;g5g
6MJRDA>[J )DTDmDfD %@DA@ grDZ[Jh Qb QQE\^
6MJRDA>[J 'D@fCC g*C?@Dh Q\EQ U
6MJRDA>[J +CYCBD grDZ[Jh b \E\b
6MJRDA>[J *K>DJS *K>JSc{MC g+D>fDJh ` V
6MJRDA>[J )Ma>BCaC grDZ[Jh bE\ Q^E`
6MJRDA>[J )D>TCJ grDZ[Jh \Eb UEbb
6MJRDA>[J &YDHD 3JAE g6>H>Z>JDTh \E\ bEV
6MJRDA>[J 3fDBDJ> /DCi> grDZ[Jh QEP U
6MJRDA>[J />fDJC %@DA@ grDZ[Jh QEP UEQ
6MJRDA>[J 2Y@? g&MTB?DH>Dh Q QUEd`
9$F0$ U; =4'$+&4')" &'#)/'$+&4'$0)" 2) -.'2$+&4')" $"&B#&+$"
%C? kHB>aC Z?@T@JBDaCT7 HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T RCJDJB@T R@H aMJRC ACJT>R@?DJRC #TBDRCT
0J>RCT7 ,@>JC 0J>RC7 &T>D Y #M?CZD7 XM>@J@T aDJ@iDJ HCT aCJBCT aIT DHBCT R@ RCJDB>]CT
@J HD BDGHD T>SM>@JB@5
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 102/159
QUP
9$F0$ GM; g/&'+&3$0)" -.'2$+&4')" &'#)/'$+&4'$0)"
#T @]>R@JB@ XM@ 9DJJr2FJDBCH +HGFK ANLBCHGDNB7 ACJ MJ aCJBC R@ Q7bV_ a>HHCJ@T R@
R[HD?@T DJMDH@T @T R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T aIT >aZC?BDJB@T Y XM@ aD?ADJ B@JR@JA>D
>JB@?JDA>CJDHE %@?C BDaG>NJ @J ,@>JC 0J>RC7 iFJENSF %MLKG @T CB?D R@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T
>aZC?BDJB@T ACJ _bb a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T Y H@ T>SM@ -ZHMDGDFK ,DC ACJ bPU a>HHCJ@T R@
R[HD?@TE #T R@A>? ,@>JC 0J>RC Y #TBDRCT 0J>RCT ACJA@JB?DJ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACJ aDYC?
>aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDH @J aDB@?>D R@ ?@AM?TCT W>JDJA>@?CT ZD?D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE
AKPP v =FPKINC BCOFD<HVINCOKHI\ $[9[
wFPPMHLF /GVDO \ 8[[<VINCMKJI )]CGKOKFD 1KN \[";
<VINCMKJ 4C )CKmC\ 99$
:HPrDTCWFI.OKUOVIWS1PFLCIKCX\ "89
BCODhf )]CGKOChPF<HVINCOKHI\ "99
<HINCcKHIF )CDDC NK0KDEKCGLH NFPPF 'GHRKIMKC
4HLhCGNC S-OCPKCX\ ";;
<HGN <HVINCOKHI \ $>8
@IVO HM] 1PKMFwCPPFIhFGWD .OKUOFPDF
S.VFMKCX\ $>6
)HLECWIKC NK .CI 'CHPHS-OCPKCX\ $[>
&FGLNDFGHI 0DEEFGHI JH JKELMHI 7<,7
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 103/159
QU\
=/; 4HK ULBCHEDNBFK DBGFMBHEDNBHJFK
+I ";;9 DF UVINJ BHHWPF <HVINCOKHI\ MHI VI LHIOH KIKMKCP NF $\;;;LKPPHIFD NF NJPCGFD# 'FGH C NKUFGFIMKC NF PC LCfHGbC NF PCD UVINCMKHIFD\ kDOC
DFGg MHI UKIFD NF PVMGH\ PH iVF PF EFGLKOF UKICIMKCG FLEGFDCD NF IVFRCMGFCMKJI\ UHGLCG CPKCIcCD MHI PHD MCEKOCPKDOCD NF GKFDWH F KIMPVDH MChKPNFCG
FI FP )HIWGFDH S/]F &FT 5HGr /KLFDXV^
$DT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T KDJ ]@J>RC ACG?DJRC >aZC?BDJA>D ADRD ]@L aIT >JJ@SDGH@
ZC? TM WM@?LD @ACJ[a>AD7 ZCHFB>AD Y TCA>DH R@JB?C R@ HD D?@JD >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y aMAKC aIT @J
HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHE $D ACCZ@?DA>[J CW>A>DH KD B@J>RC XM@ ]CHB@D? D ]@? TM K>TBC?>D7
@OZ@?>@JA>D Y aCRDH>RDR@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J ZD?D DZ?@JR@? R@ TM B?DY@ABC?>D ZM@T KD B@J>RC
?@BCT Y HCS?CT K>TB[?>ACT R@ HCT AMDH@T HD ACCZ@?DA>[J CW>A>DH J@A@T>BD DZ?@JR@?E
#J @TB@ T@JB>RC >J>A>D?@aCT @H DJIH>T>T R@ HCT DZC?B@T R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T ]>TBDT R@TR@
JM@TB?DT RCT ADB@SC?FDT DJDHFB>ADT7 >aZDABCT XM@ WCa@JBDJ MJ /C?B@ .HCGDH RCa>JDJB@ Y
@M?C A@JB?>TBD C MJ )M? .HCGDH XM@ W>JDJA>D @aZCR@?Da>@JBC R@ MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7
?@AM??>@JRC D @i@aZHCT ZD?DR>SaIB>ACT R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 6MJRDA>[J )C?CT Y6MJRDA>[J .CCSH@E
=/;/5
ALBCHEDOB .NEpFUFJJFM
$DT ,@]CHMA>CJ@T ;@?R@T7 WM@?CJ MJ DACJB@A>a>@JBC >aZMHTDRC Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ ZC? HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZD?D c@JB?@ R>]@?TCT CGi@B>]CTc S@J@?D? DH>a@JBCT XM@
ACJB?>GMY@?DJ D HD @??DR>ADA>[J R@ HD ZCG?@LD @J @H aMJRCE %D?D $DLFJ gPUUdh7 @O>TB@J B?@T
V^ +K@ /@f -C?m +>a@TE gPUUbhE %K>HDJBK?CZY .CCSH@tT eDY5 /CB BK@ 0TMDHE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV
@J +@AKJCHCSY5KBBZ5nnfffEJYB>a@TEACanPUUbnU^nQVnB@AKJCHCSYnQVSCCSH@EKBaHxp?ˆP}BK}@aAˆBK}C?@WˆTHCS>J}
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 104/159
QUV
?@]CHMA>CJ@T7 HD Z?>a@?D ?@]CHMA>[J WM@ R@ Q^V\ D Q^^d >aZMHTDRD ZC? @H 6MJRDA>[J
,CAm@W@HH@?7 HD T@SMJRD R@ Q^^d DH PUQU >aZMHTDRD ZC? MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y HD B@?A@?D RCJR@ HD 6MJRDA>[J 1>HH}2@H>JRD .DB@T ACa>@JLD D W>JDJA>D?
@J PUUb D HD W@AKD ACaC DH>DJLD ZD?D HD ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@ @J <W?>ADE )@ Z?@T@JBD HD
?@]CHMA>[J ]@?R@ >J>A>DRD ZC? ,CAm@W@HH@? ACaC MJ ADTC R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH ACaC T@
DJDH>LD D ACJB>JMDA>[JE
$D ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@7 WM@ >aZMHTDRD ZC? HD WMJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? Y ACaDJRDRD ZC? @H
*@JB?C 3JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ 2@iC?Da>@JBC R@H 2DFL Y @H +?>SC g*322-+h >J>A>DHa@JB@ @J
2NO>AC Z@?C R@TZMNT @J R>]@?TCT A@JB?CT DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCE 6M@ MJ DACJB@A>a>@JBC
K>TB[?>AC XM@ @JB?@ HCT A>JAM@JBD KDTBD HCT JC]@JBD XM@ DMa@JB[ HD Z?CRMAB>]>RDRDS?FACHD7 >J]CHMA?DJRC ]D?>@RDR R@ AMHB>]CT7 a@iC?DT R@ W@?B>H>LDJB@T Y ADaG>CT S?DRMDH@T
?@TZ@ABC D HD B@AJCHCSFD @ >JW?D@TB?MABM?D DS?FACHDE )@ KDJ RDRC aMAKDT R>TAMT>CJ@T DH
?@TZ@ABC R@H >aZDABC R@ @TBD >J>A>DB>]D XM@ GMTADGD DADGD? ACJ HD ZCG?@LD DH>a@JBD?>D R@
HCT ZDFT@T "ZCG?@T8 R@H TM? S@CS?IW>ACE %D?D HD 6&(7 @H a@iC?Da>@JBC R@ HDT T@a>HHDT R@H
D??CL Y @H B?>SC ACaG>JDRC ACJ a@ADJ>TaCT aIT ACJB?CHDRCT ZD?D @H AM>RDRC R@H ?>@SC7 @H
MTC R@ W@?B>H>LDJB@T Y HD @OZ@?>@JA>D HCADH R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT R@H ADaZC @J TMT ACaMJ>RDR@T
G?>JRD?CJ MJD @OZ@?>@JA>D XM@ RMZH>A[ HD Z?CRMAA>[J @J DHSMJCT HMSD?@T RCJR@ BCRCT@TBCT WDABC?@T AC>JA>R>@?CJE '@ DAM@?RC ACJ @TB@ C?SDJ>TaC5
$D ?@]CHMA>[J ]@?R@ ACJT>TB>[ @J MJ ACJiMJBC R@ B@AJCHCSFDT >JB@S?DRDT ZC?ACaZCJ@JB@T aDB@?>DH@T7 ACaC HDT ]D?>@RDR@T R@ DHBC ?@JR>a>@JBC g;&,ha@iC?DRDT R@ RCT A@?@DH@T GIT>ACT gD??CL Y B?>SCh7 @H ?>@SC C @H DGDTB@A>a>@JBCACJB?CHDRC R@ DSMD Y HD a@iC?D R@H DZ?C]@AKDa>@JBC R@ HD KMa@RDR7 HCTW@?B>H>LDJB@T Y ZHDSM>A>RDT7 Y HDT AC??@TZCJR>@JB@T BNAJ>ADT R@ S@TB>[JE $D MB>H>LDA>[JR@ @TB@ ACJiMJBC R@ B@AJCHCSFDT @J B>@??DT >R[J@DT Y @J @JBC?JCT TCA>C@ACJ[a>ACTZ?CZ>A>CT BM]C ACaC ?@TMHBDRC MJ S?DJ DMa@JBC R@ HCT ?@JR>a>@JBCT Y HCT >JS?@TCT
ZD?D aMAKCT DS?>AMHBC?@T R@ &T>D Y R@ DHSMJCT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC R@ CB?CTACJB>J@JB@TE '>AKCT DS?>AMHBC?@T B@JFDJ YD MJD S?DJ @OZ@?>@JA>D @J T>TB@aDTDS?FACHDT R@ ?@SDRFCE $CT ?@JR>a>@JBCT R@ @TBCT RCT A@?@DH@T Y R@H aDFL T@aMHB>ZH>AD?CJ DZ?CO>aDRDa@JB@ ZC? RCT @JB?@ HCT DoCT T@T@JBD Y JC]@JBDE $D?@]CHMA>[J ]@?R@ KD ?@Z?@T@JBDRC MJ >aZC?BDJB@ HCS?C B@AJCH[S>AC7 Y TMTACJT@AM@JA>DT KDJ T>RC RM?DR@?DTE $CT NO>BCT R@ HDT B@AJCHCSFDT7 BDJBC @J &T>DACaC @J <W?>AD C &aN?>AD $DB>JD7 @TBM]>@?CJ @TB?@AKDa@JB@ ]>JAMHDRCT D HD
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 105/159
QU`
@O>TB@JA>D R@ @JBC?JCT TCA>C@ACJ[a>ACT @ >JTB>BMA>CJDH@T WD]C?DGH@T7 @J HCT XM@ HDTZCT>G>H>RDR@T R@ MJ a@?ADRC DAB>]C R@T@aZ@oD?CJ MJD WMJA>[J >aZC?BDJB@E g6&(7Q^^b5 QVh
& Z@TD? R@ @TBD ]>T>[J ZCT>B>]D R@ HD ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@7 HD DADR@a>D T@ KD AM@TB>CJDRCaMAKC HD ?@HDA>[J R@ "$D ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@8 ACJ HDT ZCHFB>ADT R@ DT>TB@JA>D @ >JB@?]@JA>[J
@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T ZD?D $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 >R@JB>W>ADJRC XM@ @TBDT DAA>CJ@T XM@ GMTADGDJ HD
"aCR@?J>LDA>[J8 @J ?@DH>RDR WDA>H>BD?CJ HD >Ja@?T>[J R@ @aZ?@TDT B?DJTJDA>CJDH@T DH
ADaZCE %C? @i@aZHC7 ZD?D '@HSDRC XM>@J ?@DH>LD MJD >J]@TB>SDA>[J TCG?@ @H >aZDABC R@ HD
",@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@8 @J HD ?@S>[J HDB>JCDa@?>ADJD a@JA>CJD5
#H ?@TMHBDRC R@ "aCR@?J>LDA>[J8 R@H ADaZC @J HD Z@?>W@?>D7 >aZMHTDRC BDJBC ZC? HDT
a@JA>CJDRDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 ACaC ZC? @H 12 Y CB?CT C?SDJ>TaCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 WM@MJ >aZ?@T>CJDJB@ A?@A>a>@JBC R@H RNW>A>B @J HD GDHDJLD DH>a@JBD?>D R@ HCT ZDFT@TZCG?@T7 HD AMDH7 T@SkJ A>W?DT R@ HD Z?CZ>D 6&( gQ^^^h7 ZDT[ R@ \^ a>HHCJ@T R@BCJ@HDRDT @J Q^db D QUd a>HHCJ@T R@ BCJ@HDRDT @J Q^^bn^d gZ@?>CRC R@ MJD R@ HDTS?DJR@T A?>T>T DH>a@JBD?FDT @J @TBCT ZDFT@T7 AC>JA>R@JB@ ACJ S?DJR@T @OA@R@JB@T @JHCT ZDFT@T A@JB?DH@ThE
+DH @TA@JD?>C T@ S@TB[ @J MJ ACJB@OBC R@ DiMTB@ ZC? ZD?B@ R@H SCG>@?JC R@ #0& XM@GMTA[7 D ZD?B>? R@ HD RNADRD R@ Q^dU7 Y TCG?@ BCRC @J HD R@ Q^_U7 HD"aMHB>HDB@?DH>LDA>[J8 Y "B@?A@?>LDA>[J8 R@ HD DT>TB@JA>D7 R@G>RC D HD T>BMDA>[J
@ACJ[a>AD A?FB>AD D J>]@H JDA>CJDH gA?>T>T R@ ;>@BJDa7 A?>T>T R@H Z@B?[H@C Y R@H R[HD?h7Z@?C BDaG>NJ ACaC @TB?DB@S>D ZD?D "R@TZCH>B>LD?8 HD DT>TB@JA>D XM@ T@ KDGFDB?DJTWC?aDRC @J MJ ZMJBC R@ B@JT>[J ACJ HCT ZDFT@T ?@A@ZBC?@T7 @TZ@A>DHa@JB@ @JDHE - @T XM@ ]D?>CT SCG>@?JCT7 ACaC @H R@ ;@HDLAC &H]D?DRC @J %@?k7 C @H R@ &HH@JR@@J *K>H@7 GMTADGDJ >aZH@a@JBD? a@R>RDT ZD?D HD @OZ?CZ>DA>[J R@ ADZ>BDH@T@OB?DJi@?CT Y HD JDA>CJDH>LDA>[J R@ HCT ?@AM?TCT a>J@?CT Y @J@?SNB>ACTE g'@HSDRC,DaCT } ,CaDJC7 PUQ\5 Qdh
%D?D @TB@ DMBC?7 @H >aZMHTC R@ @TBD @TB?DB@S>D @J Z?>a@? HMSD? JC WM@ R@TR@ HCT DABC?@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T T>JC ACaC ACJT@AM@JA>D R@ HDT ZCHFB>AD @OB@?>C? R@ DT>TB@JA>D Y DYMRD
>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@TR@ #TBDRCT 0J>RCT Y @H 1DJAC 2MJR>DH7 @JWCADJRC TM DJIH>T>T @J HCT
>aZDABCT R@ HD ZCHFB>AD @ACJ[a>AD @J $DB>JCDaN?>ADE )>J @aGD?SC @TB@ DJIH>T>T R@iD D HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaC MJ DABC? T@AMJRD?>C @J @H >aZMHTC R@ HD ",@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@8 ZCJ>@JRC
DH A@JB?C D HCT SCG>@?JCT7 H>a>BDJRC @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T D MJ T>aZH@ CZ@?DRC? R@
ZCHFB>ADT R@ @TBDRC7 HC AMDH @T ACJWMTC Y H>a>BD @H ZDZ@H Y HDT ZCHFB>ADT Z?CZ>DT R@ HDT
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 106/159
QUb
WMJRDA>CJ@TE #T R@A>?7 aIT DHHI R@ T> AC>JA>R>aCT @J XM@ HD ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@ HCS?[ C JC
R>Ta>JM>? HD ZCG?@LD @J HCT ZDFT@T RCJR@ T@ >aZH@a@JB[7 @H DJIH>T>T R@G@ R@ T@? R@TR@ @H
Z?CZ>C DABC? Y HD >aZH@a@JBDA>[J R@ TM aCR@HC Y ACJT@AM@JA>DT R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC
>JB@?JDA>CJDH7 JC DH ACJB?D?>C Ca>B>@JRC TM ZD?B>A>ZDA>[JE
'@ DKF XM@ HDT >J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T XM@ DJDH>LDJ @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaC DABC?@T
A@JB?DH@T ?@AMZ@?@J CB?CT @H@a@JBCT7 ZC? @i@aZHC ZD?D $DLFJ7 `U HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HD
WMJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? ?DR>AD @J >R@JB>W>AD? A[aC T@ BCaD?CJ HDT R@A>T>CJ@T ?@TZ@ABC D HDT
Z?>C?>RDR@T ZCHFB>ADT Y TM ?@HDA>[J W>JDJA>@?D ACJ @H *322-+ R@JB?C R@H Z?CA@TC R@ HD
,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@E %D?D @TBD DMBC?D7 HD WMJRDA>[J A@JB?DH>L[ HDT R@A>T>CJ@T D ZD?B>? R@ TM
CW>A>JD R@ @OZ@?BCT R@ /@f -C?m7 ?@TZ@ABC DH W>JDJA>Da>@JBC XM@ J@A@T>BDGD @H *322-+7R@A>R>@JRC MJD ZCHFB>AD XM@ HHDaD?CJ "ADH@JBD? aCBC?@T8 XM@ T>SJ>W>A[ R@iD? D CB?CT HDT
DAB>]>RDR@T XM@ T@ KDGFDJ W>JDJA>DRC7 ZD?D R@iD? TM DZCYC DH W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ZD?D @H
D??DJXM@ R@ HCT Z?CA@TCTE %D?D HD DMBC?D @TBC WM@ MJC R@ HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T Z?CGH@aDT XM@
BM]C @H *322-+ Y @H .?MZC *CJTMHB>]C R@ 3J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T &S?FACHDT g*.3&,h`Q @H >aZDABC R@
@TBDT R@A>T>CJ@T R@ HD WMJRDA>[J @J TMT W>JDJLDT DTF ACaC @H R@TACJB@JBC R@JB?C R@H
aC]>a>@JBC R@ a@R>C DaG>@JB@ XM@ ACa@JBDaCT DJB@?>C?a@JB@E #J @H ADTC R@H DZCYC
W>JDJA>@?C HC XM@ CAM??>[ WM@5
$D 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 XM@ @J HCT >J>A>CT R@ Q^V\ CBC?S[ _d ZC? A>@JBC R@ HCTWCJRCT g@H ?@TBC HC DZC?BDGD @H SCG>@?JC a@O>ADJCh7 ZD?B>A>ZDGD ADRD ]@L a@JCT @J@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC KDTBD XM@ TM ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J BCBDH T@ ?@RMiC D T[HC @H `V ZC? A>@JBC@J Q^`UE #J Q^bU HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ HCT ,CAm@W@HH@? @?D R@H P^ ZC? A>@JBC7 Y ADY[ DT[HC @H _ ZC? A>@JBC @J Q^bVE &JB@T R@H S?DJ DZM?C W>JDJA>@?C R@H *322-+ R@ Q^^\7AMDJRC @H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC BCBDH ZD?D @H *.3&, T@ ?@RMiC D A@?AD R@ Qb a>HHCJ@T R@
`U %D?D ]@? MJD ?@]>T>[J @OKDMTB>]D HD K>TBC?>D R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? ?@]>TD? Lazín (2007: 359-363).
`Q #H .?MZC *CJTMHB>]C R@ 3J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T &S?FACHDT7 WM@ MJD >J>A>DB>]D R@H *322-+ TM @TB?DB@S>D ZD?D HD
ACJXM>TBD R@H KDaG?@ XM@ ACJT>TBFD @J Qb A@JB?CT R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J DS?FACHD DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 107/159
QUd
R[HD?@T7 @H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@ HCT ,CAm@W@HH@? DH *322-+ @?D R@ A@?AD R@H Q ZC? A>@JBCEg$DLFJ7 PUUd5 \^Uh
& Z@TD? R@ T@? MJD >J>A>DB>]D >aZMHTDRD R@TR@ HD WMJRDA>[J R@TZMNT R@ MJCT DoCT7 HD
?@RMAA>[J R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC HH@]C DH Z?CZ>C *322-+ D MJD A?>T>T W>JDJA>@?D XM@ H@ >aZH>A[
XM@ T@ @JW?@JBD?DJ D HD J@A@T>RDR M?S@JB@ R@ GkTXM@RD R@ ?@AM?TCT @J MJ ACJB@OBC R@
AM@TB>CJDa>@JBC D TM H@S>B>a>RDR ZC? ZD?B@ R@ R>]@?TCT DABC?@TE %D?D @HHCT HD TCHMA>[J WM@
DaZH>D? HCT KC?>LCJB@T R@ GkTXM@RD W>JDJA>@?D7 ?@RMA>? HCT A@JB?CT R@ >J]@TB>SDA>[J XM@
KDGFDJ DG>@?BC DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC R@iDJRC TCHC QV A@JB?CT7 S@J@?D? >J>A>DB>]DT a>OBDT
@JB?@ @H T@ABC? Z?>]DRC Y ZkGH>AC7 @BAE $C XM@ Z?C]CA[ XM@ aMAKDT aIT WMJRDA>CJ@T ZCAC D
ZCAC DZCYD?DJ @H Z?CA@TC R@ >J]@?T>[J @J R@TD??CHHC DS?FACHD7 Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ R@TBDAD?CJ
HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T iDZCJ@TDT7 HD 6MJRDA>[J )DTDmDfD Y HD 6MJRDA>[J />ZZCJ XM@ TDH]D?CJ HD
A?>T>T R@ HCT JC]@JBD R@H A@JB?C R@ @TBMR>C Y DZCYD?CJ HD >J]@TB>SDA>[J R@ T@a>HHDT @J
]D?>CT ZDFT@T R@ <W?>ADE &JB@ @TB@ Z?CA@TC R@ A?>T>T W>JDJA>@?D S@J@?DRD R@TR@ HD R@W>J>A>[J
R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? HD DMBC?D DoDR@5
*>@?BDa@JB@7 HD aDJ@?D A@JB?DH>LDRD @J XM@ HCT WCJRCT R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?KDGFDJ HH@SDRC DH *322-+ R@ 2NO>AC JC DYMRD?CJ AMDJRC T@ B@JFDJ XM@ BCaD?R@A>T>CJ@T R>WFA>H@T ZD?D ?@RMA>? HCT WCJRCT R@TB>JDRCT D MJC R@ HCT aIT
>aZC?BDJB@T Z?CS?DaDT XM@ KDGFD >J>A>DRCE &ZD?@JB@a@JB@ HCT GM?[A?DBDT R@ HDCW>A>JD A@JB?DH R@ HD WMJRDA>[J R@ /M@]D -C?m B@aFDJ >J]@?B>? R>J@?C @J MJD@TB?MABM?D R@ >J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T DS?FACHDT ADRD ]@L aIT ACaZH@iD XM@ HD ,CAm@W@HH@?JC ZM@R@ J> T>XM>@?D >JB@JBD? DRa>J>TB?D? D J>]@H a>A?C7 ACaC BCRDT HDT WMJRDA>CJ@TTCHFDJ KDA@?HCE & B?D]NT R@ TMT >J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T @J TDHMR ZkGH>AD Y DH>a@JBDA>[J7 HD6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? KD DHADJLDRC HD a@BD XM@ DZD?@A@ @J TMT @TBDBMBCT5‰Z?CaC]@? @H G>@J@TBD? R@ HD KMaDJ>RDR @J BCRC @H aMJRC zE &KC?D BDH ]@L XM>@?@>J]@?B>? aMAKC @J @H *322-+ Y @H *.3&, MJD ]@L aIT ZD?D HCS?D? HD a@BD R@ Z?CRMAA>[JaMJR>DH R@ DH>a@JBCT GIT>ACT @J HD T@SMJRD WDT@ R@ HD ,@]CHMA>[J ;@?R@ E $CT‰ZDR?@Tz ?@TZCJTDGH@T JC DGDJRCJDJ D TMT K>iCT J> HCT R@iDJ ADT> aM?>NJRCT@ R@KDaG?@7 TCG?@ BCRC AMDJRC NTBCT GMTADJ DH>a@JBD? D HD S@JB@ ZCG?@ R@ BCRC R@H
aMJRCE g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 \^Qh
*CJB?D?>Da@JB@ D HC XM@ T@ KD @OZ?@TDRC @J HDT A?>B>ADT D HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T
ACaC @OB@JT>CJ@T R@ MJD ZCHFB>AD @OB@?>C? R@ TMT SCG>@?JCT7 HD ?@DH>RDR R@ HD Z?>a@?D Y
T@SMJRD ?@]CHMA>[J ]@?R@ WM@ MJ @i@aZHC R@ R@A>T>CJ@T A@JB?DH>LDRDT ?@TZ@ABC DH G?>JRD?7
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 108/159
QU_
Z@?C TCG?@ BCRC7 XM>BD? HCT ?@AM?TCT7 R@iDJRC D HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ @HHCT a>TaCT
A?@D?CJ T>J A@?B@LD W>JDJA>@?D7 D Z@TD? R@ XM@ WM@?CJ A?@DRDT R@TR@ HCT Z?CZ>CT >JB@?@T@T
R@ HD WMJRDA>[J Y T@ XM@RD?CJ MJ ZCAC D HD R@?>]D W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ B?DBDJRC R@ ACJTB?M>?
@TB?DB@S>DT R@ Z?CAM?DA>[J R@ CB?CT ?@AM?TCT D Z@TD? R@ HCT >aZDABCT XM@ BM]>@?CJ @J @H
Z?CA@TC R@ Z?CRMAA>[J DS?FACHDE
#TBD Z?IAB>AD @T @JBCJA@T7 MJD Z?IAB>AD R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 ZM@T G?>JRD ?@AM?TCT
A@JB?DH>LDRCT7 RCJR@ HDT ACJB?DZD?B@T JC TCJ ZD?BFA>Z@T R@ HD BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@TE - XM@
GDiC @H @aGH@aD R@ "ADH@JBD? aCBC?@T8 H>a>BD @H R@TD??CHHC R@ MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 ZM@T HD
TCA>@RDR A>]>H B>@J@ XM@ S@J@?D? ACJR>A>CJ@T ZD?D ZCR@? ?@TCH]@? HDT @a@?S@JA>DT
W>JDJA>@?DT @J HDT XM@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T HDT ZCJ@J Y C?>@JBD? TMT @J@?SFDT JC @J @HR@TAMG?>a>@JBC C ?@BCT R@ HD DZ?CZ>DA>[J R@ HDT T@a>HHDT ZC? @i@aZHC ZD?D @H ADTC R@ HCT
@i>RDBD?>CT a@O>ADJCTE )>JC ZC? @H ACJB?D?>C @J S@J@?D? a@ADJ>TaCT M?S@JB@T R@
W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ZD?D TMZ@?D? HD TCG?@]>]@JA>D R@H RFD D RFDE
=/;/;
'RFB $NEDFGP ANLBCHGDNBK
(Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT7 @T MJD WMJRDA>[J XM@ T>BMDaCT @J JM@TB?C DJIH>T>T @J @H )M?
.HCGDH7 ZM@T D S@J@?DRC TM ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ aDJ@?D R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD
MG>ADJRC \^ WMJRDA>CJ@T DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC7 @J ADRD MJD R@ @HHDT @H ACJT@iC R>?@AB>]C
@TBD >JB@S?DRC ZC? Z@?TCJDT R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@ ADRD ZDFT7 S@J@?DJRC MJD BCaD R@
R@A>T>CJ@T R@TA@JB?DH>LDRDT Y GDTDRDT @J HD ?@DH>RDR R@ ADRD ACJB@OBC7 D ACJB>JMDA>[J
@OZH>ADaCT TMT AD?DAB@?FTB>ADTE
$D ")CA>@RDR &G>@?BD8 @T MJD >R@D C?>S>JD?>D R@ {D?H %CZZ@?7 D ZD?B>? R@ MJD Z?@SMJBD5
A6,D4 4/*$'&1$D4" 0$" &'"#&#.+&4')" 2) 0$ "4+&)2$2 3$/$ &D3)2&/ H.) )0 0&2)/$1*4 K5$ ")$
&'2&(&2.$0 4 2) 0$ D$54/:$Q $243#) )0 $.#4/&#$/&"D4E g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 V\\h; & ZD?B>? R@ HD >R@D
R@ XM@ HDT ")CA>@RDR@T &G>@?BDT8 TCJ MJD ]FD ZD?D @]>BD? @H DMBC?>BD?>TaC7 @T XM@ TM?S@ HD
>J>A>DB>]D W>HDJB?[Z>AD C R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@H "'RFB $NEDFGP ANLBCHGDNBKX R@
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 109/159
QU^
.@C?S@ )C?CT7 a>HHCJD?>C R@ C?>S@J lkJSD?C7 MG>ADRC @J @H Jka@?C P^ R@ DAM@?RC ACJ HD
?@]>TBD 6C?G@T7 ACJ MJD WC?BMJD R@ P\ a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE`P $DT Z?>JA>ZDH@T A?FB>ADT`\
XM@ )C?CT KD ?@A>G>RC7 @T XM@ TM WC?BMJD KD T>RC D ZD?B>? R@ @TZ@AMHD? @J >J]@?T>CJ@T
ACJB?C]@?B>RDT Y JC DA@ZBDRDT ZC? HD ACa>T>[J ?@SMHDRC?D R@ DAA>CJ@T @ >J]@?T>CJ@T R@
#TBDRCT 0J>RCTE & Z@TD? R@ @HHC @T R@ HCT ZCACT a>HHCJD?>CT XM@ KDJ RCJDRC @H `U v R@ TMT
SDJDJA>DT R>?@ABDa@JB@ D HD Z?CZM@TBD R@ TMT WMJRDA>CJ@T Y KD ACJTB?M>RC R@TR@ Q^_V @J
TM Z?>a@? WMJRDA>[J @J lMJS?FD`V MJD >JW?D@TB?MABM?D >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ WMJRDA>CJ@TE %D?D
PUU` T@ ADHAMHD?CJ TMT SDTBCT DJMDH@T @J ` a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T g$DLFJ7 PUUd5 `^hE
%D?D @JB@JR@? 'RFB $NEDFGP ANLBCHGDNBKT KDY XM@ TDG@? XM@ AM@JBDJ ACJ =j CW>A>JDT Y
WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HD R>W@?@JA>D @T XM@ HDT CW>A>JDT T@ ACC?R>JDJ R>?@ABDa@JB@ R@TR@ HD CW>A>JDR@ /M@]D -C?m Y HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T B>@J@J C?SDJ>TaCT R@ SCG>@?JCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T @J ADRD
ZDFT RCJR@ @TBIJ MG>ADRDT8
• <W?>AD B>@J@J V WMJRDA>CJ@T
• &T>D d WMJRDA>CJ@T
•
#M?CZD PP WMJRDA>CJ@T
•
&aN?>AD $DB>JD Q
• 2@R>C (?>@JB@ Q
• #TBDRCT 0J>RCT P CW>A>JDT Y P WMJRDA>CJ@TE
`P 6C?G@T gbnP_nPUQVhE .@C?S@ )C?CT %?CW>H@E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J $>TBT5
KBBZ5nnfffEWC?G@TEACanZ?CW>H@nS@C?S@cTC?CTn
`\ )> G>@J @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J JC T@ Z?CWMJR>LD @J HD ]>RD R@ .@C?S@ )C?CT7 T@ ZM@R@ Z?CWMJR>LD? @J @TBD
R>TAMT>[J ACJ D?BFAMHCT ACaC5 KBBZ5nnfffE>J]@TB>JSDJTf@?TEACan@RMADB>CJnWDaCMTc>J]@TBC?Tn`UcXMCB@TcfC?HRTcaCTBcACJB?C]@?T>DHcG>HH>CJD>?@cP_^d
`V #J Q^d^ WMJR[ TM Z?>a@? WMJRDA>[J @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ @J /M@]D -C?mE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 110/159
QQU
)> G>@J HDT Z?>C?>RDR@T B@aIB>ADT7 Z?CS?DaDT Y CGi@B>]CT R@Z@JR@J R@ ADRD MJD R@ HDT
@TB?MABM?DT R@ SCG>@?JC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @J ADRD ZDFT HD AC>JA>R@JA>D R@ ]DHC?@T Y
a>T>[J TCJ ACaZD?B>RDT ZC? @TBD WDa>H>D R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T5
$DT (Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT B?DGDiDJ ZD?D ACJTB?M>? TCA>@RDR@T ]>G?DJB@T YBCH@?DJB@T AMYCT SCG>@?JCT T@DJ ?@TZCJTDGH@T Y DG>@?BCT D HD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ BCRDTHDT Z@?TCJDTE 1MTADaCT WC?BDH@A@? @H #TBDRC R@ '@?@AKCj ?@TZ@BC R@ HCT R@?@AKCTKMaDJCT7 HDT a>JC?FDT Y HD R>]@?T>RDR R@ CZ>J>CJ@Tj SCG>@?JCT @H@S>RCTR@aCA?IB>ADa@JB@j Y MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H XM@ DYMRD D aDJB@J@? @H ZCR@? R@HSCG>@?JC @J iDXM@E &YMRDaCT D RD? WC?aD D HDT ZCHFB>ADT ZkGH>ADT XM@ DT@SM?@J MJDaDYC? @XM>RDR @J HCT T>TB@aDT ZCHFB>ACT7 iM?FR>ACT Y @ACJ[a>ACT Y TDH]DSMD?RD? HCTR@?@AKCT WMJRDa@JBDH@TE %CJ@aCT @J Z?IAB>AD >J>A>DB>]DT ZD?D Z?CaC]@? HD iMTB>A>D7HD @RMADA>[J7 HD TDHMR ZkGH>AD Y HCT a@R>CT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@TE *CJTB?M>aCT DH>DJLDT D
B?D]NT R@ W?CJB@?DT Y ACJB>J@JB@T @J B@aDT ACaC HD AC??MZA>[J Y HD H>G@?BDR R@>JWC?aDA>[JE +?DGDiD? @J BCRDT HDT ZD?B@T R@H aMJRC7 HDT (Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJTRDJ MJD DHBD Z?>C?>RDR D HD Z?CB@AA>[J Y HD a@iC?D R@ HDT ]>RDT R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT @JHDT ACaMJ>RDR@T aD?S>JDRDTE``
#JBCJA@T HCT >JB@?@T@T R@ @TBD WDa>H>D R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T DZMJBDJ D WC?BDH@A@? HCT ACJB?DZ@TCT
W?@JB@ D HCT SCG>@?JCT R@TR@ MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H XM@ ZM@RD AM@TB>CJD? @H ZCR@?
SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACJTBDJB@a@JB@7 GMTAD B?DGDiD? ZD?D B@J@? MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE %C? a@R>C
R@ HD R@TA@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@ HD BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T D B?D]NT R@ TMT @TB?MABM?DT HCADH@T R@
WMJRDA>CJ@T @ >aZMHTDRDT W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ D ZD?B>? R@ HD CGB@JA>[J R@ ?@AM?TCT
A@JB?DH>LDRCTE
%D?D $DLFJ gPUUdh @H aCR@HC R@ WMJRDA>[J R@ )C?CT7 @TBI GDTDRC @J HD R@TA@JB?DH>LDA>[J7
ZD?D ACaZ?@JR@?HC HD DMBC?D DJDH>LD HDT R>W@?@JA>DT @JB?@ @TB@ aCR@HC Y @H R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J
`` (Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT gPUQVhE &GCMB MT E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J 2>TT>CJ};DHM@T5
KBBZ5nnfffECZ@JTCA>@BYWCMJRDB>CJTEC?SnDGCMBna>TT>CJc]DHM@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 111/159
QQQ
,CAm@W@HH@? XM@ DZH>AD MJ aCR@HC A@JB?DH>LDRCE & ACJB>JMDA>[J Z?@T@JBDaCT MJ ?@TMa@J
R@ @TBCT ZMJBCT ZD?D @JB@JR@? HDT R>W@?@JA>DT Y Z@AMH>D?>RDR@T R@ ADRD MJCE`b
•
)C?CT CGB>@J@ TM ?>XM@LD R@H ADZ>BDH>TaC @TZ@AMHDB>]C XM@ JC SD?DJB>LD SDJDJA>DTE,CAm@W@HH@? R@ MJ ADZ>BDH>TaC aCJCZ[H>AC XM@ SD?DJB>LD SDJDJA>DTE
•
,CAm@W@HH@? ZCJ@ CW>A>JDT DRa>J>TB?DB>]DT DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC XM@ T@ >JB@S?DJ ACJ
@OZ@?BCT @J ACCZ@?DA>[JE )C?CT >aZMHTD WMJRDA>CJ@T ACJ [?SDJCT R@ SCG>@?JC
DMB[JCaCT @J ADRD ZDFT XM@ T@ >JB@S?D ZC? HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD R@ ADRD ZDFTE
• ,CAm@W@HH@? T@ R@W>J@ ACaC DRa>J>TB?DRC? R@ HD ?>XM@LD R@ '>CTE )C?CT KD
W>JDJA>DRC >J>A>DB>]DT ACJB?D @H DMBC?>BD?>TaCE`d
•
,CAm@W@HH@? W>JDJA>[ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD ACaC GDT@ ZD?D ACJTB?M>? MJ aMJRC a@iC?
ZD?D HD KMaDJ>RDRE )C?CT KD W>JDJA>DRC D HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZD?D XM@ DYMR@ D
C?SDJ>LD? D HD ")CA>@RDR *F]>AD8 T>J HC AMDH HCT DAB>]>TBDT R@ NTBD JC ZCR?FDJ
TCG?@]>]>?E
• &aGCT BCaDJ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ ACaC aCR@HC KDA>D DWM@?D ACJ @H
Z?CZ[T>BC R@ XM@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @J CB?CT ZDFT@T ZM@RDJ ?@ZH>AD?HC7 Z@?C ZD?B@J R@
@TB?DB@S>DT R>TB>JBDTE %D?D ,CAm@W@HH@?7 @aZMiDJRC D XM@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H R@ CB?CT
ZDFT@T ZCAC D ZCAC B@JSDJ HDT @TB?MABM?DT R@H "aCR@HC8 @TBDRMJ>R@JT@E )C?CT7 @J
ADaG>C ?@ACJCA@ XM@ HCT SCG>@?JCT @J CB?CT ZDFT@T A?>a>JDH>LD?CJ Y Z@?T>SM>@?CJ
KDTBD DZHDTBD? HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H Y W>JDJA>D TM ?@D?B>AMHDA>[J7 R@W@JTD R@ '@?@AKCT
`b #J ZD?B>AMHD? @J @TBD B@T>T JC Z?CWMJR>LDaCT TCG?@ BCRCT HCT ADTCT XM@ $DLFJ Z?@T@JBD ZD?D HH@SD? D @TBDT
ACJAHMT>CJ@T ZD?D ZCR@? ?@]>TD? HCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCT XM@ RDJ C?>S@J D @TBDT ACJAHMT>CJ@T ]@? $DLFJ gPUUd5V\UcV_UhE
`d 0J ADTC ZD?DR>SaIB>AC R@ )C?CT @T XM@ ACaZ?[ @H ZDZ@H Z@?>[R>AC @J HCT T@B@JBD AMDJRC T@ KDGFD >a>BDRC
D HCT a@R>CT A?FB>ACT DH ?NS>a@J H>a>BDJRC @H ZDZ@HE '@TZMNT @J HCT CAK@JBD G?>JRC BCRD HD >JW?D@TB?MABM?DR@ WDO@T ZD?D DYMRD? D HD R>WMT>[J R@ JCB>A>DT DZCYDJRC HD ADFRD R@H >aZ@?>C TC]>NB>AC @J #M?CZD C?>@JBDHE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 112/159
QQP
lMaDJCT7 KDA@ ]>T>GH@ TM Z@?T@AMA>[J7 ZD?D S@J@?D? @XM>H>G?>CT @J HDT @TW@?DT @J @H
ZCR@?E
• $CT DHADJA@T Y ?@TMHBDRCT R@ HD WMJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? KDJ T>RC RCAMa@JBDRCT ZC?
R>]@?TCT @TBMR>CTCT Y BDaG>NJ T@ KD RCAMa@JBDRC >JB@?JDa@JB@E #J ADaG>C R@
)C?CT7 JC KD KDG>RC DJIH>T>T >JB@?JC J> @OB@?JC R@ TM DABMD? C aCR@HC R@
WMJRDA>CJ@TE
• $D WMJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? R@TR@ /M@]D -C?m7 R@A>R@ DZCYD? C JC >J>A>DB>]DT7 HD
ACJB>JM>RDR Y @H B>@aZCE )C?CT7 G?>JRD ?@AM?TCT A@JB?DH>LDRCT R@TR@ /M@]D -C?m
ZD?D TMT WMJRDA>CJ@T @J ADRD ZDFT7 Z@?C HD R@W>J>A>[J R@ Z?>C?>RDR@T Y TCG?@ @H
W>JDJA>Da>@JBC T@ RD ZC? @H ACJT@iC R@H ZDFTE
•
,CAm@W@HH@? JC B>@J@ MJD A?>T>T R@ TCTB@J>G>H>RDR R@ TMT CW>A>JDT DRa>J>TB?DB>]DT
DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC7 ZM@T TM CGi@B>]C JC @T S@J@?D? >JR@Z@JR@JA>D R@ @TBD
CW>A>JDTE )C?CT T@ @JW?@JBD D XM@ @O>TBDJ CB?CT >J]@?TC?@T @J TMT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@
ZDFT Y JC KDJ ZCR>RC T@? DMBC TCTB@J>GH@T T[HC R@Z@JR@J R@ HCT ?@AM?TCT A@JB?DH@TE
#TBD DMBC?D7 @OZCJ@ AHD?Da@JB@ HD R>W@?@JA>D @JB?@ @H /C?B@ Y )M? .HCGDH ACaZD?DJRC HD
6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? XM@ R@TA?>G>aCT @J @H DZD?BDRC DJB@?>C? Y @H ADTC R@ (Z@J )CA>@BY
6CMJRDB>CJT C ACaC @HHD HDT HHDaD HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@ )C?CTE
#J ZD?B>AMHD? ZD?D @H ADTC R@ (Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT7 K@aCT ACJT>R@?DRC RCT R@ TMT
AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT A@JB?DH@T ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD?HD ACaC MJ DABC? R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH XM@ TCJ @H >aZMHTC JC T[HC R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 T>JC R@
MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Y HD R@TA@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@ HD BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@Tj Z@?C BDaG>NJ DoDR@
HD DMBC?Dc KDG?I XM@ ACJT>R@?D? HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D Y ]DHC?@T XM@ HDT ?>S@J7 @J @TB@ ADTC
ACaGDB>? @H DMBC?>BD?>TaC R@ HD @H>B@ ZCHFB>AD ZC? a@R>C R@ MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H A?FB>AD Y
WC?BDH@A>RDE
&TF HD Z?>JA>ZDH R>W>AMHBDR R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@ )C?CT KD T>RC HD DMBCJCaFD Y @TBDG>H>RDR
W>JDJA>@?D7 Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J #M?CZD R@H #TB@ ZM@T HDT ?@SMHDA>CJ@T JDA>CJDH@T JC KDJ
Z@?a>B>RC D @TBDT WMJRDA>CJ@T S@J@?D? >J]@?T>CJ@T Y DMa@JBD? SDJDJA>DT XM@ D HD?SC ZHDLC
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 113/159
QQ\
H@T Z@?a>BDJ T@? DMB[JCaDT R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@E #T R@A>? B@J@? HD
TMW>A>@JB@ DAMaMHDA>[J R@ SDJDJA>DT ZD?D ?@>J]@?B>? @J HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H XM@ WC?BDH@LAD MJD
")CA>@RDR *F]>AD8 DR@AMDRD D HDT J@A@T>RDR@T HCADH@T7 JC >aZM@TBD R@TR@ HDT J@A@T>RDR@T
R@ HCT RCJDJB@T @OB@?JCTE
#J @H ADTC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@ )C?CT7 MJC R@ TMT S?DJR@T ?@BCT ZC? HD R@TA@JB?DH>LDA>[J
R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T @T HD R@Z@JR@JA>D W>JDJA>@?D7 ZM@T JC HCS?DJ B@J@? S@J@?DA>[J R@
?@AM?TCT C SDJDJA>DT Z?CZ>DT XM@ S@J@?@ TMTB@JBDG>H>RDRE & Z@TD? R@ B@J@? MJ aCR@HC XM@
GMTAD HD R@TA@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@H ZCR@?7 DH a@JCT @J MJD Z?>a@?D @BDZD TCHC T@ KD HCS?DRC @J
HD BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@TE
6>JDHa@JB@ $DLFJ7 BDaG>NJ ?@TDHBD RCT @H@a@JBCT ZD?D @H @TBMR>C R@ HCT DABC?@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@ CZ@?DJ R@TR@ MJ @JWCXM@ R@ )M? .HCGDH7 ZC? MJ HDRC HD ZCAD
]>T>G>H>RDR Y WDHBD R@ RCAMa@JBDA>[J R@ HCT ADTCT AMDJRC KDJ B@J>RC Z?IAB>ADT C aCR@HCT
@O>BCTCT C ACJ DZ?@JR>LDi@T ?@H@]DJB@T ZD?D a@iC?D? HD ACCZ@?DA>[JE - ZC? CB?C HDRC HCT
?@BCT ZD?B>AMHD?@T R@TR@ MJ @JWCXM@ XM@ GMTAD >JR@Z@JR@JA>D R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T D Z@TD? R@
KDG@? B@J>RC MJ C?>S@J A@JB?DH>LDRC7 DKF ?DR>AD HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HCT aD?ACT H@SDH@T XM@
WCa@JBDJ HD aC]>H>RDR R@ ?@AM?TCT HCADH@T7 Y R@ aDJ@?D W>TADH HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ MJD
DAMaMHDA>[J R@ SDJDJA>DT ZD?D W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT7 @TB@ B>ZC R@ aD?ACT JC?aDB>]CT KDJ
S@J@?DRC @JB?@ CB?DT ?DLCJ@Tc HCT >JA@JB>]CT W>TADH@T ZD?D HD S?DJ ADJB>RDR R@
WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T XM@ aC]>H>LDJ ?@AM?TCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 114/159
QQV
=/;/= )J JHCN NIKELMN CF +NNQJF
.CCSH@ @T MJD ACaZDoFD R@ T@?]>A>CT R@ >JB@?J@B XM@ KD aD?ADRC MJ ZD?DR>SaD DH G?>JRD?
K@??Da>@JBDT R@ ACaMJ>ADA>[J ACJ MJ R@TD??CHHC B@AJCH[S>AC XM@ JMJAD DJB@T T@ KDGFD]>TBC Y DAA@T>GH@ ZD?D BCRDT HDT Z@?TCJDTE %C? @i@aZHC @H ADTC R@ .CCSH@#D?BK MJ T@?]>A>C
S?DBM>BC XM@ Z@?a>B@ a>?D? DH aMJRC @JB@?C R@TR@ HD ACaCR>RDR R@H KCSD? C @J MJ
A>G@?ADWN7 T>@JRC >??@H@]DJB@ XM@ ZCT@DT MJD ACaZMBDRC?D C >JB@?J@BE *CaC ZD?B@ R@ HD
?@SMHDA>[J W>TADH @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ @J PUUV7 T@ R@A>R>[ A?@D? ".CCSH@EC?S87`_ DTF T@ H@ HHDaC D
HD ZD?B@ R@R>ADRD D R@TB>JD? MJ ZC?A@JBDi@ R@ TMT SDJDJA>DT D DAB>]>RDR@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADTE
$D ACaZH@i>RDR XM@ B>@J@ @TB@ DABC? JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 ACaC YD T@ KD a@JA>CJDRC7 @T D
ZD?B@ R@H ZCAC DJIH>T>T @J @H @TZ@AB?C R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T R@TR@ HD *3%'7 T@? MJD WMJRDA>[J ACJ
DAB>]>RDR@T ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH@T Y aMY ?@A>@JB@TE $D WMJRDA>[J R@ .CCSH@7 @T DkJ aIT
ACaZH@iD ZM@T ACaG>JD @H IaG>BC R@ HC HMA?DB>]C7 ACJ RCJDA>CJ@T Y Z?CaCA>[J R@ TMT
Z?CZ>CT Z?CRMABCT ACaC MJD WC?aD W>HDJB?[Z>ADE '@TR@ MJ T@JB>RC aIT C?BCRCOC T@ ZCR?FD
DS?MZD? ACaC MJ I?@D R@ ?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR TCA>DH @aZ?@TD?>DH7 T>J @aGD?SC B>@J@
a@ADJ>TaCT R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T ZC? a@R>C R@ MJ ACJT@iC R>?@AB>]C Y MJ Z?@TMZM@TBC
Z?CZ>C XM@ HD >JB@S?D @J JM@TB?D R@W>J>A>[J R@ WMJRDA>[JE
%C? HC AMDH7 D Z@TD? R@ HC ACJB?C]@?T>DH XM@ ZM@R@ T@? @TB@ DABC?7 R@A>R>aCT >JAC?ZC?D?HC
ACaC MJ ADTC7 R@iDJRC @J AHD?C7 HD >J]>BDA>[J D R@GDB>? T> WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@
@TB@ B>ZC7 ZM@R@J ACJT>R@?D?T@ C JC DABC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDHE )>J @aGD?SC ZD?D @TBD B@T>T7 ACJT>R@?DaCT XM@ @W@AB>]Da@JB@ @T MJ DABC?
R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH Y TM ZDZ@H a@?@A@ T@? >JAC?ZC?DRC DH
`_ /C @O>TB@ ACaC BDH @H JCaG?@ R@ 6MJRDA>[J .CCSH@7 aIT G>@J T@ >R@JB>W>AD ZkGH>ADa@JB@ ACaC
.CCSH@EC?S7 C "'CB(?S8 BN?a>JC @J >JSHNT ZD?D AMDJRC T@ ?@W>@?@J D @TBD WMJRDA>[J ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH7 @J @HADTC R@ @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J JCT ?@W@?>?@aCT D @HHD ACaC 6MJRDA>[J .CCSH@E %D?D ]@? aIT DaZH>Da@JB@ TCG?@@TB@ B@aD5 KBBZ5nnfffEJYB>a@TEACanPUQQnUQn\UnGMT>J@TTn\UAKD?>BYEKBaHxZDS@fDJB@RˆDHH}p?ˆU
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 115/159
QQ`
R@GDB@ >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZM@T @J ZCACT DoCT T@ KD ZCT>A>CJDRC ACaC MJ DABC? ACJ aMAKD
WM@?LD @ACJ[a>ADE #J JM@TB?C DJIH>T>T HC MG>ADaCT ACaC MJ DABC? R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH
ZC? @H W@J[a@JC R@ A@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@H ACJCA>a>@JBC R@ BCRC @H aMJRC7 ACaC @OZH>ADaCT
D ACJB>JMDA>[JE
.CCSH@EC?S C 6MJRDA>[J .CCSH@7 @T R@ HCT @aZ?@TD?>CT )@?S@Y 1?>J Y $D??Y %DS@ XM>@J@T
CAMZD @H Jka@?C Q_ R@ a>HHCJD?>CT D J>]@H aMJR>DH R@ DAM@?RC D HD ?@]>TBD 6C?G@TE`^ )@
WMJR[ @J PUUV ACJ MJ aCJBC >J>A>DH R@ Q7UUU a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 Z@?C R@ DAM@?RC DH +K@
/@f -C?m +>a@TbU D R>W@?@JA>D R@ HD aDYC?FD R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T7 T@ WMJR[ ACJ W>J@T R@
HMA?C7 HC XM@ H@ Z@?a>B@ W>JDJA>D? @aZ?@TDT R@ JM@]D A?@DA>[J C R@TD??CHHC R@ Z?CRMABCT7
WC?aD? DH>DJLDT ACJ >J]@?T>CJ>TBDT R@ ?>@TSC @ >JAHMTC ADG>HR@D? @J @H ACJS?@TCE & HD W@AKDHD 6MJRDA>[J R@ .CCSH@ ?@ZC?BD XM@ ADRD DoC CBC?SD „QUU a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T @J
RCJDA>CJ@T Y „Q7UUU a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T @J Z?CRMABCT B@AJCH[S>ACTE #H J>]@H R@
>aZC?BDJA>D XM@ B>@J@ @TBD WMJRDA>[J Y HD @aZ?@TD R@JB?C R@H ZCR@? >JB@?JDA>CJDH @T
ACJB?DR>ABC?>C ACJ HCT ZCACT @TBMR>CT DH ?@TZ@ABCE
#T aMY ACakJ XM@ ZD?D DHSMJCT Z@?>CR>TBDT @T BFZ>AC KDGHD? R@H )>HH>ACJ ;DHH@Yc @H HMSD?
T@R@ R@ HDT CW>A>JDT R@ .CCSH@ Y R@ CB?CT ACJTC?A>CT @aZ?@TD?>DH@T ACaC 6DA@GCCm Y
&ZZH@c ACaC MJ @TZDA>C RCJR@ T@ @TBD ACJA@JB?DJRC @H JM@]C ZCR@? SHCGDH7 ACaC HC
a@JA>CJD ,M>L ?@ZC?B@?C R@ #H %DFT5
`^
6C?G@T gbnP_nPUQVhE $D??Y %DS@ %?CW>H@E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J $>TBT5KBBZ5nnfffEWC?G@TEACanZ?CW>H@nHD??YcZDS@n
bU +K@ /@f -C?m +>a@TE gPUUbhE %K>HDJBK?CZY .CCSH@tT eDY5 /CB BK@ 0TMDHE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV
@J +@AKJCHCSY5KBBZ5nnfffEJYB>a@TEACanPUUbnU^nQVnB@AKJCHCSYnQVSCCSH@EKBaHxp?ˆP}BK}@aAˆBK}C?@W THCS>J}
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 116/159
QQb
)>H>ACJ ;DHH@Y KD S@J@?DRC MJD R@ HDT JM@]DT NH>B@T aIT B@a>RDTE $DT @aZ?@TDTB@AJCH[S>ADT ACJA@JB?DJ S?DJR@T J@SCA>CT aMJR>DH@T Y CAMZDJ HMSD?@T R@ >JWHM@JA>DS@J@?DHa@JB@ ?@T@?]DRCT D W>JDJA>@?CT T>J @TA?kZMHCT
#H ZDZ@H R@ HDT @aZ?@TDT B@AJCH[S>ADT YD JC @?D MJD B@JR@JA>D @a@?S@JB@E )@ KDGFDJACJ]@?B>RC @J MJD ZCB@JA>D ?@DH7 Z?@T@JB@ Y WIAB>AD5 @J @H JM@]C ZCR@?E #JB?@ HCT>JS?@R>@JB@T R@ TM NO>BC R@TBDADJ7 ACaC JCT R>?IJ aIT DR@HDJB@ @J HDT DHBDT @TW@?DT R@MJC R@ HCT @Z>A@JB?CT R@ @T@ ZCR@?7 MJD DHBD BCH@?DJA>D DH W?DADTC Y @H ACJTBDJB@ R@T@C R@Z?CGD? DHSC R>W@?@JB@E
- @J GDT@ D @T@ >R@D?>C aM@]@J R@TR@ .CCSH@ D TMT VbEUUU @aZH@DRCT ZC? BCRC @HaMJRC Y Z?CRMA@J MJCT RCT a>HHCJ@T R@ DZH>ADA>CJ@T DH DoC GDTDRDT @J @H DAA@TC DHD >JWC?aDA>[J C DKC?D @J T@?]>A>CT @ >JJC]DA>CJ@T XM@ ]DJ R@TR@ HDT WDaCTDT.CCSH@ .HDTT D MJ T@?]>A>C R@ ?@ZD?BC R@ ACaZ?D C @H ACAK@ ?CGCB XM@B?DJXM>HDa@JB@ B@ A?MLDT T>J ACJRMABC? ZC? TMT >Ja@R>DA>CJ@TEbQ
$DT >aZH>ADA>CJ@T R@ )>HH>ACJ ;DHH@Y7 @J BN?a>JCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T @T XM@ DKF @TBIJ
ACJA@JB?DRDT HDT @aZ?@TDT aIT >aZC?BDJB@T D J>]@H aMJR>DH7 HDT @aZ?@TDT XM@ ACJB?CHDJ
HD >JWC?aDA>[J R@ BCRC @H aMJRC @J MJ ACJRDRC R@ *DH>WC?J>D ZC? a@R>C R@H >aZDABC
SHCGDH R@H >JB@?J@B Y KDJ R@iDJRC R@ T@? MJD B@JR@JA>D C aCRD D T@? MJD ZCB@JA>D ?@DHE
#H >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ .CCSH@ JC T[HC @T D ZD?B>? R@ TM D]DJA@ Y R@TD??CHHC
B@AJCH[S>AC Y R@ HDT SDJDJA>DT a>HHCJD?>DT XM@ @TBI S@J@?DJRC7 T>JC TCG?@ HC XM@ e>Hm>@
HHDaD ".CCSH@ GMTAD A@JB?DH>LD? ]D?>CT aMJRCT8 ge>Hm>@ eE7 PUUdh7 @TBD A@JB?DH>LDA>[J T@
?@HDA>CJD R>?@ABDa@JB@ ACJ HD A?@DA>[J R@ .CCSH@ 6CMJRDB>CJ Y TM ZDZ@H RMDH @JB?@ HC
HMA?DB>]C Y JC HMA?DB>]C5
$D WMJRDA>[J .CCSH@ TM?S@ ACJ HC XM@ YC ACJT>R@?C RCT R>]>T>CJ@T7 MJD ACJ W>J@T R@HMA?C ZD?D WCa@JBD? JM@]CT J@SCA>CT @aZ?@TD?>DH@T ACJ C T>J HMA?C Y T>JZ?@CAMZD?T@ ZC? HDT R@RMAA>CJ@T R@ >aZM@TBCT7 Y CB?D XM@ CZ@?D ACaCC?SDJ>LDA>[J T>J W>J@T R@ HMA?C Z?>]DRC g()6$%h ZD?D DZCYD? @TWM@?LCT W>HDJB?[Z>ACT
bQ #H %DFTE gQ_nU`nPUQVhE &JDBCa>D R@H JM@]C ZCR@?E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ rMJ>C R@ PUQV @J ,@ZC?BDi@5
KBBZ5nn@HZD>TEACan@HZD>TnPUQVnU`nQbn@ZTnQVUUPVUb__pd\^_PUEKBaH
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 117/159
QQd
B?DR>A>CJDH@T7 @JB?@ @HHCT CBC?SD? G@ADT ZD?D @TB>aMHD? HD A?@DA>[J R@ JM@]CT@aZ?@TD?>CTE $D Z?>a@?D R>]>T>[J ZDSD >aZM@TBCT HD T@SMJRD JC HC KDA@E
$DT JM@]DT B@JR@JA>DT R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @J aDJCT R@ "HCT i[]@J@T a>HHCJD?>CT8
S@J@?DJ Z?CA@TCT D??>@TSDRCT Y R@ AD?IAB@? a>OBC R@ W>J@T HMA?DB>]CT Y JC HMA?DB>]CTZ@?C DaGDT ZD?D W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCT7 ?CaZ@J HCT @TXM@aDT B?DR>A>CJDH@T R@HW>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y B>@J@J MJ Z?CA@TC R@ TCTB@J>G>H>RDR ?@A>G>@JRC @HQv R@H ADZ>BDH R@ HD ACaZDoFD XM@ ZM@R@J ?@>J]@?B>? ZD?D S@J@?D? SDJDJA>DTEge>Hm>@ eE7 PUUd5 _Ph
#J @TB@ T@JB>RC e>Hm>@ >JAC?ZC?D @J HD W>HDJB?CZFD >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ .CCSH@ HDT DZH>ADA>CJ@T
S?DBM>BDT XM@ ACJ MJ W>J R@ "R@TA@JB?DH>LD? @H ACJCA>a>@JBC8 ]M@HADJ @J @TBD AC?ZC?DA>[J
@H W@J[a@JC R@ A@JB?DH>LD? aMAKCT aMJRCT D B?D]NT R@ TMT R>]@?TDT K@??Da>@JBDTbP ACaC
ACJA@JB?D? HD a@aC?>D DMR>C]>TMDH aIT S?DJR@ R@H aMJRC gn4.9.F)h7 HD >JWC?aDA>[JS@CS?IW>AD aIT DAA@T>GH@ @J B>@aZC ?@DH gI44*0) !$/#CR I44*0)?$3"h7 HD >JWC?aDA>[J
Z?>]DRD R@ GkTXM@RDT7 ACaMJ>ADA>[J7 >aIS@J@T7 RCAMa@JBCT7 @BAE gID$&0R I44*0)
T."+$24/ h7 HD K>TBC?>D7 JCB>A>DT7 A>BDT G>GH>CS?IW>ADT C H>G?CT R@ HDT G>GH>CB@ADT aIT
>aZC?BDJB@T R@H aMJRC gI44*0)8)f"R I44*0)T44k"R I44*0)<+$2`D&+4hE #J HD a>TaD HFJ@D
R@ D?SMa@JBCT7 CB?C DMBC? HC JCaG?D ACaC VQNNQJD[HEDOBX XM@ JCT HH@]D D A@JB?DH>LD?
R>]@?TCT IaG>BCT R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT Z@?C Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ R@H ACJCA>a>@JBC5
+NNQJF RNBF H BLFKGMN HJEHBEF MFELMKNK HBGFK DBDSHQDBHIJFK5 G>GH>CB@ADT@JC?a@T7 D?AK>]CT7 DHaDA@J@T ?@ZH@BCT R@ ?@S>TB?CT SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T7 B@TC?CT R@G>@J@T7 HDT >RDT Y ]@J>RDT R@ T@ABC?@T @JB@?CT R@ HD KMaDJ>RDRE & @TBC HC R@JCa>JCHD VQNNQJD[HEDOB CF GNCHK JHK ENKHKXE $D SCCSH>LDA>[J DW@ABD D B?@T S?DJR@T I?@DT R@>JB@?NT Y ACJRMABD KMaDJCT5 "BNKNGMNK8 gD B?D]NT R@H @W@ABC R@ .CCSH@ TCG?@JM@TB?D >JWC?aDA>[J Z@?TCJDH7 JM@TB?CT KIG>BCT7 CZ>J>CJ@T Y iM>A>CThj "FJ SLBCN8 gDB?D]NT R@ HD SHCGDH>LDA>[J R@ MJ @OB?DoC B>ZC R@ ]>S>HDJA>D D HD XM@ HHDaD?N>aZ@?>DH>TaC >JW?D@TB?MABM?DHhj Y "ENBNEDSDFBGN8 gD B?D]NT R@H @W@ABC ADMTDRC ZC?@H MTC R@ HD >JS@JB@ ADJB>RDR R@ ACJCA>a>@JBC DAMaMHDRC @J H>G?CT7 GDT@T R@ RDBCT@J 3JB@?J@B Y HD ,@RhE g;D>RKYDJDBKDJ7 PUQQ5 Ph
bP %D?D ?@]>TD? HDT R>]@?TDT K@??Da>@JBDT T>J ACTBC ZD?D @H PUQV7 ]>T>B@5
KBBZ5nnfffESCCSH@EACan>JBHn@TnDGCMBnZ?CRMABTn
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 118/159
QQ_
&T>a>TaC7 @J @TBDT A?>B>ADT TCG?@ HD A@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@H ACJCA>a>@JBC Y HD W>SM?D W>HDJB?[Z>AD
R@ .CCSH@7 e>Hm>@ Z?@T@JBD MJD T@?>@ R@ Z?IAB>ADT XM@ R@TR@ TM Z@?TZ@AB>]D A@JB?DH>LDJ @H
ZCR@? Y XM@ R@TR@ @TB@ DJIH>T>T @TBD A@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T7 >JWC?aDA>[J Y
JMHC >aZMHTC R@ MJD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD ?@Z?@T@JBDJ MJD WC?aD R@ @i@?A>A>C R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH5
• n4.#.F) 5 0$ D$'4 &'(&"&F0) 2) I44*0); 0JD R@ HDT WC?aDT JC ]>T>GH@T R@
W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@ .CCSH@ @J BN?a>JCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 WM@ @J PUUb HD ACaZ?D R@
-CM+MG@ @J Q7b`U a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 aDJB@J>@JRC T>J AD?SCT @H >JB@?ADaG>C R@
]>R@CT @JB?@ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT MTMD?>DT R@ aDJ@?D W>HDJB?[Z>ADE #J PUUd T@
Z?CY@ABDGD ZDTD? R@ dE` D \dE` a>HHCJ@T R@ MTMD?>CT7 T>J @aGD?SC @J PUQ\ T@?@ZC?BD?CJ QUUU a>HHCJ@T R@ MTMD?>CT @J @TBD ?@R TCA>DH7b\ ADT> B?>ZH>ADJRC HDT
@OZ@ABDB>]DT R@ @TBD K@??Da>@JBD "W>HDJB?[Z>AD8 R@ .CCSH@E #J @H PUUb7 @H
W@J[a@JC R@ HCT a>HHCJ@T R@ MTMD?>CT R@ -CMBMG@ WM@ ?@ACJCA>RC ZC? @H
@J>SaIB>AC Jka@?C R@H Z@?TCJDi@ R@H DoC5 +kE7 R@ HD ?@]>TBD 9&D)E &H XM@ TM
R>?@ABC? ,>AKD?R )B@JS@H a@JA>CJDGD5 [J& )0&*)" $ .' &'2&(&2.4R #&)')" H.) 7."#&-&+$/
+,D4 )"$ 3)/"4'$ $-)+#4 $ D&004')" DB"R 3)/4 "& )"+4*)" $ D&004')" 2) 3)/"4'$"R
'4 #&)')" H.) 7."#&-&+$/04 $'#) '$2&)\ ge>Hm>@ eE7 PUUd5 _`h; '@JB?C R@H W@J[a@JCR@ "BCRC ZM@R@ T@? S?DGDRC Y ]>TBC ZC? a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC
Y ACJ]@?B>?T@ @J DHSC ]>?DH87 ZDTD?CJ HCT ]>R@CT >A[J>ACT R@ a>H>BD?@T
@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T aDBDJRC D Z?>T>CJ@?CT @J 3?Dm7 RCJR@ D Z@TD? R@ XM@ @H Z?CZ>C
SCG>@?JC @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ Z?CK>G>[ XM@ HCT a>H>BD?@T TMG>@?DJ ]>R@CT NTBCT R>@?CJ HD
]M@HBD DH aMJRC ge>Hm>@ eE7 PUUd5 __c^UhE &TF HDT Z@?TCJDT TMG@J b`UUU ]>R@CT DH
b\ $>G@?BDR'>S>BDHE gPQnU\nPUQ\hE -CM+MG@ TMZ@?D HCT QUUU a>HHHCJ@T R@ MTMD?>CTE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ rMJ>C R@
PUQV @J *>@JA>D Y +@ACJCHCS>D5 KBBZ5nnfffEH>G@?BDRR>S>BDHEACanA>@JA>DcB@AJCHCS>Dn>JB@?J@BnPUQ\cU\cPQnYCMBMG@cTMZ@?DcHCTcQUUUca>HHCJ@TcR@cMTMD?>CTcQPdbV_`Vbbn
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 119/159
QQ^
RFD7bV T>@JRC HD aDYC? GDT@ R@ ]>R@CT DZC?BDRCT ZC? BCRDT HDT Z@?TCJDT Z@?C T@
CBC?SDJ D Qb T@?]>RC?@T R@H aMJRC XM@ HCT ACJA@JB?DJE
• .CCSH@ &ADRNa>AC @ l>TB[?>ACE )@ B?DBD R@ MJD K@??Da>@JBD XM@ >JR@OD
RCAMa@JBDA>[J BNAJ>AD >JAC?ZC?DJRC D?BFAMHCT7 ZCJ@JA>DT7 >JWC?a@T7 H>G?CT7 B@T>T7
A>BDTE %D?D R@TD??CHHD? @TB@ GMTADRC? T@ ?@DH>LD?CJ DAM@?RCT ACJ HDT MJ>]@?T>RDR@T Y
HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T G>GH>CB@ADT ZD?D ZCR@? DJ@OD? Y R>S>BDH>LD? HDT ACH@AA>CJ@TE #J
aDB@?>D R@ >JWC?aDA>[J K>TB[?>AD7 ZD?D PUUb7 .CCSH@ DJMJA>[ XM@ DJ@OD?FD JCB>A>DT
ACJ MJD DJB>Ss@RDR R@ PUU DoCT7 T>@JRC ACJB?C]@?T>DH TM R@A>T>[J R@ >JAC?ZC?D?
BDaG>NJ JCB>A>DT R@H aMJRC I?DG@ Y BCRDT TMT @TB?DB@S>DT ZD?D HH@SD? D @TBD ?@S>[J
R@H aMJRCE )> G>@J HCS?[ B@J@? MJD S?DJ DA@ZBDA>[J ZC? ]D?>DT MJ>]@?T>RDR@T7
?@]>TBDT7 Z@?>[R>ACT7 G>GH>CB@ADT7 WM@ BCBDHa@JB@ HC ACJB?D?>C ACJ HDT ADTD @R>BC?>DH@T
XM@ KDJ B@J>RC MJD S?DJ HMAKD ZC? @]>BD? @H H>G?@ @TADJ@C R@ HCT H>G?CT ZM@T H>a>BDJ
TMT ?@AM?TCTE #J @TB@ T@JB>RC .CCSH@ Z@?R>[ HD GDBDHHD H@SDH ZC? HCT R@?@AKCT R@
DMBC? @J ]D?>CT ZDFT@T H>a>BDJRC TM DAA@TC D ]>TBDT ZD?A>DH@TE )>J @aGD?SC7 HDT
A?FB>ADT D @TBD DAMaMHDA>[J kJ>AD R@ HD K>TBC?>D R@H aMJRC @T XM@ BCRC @TBD
XM@RDJRC @J HDT aDJCT gC @J HCT T@?]>RC?@Th R@ MJD @aZ?@TD B?DJTJDA>CJDH XM@
ACJ HD >JB@JA>[J R@ G?>JRD? K@??Da>@JBDT ZD?D HD DAA@T>G>H>RDR R@ RDBCT @TBDaCT
G?>JRIJRCH@ BCRC @H ACJB?CH R@ HD >JWC?aDA>[J aMJR>DHE
#J HC ?@HDA>CJDRC ACJ HDT DAA>CJ@T ?@DH>LDRDT R>?@ABDa@JB@ R@JB?C R@ HD W>SM?D R@
WMJRDA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH @TBI @H WCa@JBC R@ TMT Z?CRMABCT B@AJCH[S>ACT ZD?D ADMTDT
ACJA?@BDT7 Z?@a>CT ZD?D >J>A>DB>]DT >JJC]DRC?DT C >J]@TB>SDRC?@T ?@H@]DJB@T7 G@ADT
DADRNa>ADT7 DZCYC @J R@TDTB?@T7 W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ]@?R@7 @BAE '@TBDAD MJD >J>A>DB>]D ?@A>@JB@
XM@ @T S@J@?D? MJ GMTADRC? ACJA?@BC @J aDB@?>D R@ @H@AA>CJ@T SHCGDH@T7 HHDaDRC .CCSH@
bV %D?D aIT >JWC?aDA>[J ?@TZ@ABC D A>W?DT R@ -CM+MG@ ]>T>BD?5 KBBZT5nnfffEYCMBMG@EACanYBnZ?@TTn@Tc
VQ^nTBDB>TB>ATEKBaH
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 120/159
QPU
%CH>B>AT7b` XM@ GMTAD G?>JRD? ]>R@CT7 JCB>A>DT7 D?BFAMHCT DADRNa>ACT TCG?@ HDT @H@AA>CJ@T
XM@ @TBNJ CAM??>@JRC @J DHSMJD ZD?B@ R@H aMJRCE
'@ @TBD aDJ@?D MJ W@J[a@JC kJ>AC R@ @TBD NZCAD B@AJCH[S>AD @T HD ACJA@JB?DA>[J R@ HD>JWC?aDA>[J R@ Z@?TCJDT7 >JTB>BMA>CJ@T7 G>GH>CB@ADT7 K>TBC?>D Y JDA>CJ@T ACaC JMJAD DJB@T
@J HD K>TBC?>D @J HCT Qb T@?]>RC?@T MG>ADRCT @J @H JC?B@ S@CS?IW>ACbb Y R@Z@JR>@JRC
R>?@ABDa@JB@ R@ HD BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T R@TR@ HDT CW>A>JDT A@JB?DH@T R@ .CCSH@ @J )>HH>ACJ
;DHH@Y HC kJ>AC XM@ ZCR?FDaCT DoDR>? ?@TZ@ABC D @TB@ W@J[a@JC R@ A@JB?DH>LD?
>JWC?aDA>[J Y BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T @T5 "w'4 2)F)/:$D4" 2) 2)"+4'-&$/ .' 34+4 DB" 2) )"#)
'.)(4 &D3)/&4 #)+'40,*&+4 2&"-/$1$24 2) -&0$'#/43:$ *04F$0E 8 g;D>RKYDJDBKDJ7 PUQQ5 Q^^h
=/=
)J RHRFJ CF JHK RFMKNBHK ENSN HQFBGFK CFBGMN CF JH ENNRFMHEDOB DBGFMBHEDNBHJ/
*CaC HC a@JA>CJDaCT @J JM@TB?C ADZFBMHC RCT7 AMDJRC JCT ?@W@?>aCT D HDT Z@?TCJDT
R@JB?C R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 KDGHDaCT R@ DS@JB@T XM@ D B?D]NT R@
R>]@?TCT >JTB?Ma@JBCT ACCZ@?DJ >JB@?JDA>CJDHa@JB@ ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC C @a@?S@JA>DT R@
CB?CT ZDFT@TE $DT ]FDT ZC? HDT XM@ @TBCT DS@JB@T ACCZ@?DJ >JB@?JDA>CJDHa@JB@ ZM@R@J T@?
HD RCJDA>[J R@ ?@AM?TCT W>JDJA>@?CT ZC? a@R>C R@ R>]>TDT7 W>HDJB?CZFD >JR>]>RMDH7 C ZC?
a@R>CT @H@AB?[J>ACT ACaC HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J ACH@AB>]D g*?CfJWMJR>JShE
+CRCT @TBCT a@ADJ>TaCT ACG?DJ MJ J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH AMDJRC TMZ@?DJ HDT W?CJB@?DT Y
HH@SDJ D CB?CT ZDFT@TE
$DT Z@?TCJDT ACaC DS@JB@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH KDJ
>aZMHTDRC D HC HD?SC R@H B>@aZC R>]@?TDT WC?aDT R@ DZCYC >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 T> G>@J KD T>RC
b` %D?D ACJCA@? aIT R@ @TBD >J>A>DB>]D ]>T>B@5 KBBZ5nnfffESCCSH@EACan@H@AB>CJTn@RnMT
bb 'DBD *@JB@? {JCfH@RS@ g`nQ`nPUQPhE .CCSH@ 'DBD *@JB@? E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J /@fT5
KBBZ5nnfffERDBDA@JB@?mJCfH@RS@EACanD?AK>]@TnPUQPnU`nQ`nSCCSH@cRDBDcA@JB@?cWDXn
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 121/159
QPQ
aIT RCAMa@JBDRD HD K>TBC?>D R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT cACaC HC ]>aCT @J
JM@TB?C ?@AM@JBC K>TB[?>ACc @J S@J@?DH HD RCJDA>[J @J R>TB>JBDT HDB>BMR@T R@H aMJRC B>@J@
aDYC? WM@?LD AMDJRC @TBD H>SDRD D RCT W@J[a@JCT5 @H AD?IAB@? ?@H>S>CTC Y HCT
DACJB@A>a>@JBCT R@ @a@?S@JA>D GNH>ACT C JDBM?DH@TE
%C? @i@aZHC @J aDB@?>D R@ HCT R@TDTB?@T Y B?DS@R>DT JDBM?DH@T @H BTMJDa> R@ PUUV aC]>H>L[
RCJDA>CJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT XM@ T@ @TB>aD TMZ@?D?CJ HCT a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T g&e3'7 PUUb5
bdh7 BDaG>NJ @H B@??@aCBC R@ rDZ[J @J Q^^` Y R@ 2NO>AC @J Q^_` WM@?CJ MJ AHD?C @i@aZHC
R@ HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@ Z@?TCJDT W?@JB@ D MJD ADMTD R@ @a@?S@JA>D XM@ R@TZMNT ZM@R@
ACJ]@?B>?T@ @J HD W>HDJB?CZFD R@ HD?SC ZHDLC ZD?D HD ?@ACJTB?MAA>[J @JB@?D R@ ACaMJ>RDR@T
ZC? @TBCT DACJB@A>a>@JBCTE
(?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T XM@ DJDH>LDJ @H W@J[a@JC ACJT>R@?DJ B?@T
DACJB@A>a>@JBCT XM@ J@A@T>BDaCT ACJT>R@?D? ZD?D @JB@JR@? @H ACJB@OBC DABMDH R@ @TB@
W@J[a@JC7 HDT ?@a@TDT7 @H ADaG>C S@J@?DA>CJDH7 Y HDT @ACJCaFDT R@ ZDFT@T @a@?S@JB@T
g&e3'7 PUUb5 bdcd\h5
QE
)> G>@J HD W>HDJB?CZFD @TBDRMJ>R@JT@ KD aD?ADRC B@JR@JA>D Y KD T>RC HD aIT
RCAMa@JBDRD D J>]@H aMJR>DH7 iMTBC ZC? TM ZDZ@H S@CZCHFB>ACE $DT JM@]DT
B@JR@JA>DT @T ?@ACJCA@? XM@ R@JB?C R@ HCT ZDFT@T @a@?S@JB@T C R@ ?@JBD a@R>D
KDY A?@A>a>@JBC R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD >JR>]>RMDH C aIT G>@J aDYC? ]>T>G>H>RDR
>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD HCADHE #J ZDFT@T ACaC 2NO>AC7 1?DT>H7 3JR>D7 0A?DJ>D Y
,MT>D RCJR@ HD AHDT@ ACJ aDYC? ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC T@ T>@JB@J ADRD ]@L aIT
aCB>]DRDT D RD?7 T>J @aGD?SC TM A?@A>a>@JBC R@Z@JR@J R@ MJ DaG>@JB@ H@SDH Y
?@SMHDBC?>C WD]C?DGH@ DTF ACaC MJD ACJA>@JA>D ZkGH>AD ACH@AB>]D XM@ ]DYD aIT DHHI
R@ MJ DABC R@ AD?>RDRE
PE (B?C @H@a@JBC R@H ZDJC?DaD W>HDJB?[Z>AC @T HD B?DJTW@?@JA>D >JB@?S@J@?DA>CJDH R@
?>XM@LD ACJA@JB?DRD @J HDT NH>B@T @ACJ[a>ADT R@ HCT ZDFT@T7 XM@ T@ ?@W>@?@ D HDT
K@?@JA>DT XM@ XM@RDJ @J aDJCT R@ MJD S@J@?DA>[J ADRD ]@L aIT iC]@JE )[HC @J
#TBDRCT 0J>RCT T@ @TB>aD @JB?@ \UU Y bUU B?>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T R@ HC AMDH DH a@JCT
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 122/159
QPP
Q` ZC? A>@JBC T@ >?I ZD?D RCJDA>CJ@TE '@JB?C R@ @TB@ W@J[a@JC KDY MJ DMa@JBC @J
HD W>HDJB?CZFD >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ACaC ?@TMHBDRC R@ HD A@?ADJFD a@R>IB>AD @JB?@ ZDFT@T C
MJD SHCGDH>LDA>[J TCA>DH D ZD?B>? R@ HDT JM@]DT B@AJCHCSFDT R@ >JWC?aDA>[J Z@?C
BDaG>NJ ZC?XM@ HCT JM@]CT DR>J@?DRCT RCJDJB@T TCJ aMAKC aIT i[]@J@T7 ACJ
@OZ@ABDB>]DT XM@ ?@GDTDJ HDT W?CJB@?DTE )MT >JB@?@T@T T@ @JWCADJ @J G?>JRD?
?@AM?TCT ZD?D HD DT>TB@JA>D7 ZC? @i@aZHC GDJACT R@ DH>a@JBCT7 RCBDA>[J R@ DSMD7
@BAE7 Y ZC? TM >aZDA>@JA>D @J ]@? ?@TMHBDRCT ACJA?@BCTE
\E
%C? kHB>aC @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT ?@a@TDT ACJCA>RC BDaG>NJ ACaC RCJDA>CJ@T R@ HD
R>ITZC?D7 T@ ?@W>@?@ D Z@?TCJDT a>S?DJB@T XM@ T@ >JTBDHDJ @J HCT ZDFT@T ?>ACT Y
aDJB>@J@J MJ ]>JAMHC ACJ TM ACaMJ>RDR C ZDFT R@ C?>S@JE $DT aIT >aZC?BDJB@T @J
BN?a>JCT R@ HD ADJB>RDR R@ WHMiCT @ACJ[a>ACT TCJ HDT Z@?TCJDT a>S?DJB@T R@ ZDFT@T
ACaC 2NO>AC7 1?DT>H @ 3JR>DE #J @H ADTC R@ A>W?DT CW>A>DH@T R@H *&' @H BCBDH R@
?@a@TDT R@ BCRCT HCT RCJDJB@T R@H *&' D HCT ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC @?DJ „Q^b a>H
a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T7 MJ H>S@?C DMa@JBC R@ Q^U a>H a>HHCJ@T R[HD?@T @J PUQU
glMRTCJ 3JTB>BMB@7 PUQ\5 `h
)>SM>@JRC ACJ @H DJIH>T>T R@TR@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T XM@ @TBMR>DJ HCT WHMiCT
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ HD *3%'7 {@?? R@TR@ HD a>TaD HFJ@D R@ @TBMR>C R@ &e3'7 XM>@J@T KDJRCAMa@JBDRC HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@T ACaC DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
DoDR@J HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ HDT aMi@?@T7 HDT R>ITZC?DT ACJ aDYC? Z?@T@JA>D @ACJ[a>AD Y @H
ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT i[]@J@T g{@?? rE 7 PUUd5 QUUcQUPh5
• )[HC @J @H PUUb PQ Z@?TCJDT @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT RCJD?CJ7 ZC? HC a@JCT7 QUU
a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T ZD?D ADTMTDT G@JNW>ADT ?CaZ>@JRC MJ JM@]C ?@AC?R R@
W>HDJB?CZFDE
• #J HDT Z?[O>aDT RNADRDT T@ ADHAMHD XM@ KDG?I MJD B?DJTW@?@JA>D R@ G>HHCJ@T R@
R[HD?@T @J S@J@?DA>CJ@T ZC? a@R>C R@ K@?@JA>D R@ HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T @M?CZ@D Y
JC?B@Da@?>ADJDE #TBC T>SJ>W>AD?I XM@ aIT XM@ JMJAD aMAKDT aMi@?@T T@
ACJ]@?B>?IJ @J K@?@R@?DTE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 123/159
QP\
•
$CT JM@]CT ?>ACT7 Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ i[]@J@T C DHBCT @i@AMB>]CT R@ HDT @aZ?@TDT aIT
ZCR@?CTDT T@ @TBIJ ]CH]>@JRC MJ JM@]C T@ABC? R@ RCJDJB@T W>HIJB?CZCTE %C?
@i@aZHC 2CKDaa@R 3G?DK>a MJ a>HHCJD?>C JDA>RC @J )MRIJ7 ?@A>@JB@a@JB@ A?@C
MJ Z?@a>C DJMDH R@ „` a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T ZD?D HFR@?@T DW?>ADJCT XM@ @OK>GDJ
Z?IAB>ADT R@ GM@J SCG>@?JCE
• $CT Z?>JA>ZDH@T ZDFT@T XM@ G?>JRDJ RCJDA>CJ@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADT TCJ5 #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7
3T?D@H7 *DJDRI7 &?S@JB>JD7 #TZDoD7 3?HDJRD7 ,@>JC 0J>RC7 0SDJRD7 lMJS?FD7
+DJLDJ>D7 {@J>D7 %C?BMSDH7 &MTB?DH>D7 %DFT@T 1DiCT7 )MRIW?>ADE
/DR>@ ZM@R@ >SJC?D? XM@ HD WM@?LD @ACJ[a>AD XM@ KDJ ACG?DRC HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@T
ZD?B@ R@ MJD A>MRDRDJFD SHCGDHnTCH>RD?>D XM@ @TBD T>@JRC MJ ?@W@?@JB@ ACaC DHB@?JDB>]DTR@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC JCT HH@]D D >aDS>JD? WM@?D R@ HDT @TW@?DT C?BCRCODT R@ HCT DABC?@T Y
B?DR>A>CJDH@T R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J7 DKC?D HDT Z?CZ>DT Z@?TCJDT ACJ TM R@A>T>[J Y ?@AM?TCT ]DJ
DZC?BDJRC D ?@TCH]@? HDT Z?CGH@aIB>ADT TCA>DH@T Z?@T@JB@T @J akHB>ZH@T ZDFT@TE #J @TB@
T@JB>RC7 XM@?@aCT DGC?RD? RCT W@J[a@JCT XM@ @i@aZH>W>ADJ HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@TR@ @H /C?B@
.HCGDH C )M? .HCGDH R@TR@ @H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@TE 0JC @T @H ZDZ@H R@H ADJBDJB@
1CJC R@ 0P ACaC MJ W>HIJB?CZC >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y @H CB?C ACaC HDT Z@?TCJDT RCJDJB@T R@
aDJ@?D DJ[J>aD XM@ T@ KDJ ]M@HBC ?@W@?@JB@T ZD?D HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACH@AB>]D @J HFJ@DE
6767878 9$' %+/'&5$' $5:5(.$' ,&.& *&5$50+' (50+/5$,(&5$#+'; *&5$,(:5 ,&&%+/$0(4$
<2/&=*>-5*(5?@
$DT Z@?TCJDT D HC HD?SC R@ HD K>TBC?>D KDJ T>RC DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ aDJ@?D
DJ[J>aD7 >aZMHTDRCT ZC? DABCT TCH>RD?>CT7 @aZDBFD C A@?ADJFD AMHBM?DH KDJ RCJDRC
W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ C @J @TZ@A>@E +DH ]@L MJ DJB@A@R@JB@ R@ @TBD Z?IAB>AD TCJ A[aC HDT
Z@?TCJDT R@ HD R>ITZC?D C HDT Z@?TCJDT a>S?DJB@Tc KDJ @aZMiDRC @H R@TD??CHHC @J TMT
ZDFT@T R@ C?>S@J BDJBC @J @H @J]FC R>?@ABC R@ R>]>TDT D TMT ACaMJ>RDR@T ZD?D DZCYD? D TM
R@TD??CHHC C D B?D]NT R@ HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ WMJRDA>CJ@T ACaMJ>BD?>DT C B?DJTW?CJB@?>LDTE
%@?C @J @TB@ ADTC AMDJRC JCT @JWCADaCT D DXM@HHDT Z@?TCJDT XM@ JC T@ DS?MZDJ R@JB?C
R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T C WMJRDA>CJ@T Y XM@ D Z@TD? R@ @HHCc ACJB>JkDJ G?>JRDJRC ?@AM?TCT D
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 124/159
QPV
CB?CT ZDFT@T7 TCJ @J S@J@?DH Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ @J @TBD B@T>T ACJT>R@?DaCT ACaC
DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE
#J @TBD B@T>T7 >R@JB>W>ADaCT XM@ DH T@? MJ S?MZC R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ BCaDJR@A>T>CJ@T R@TR@ TMT Z?@W@?@JA>DT >JR>]>RMDH@T ZD?D RCJD? D R>]@?TDT Z?CGH@aIB>ADT @J
CB?CT ZDFT@T7 @T ACaZH@iC DS?MZD?HDT @TZ@AFW>ADa@JB@ @J Z?IAB>ADT R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y
)M? .HCGDH7 ZM@T ADRD MJC R@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT TCJ BDJ R>]@?TCT Y ZD?B>AMHD?@T XM@ JC
TDG?FDaCT A[aC @T TM BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T C T> DZCYDJ R>?@ABDa@JB@ D WC?BDH@A@? MJD
)CA>@RDR *F]>ADE )>J @aGD?SC7 JCT D]@JBM?DaCT D >R@JB>W>AD?HD ACaC MJD Z?IAB>AD R@H )M?
.HCGDH7 ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ ZC?XM@ T@ KD ]M@HBC MJD DHB@?JDB>]D R@ aC]>H>RDR W>JDJA>@?D
>aZMHTDRD R@TR@ HDT J@A@T>RDR@T HCADH@T Y DZCYDRDT ZC? S?MZCT R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT @JR>TB>JBDT ZD?B@T R@H aMJRC7 ACaC T@ @OZCJ@ D ACJB>JMDA>[JE
$D HH@SDRD R@ HDT JM@]DT B@AJCHCSFDT R@ HD >JWC?aDA>[J g+3*tTh Y @H DAA@TC aDT>]C DH
>JB@?J@B7 @aZMiD?CJ D HD A?@DA>[J R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT XM@ DYMRD?CJ D
ACJTB?M>? MJD JM@]D aCRDH>RDR R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J ACaMJ>BD?>DnHCADH B?DR>A>CJDH7
S@J@?DJRC ZHDBDWC?aDT RCJR@ MJ S?MZC R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT D ZD?B>? R@ >JA@JB>]CT
ACaC >JB@?NT @J B@aDT7 Z@?B@J@JA>D ACaMJ>BD?>D7 >JB@?NT W>HDJB?[Z>AC7 R@A>R@J DZCYD?
ADMTDT ACJA?@BDTE
%@?C7 wXMN @T @H *?CfRWMJR>JS C RCJDA>[J ACCZ@?DB>]Dx7 R@ DAM@?RC D HD C?SDJ>LDA>[J
*?CfRTCM?A>JS T@ ZM@R@ R@W>J>? ACaC5
#H +/4f2-.'2&'* @T MJ T>TB@aD R@ ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT XM@ ZCJ@ @J ACJBDABC7 DB?D]NT R@ MJD ZHDBDWC?aD CJH>J@7 D Z@?TCJDT XM@ J@A@T>BDJ ?@AM?TCT ZD?D HH@]D? DADGC MJ Z?CY@ABC ACJ ZCB@JA>DH@T RCJDJB@T C >J]@?TC?@TE g*?CfRTCM?A>JS7 $$*7PUQP5 Vh
$D RCJDA>[J ACCZ@?DB>]D @T MJD K@??Da>@JBD @H@AB?[J>AD ZC? HD XM@ DS@JB@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T C Z@?TCJDT R@ AD?IAB@? DJ[J>aC7 DZCYDJ W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ D CB?DT
Z@?TCJDT C S?MZCTE #J HD kHB>aD RNADRD7 @TBDT ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT T@ WM@?CJ
R@TD??CHHDJRC HCADHa@JB@ Y WC?BDH@A>@JRC TM ]>T>G>H>RDR aMJR>DHa@JB@ @TC iMJBC ACJ
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 125/159
QP`
a@ADJ>TaCT R@ RCJDA>[J DAA@T>GH@T @ >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T H@T Z@?a>B>[ B?DJT>BD? @J ZCAC
B>@aZC DH B@J@? >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDHE #T R@A>? R>@?CJ TCHMA>[J DH >JB@?NT Y @aZDBFD R@
Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ KDG>BMDHa@JB@ YD RCJDGDJ D CB?CT ZDFT@T7 G?>JRIJRCH@T MJD
K@??Da>@JBD DAA@T>GH@ Y XM@ ZCAC D ZCAC T@ KD SDJDRC HD ACJW>DJLD R@ CB?DT Z@?TCJDTE
0J @i@aZHC @T XM@ R@ DAM@?RC D @TB@ a>TaC ?@ZC?B@ R@ *?CfRTCM?A>JS gPUQPh7 R@ PUUd D
PUQP @O>TB>[ MJ A?@A>a>@JBC @ ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT R@ aIT R@H bU ZC? A>@JBC Y KDJ
aC]>H>LDRC DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC aIT R@ QE` a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T T[HC ZD?D PUQQE #J
BN?a>JCT aMJR>DH@T ZD?D PUQP ?@S>TB?DGDJ V`U ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ ?@ADMRDA>[J7 T>@JRC
#TBDRCT 0J>RCT HD XM@ B@J>D HD aDYC? ADJB>RDR Q^Q7 Z@?C ZCAC D ZCAC HD R>TB?>GMA>[J @J
CB?DT ZD?B@T R@H aMJRC KD DMa@JBDRC ZC? @i@aZHC R@TBDAD @H ADTC R@ 1?DT>H7 ACJ PQZHDBDWC?aDT g]NDT@ >HMTB?DA>[J QQhE
Y0."#/$+&,' GL; g0$#$-4/D$" 2) 6/4f2-.'2&'*; 6/4f2"4./+&'* KLMGLQ
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 126/159
QPb
-D T@D HH@]D? D ADGC MJD ZMGH>ADA>[J R@ MJ H>G?C7 HD A?@DA>[J R@ MJ RCAMa@JBDH7 ZCR@?
ACJAHM>? MJ R>TAC7 DZCYD? @H @aZCR@?Da>@JBC R@ HDT aMi@?@T7 G?>JRD? >JWC?aDA>[J TCG?@
R>]@?T>RDR T@OMDH C HD GkTXM@RD R@ ]>]>@JRDbd @JB?@ aMAKDT CZA>CJ@T R@ Z?CY@ABCT7 @TBDT
ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT KDJ G?>JRDRC HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ ACJTB?M>? ACH@AB>]>RDR W>JDJA>@?D
JDA>CJDH @ >JB@?JDA>CJDH D a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCE '@iDJRC R@ T@? HDT
Z@?TCJDT a>HHCJD?>DT HDT XM@ ZM@R@J RCJD?7 T>JC aIT G>@J Z@?TCJDT R@ R>]@?TDT
ACJR>A>CJ@T @ACJ[a>ADT XM@ AC>JA>R@J ACJ MJD ADMTD Y Z?CY@ABC Y RCJDJ R@TR@ ` R[HD?@T
KDTBD aCJBCT aMAKC aDYC?@TE
$DT Z?>JA>ZDH@T ZHDBDWC?aDT XM@ KDJ B@J>RC >aZDABC >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@
?@AM?TCT KDJ T>RC R@ DAM@?RC D 6C?G@T5b_
{>AmTBD?B@?b^ @T MJ T>B>C RCJR@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT A?@DB>]CT ZHDJB@DJ HD W>JDJA>DA>[J GDTDRD @JRCJDA>CJ@TE #TBCT Z?CY@ABCT ZM@R@J DGD?AD? R@TR@ JM@]CT Z?CRMABCT A?@DB>]CT7 ACaC MJD>JTBDHDA>[J R@ D?B@7 Z?@c]@JBD R@ MJ IHGMa R@ akT>ADE /C @T ZD?D @aZ?@TDT7 ADMTDT7C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T G@JNW>ADT7 C HDT J@A@T>RDR@T R@ W>JDJA>DA>[J R@ AD?IAB@? Z@?TCJDHE{>AmTBD?B@? @T MJD R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT aIT DJB>SMDT Y XM@ KD @OZ@?>a@JBDRC MJ WM@?B@A?@A>a>@JBCE
3JR>@SCSCEdU 2>@JB?DT {>AmTBD?B@? aDJB>@J@ MJ @JWCXM@ aIT @TB?>ABC Y AM?DRC? R@ HCT
Z?CY@ABCT A?@DB>]CT DZ?CGDRCT @J TM T>B>C7 3JR>@SCSC DZ?M@GD ADaZDoDT GDTDRDT @J HDRCJDA>[J R@ HD ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT ZD?D ADT> AMDHXM>@? ACTD c HD akT>AD7 DW>A>CJDRCT7
bd 0JD R@ HDT >J>A>DB>]DT R@TR@ 2NO>AC XM@ TCJ >JJC]DRC?DT @T HD ZHDBDWC?aD "$>G@?DJRC +>@??DT8 XM@ GMTAD
HD A?@DA>[J R@ ]>]>@JRD ACH@AB>]DE 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnH>G@?DJRCB>@??DTEACa
b_ 6C?G@T g`nU_nPUQ\hE +CZ QU *?CfRWMJR>JS )>B@T WC? 6MJR?DT>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
#JB?@Z?@J@M?T5 KBBZ5nnfffEWC?G@TEACanT>B@TnAKDJA@GD?J@BBnPUQ\nU`nU_nBCZcQUcA?CfRWMJR>JScT>B@TcWC?c
WMJR?D>T>JSn
b^ 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZT5nnfffEm>AmTBD?B@?EACa
dU 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZT5nnfffE>JR>@SCSCEACa
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 127/159
QPd
J@A@T>RDR@T R@ W>JDJLDT Z@?TCJDH@T7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T G@JNW>ADT Y AMDHXM>@? CB?D ACTD XM@ZM@RDT >aDS>JD? g@OA@ZBC HD >J]@?T>[J HMA?DB>]DhE #HHCT KDJ B@J>RC MJ A?@A>a>@JBC>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@G>RC D TM WH@O>G>H>RDR7 @JWCXM@ DaZH>C Y TM @OZ@?>@JA>D R@ aIT B>@aZC @JHD >JRMTB?>DE
*?CfRWMJR@? dQ @T HD ZHDBDWC?aD ZD?D DMa@JBD? HD >J]@?T>[J gT>J @H aCR@HC R@?@ACaZ@JTDTh Y B>@J@ MJ MJD R@ HDT ?@R@T R@ RCJDJB@T aIT S?DJR@T Y R@ aDYC?A?@A>a>@JBCE 6M@ Z?@T@JBDRC ?@A>@JB@a@JB@ @J 6CO /@fT ACaC HD JM@]D S@J@?DA>[J R@A?CfRWMJR>JS R@G>RC D HD K>TBC?>D R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC aIT DHBC @J @TBDT ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ „Pa>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE
%@?C7 wAMIH @T HD >aZC?BDJA>D R@ @TB@ a@ADJ>TaC R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TR@ HCT DS@JB@T R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDHx7 MJC R@ HCT @H@a@JBCT XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT ?@H@]DJB@T @T HD
ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ "R@aCA?DB>LD? @H DAA@TC DH ADZ>BDH D MJD @TADHD aMJR>DH87 Y TM WDA>H>RDR R@
DAA@TC Y B?DJTW@?@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ ?@AM?TCT XM@ WDA>H>BDJ MJD ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J XM@ ADRD
]@L DMa@JBD aIT7 DTF HC @OZCJ@ /@>TT5
*?CfRWMJR>JS JC @T T[HC MJD aCRD ZDTDi@?D7 T>JC XM@ T@ @TBI ACJ]>?B>@JRC @J MJDZCR@?CTD K@??Da>@JBD ZD?D R@aCA?DB>LD? @H DAA@TC DH ADZ>BDH D @TADHD aMJR>DHE $DT>J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T ?@DH>LDRDT ZC? HD 0J>]@?T>RDR R@ *DH>WC?J>D7 1@?m@H@Y aM@TB?D XM@ HDW>JDJA>DA>[J ACCZ@?DB>]D WMJA>CJD R@ MJD aDJ@?D @W>A>@JB@ @H>a>JD HD ACaZH@i>RDR R@HZ?CA@TC gZC? @i@aZHC5 B?D@ RCAMa@JBCT @J HFJ@D7 Z@?a>B@ D akHB>ZH@T ZD?B@T ?@]>TD? HCTaCJBCT RCJDRCT C RCJD? D ]D?>DT ADMTDT DH a>TaC B>@aZC7 Y WDA>H>BD HD B?DJTW@?@JA>D
>Ja@R>DBD R@ HD >JWC?aDA>[J Y R>J@?C @J @W@AB>]ChE $D >JRMTB?>D7 XM@ T[HC ACa@JL[ D SDJD?WM@?LD @J PUU^ YD @T MJD >JRMTB?>D R@ a>H@T R@ a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T XM@ T@ ACaZCJ@ R@ HCT@aZ?@TD?>CT7 HCT T>B>CT f@G R@ ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT7 Y7 ZC? TMZM@TBC7 D HCT RCJDJB@T XM@TCJ @H ZMJBC A@JB?DHE dP
dQ
2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZT5nnfffEA?CfRWMJR@?EACa
dP )K@?fCCR /@>TT7 gQPnQdnPUQ\hE *?CfRWMJR>JS DJR *H>aDB@ 3JJC]DB>CJc+K@ /@OB )B@Z >J 6MJR>JS 3aZDAB
3J]@TB>JSE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ rMJ>C R@ PUQV @J *?@DB>JS D .HCGDH 6?Da@fC?m /@fT5KBBZ5nnfffEA?CfRWMJRADZ>BDHDR]>TC?TEACanGHCSnSHCGDHcW?Da@fC?mnQdQcA?CfRWMJR>JScDJRcAH>aDB@c>JJC]DB>CJcBK@cJ@OBcTB@Zc>JcWMJR>JSc>aZDABc>J]@TB>JSEKBaH
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 128/159
QP_
$D ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT T@DJ DS@JB@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH T@
KD >RC ACJTB?MY@JRC ZC? R>]@?TDT ]FDT7 Z@?C D ZD?B>? R@ HCT kHB>aCT A>JAC DoCT7 HDT
ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT ACaC @H *?CfRWMJR>JS7 HC KD >aZMHTDRC WM@?B@a@JB@7 ZC? TM
DAA@T>G>H>RDR Y HD DZ?CZ>DA>[J R@ ZD?B@ R@ a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT XM@ DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRC
DZCYD W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ R>]@?TCT Z?CY@ABCTE #J @H a>TaC C?R@J R@ >R@DT7 /@>>T DS?@SD HD
]>JAMHDA>[J R@ @TBD ZHDBDWC?aD ACJ HD ACaMJ>RDR R@ HD R>ITZC?D ACaC MJD S?DJ ZCT>G>H>RDR
R@ ACJ]@?S@JA>D5
*CJ „bU a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T DH DoC R@ ?@a@TDT XM@ HH@SDJ D <W?>AD7 Z@?C XM@ aMAKDT]@A@T T@ SDTBD R@ >Ja@R>DBC ZD?D G>@J@T C Z?CGH@aDT R@ T@SM?>RDRE *?CfRWMJR>JS ZM@R@Z@?a>B>? XM@ HDT ACaMJ>RDR@T R@ HD R>ITZC?D DW?>ADJD ZM@RDJ W>JDJA>D? R>?@ABDa@JB@ Y
ACHDGC?D? ACJ HCT Z?CY@ABCT HCADH@T XM@ @TBIJ B@J>@JRC MJ >aZDABC7 HD A?@DA>[J R@@aZH@CT Y Z?CTZ@?>RDR @ACJ[a>ADE *?CfRWMJR>JS BDaG>NJ Z?CaM@]@ HD @XM>RDR R@SNJ@?C D a@R>RD R@ XM@ aIT RCJDJB@T aMi@?@T RCJD D S?MZCT R@ aMi@?@T ACJ Z?CY@ABCTHCADH@T Y Z?CaM@]@ TM >JAHMT>[J @ACJ[a>ADE
&TF JC T[HC @TBD K@??Da>@JBD DA@?AD @ >JB@?ACJ@ABD D HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT RCJDJB@T ACJ
>J>A>DB>]DT HCADH@T R@ S?MZCT7 C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7 C Z@?TCJDT XM@ J@A@T>BDJ @T@ DZCYC7 T>JC
XM@ BDaG>NJ ACJTB?MY@ a@ADJ>TaCT R@ TCH>RD?>RDR7 ACaC @T @H ADTC R@ WCa@JBD? HD
@XM>RDR @J @H >JB@?ADaG>C @JB?@ aMi@?@T R@ R>TB>JBDT ACJR>A>CJ@T S@CS?IW>ADT7 @ACJ[a>ADT
Y AMHBM?DH@TE (B?D AD?DAB@?FTB>AD XM@ ACJT>R@?DaCT ?@H@]DJB@ @T HD R>]@?T>W>ADA>[J R@ HCT
?@AM?TCT7 @T R@A>?7 JC @T XM@ MJD Z@?TCJD RCJ@ ADJB>RDR@T a>HHCJD?>DT7 T>JC XM@ HD WM@?LD
R@ @TBDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT T@ RD @J TM ACCZ@?DA>[J ACH@AB>]DE )M WM@?LD ACH@AB>]D7 KD
G?>JRDRC HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ XM@ MJ S?MZC R@ Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT ZM@RDJ ZDTD? D
ACJTB>BM>?T@ ACaC DS@JB@ >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
& Z@TD? R@ HD S?DJ Z?CY@AA>[J R@ @TBDT ZHDBDWC?aDT7 DHSMJCT @TZ@A>DH>TBDT Z?CY@ABDJ
DHSMJCT ?@BCT R@ @TBDT ZHDBDWC?aDT5
5/ $NKGFBDIDJDCHC/ $D aDYC?FD R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT JC TCJ ?@JBDGH@T J> HC T@?IJ @J @H AC?BCZHDLCE &ABMDHa@JB@ @O>TB@J ]D?>CT aCR@HCT XM@ R@G@?IJ @]CHMA>CJD? ?DR>ADHa@JB@ T>XM>@?@J T@? TCTB@J>GH@T @J @H HD?SC ZHDLCE $D TCTB@J>G>H>RDR T@ GDTD @J aMAKCT ADTCT @J @HACG?C R@ MJD ACa>T>[J7 XM@ ?CJRD @H `c_v7 TCG?@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT W>JDJA>DRCT7 DMJXM@DHSMJDT CW?@A@J @TB@ T@?]>A>C S?DBM>BCE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 129/159
QP^
;/ .FQLJHEDOB N HLGNMMFQLJHEDOB/ #H @XM>BY +/4f2-.'2&'* JC KD DHADJLDRC BCRD]FD HDT A>W?DTR@ CB?CT ZDFT@T7 ACaC ##00 C 3JSHDB@??D7 Y XM>LI ZC? @TD ?DL[J JC KD a@?@A>RC BCRD]FD HDDB@JA>[J R@ HCT H@S>THDRC?@TE $D ?@SMHDA>[J H@SDH TM@H@ ACaZ?@JR@? RCT DTZ@ABCT
Z?>JA>ZDH@T5 HD Z?>a@?D T@ ?@W>@?@ D HD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ KDA@? CW@?BDT ZkGH>ADT R@ DAA>CJ@T Y HDT@SMJRD D HDT ACJR>A>CJ@T R@ HD CW@?BDE '>W@?@JB@T TCJ HDT R@aDJRDT R@ ?@SMHDA>[J ZC?ZD?B@ R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ RCJDA>[J Y ?@ACaZ@JTDE #J @TB@ ADTC @TBIJ R>?>S>RDT D?@AHDaD? MJ ?NS>a@J W>TADH aIT WD]C?DGH@ ZD?D @TB@ B>ZC R@ RCJDA>CJ@TE=/ (DUFMFBEDHEDOB/ $D aDYC?FD R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT R@ RCJDA>CJ@T Y ?@ACaZ@JTDT CW?@A@JT@?]>A>CT aMY T>a>HD?@TE
>/ $FJFEEDOBT KFJFEEDOB P KFJFEEDOB/ -D T@ B?DB@ R@ Z?CY@ABCT TCA>DH@T @J GMTAD R@ RCJDJB@TC R@ >J>A>DB>]DT @aZ?@TD?>DH@T @J GMTAD R@ >J]@?TC?@T HC XM@ ]D D ?@TMHBD? A?FB>AC @J @HWMBM?C @T T@? ADZDL R@ T@H@AA>CJD? GM@JCT Z?CY@ABCT5 Z?CY@ABCT ACJ MJ WM@?B@ >aZDABCTCA>DH C @aZ?@TDT ACJ MJ ?@BC?JC @ACJ[a>AC DB?DAB>]CE $DT ZHDBDWC?aDT XM@ a@iC? T@ZDJT@H@AA>CJD? @TBCT Z?CY@ABCT T@?IJ HDT XM@ T@ HH@]@J @H SDBC DH DSMD g1D??>C } *D]DJJD7PUQ\5 \hE
#J ACJB>JM>RDR ACJ HCT ?@BCT R@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 MJC XM@ KD T>RC ACJB>JMC @J R>]@?TDT
WC?aDT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T HD ACJTB?MAA>[J R@ aD?ACT W>TADH@T DR@AMDRCT
D HDT JM@]DT B@JR@JA>DT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J7 @J @H ADTC R@H *?CfRWMJR>JS T@ ]M@H]@ @H Z?>JA>ZDH
?@BC ZD?D WCa@JBD? DMBCJCaFD W>JDJA>@?D JC TCHC D HDT Z?CZ>DT ZHDBDWC?aDT T>JC BDaG>NJ
R@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT Y C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ ZCTBMHDJ TMT >J>A>DB>]DTE 0JD R@ TMT Z?>JA>ZDH@T
R>W>AMHBDR@T TCJ W>TADH@T7 ZC? @H ACG?C R@ ACa>T>CJ@T R@ HD S@TB>[J R@ ?@ADMRDA>[J
@H@AB?[J>AD @O>TB>@JRC MJD HFJ@D aMY R@HSDRD @JB?@ J@SCA>C ZCAC ?@JBDGH@ Y ZHDBDWC?aD
TCH>RD?>D ACCZ@?DB>]D7 @TBD R>]>T>[J R@Z@JR@ TMTBDJA>DHa@JB@ R@ HD JC?aDB>]>RDR W>TADH XM@
B>@J@ ADRD ZDFTE
6>JDHa@JB@7 HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ iMJBDJ TMT @TWM@?LCT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J Y KDJ
MB>H>LDRC HDT K@??Da>@JBDT R@ ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT7 T@ KDJ ]M@HBC DS@JB@T R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y MJD DHB@?JDB>]D R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ZD?D R>]@?TDTC?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H ACJ HDGC? >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ACaC HC DZMJBD l@a@?5
& @TADHD aMJR>DH7 @H A?CfRWMJR>JS @T YD MJD WC?aD @TBDGH@A>RD ZD?D W>JDJA>D?Z?CY@ABCT TCA>DH@T Y n C T>J W>J@T R@ HMA?C7 TCG?@ BCRC @J @H +@?A@? 2MJRCE 2MAKDTC?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ B>@J@J MJD HD?SD B?DR>A>[J R@ HD ?@ADMRDA>[J R@ WCJRCT ZD?D @H
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 130/159
Q\U
R@TD??CHHC TCA>DH Y n C T>J W>J@T R@ HMA?C gZC? @i@aZHC7 HCT Z?CY@ABCT R@ HD *?ML ,CiD7(OWDa7 (/. Y CB?DT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ DYMRD DH R@TD??CHHCh @aZH@DJ @H >JTB?Ma@JBCR@ A?CfRWMJR>JS R@ aDJ@?D @W@AB>]DE(B?C ADaZC R@ DZH>ADA>[J R@ A?CfRWMJR>JS7 DMJXM@ aMY ?@A>@JB@7 TCJ Z?CY@ABCT
R@ >JAMGDRC?D7 Z>HCBDi@ C ACa@?A>DH>LDA>[J R@ JM@]DT B@AJCHCSFDT7 @J ZD?B>AMHD? @JHCT IaG>BCT R@ HDT @J@?SFDT g?@JC]DGH@Th7 B@AJCHCSFDT H>aZ>DT7 ADaG>C AH>aIB>AC YZ?CB@AA>[J R@H a@R>C DaG>@JB@E +CRCT @HHCT T@ G@J@W>A>DJ R@ @TBD? G>@J ACJ@ABDRCT@J ?@R D @TADHD aMJR>DH Y R@ HD >aDS@J ZCT>B>]D Y HD ?@ZMBDA>[J R@ XM@ SCLDJ @JB?@@H ZkGH>AC @J S@J@?DHE gl@a@?7 PUQQ5 P^h
&TF7 HD WM@?LD ACH@AB>]D R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT ZM@R@J ACJW>SM?D? MJ DS@JB@ R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@ @TBD aD?ADJRC B@JR@JA>DT D J>]@H >JB@?JDA>CJDH7
aC]>H>LDJRC T[HC ZD?D PUQQ7 QE` a>H a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T g*?CfRTCM?A>JS7 $$*7 PUQP5 Vh7 D
Z@TD? R@ TMT ?@BCT Y ACaZH@i>RDR@T @J ADRD ?@S>[J R@H aMJRCE
676787A 9$' %+/'&5$' >$.&'$' ,&.& $?+50+' (50+/5$,(&5$#+'; B&5&
)> G>@J @J @H DZD?BDRC DJB@?>C? >R@JB>W>ADaCT A[aC HD WM@?LD ACH@AB>]D R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT
DJ[J>aDT H@T G?>JRD BDH Z?@T@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@ ZCR@aCT KDGHD? R@ DS@JB@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 @O>TB@J CB?DT Z@?TCJDT XM@ TCHC ZC? TM >JWHM@JA>D a@R>IB>AD7 ZCHFB>AD C
@ACJ[a>AD B>@J@J @TD AD?DAB@?FTB>ADE #J @TB@ DZD?BDRC DGC?RDaCT @H @i@aZHC
ZD?DR>SaIB>AC R@ 1CJC7 XM>NJ KD T>RC @H @aGH@aD R@ HD "W>HDJB?CZFD87 Z@?C ACaC T@
aCTB?D?I @J @TB@ DZD?BDRC7 @TBD aIT A@?ADJC D T@? MJ DS@JB@ R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH7 ZC?
TMT >JB@?@T@T HMA?DB>]CT Y ACHCJ>DH>TBDT @J HD *3%'E
%DMH 'D]>R l@fTCJ7 a@iC? ACJCA>RC ACaC 1CJC @T MJ Z@?TCJDi@ R@H S?MZC aMT>ADH R@ 0Pd\
XM@ KD T>RC ?@ACJCA>RC ACaC @aGH@aD R@ HD W>HDJB?CZFD D J>]@H aMJR>DH @J TM HMAKD ZC?
@??DR>AD? HD ZCG?@LD Y TM DZCYC ZD?D @??DR>AD? @H ;3lnT>RDE #J PUUd @J MJD @JAM@TBD R@
d\ %D?D aIT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnfffEMPEACa
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 131/159
Q\Q
,@MB@?T7dV NH iMJBC ACJ &JS@H>JD rCH>@ @?DJ HDT RCT A@H@G?>RDR@T KMaDJ>BD?>DT R@ aDYC?
?@H@]DJA>D R@H aCa@JBCE
)M HDGC? W>HDJB?[Z>AD HC KD HH@]DRC D T@? MJC R@ HCT ZCACT "]CA@?CT8 T@JBDRCT @J HD a@TD @JHD R>TAMT>[J TCG?@ HD DS@JRD R@ %CTBPUQ`d` XM@ T@ ?@W>@?@ D HD ?@]>T>[J R@ HDT JM@]DT
Z?>C?>RDR@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ACaC T@SM>a>@JBC R@TZMNT R@ HCT (Gi@B>]CT R@ '@TD??CHHC R@H
2>H@J>CE +DaG>NJ KD ZD?B>A>ZDRC @J HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T WC?CT @ACJ[a>ACT7 KD HDJLDRC R>]@?TDT
ADaZDoDT R@ DZCYC D <W?>AD7 @H>a>JDA>[J R@ HD R@MRD R@ ZDFT@T @J R@TD??CHHC7 DTF ACaC
>J>A>DB>]DT @JWCADRDT @J HD Z?@]@JA>[J R@ ;3lnT>RDE
&ABMDHa@JB@ @T TCA>C R@ 6DA@GCCm7 @J @H AMIH >J]>?B>[ ^U a>HHCJ@T HC XM@ H@ R>C HD @JB?DRD
DH AHMG R@ HCT a>HHCJD?>CT ACJ aDYC? >JWHM@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDH7 ACaG>JDJRC TMT >JB@?@T@T
KMaDJ>BD?>CT ACJ TMT >JB@?@T@T @ACJ[a>ACTE *?@[ HDT ADaZDoDT W>HDJB?[Z>ADT ,#' db Y
(/#7dd XM@ AM@JBDJ ACJ DZCYC @H DZCYC R@ R>]@?TDT AC?ZC?DA>CJ@T R@ HDT XM@ R@TBDADJ
2>A?CTCWB7 &ZZH@7 *CADc*CHD7 +@HA@HE
,#'7 @T MJD ADaZDoD XM@ GMTAD @??DR>AD? @H ;3lnT>RD D ZD?B>? R@ aCB>]D? @H ACJTMaC R@
A>@?BCT Z?CRMABCT R@ HDT ACaZDoFDT XM@ ACHDGC?DJ ZD?D @H W>JDJA>D? TM HMAKD ACJB?D HD
@JW@?a@RDR7 ACaC HC R>A@ @J TM T>B>C @H@AB?[J>AC5 [<0 +4D3/$/ K>!=Q 2) 0$" D$/+$" DB"
&+,'&+$" 2)0 D.'24R )004" 24'$' C$"#$ )0 VMo 2) 04" &'*/)"4" 3$/$ 0.+C$/ +4'#/$ )0 JY=<;
dV #H %DFT gP_nQPnPUUdhE ,@ZC?BDi@E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J .@JB@5
KBBZ5nn@HZD>TEACanR>D?>CnPUUdnQPnP_nDS@JRDnQQ^_d^bVUPp_`UPQ`EKBaH
d`
%D?D ?@]>TD? TM DZC?BDA>[J R@JB?C R@H 6C?C #ACJ[a>AC R@ 'D]CT ]>T>B@5 KBBZ5nnYCMBMEG@n0mAS9%e)Sd2
db %D?D aDYC? >JWC?aDA>[J R@ ,#' ]>T>B@5 KBBZ5nnfffE?@REC?Sn@Jn
dd %D?D aDYC? >JWC?aDA>[J R@ (/# ]>T>B@5 KBBZ5nnfffECJ@EC?SnMTn
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 132/159
Q\P
!"#$D4" )' .' 3.'#4 2) &'-0)@&,' )' 0$ 0.+C$ X +4' 0$ $++&,' 5 ./*)'+&$R )" 34"&F0) H.) )0
D.'24 34'*$ .' $0#4 $ 0$ #/$'"D&"&,' 2)0 mYl 2) 0$" D$2/)" $ "." F)F`" 8Ed_ #J @H a>TaC
T@JB>RC HD ADaZDoD (/# GMTAD5
*CcWMJRDRD ZC? 1CJC7 (/# @T MJD C?SDJ>LDA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ ADaZDoDT Y DAB>]>RDR@TR@ Z?CaCA>[J ACJ ADT> b a>HHCJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT XM@ DABkDJ ZD?D DADGD? ACJ HD ZCG?@LD@OB?@aD Y HDT @JW@?a@RDR@T Z?@]@J>GH@T7 @J ZD?B>AMHD? @J <W?>AD EEE ZC?XM@ HCT K@AKCTR@aM@TB?DJ XM@ HD @OB?@aD ZCG?@LD YD T@ KD ?@RMA>RC D HD a>BDR Y T@ ZM@R@ ]>?BMDHa@JB@@H>a>JD?HD @J PU\U7 Z@?C T[HC T> DABMDaCT ACJ M?S@JA>D &l(,&Ed^
#TBDT ADaZDoDT7 XM@ TCJ >aZMHTDRDT AHD?Da@JB@ @J JCaG?@ R@ HD a>TaD Z@?TCJD 1CJCc
GMTADJ A@JB?DHa@JB@ >J]CHMA?D? DH T@ABC? Z?>]DRC @aZ?@TD?>DH ACaC DABC? AHD]@ ZD?D
TCHMA>CJD? Z?CGH@aDT ACaC HD ZCG?@LD >aZMHTDJRC MJ ACJTMaC XM@ J>@SD C >J]>T>G>H>LD HDT
?@TZCJTDG>H>RDR@T R@ NTBDT a>TaDT @aZ?@TDT @J HD ?@Z?CRMAA>[J R@ HD R@T>SMDHRDRE
$DT Z?IAB>ADT R@ 1CJC7 ?@HDA>CJDRDT R>?@ABDa@JB@ ACJ S?DJR@T @aZ?@TD?>CT7 BCaDRC?@T R@
R@A>T>CJ@T7 DADRNa>ACT ACaC r@W?@Y )DAKT7 @BAE7 KD HH@]DRC D XM@ R>]@?TCT @TBMR>CTCT
>R@JB>W>XM@J TM Z?IAB>AD W>HDJB?[Z>AD @J MJD ADB@SC?FD HHDaDRD W>HDJB?CADZ>BDH>TaCE %D?D
DMBC?@T XM@ KDJ @TBMR>DRC TMT Z?IAB>ADT7 HDT Z?IAB>ADT @aZ?@TD?>DH@T AHD?Da@JB@ T@
R>TB>JSM@J R@ HD >JA>R@JA>D ZCHFB>AD R@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 ZC? TM >Ja@R>DB@L Y GkTXM@RD R@
DZ@?BM?D R@ JM@]CT a@?ADRCT g#RfD?RT7 PUU_5 \Vh5
*MDJRC HCT 6>HDJB?CADZ>BDH>TBDT ]@J HD J@A@T>RDR R@ @TBDGH@A@? "JM@]CT @XM>H>G?>CT@TBDBDH@T8 ZD?D Z?CRMABCT Y T@?]>A>CT R@ MB>H>RDR TCA>DH7 GMTADJ AC??@S>? HDT R@W>A>@JA>DT R@Ha@?ADRC "XM@ Z?CRMA@J ZCG?@LD87 Y HD R>?@AA>[J R@H R@TDiMTB@ "@JB?@ HCT CGi@B>]CTTCA>DH@T Y HCT >JA@JB>]CT @ACJ[a>ACT8 XM@ TCJ HDT ?DFA@T R@H Z?CGH@aDE 2>@JB?DT XM@ HDTCA>@RDR A>]>H CGT@?]D7 ?DA>TaC7 T@O>TaC7 KCaCWCG>D Y @H DGMTC S@J@?DH>LDRC R@ HCT
d_ ,#' gP_nQPnPUQVhE 3J>A>CE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ aD?LC R@ PUQV5 KBBZ5nnfffE?@REC?Sn@Jn
d^ (/# gQnQPnPUQVhE &GCMB (/#E *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMJ>C R@ PUQV5 KBBZ5nnfffECJ@EC?SnMTnDGCMBn
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 133/159
Q\\
R@?@AKCT KMaDJCT7 BN?a>JCT XM@ ?D?D ]@L DZD?@A@J @J HCT HDG>CT R@ DHSkJ >aZMHTC? R@@TBDT JM@]DT B@JR@JA>DTE#J HCT J@SCA>CT7 HD Z?@T>[J ZD?D >? ?IZ>RDa@JB@ D @TADHD7 @T JDBM?DH7 >JAHMTC >aZ?@TA>JR>GH@7YD XM@ @T DTF ACaC T@ R>Ta>JMY@J ACTBCT MJ>BD?>CT Y HCT aI?S@J@T R@ G@J@W>A>C A?@A@JE
2>@JB?DT XM@ @J HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H T@ aM@]@J DH ?>BaC ?@XM@?>RC ZC? HDT B?DJTWC?aDA>CJ@TTCA>DH@T7 XM@ S@J@?DHa@JB@ @T H@JBC R@G>RC D TMT ACJWH>ABCT Y ACaZH@i>RDR@TE$CT 6>HDJB?CADZ>BDH>TBDT7 JC @TBIJ R>TZM@TBCT D @TZ@?D? ?@TMHBDRCTE #J HCT J@SCA>CT HD@OZDJT>[J D @TADHD B>@JR@ D T@? R>?@ABD gaIT ACJTMa>RC?@T Y a@?ADRCT aIT S?DJR@Th7 ZC?TM ZD?B@ @J HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H7 HD @TADHD B>@JR@ D DZD?@A@? D B?D]NT R@ @TB?DB@S>DT >JR>?@ABDT7ACaC7 ZCHFB>ADT R@ ADaG>C7 ?@SMHDA>CJ@T7 ]DHC?@TE
#J @TB@ T@JB>RC7 @H ZDZ@H R@ 1CJC7 DZCYD? D ADMTDT KMaDJ>BD?>DT >JAC?ZC?DJRC HCT
>JB@?@T@T7 Z?IAB>ADT Y DS@JRD R@ R>]@?TDT AC?ZC?DA>CJ@TE $CT ADTCT aIT RCAMa@JBDRCT Y
XM@ @J ZD?B>AMHD? 1?CfJ@ gPUQ\h ]D R@Ta@JMLDJRC ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? TM HDGC? ACaC
W>HDJB?CADZ>BDH>TBD TCJ5 TM S@TB>[J ZD?D XM@ @H SCG>@?JC @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ @J @H Z@?>CRC R@
R@ .EeE 1MTK gPUUQcPUU^h DZCYD?D HD R>TB?>GMA>[J R@ ?@B?C]>?DH@T @J <W?>ADj TM ADG>HR@C R@
ACJRCJDA>[J R@ HD R@MRD @OB@?JD D A>@?BCT ZDFT@T DW?>ADJCT D ?@ACa@JRDA>[J R@ r@W?@Y
)DAKT ZD?D aCB>]D? HD >J]@?T>[J R@H ADZ>BDH @OB@?JC Y aC]>H>LD? HD @ACJCaFD R@ HCT ZDFT@T
ZCG?@Tj T>J ACJT>R@?D? BDaG>NJ TMT ADaZDoDT ,#' Y (/#E
#J ZD?B>AMHD? ZD?D @H ADTC R@ HD ACJRCJDA>[J R@ HD R@MRD @J HCT ZDFT@T DW?>ADJCT7 1?CfJ@7
?@ACZ>HD MJD T@?>@ R@ B@TB>aCJ>CT XM@ Z@?a>B@J >R@JB>W>AD? HD >JWHM@JA>D ZCHFB>AD R@ 1CJC
R>]@?TCT BCaDRC?@T R@ R@A>T>CJ@T ACaC @H DT@TC? @ACJ[a>AC R@ *H>JBCJ7 .@J@ )Z@?H>JS5
0JD aDoDJD R@ RCa>JSC R@ DXM@H CBCoC R@ Q^^^E 1CJC HHDa[ ZD?D Z?@SMJBD? T>ZCRFD >? D TM CW>A>JDy &HHF ZMTC HD aDJC @JA>aD R@ MJD Z>HD S>SDJB@ R@ RCAMa@JBCTY R>iC5 "&ZM@TBC D XM@ HD aDYC?FD R@ HDT ACTDT R@ @TBD Z>HD ZD?@A@J aIT M?S@JB@TXM@ HD DYMRD R@ HD R@MRDE %@?C XM>@?C XM@ Z>@JT@ @J MJD ACTD7 wKDG?I DHSC R@ HCXM@ T@ T>@JBD aIT C?SMHHCTC XM@ R@ ACJT@SM>? @H DH>]>C R@ HD R@MRD ZD?D HCT ZDFT@TaIT ZCG?@TxEEE*MDJRC 1CJC T@ aD?AK[ )Z@?H>JS HHDaC D MJ WMJA>CJD?>C Y R>iC XM@XM@?FD >JB?CRMA>? DHSC TCG?@ @H DH>]>C R@ HD R@MRD @J MJ R>TAM?TC XM@ *H>JBCJ @TBDGDD ZMJBC R@ Z?CJMJA>D? @J @H 1DJAC 2MJR>DHE g1?CfJ@7 PUQ\5 QQQcQQPh
& Z@TD? R@ XM@ @H a>TaC 1?CfJ@7 ?@ACJCA@ XM@ @TBCT B>ZCT R@ B@TB>aCJ>CT WM@?CJ aIT
@OB?DFRCT R@ T@AM@JA>DT A>J@aDBCS?IW>ADT7 aIT XM@ A[aC T@ R>@?CJ HCT K@AKCT @J HD
?@DH>RDR7 TCHC @?D ZD?B@ R@ MJ >JB@?NT ZCHFB>AC ZD?D ZCT>A>CJD? D *H>JBCJ @J @H A>@??@ R@H
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 134/159
Q\V
a>H@J>CE 2IT DR@HDJB@ BDaG>NJ Z?@T@JBD CB?C B@TB>aCJ>C ?@HDA>CJDRC ACJ HD >JA>R@JA>D R@
1CJC Z@?C DKC?D ACJ @H ACJS?@TC @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@7 @J ZD?B>AMHD? ACJ @H Z?@T>R@JB@ R@H
T@JDRC ZD?D HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T @OB@?>C?@T r@TT@ l@HaT7 XM@ T@ ACJCA>[ ACaC MJ B>ZC
ACJT@?]DRC? R@H %D?B>RC ,@ZMGH>ADJC7 1CJC ?@HDBD TM @JAM@JB?C R@ HD T>SM>@JB@ aDJ@?D5
#JB?N @J TM R@TZDAKC R@H )@JDRC ZD?D D]@?>SMD? ZC? XMN @TBDGD GHCXM@DJRC HDADJA@HDA>[J R@ HD R@MRD7 Y R@TZMNT R@ KDGHD? RM?DJB@ DHSkJ B>@aZC KDTBD HH@SD? D@JB?D? @J @H WCJRC R@H B@aD7 T@ @aCA>CJ[ aMAKC7 >JAHMTC HHC?[ ZC? <W?>ADE #?D@]>R@JB@ XM@ GDiC HD RM?D Z>@H R@ @TB@ ]>@iC Y W?>C SM@??@?C KDGFD MJ AC?DL[J XM@ T@ZCRFD ACJaC]@?E 6M@ Z?>a@?D ZIS>JD @J @H c$00 J#/))# p4./'$0 ]p)"") l)0D" /4D3&,
)' 0B*/&D$" 34/ 0$" C&"#4/&$" 2) 04" '&q4" $-/&+$'4"^ $D S@JB@ JC ZCRFD A?@@? XM@@TBC KMG>@?D TMA@R>RCE *MDJRC a@ WM>7 a@ @TB?@AK[ @JB?@ TMT G?DLCT Y a@ R>C MJDG@JR>A>[J ACaC MJ DJB>SMC ZDB?>D?AD iMRFC D TM K>iCE -C @TBDGD aMY ACJaC]>RC Šy‹7
'>CT @TBDGD @J HD iMSDRDE g1CJC7 @J 1?CfJ@7 PUQ\5 QQ\h
#J @H B@aD R@ HD ACJRCJDA>[J R@ HD R@MRD D HCT ZDFT@T aIT ZCG?@T7 T> G>@J @J PUUU7 XM@R[
ACJRCJDRD TCHC HD a>BDR ZD?D A>@?BCT ZDFT@T DW?>ADJCT7 HD ?@HDA>[J R@ K@AKCT XM@ KDA@
1?CfJ@ DH ?@TZ@ABC7 @T XM@ 1CJC7 HCS?[ >JB@S?D? Z@?TCJDi@T BDJ R>TBDJB@T Z@?C ACJ MJ
>JB@?@T@ ACakJ R@ Z?@T@JA>D a@R>IB>ADE #T R@A>? KDA@? DAA@T>GH@ @TB@ B>ZC R@ JCB>A>DT
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ZD?D HCS?D? B@J@? MJ DZCYC a@R>IB>AC R@H B>ZC R@ ZCGHDA>[J XM@ T>SM@ D HDT
HMa>JD?>DT C WDaCTCT aIT XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT XM@ BFZ>ADa@JB@ T>SM@J D HCT ZCHFB>ACTE_U
#H Z?CGH@aD R@ @TBCT "JM@]CT8 W>HIJB?CZCT @T XM@ T@ KDJ ACJ]@?B>RC @J MJD @TB?DB@S>D
a@R>IB>AD ZD?D WC?aMHD? ?@TZDHRCT ZD?D HD ZCHFB>AD >JB@?JDA>CJDH5
$D ZCHFB>AD R@ HCT WDaCTCT @T ZD?B@ R@ MJ JM@]C @i@ 8@OZ@?BCTcWDaCTCT8 Y WMJA>CJDZD?D ACJ]@JA@? D HCT @H@ABC?DRCT R@ XM@ @TBIJ T>@JRC G>@J SCG@?JDRCTE #TB@ JM@]CaCRC R@ SCG>@?JC7 @J @H XM@ HCT WDaCTCT DABkDJ ACaC "DZCR@?DRCT @aCA>CJDH@TT>SJ>W>ADB>]CT87 @H ?CTB?C TCHFA>BC R@ HD B@AJCA?DA>D aMJR>DH7 KD HH@SDRC D @TBD?D??D>SDRC KDTBD BDH ZMJBC XM@ HD aDYC? ZD?B@ R@ HD ZCGHDA>[J KD CH]>RDRC ZCJ@? @J
_U )> G>@J @J @TB@ DZD?BDRC JC Z?CWMJR>LDaCT TCG?@ BCRCT HCT Z@?TCJDi@T ACJ HCT XM@ 1CJC ZkGH>ADa@JB@
K>LC ADG>HR@C7 T@ ZM@R@ ?@]>TD? @H ?@AM@JBC R@ DACJB@A>a>@JBCT XM@ KDA@ 1?CfJ@ @J TM ADZFBMHC "3ta JCB DAK@DZ RDB@8 @J Browne (2013: 107-118)
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 135/159
Q\`
AM@TB>[J HD H@S>B>a>RDR WMJRDa@JBDH R@ HDT Z?@W@?@JA>DT R@ 1CJC ACaC ZC?BD]CLZD?D <W?>AD C AMDHXM>@? CB?C HMSD?E g1?CfJ@7 PUQ\5 QPdh
& Z@TD? R@ HDT A?>B>ADT XM@ KD B@J>RC 1CJC ZC? TM ADG>HR@C ACJ >JB@?@T@T AC?ZC?DB>]CT Y TM
HDGC? R@ KMaDJ>BD?>C HD H>TBD R@ @i@aZHCT DMa@JBDJ ?IZ>RDa@JB@E #J HD a>TaD HFJ@D
ADJBDJB@T ACaC )KDm>?D7 WM@ >J]>BDRD @J PUQP D HD AMaG?@ R@ @aZ?@TD?>CT R@ *D?BDS@JD
R[JR@ R@W@JR>[ @H ZDZ@H R@ HD J>o@L ACaC ZD?B@ R@ HD >J]@?T>[J TCA>DH ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC
@aZ?@TD?>DHE %@?C BDaG>NJ WM@ >J]>BDRD ZC? @H Z?@T>R@JB@ (GDaD7 ACaC @OZ@?BD @J
@RMADA>[J ZD?D HD ACaMJ>RDR HDB>JDE_Q
*CJAHMY@JRC7 DHSMJDT Z@?TCJDT ACJ Z?@T@JA>D ZkGH>AD T@ KDJ ]M@HBC DS@JB@T R@ HD *3%'7
B>@J@J aMY R>]@?TDT WC?aDT R@ DAA>[J R@TR@ HD RCJDA>[J W>HDJB?[Z>AD KDTBD HD >JA>R@JA>D @J
B@aDT @TZ@AFW>ACT XM@ ACJ TM WDaD C ZCR@? @ACJ[a>AC HCS?DJ DG?>? HDT ZM@?BDT ZD?D
ACR@D?T@ ACJ HCT BCaDRC?@T R@ R@A>T>[J @J R>TB>JBDT HDB>BMR@TE 0JD WC?aD R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
R@ @TBCT DS@JB@T @T @H W>HDJB?CADZ>BDH>TaC XM@ @J @H @i@aZHC R@ 1CJC7 @T HD HDGC? ZkGH>AD @
>JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D ?@TCH]@? Z?CGH@aDT R@ R@T>SMDHRDR7 >JiMTB>AD Y ZCG?@LD R@TR@ >JB@?@T@T
@aZ?@TD?>DH@TE #TBDT Z?IAB>ADT W>HDJB?[Z>ADT R@]>@J@J ACaC MJ @JWCXM@ R@ /C?B@ .HCGDH7
ZM@T GMTADJ B?DJTW@?>? TM Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ R@TD??CHHC @ACJ[a>AC7 ACJTMaC R@ Z?CRMABCT7
T@?]>A>CT R@ AD?>RDR C DT>TB@JA>D7 R>TW?DLDRD R@ >JB@?@T@T ZCHFB>ACT Y @ACJ[a>ACT R@ HDTAC?ZC?DA>CJ@T D DHSMJCT HFR@?@T ZCHFB>ACTE
=/> ANBCNK "BCFRFBCDFBGFK
$CT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T7 TCJ S?MZCT Z@XM@oCT XM@ GMTADJ @H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC R@
T@ABC?@T TCA>DH@T ZD?B>AMHD?@T XM@ @TBIJ C?SDJ>LDRCT GDiC MJD ADMTD ACaZD?B>RD7 ACaC HCT
aC]>a>@JBCT R@ aMi@?@T7 aC]>a>@JBC W@a>J>TBD7 aC]>a>@JBCT >JRFS@JDT7 aC]>a>@JBC R@
_Q #H %DFT gQ\nUVnPUQPhE )KDm>?D R@W>@JR@ @H "W>HDJB?CADZ>BDH>TaC8*CJTMHBDRC UP R@ 2D?LC R@ PUQV @J
3JB@?JDA>CJDH5KBBZ5nn>JB@?JDA>CJDHE@HZD>TEACan>JB@?JDA>CJDHnPUQPnUVnQ\nDABMDH>RDRnQ\\V\`\bQUp\VdPUUEKBaH
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 136/159
Q\b
'@?@AKCT lMaDJCT7 @BAE )CJ >JTB>BMA>CJ@T XM@ AM@JBDJ ACJ @H DZCYC R@H ZkGH>AC C
aC]>a>@JBC @J @H XM@ T@ TMTB@JBDJ Y GMTADJ RCJDA>CJ@T R@ Z@?TCJDT7 WMJRDA>CJ@T C
AC?ZC?DA>CJ@T Y @J ZD?B>AMHD? DJDH>LDaCT DXMF DXM@HHCT @i@aZHCT R@TR@ @H aC]>a>@JBC
W@a>J>TBD XM@ B?DTA>@JR@ HDT W?CJB@?DT ZD?D DZCYD? >JB@?JDA>CJDHa@JB@ S?MZCT R@
Z@?TCJDT M C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T ACJ MJD ADMTD ACakJE
=/>/5
4NK ANBCNK CF 2L^FMFK P`N ANBCNK AFSDBDKGHKq;
#J ZD?B>AMHD? DGC?RD?@aCT HCT 6CJRCT R@ 2Mi@?@T XM@ T@ KDJ ]M@HBC MJD DHB@?JDB>]D R@
ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDHE #H Z?>a@? WCJRC R@ @TBD AD?DAB@?FTB>AD
T@ WMJR[ @J Q^_\ @J HCT %DFT@T 1DiCT JCaG?DRC 2DaD*DTK7_\ Z?CJBC HC T>SM>@?CJ #TBDRCT
0J>RCT ACJ @H .HCGDH 6MJR WC? eCa@J7_V 2NO>AC7 *K>H@7 1?DT>H7_` />AD?DSMD ACJ @H 6CJRC
*@JB?CDa@?>ADJC R@ HDT 2Mi@?@TE _b %CTB@?>C?a@JB@ T@ A?@D?CJ WCJRCT XM@ KDJ T>RC
?@H@]DJB@T Y ACJB?C]@?T>DH@T ZC? HCT B@aDT Y a@ADJ>TaCT XM@ aDJ@iDJ ACaC ,@R
0aG?@HHD 6MJR7_d XM@ @T R@ ?@A>@JB@ A?@DA>[J gPUQPh Y DZCYD D HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T Y
_P)@ KDA@ HD T@ZD?DA>[J @JB?@ 6CJRCT R@ 2Mi@?@T Y 6CJRCT 6@a>J>TBDT7 ZC?XM@ HCT Z?>a@?CT DZCYDJ HD
aC]>H>LDA>[J R@ HCT aC]>a>@JBCT DaZH>CT R@ aMi@?@T Y HCT T@SMJRCT R@A>R@J DZCYD? TCHC D HCT aC]>a>@JBCTXM@ AC>JA>R@J ACJ MJD ADMTD ZCHFB>AD XM@ @T @H W@a>J>TaCE
_\2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnfffEaDaDADTKEC?Sn
_V2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnfffESHCGDHWMJRWC?fCa@JEC?S
_`#TBCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T @J ZD?B>AMHD? JC T@?IJ DGC?RDRCT ZM@T JC B>@J@J ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
T>JC TCHC D J>]@H JDA>CJDHE
_b2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnWAaMi@?@TEC?S
_d2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnfffE?@RMaG?@HHDWMJREC?S
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 137/159
Q\d
aC]>a>@JBCT R@ B?DGDiDRC?DT T@OMDH@Tj 0?S@JB &AB>CJ 6MJR__ XM@ >J>A>[ @J <W?>AD ZD?D
DZCYD? W>JDJA>@?Da@JB@ HD Z?CB@AA>[J R@ R@W@JTC?DT R@ R@?@AKCT KMaDJCT @J T>BMDA>CJ@T
R@ ?>@TSCEj 6?>RD7 +K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR7 _^ XM>@J DZCYD @J @H )M? .HCGDH D
C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T Y S?MZCT R@ i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDT5 C @H WCJRC XM@ DZCYD D HCT aC]>a>@JBCT
$NTG>ACT7 1>T@OMDH@T7 +?DJTSNJ@?C7 +?DJT@OMDH Y 9M@@? g$.1+9h7 $.1+9 ,DA>DH rMTB>A@
6MJRE^U
%D?D PUQV7 YD @?DJ @J BN?a>JCT aMJR>DH@T PV WCJRCT R@ aMi@?@T C W@a>J>TBDT7 YD T@D
JDA>CJDH@T7 B@aIB>ACT C SHCGDH@TE ,@TZ@ABC D TM ZDZ@H W>JDJA>@?C7 @J PUU` 2DaD*DTK
DZC?B[ V a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@T Y .HCGDH 6MJR WC? eCa@J ADT> _ a>HHCJ@T R@ R[HD?@TE %D?D @H
a>TaC DoC7 HCT RCJDB>]CT @J ACJiMJBC R@ BCRCT HCT WCJRCT R@ aMi@?@T ZD?D DZCYC R@ HDTC?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ aMi@?@T C W@a>J>TBDT @J BN?a>JCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T HH@SD?CJ D Pd a>HHCJ@T
R@ R[HD?@T Y T@ ACJT>R@?D XM@ @H DMa@JBC R@ ?@AM?TCT Y HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ WCJRCT ]DJ @J
DMa@JBC g{@?? rE 7 PUUd5 _^c^QhE
$D @TB?MABM?D R@ HCT WCJRCT R@ aMi@?@T7 R@Z@JR@ aMAKC R@ HD ?@DH>RDR R@ ADRD ZDFT Y R@
HCT ]DHC?@T XM@ >aZMHTD7 Z@?C @J @TB@ ADTC AC>JA>R@J @J B@J@? ACaC a>T>[J @H
WC?BDH@A>a>@JBC R@H aC]>a>@JBC R@ aMi@?@T Y aC]>a>@JBC W@a>J>TBD R@ TM ?@S>[J7 ZDFT C
B@aIB>ADT XM@ R>WFA>Ha@JB@ TCJ DZCYDRDT ZC? TM Z@?TZ@AB>]D B?DJTS?@TC?D C A?FB>AD R@ HCT
T>TB@aDT gZDB?>D?ADH@T C ADZ>BDH>TBDThE %C? @i@aZHC7 DHSMJCT ADTCT >A[J>ACT TCJ HD
C?SDJ>LDA>[J Y aC]>H>LDA>[J R@ HDT B?DGDiDRC?DT T@OMDH@T7 HD R@W@JTD ZC? HD R@TZ@JDH>LDA>[J
C DAA@TC AHDJR@TB>JC R@H DGC?BC7 HD R@W@JTD R@ '@?@AKCT lMaDJCT R@ T@ABC?@T aD?S>JDRCT
__
2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnM?S@JBDAB>CJWMJREC?S
_^2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnYCMJSW@a>J>TBWMJREC?S
^U 2IT >JWC?aDA>[J @J5 KBBZ5nnfffEDTB?D@DWCMJRDB>CJEC?S
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 138/159
Q\_
ACaC @H aC]>a>@JBC $NTG>ACc.DYc+?DTJSNJ@?Cc+?DJT@OMDHc9M@@?7 @H ADG>HR@C ZCHFB>AC
>JB@?JDA>CJDH C JDA>CJDH R@ i[]@J@T7 >JRFS@JDT7 B?DGDiDRC?DT RCaNTB>ADT7 aMi@?@T ACJ
R>TADZDA>RDR7 @BAE
$DT AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT R@ HCT 6CJRCT 3JR@Z@JR>@JB@T R@ 2Mi@?@T YnC 6@a>J>TBDT7 XM@
ACJT>R@?DaCT ACaC ZD?B@ R@ MJ a@ADJ>TaCT R@ HD *3%' R@H )M? .HCGDH TCJ5
• +>@J@J MJD ?@HDA>[J ACJTBDJB@ ACJ HDT DS@JRDT7 ADaG>CT Y ?@BCT R@ HCT
aC]>a>@JBCT R@ aMi@?@T Y W@a>J>TBDT R@TR@ TM Z?CZ>D ?@DH>RDR B@??>BC?>DH C
@TZDA>DHE
• 1MTADJ T>aZH>W>AD? HD DAA@T>G>H>RDR R@ ?@AM?TCT D ADMTDT ACJ MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@
@aZCR@?Da>@JBC Y B?DJTWC?aDA>[J TCA>DH Y ZCHFB>ADE
• lDA@J ADG>HR@C ZCHFB>AC ZD?D ]>T>G>H>LD? XM@ JC BCRC @H DGC?RDi@ R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
R>?>S>RC D aMi@?@T Y J>oDT7 ACJT>R@?D ?@TZ@BC Y Z?CB@AA>[J D TMT '@?@AKCT lMaDJCT
Z@?C TCG?@ BCRC TM ZDZ@H ACaC TMi@BDT ZCHFB>ADT Y R@ R@?@AKCT C?SDJ>LDRDT Y
aC]>H>LDRDT HCADH @ >JB@?JDA>CJDHa@JB@
67C7878 D&5*& D/(*$E FG+ H&-5? D+.(5('0 D-5*
#J ZD?B>AMHD? ?@]>TD?@aCT @H @i@aZHC R@H ANBCN AMDCHT %ZF :NLBQ AFSDBDKG ALBCE #TB@
WCJRC T@ A?@[ @J PUQU7 R@ aDJ@?D ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH7 CZ@?DJRC R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH Z@?C
T>J MJ T@R@ WFT>AD @TZ@AFW>ADE 2IT G>@J AM@JBD ACJ MJD @TB?MABM?D ACCZ@?DB>]D XM@ B?DGDiD
ACJ@ABDRD ]>?BMDHa@JB@ R@TR@ R>TB>JBDT ZD?B@T R@H aMJRC7 @J 2NO>AC7 *DaGCYD Y 0A?DJ>D
T@ @JAM@JB?D TM @XM>ZC R@ B?DGDiC7 AM@JBD ACJ @H DZCYC R@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ WM@?CJ
>JAMGDRC?DT ACJ T@R@ @J *DJDRI g&e3'h7 />AD?DSMD g6*&2h Y @H ?@TZDHRC R@ MJ
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 139/159
Q\^
?@TZCJTDGH@ W>TADH @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT g+>R@T 6CMJRDB>CJh7 HC XM@ H@ G?>JRD MJD
AD?DAB@?FTB>AD ZCAC ACakJ R@ aC]>H>RDR >JB@?JDA>CJDHE^Q
#J BN?a>JCT R@ HCT C?FS@J@T R@ @TB@ WCJRC7 WM@ R@TR@ PUU_ D ZD?B>? R@ HD aC]>H>LDA>[J R@MJ S?MZC R@ i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDT C?SDJ>LDRDT XM@ R@A>R>@?CJ >? ACJWC?aDJRC @TBD
>J>A>DB>]D5^P
$D >R@D R@ A?@D? MJ WCJRC ZD?D i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDT TM?S>[ ZC? Z?>a@?D ]@L @J DG?>H R@ PUU_RM?DJB@ MJD ?@MJ>[J TCG?@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ACC?R>JDRD ZC? HD &TCA>DA>[J ZD?D HCT '@?@AKCTR@ HDT 2Mi@?@T Y @H '@TD??CHHC g&e3'7 ZC? TMT T>SHDT @J >JSHNTh7 @J 2D??M@ACTE $D ?@MJ>[JWM@ >aZMHTDRD ZC? AMDB?C WDABC?@T AHD]@5
• )M?S>a>@JBC R@H DAB>]>TaC iC]@J W@a>J>TBD @J BCRCT HCT ?>JACJ@T R@H aMJRC Y HDT
J@A@T>RDR@T R@ ?@AM?TCT XM@ T@ R@?>]D?FDJ R@ @T@ A?@A>a>@JBC Y @OZDJT>[Jj• $D G?@AKD @JB?@ @H ZCAC W>JDJA>Da>@JBC Z@?A>G>RD ZC? C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T i[]@J@T
W@a>J>TBDT @J ACJB?DR>AA>[J ACJ @H >JB@?NT A?@A>@JB@ R@ DHSMJCT RCJDJB@T @JZDB?CA>JD? D J>oDT Y aMi@?@T i[]@J@Tj
• $D M?S@JA>D R@ Z?CaC]@? DHB@?JDB>]DT TMTB@JBDGH@T Y RD? ?@TZM@TBD D HDT ]>CHDA>CJ@TR>D?>DT R@ HCT R@?@AKCT R@ J>oDT Y aMi@?@T i[]@J@T XM@ HDT DW@ABDJ Y XM@ >aZDABDJD HD TCA>@RDR @J S@J@?DHE
• $D J@A@T>RDR R@ aC]>H>LD? JM@]CT ?@AM?TCT Y DMa@JBD? HCT @O>TB@JB@T ZD?D DZCYD?@H B?DGDiC >JJC]DRC? ?@DH>LDRC ZC? C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T Y aC]>a>@JBCT R@ HCT R@?@AKCTR@ HDT aMi@?@T D @TADHD aMJR>DH7 >JAHM>RDT HDT i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDTE
& ZD?B>? R@ TM A?@DA>[J7 R@A>R>[ R@R>AD? TM DZCYC W>JDJA>@?C >JB@?JDA>CJDH D S?MZCT HCADH@T
MG>ADRCT S@CS?IW>ADa@JB@ @J @H )M?7 ACJ RCT ZD?B>AMHD?>RDR@T7 S?MZCT C?SDJ>LDRCT R@
^Q #JB?@]>TBD ACJ &a>JD 'CK@?BY7 &T@TC?D Y @O ACC?R>JDRC?D +K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR7 rDaD>AD7 Q R@ W@G?@?C
R@H PUQVE
^P #JB?@]>TBD ACJ &JS@H>AmD &?MBYMJC]D7 *CC?R>JDRC?D >B>J@?DJB@ @ >JB@S?DJB@ R@ &e3'7 +C?CJBC7 P_ R@
JC]>@aG?@ R@H PUQVE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 140/159
QVU
i[]@J@T a@JC?@T R@ \U DoCT Y XM@ AC>JA>RDJ ACJ MJD >R@JB>RDR W@a>J>TBD7 ACaC HC ?@WH@iD
@J TM a>T>[J5^\
/M@TB?D a>T>[J ACJT>TB@ @J Z?CZC?A>CJD? WCJRCT DAA@T>GH@T7 @TB?DBNS>ACT Y R@ ?@TZM@TBD?IZ>RD D HDT >J>A>DB>]DT R>?>S>RDT ZC? i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDTE 1MTADaCT WC?BDH@A@? HD ADZDA>RDRR@ C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T R@ i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDT ZD?D R>]@?T>W>AD? ?@AM?TCT ZD?D TM HDGC?E &TF ACaCDMa@JBD? @H Jka@?C R@ ACaZ?Ca>TCT R@TR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J7 HŒT RCJDJB@T7 DH>DRŒT XM@Z?C]@DJ R@ ?@AM?TCT ZD?D @H DAB>]>TaC iC]@J W@a>J>TBD @J BCRC @H aMJRCE
'@ DAM@?RC D TM ADZDA>RDR R@ CBC?SDa>@JBC R@ RCJDB>]CT ZD?D PUQ\7 BM]C MJ Z?@TMZM@TBC
R@ „VQ`7^Q` R[HD?@T7 DZCYDJRC D \U S?MZCT R@ i[]@J@T W@a>J>TBDT @J P` ZDFT@T ACaC5
#AMDRC?7 2NO>AC7 *CHCaG>D7 &WSDJ>TBIJ7 .@C?S>D7 &?a@J>D7 1M?MJR>7 1M?m>JD 6DTC7 @JB?@
CB?CTE $CT IaG>BCT XM@ W>JDJA>D TCJ aC]>H>LDA>CJ@T ZCHFB>ADT7 Z?CA@TCT R@ WC?aDA>[J7 D?B@c
DAB>]>TaC7 Z?CA@TCT D?BFTB>ACT Y R@ ACJB?DAMHBM?D7 >JA>R@JA>D ZCHFB>AD7 Z?CA@TCT R@
DMBCR@W@JTD Y DMBCAM>RDRCE ^V %C? @i@aZHC7 ZD?D @H ADTC R@ *CHCaG>D7 DZCYD D MJD
C?SDJ>LDA>[J HCADH HHDaDRD *CH@AB>]D rMDJD rMH>D .MLaIJ7 XM>@J ?@DH>LD DAB>]>RDR@T R@
DACaZDoDa>@JBC D Z?@TDT ZCHFB>ADT @J 1CSCBI5
*CaC S?MZC R@ W@a>J>TBDT i[]@J@T7 @H ACH@AB>]C HMAKD ACJB?D @H ?DA>TaC7 @H ZDB?>D?ADRC YHDT JC?aDT R@ K@B@?CT@OMDH>RDR >aZM@TBDT XM@ DW@ABDJ JM@TB?DT ]>RDTE +?DGDiDaCT ACJaMi@?@T R@ HDT AI?A@H@T ZD?D DYMRD?HDT D ACJCA@? Y ?@ACJCA@? TMT R@?@AKCTE #H Z?[O>aCDoC7 JCT SMTBD?FD ZMGH>AD? MJ WCHH@BC XM@ ?@TMaD JM@TB?DT ?@WH@O>CJ@T Y @OZ@?>@JA>DT TCG?@HD ]>CHDA>[J D HCT R@?@AKCT Y HDT R>W>AMHBDR@T XM@ TMW?@J HDT aMi@?@T i[]@J@T @J HDT AI?A@H@TACHCaG>DJDTE^`
^\+K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR gQnUQnPUQQhE 2>T>[J Y ;>T>[JE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV @J &A@?AD R@ 6?>RD5
KBBZ5nnYCMJSW@a>J>TBWMJREC?Sn@TnTDaZH@cZDS@cPna>TT>CJc]>T>CJn
^V
+K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR gQnUQnPUQQhE /@fT DJR 3aZDABE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV &JJMDH ,@ZC?BPUQ\5 KBBZ5nnYCMJSW@a>J>TBWMJREC?SnDGCMBcW?>RDnDJJMDHc?@ZC?BcPUQ\n
^` +K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR gQnUQnPUQQhE *CJCA@ D HDT ACJB?DZD?B@TE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV @J
%?CS?DaD R@ 'CJDB>]CT5 KBBZ5nnYCMJSW@a>J>TBWMJREC?Sn@TnS?DJBTcZ?CS?DanACJCA@cJM@TB?DTcACJB?DZD?B@TTCA>DTnPUQPcACJB?DZD?B@TcTCA>DTn
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 141/159
QVQ
&TF HD *3%' R@TR@ HCT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T7 DZCYD aIT DHHI XM@ B@aDT @TZ@AFW>ACT7 @J @TB@
ADTC 6,3'&7 W>JDJA>D >J>A>DB>]DT R@ aC]>H>LDA>[J Y A?FB>AD ZCHFB>AD @J MJD @TADHD HCADH7 Z@?C
XM@ GMTAD WC?BDH@A@? MJD Z?@T@JA>D >JB@?JDA>CJDHE
$D Z@AMH>D?>RDR R@ @TB@ WCJRC @T XM@ TM a@ADJ>TaC R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T ZD?D @H
CBC?SDa>@JBC R@ RCJDB>]CT @T ZD?B>A>ZDB>]CE #TBC T>SJ>W>AD XM@ HDT Z@?TCJDT G@J@W>A>D?>DT
ZC? a@R>C R@ MJ Z?CA@TC DJ[J>aC ?@]>TDJ BCRDT HDT TCH>A>BMR@T Y R@W>J@J XM>@J @T @H S?MZC
XM@ ?@A>G>?I @H RCJDB>]CE^b %D?D %>BBaDJ7 XM>@J KDA@ MJ DJIH>T>T R@H >aZDABC R@ @TB@
Z?CA@TC >R@JB>W>AD XM@ @H WCJRC ]D aIT DHHI R@ HCT aCR@HCT B?DR>A>CJDH@T ZM@T >aZMHTD MJ
aCR@HC ZD?B>A>ZDB>]C7 GMTAD WC?BDH@A@? D HCT S?MZCT Y C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T DTF ACaC S@J@?D? aIT
ACCZ@?DA>[J W>JDJA>@?D JC T[HC ZD?D @H WCJRC T>JC ZD?D HDT DS?MZDA>CJ@T W@a>J>TBDT i[]@J@T @J S@J@?DH5
#H aCR@HC R@ 6,3'& @T MJ aCR@HC ZD?B>A>ZDB>]C |RCJDJB@ u|7 JC T[HC T@ A@JB?D @J RD?7Z@XM@oDT RCJDA>CJ@T WH@O>GH@T ZD?D HCT S?MZCT W@a>J>TBDT7 @JADG@LDRCT Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ZC? aMi@?@T a@JC?@T R@ \U DoCT7 T>JC BDaG>NJ @J WC?BDH@A@? HDT ADZDA>RDR@T R@C?SDJ>LDA>[J Y WDA>H>BD? HD A?@DA>[J R@ ?@R@T @JB?@ HCT S?MZCTE #H @JWCXM@ @J HD W>JDJA>DA>[JGIT>AD WH@O>GH@ @T WMJRDa@JBDH ZD?D TMT ]DHC?@T Y TM ACaZ?Ca>TC R@ WC?BDH@A@? HDADZDA>RDR R@ C?SDJ>LDA>[J a@R>DJB@ @H ?@TZ@BC R@ HCT DJIH>T>T7 @TB?DB@S>DT Y DAA>CJ@TR@W>J>RDT ZC? HCT Z?CZ>CT S?MZCT R@ GDT@E #OB@?JDa@JB@7 @H 6CJRC B>@J@ MJ WM@?B@ >JB@?NT
@J R@TD??CHHD? Y DaZH>D? @H DZCYC R@ HCT RCJDJB@T B?DR>A>CJDH@T7 DTF ACaC WCa@JBD? MJDaDYC? ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J R@ HCT RCJDJB@T JC B?DR>A>CJDH@T7 @J ZD?B>AMHD? HDT i[]@J@T RCJDJB@T Y@aZ?@TD?>DTE^d
^b +K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR gQnUQnPUQQhE (BC?SDa>@JBC R@ RCJDB>]CTE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV @J
%?CS?DaD R@ RCJDB>]CT5 KBBZ5nnYCMJSW@a>J>TBWMJREC?Sn@TnS?DJBTcZ?CS?DanS?DJBaDm>JScZ?CA@TTn
^d %>BBaDJ7 &H@ODJR?DE g`nQPnPUQQhE #a@?S>JS 2CR@HT CW %D?B>A>ZDBC?Y %K>HDJBK?CZY5 6,3'& +K@ -CMJS
6@a>J>TB 6MJRE #J lMaDJ>BD?>Da}'@]@HCZBa@JB /.(T 'CaD>JE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV @J5KBBZ5nnKDMT@?A@JB@?EC?Sn>KDnPUQQnQPnU n@a@?S>JScaCR@HTcCWcZD?B>A>ZDBC?YcZK>HDJBK?CZYcW?>RDcBK@cYCMJScW@a>J>TBcWMJRn…TBKDTKES==&0X1(ERZMW
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 142/159
QVP
(B?D AMDH>RDR @T XM@ HCT RCJDB>]CT DMJXM@ TCJ aMY Z@XM@oCT gCTA>HDJ @JB?@ „P`UU Y
„\UUU R[HD?@Th7 @TBIJ @JWCADRCT @J DZCYCT >JTB>BMA>CJDH@T Y JC @B>XM@BDRC7 RIJRCH@ DH
S?MZC HD ACJW>DJLD R@ R>TB?>GM>?HCT ACaC a@iC? H@ ZD?@LAD Y B@J>@JRC a@ADJ>TaCT aIT
ACH@AB>]CT Y ZkGH>ACT R@ ?@JR>A>[J R@ AM@JBDT7 ^_ ZD?D %>BBaDJ7 6,3'&7 DGCJD D MJD
R@aCA?DB>LDA>[J R@ HCT aCR@HCT R@ *3%' Z@?C BDaG>NJ D AM@TB>CJD? HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@?
B?DR>A>CJDH@T XM@ T@ ACJTB?MY@J DH?@R@RC? R@H W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH5
6,3'&7 ACJ @H MTC R@ @TB@ aCR@HC R@ ACJA@T>[J R@ TMG]@JA>CJ@T ZD?B>A>ZDB>]DT7 @TBIR@aCA?DB>LDJRC @H Z?CA@TC R@ W>JDJA>DA>[J Y ?@cACJA@ZBMDH>LDA>[J R@H ZDZ@H R@H RCJDJB@ YG@J@W>A>D?>C R@ HD TMG]@JA>[JE *CaC BDH7 HDT R>TB>JA>CJ@T @JB?@ ~RCJDJB@~ Y ~?@A@ZBC?~ACa>@JLDJ D R@TDZD?@A@?E #H aCR@HC R@ W>JDJA>DA>[J DR@aIT B>@J@ @H CGi@B>]C R@ ?CaZ@?HDT GD??@?DT B?DR>A>CJDH@T XM@ ACakJa@JB@ TM?S@J @J HD ACJA@T>[J R@ TMG]@JA>CJ@T7 XM@
D a@JMRC T@ ]@J DS?D]DRCT ZC? HDT >R@JB>RDR@T Y HDT DH>J@DA>CJ@T7 R@TR@ @H /C?B@ Y @H )M?7@OZ@?BC ]TE @TBMR>DJB@7 Z?CW@T>CJDH>LDA>[J ]T DAB>]>TaC7 iC]@J ]TE DRMHBCT7 ACJA@T>[JB?DR>A>CJDH R@ RCJDJB@T W>HIJB?CZCT Y RCJDJB@T >JTB>BMA>CJDH@T ]T W>HIJB?CZCT i[]@J@T@a@?S@JB@TE^^
&TF @TB@ aCR@HC R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T7 ?@WH@iD HD ACJS?M@JA>D7 R@ A[aC >J]CHMA?D? R@TR@
HD *3%' aCR@HCT ZD?B>A>ZDB>]CT7 DTF ACaC @J aMAKDT CADT>CJ@T @TBDT a>TaDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T
HC Z>R@J ACJ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T7 XM@ HC KDSDJ ACJ HD ZCGHDA>[J G@J@W>A>D?>D ACJ HD XM@
B?DGDiDJ7 Z@?C XM@ @J @H ADTC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T B?DR>A>CJDH@T JC S@J@?DJ J>JSkJ
a@ADJ>TaC ZD?B>A>ZDB>]C7 ACaC HC a@JA>CJD %?>BAKD?R5
2>@JB?DT XM@ aMAKCT W>JDJA>DRC?@T XM>@?@J ]@? Z?M@GDT R@ XM@ @H TCH>A>BDJB@ B>@J@a@ADJ>TaCT R@ ACJTMHBD ACJ TM ZCGHDA>[J G@J@W>A>D?>D ACJ HD XM@ B?DGDiDJ7 aMAKCT a@JCT>aZH>ADJ D TM Z?CZ>D ACaMJ>RDR C Z?CZ>CT ?@A@ZBC?@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J @J @H
^_ +K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJR gQnUQnPUQQhE %?>C?>RDR@T R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBCE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV @J
%?CS?DaD R@ 'CJDB>]CT5 KBBZ5nnYCMJSW@a>J>TBWMJREC?Sn@TnS?DJBTcZ?CS?DanWMJR>JScZ?>C?>B>@Tn
^^ %>BBaDJ7 &H@ODJR?DE g`nQPnPUQQhE #a@?S>JS 2CR@HT CW %D?B>A>ZDBC?Y %K>HDJBK?CZY5 6,3'& +K@ -CMJS
6@a>J>TB 6MJRE #J lMaDJ>BD?>Da}'@]@HCZBa@JB /.(T 'CaD>JE *CJTMHBDRC UP R@ iMH>C R@ PUQV @J5KBBZ5nnKDMT@?A@JB@?EC?Sn>KDnPUQQnQPnU n@a@?S>JScaCR@HTcCWcZD?B>A>ZDBC?YcZK>HDJBK?CZYcW?>RDcBK@cYCMJScW@a>J>TBcWMJRn…TBKDTKES==&0X1(ERZMW
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 143/159
QV\
@TBDGH@A>a>@JBC R@ TMT Z?>C?>RDR@T C R@A>R>? XM>NJ ?@DHa@JB@ ?@A>G@ WCJRCTE #H T>SM>@JB@ZDTC @T @J ?@DH>RDR ZCJ@? HDT R@A>T>CJ@T @J aDJCT R@ HCT ?@A@ZBC?@T R@ RCJDA>CJ@TE lCYRFD @O>TB@J DHSMJCT @i@aZHCT >JTZ>?DRC?@T R@ HD ACHDGC?DA>[J @JB?@ HCT RCJDJB@T Y HDTACaMJ>RDR@T XM@ RDJ TM ]CBC R@ ACJW>DJLD D HDT R@A>T>CJ@T R@ TM ACaMJ>RDR XM@
W>JDJA>DJ ACaC TCJ5 '>TDG>H>BY ,>SKTB 6MJR7 %ZF :NLBQ AFSDBDKG ALBC7 #RS@ 6MJR7 @BAE (Pritchard, 2013: 1)
#T >aZC?BDJB@ a@JA>CJD?7 XM@ BDaG>NJ MJC R@ HCT ?@BCT R@ HCT 6CJRCT 3JR@Z@JR>@JB@T7 @T
XM@ DAA@R@J D ?@AM?TCT aMAKC a@JC?@T ACaZD?DRCT ACJ HCT R@ a>H@T R@ a>HHCJ@T R@
R[HD?@T XM@ K@aCT ]>TBC @J HCT @i@aZHCT R@ HCT CB?CT DABC?@T C DS@JB@T R@ *3%'E 6?@JB@ D
HDT S?DJR@T WMJRDA>CJ@T7 HCT WCJRCT7 T@ ]@J ACaC Z@XM@oCT @OZ@?>a@JBCT XM@ TCHC ZC?
@HHC7 ZM@R@J S@J@?D? aCR@HCT >JJC]DRC?@T7 T>J @aGD?SC @TBC T[HC ZCR?I ]DHC?D?T@ @J MJ
WMBM?C7 AMDJRC @TB@ B>ZC R@ WCJRCT HH@]@J aIT R@ MJD RNADRD R@ A?@DA>[JE
'@ DAM@?RC D JM@TB?CT A?>B@?>CT ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? MJD Z?IAB>AD R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH C )M? .HCGDH7 @TB@ aCR@HC @TBD MG>ADRC @J @H )M?
.HCGDHE /C T[HC B>@J@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T R@TA@JB?DH>LDRDT T>JC XM@ >J]CHMA?D D TMT
ACJB?DZD?B@T ACaC TCA>DT @J MJ Z?CA@TC R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T ZD?B>A>ZDB>]DE +DaG>NJ
WCa@JBD HD ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD Z?CaC]>@JRC HD >JB@S?DA>[J R@
aC]>a>@JBCT W@a>J>TBDT R>]@?TCT Y aMHB>R>TA>ZH>JD?>CTE 6>JDJA>D HD DS@JRD Z?CZ>D R@ HCT
S?MZCT JC HDT Z?>C?>RDR@T R@ HD WMJRDA>[J C W>HIJB?CZC7 T>JC XM@ ACJWFD @J HD DS@JRD R@ HCT
S?MZCT XM@ ZCTBMHDJE
6>JDHa@JB@ @TB@ ADZFBMHC JCT Z@?a>B>[ ACJCA@? @i@aZHCT R@ HD *3%' JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH ACJ
a@BCRCHCSFDT R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y R@TR@ MJD R>]@?T>RDR R@ DABC?@T5
• $DT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@TE $CT @i@aZHCT R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@?7 (Z@J
)CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT Y .CCSH@EC?SE
• #H ZDZ@H R@ HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT Y WDaCTDT ACaC DS@JB@T R@ *3%'E $DT Z@?TCJDT
DJ[J>aDT DH?@R@RC? R@ HDT ZHDBDWC?aDT @H@AB?[J>ADT g*?CfRWMJR>JSh Y HDT Z@?TCJDT
WDaCTDT ACaC 1CJCE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 144/159
QVV
•
$CT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@TE #J ZD?B>AMHD? HCT 6CJRCT R@ 2Mi@?@T YnC 6CJRCT
6@a>J>TBDT7 ACJ @H @i@aZHC R@ 6,3'&7 +K@ -CMJS 6@a>J>TB 6MJRE
'CJR@ ADRD MJD R@ @TBDT @OZ@?>@JA>DT ?@WH@iDJ HD A@?ADJFD C JC7 R@ MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@DGC?RDi@ R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH C /C?B@ .HCGDH7 T>@JRC MJD ?@DH>RDR XM@ JC @O>TB@J Z?CA@TCT
BCBDHa@JB@ R@ MJ HDRC M CB?CE )>JC XM@ JM@TB?DT ADB@SC?FDT DJDHFB>ADT JCT Z@?a>B@
>R@JB>W>AD? @J MJ ZDJC?DaD aIT A?>B>AC HDT @OZ@?>@JA>DT Y Z@?TZ@AB>]DT R@ HD *3%'E
#J @TB@ T@JB>RC T@ GMTAC JC B@J@? MJD R@TA?>ZA>[J @OKDMTB>]D T>JC @i@aZHCT
ZD?DR>SaIB>ACT7 Z?C]CADRC?@T Y ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH@T R@ HC XM@ @TBD ZDTDJRC @J HD
DABMDH>RDR ACJ HDT B@JR@JA>DT R@ aCR@HCT R@TR@ HD *3%' JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE *CJT>R@?DJRC
DJB@ BCRC7 XM@ KDGHD? R@ @TB@ @TZ@AB?C @T BCBDHa@JB@ ?@WH@iC R@ MJD S?DJ R>]@?T>RDR R@
Z?IAB>ADT7 aCRDH>RDR@T Y Z@?TZ@AB>]DT R@ DAA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH XM@ JC T@ ZM@R@ DS?MZD? @J
I-5$ >&/.$ *+ ,&&%+/$,(:5 (50+/5$,(&5$# 5& ?-)+/5$.+50$#J
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 145/159
QV`
> -NBEJLKDNBFK
4C KINVDOGKC NF PC CfVNC f PC MCGKNCN OFLCOKcC PC EHhGFcC MHLH VIUFIJLFIH RCMVH\ RCMbH\ NFDMHIOFmOVCPKcCNH NF PC ]KDOHGKC f NF PCD EHPbOKMCD
WPHhCPFD# 4C GFPCMKJI NKGFMOC FIOGF MKIMH DKWPHD NF MHPHIKcCMKJI FVGHEFC f PCEHhGFcC FDOg CVDFIOF# +DOC IFWCMKJI NF PC ]KDOHGKC f PC GFCPKNCN NFjC VI
FDECMKH FI hPCIMH# ,Cf VI FDECMKH FI hPCIMH FIOGF FP ECDCNH f FP EGFDFIOF\ fVI FDECMKH FI hPCIMH FIOGF FP xCiVby f xCPPby H x(MMKNFIOFy f FP xGFDOHy# SBGCNC
@KPHLhC\ ";$9Q68X
#TBD B@T>T7 ZD?B>[ R@ HDT Z?@SMJBDT5 Ar.` 3$3)0 C$ #)'&24 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0
2)'#/4 2) 6Yg=ER 5 )' 3$/#&+.0$/N A6.B0)" "4' 04" $'#)+)2)'#)"R +$/$+#)/:"#&+$" 5
D42$0&2$2)" 2) 04" 2&"#&'#4" $+#4/)" 2) 0$ +443)/$+&,' '4 *.F)/'$D)'#$0 +4D4 0$"
-.'2$+&4')"R -4'24" &'2)3)'2&)'#)" 4 3)/"4'$"E 5 A6.B0)" "4' 0$" D42$0&2$2)" 2)
&'#)/()'+&,' 2) 04" -4'24" &'2)3)'2&)'#)"R -.'2$+&4')" &'#)/'$+&4'$0)" 4 3)/"4'$" )' 0$
6Yg=K
L&*+.&' ,&5,#-(/ M-+ +# %$%+# #$ ,&&%+/$,(:5 *+ #&' $,0&/+' " $?+50+' 5&
?-)+/5$.+50$#+' 0(+5+ $50+,+*+50+' G('0:/(,&' %/+4(&' $ #$ (5'0$#$,(:5 *+ #$ NOP *+'*+
#$ 2QLP7 $DT AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT @J @TB@ ADTC B>ZCHCSFDTc R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHJC B>@J@J MJD WC?aD kJ>AD R@ DGC?RDi@7 DH a@JCT @J @TBD >J]@TB>SDA>[J Z?@T@JBDaCT A>JAC
WC?aDT R@ DGC?RDi@ R@ @TBDT B>ZCHCSFDT >R@JB>W>ADJRC XM@ ZM@R@J T@? DS?MZDRDT ZC?
]D?>DGH@T ACaC B@aDT7 DABC?7 DS@JRD7 B>ZC R@ RCJDA>[J7 >JW?D@TB?MABM?D7 @TB?MABM?D
C?SDJ>LDB>]D7 @BAE $DT aCRDH>RDR@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J R@Z@JR@J R@ HDT ?@DH>RDR@T
S@CZCHFB>ADT Z@?C ZCR@aCT DS?MZD?HDT @J Z?IAB>ADT Y Z@?TZ@AB>]DT R@TR@ @H /C?B@ .HCGDH Y
)M? .HCGDHE %CR@aCT CGT@?]D? @i@aZHCT R@ ADRD MJD R@ @TBDT DZ?CO>aDA>CJ@T DJDHFB>ADT
R@TR@ HCT WCJRCT W@a>J>TBDT YnC R@ aMi@?@Tj HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@Tj Y @J HDTZ@?TCJDT XM@ HCS?DJ B?DJT>BD? D MJD aCRDH>RDR R@ DS@JB@T R@ HD *3%'E
.FKRFEGN H JH ZDROGFKDK CF FKGH GFKDKT HUDMSHSNK YLF JNK HEGNMFK P HQFBGFK CF JH
ENNRFMHEDOB DBGFMBHEDNBHJ BN QLIFMBHSFBGHJ ENSN JHK ULBCHEDNBFKT UNBCNK
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 146/159
QVb
DBCFRFBCDFBGFK N JHK RFMKNBHKT GDFBFB RMFKFBEDH DBGFMBHEDNBHJ P BN KNB VBLFWNKXT PH YLF
GDFBFB LBH GMHPFEGNMDH ZDKGOMDEHT CDWFMKHK GDRNJNQ]HKT SNCHJDCHCFK CF HEEDOBT RNCFM
FENBOSDEN P YLF KDB CLCH DBUJLPFB FB JH MFHJDCHC DBGFMBHEDNBHJ CF JH -"7(/
$CT Z?>JA>ZDH@T KDHHDLSCT R@ JM@TB?C Z?>a@? ADZFBMHC @JWCADRC D HCT aD?ACT DJDHFB>ACT
WM@?CJ5
QE $D Z@?B>J@JA>D R@ HDT B@C?FDT A?FB>ADT ACaC @H '@ACHCJ>DH>TaC ZD?D @H DJIH>T>T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@? S@CZCHFB>ADT @JB?@ DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T BDJ
R>]@?TCTE ,@ACJCA>@JRC D HC HD?SC R@ HD K>TBC?>D Y @J JM@TB?CT @i@aZHCT R@ DABC?@T
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@ JC KDY aCR@HCT "0J>]@?TDH@T87 ZM@T DH ACJT>R@?D?HC
?@Z?CRMA@ MJD K@S@aCJFD @Z>TBNa>AD XM@ J>@SD HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J
R@TR@ HCT aI?S@J@TE
PE #H ?@ACJCA>a>@JBC R@ XM@ HDT ADB@SC?FDT /C?B@ .HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDH7 JC TCJ
?@W@?@JB@T S@CS?IW>ACT7 T>JC @TZDA>DH@T7 ZCHFB>ACT Y AMHBM?DH@T R@ Z?IAB>ADT XM@ ]DJ
aIT DHHI R@H #TBDRCc/DA>[JE ,@ACJCA>aCT Z?IAB>ADT >JTBDHDRDT @J @H /C?B@
.@CS?IW>AC XM@ ?@TZCJRFDJ D aCR@HCT R@TR@ MJD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@H )M? .HCGDHE
\E '@JB?C R@ HCT @TBMR>CT R@ HD *3%'7 T@ KD DJDH>LDRC ZCAC D HCT DABC?@T JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@ G?>JRDJ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC7 B@J>@JRC ZCAC aD?S@J DJDHFB>ACE
0JD WC?aD R@ DGC?RDi@ @T R@TR@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD7 Z@?C NTBD @T MJD
R@W>J>A>[J XM@ >JAHMY@ BDaG>NJ D HCT SCG>@?JCT HCADH@T C @TBDBDH@T7 ACaC D HCT
DABC?@T SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T R@TACJA@JB?DRCT C R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCT ACaC HDT
MJ>]@?T>RDR@TE (B?CT R@ HCT @TBMR>CT XM@ HD ACJT>R@?D HD JCaG?D ACaC "HD H[S>AD
KMaDJ>TBD R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J87 S@J@?DH>LDJRC XM@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH @J TM BCBDH>RDR B>@J@ Z?IAB>ADT KMaDJ>TBDT7 T>J ACJT>R@?D? HDT XM@
JC HC HH@SDJ D T@?7 H>a>BDJRC @H @JB@JR>a>@JBC R@ @TB@ W@J[a@JCE
VE
(B?C @JWCXM@ XM@ T@ >JAC?ZC?[ WM@ HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@TR@ TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZD?D
@JB@JR@? @TB@ W@J[a@JC 7 KDA>@JRC MJ ?@AM@JBC R@ HCT Z?>JA>ZDH@T R@GDB@T DH
?@TZ@ABC Y ACJT>R@?DJRC HD B?DY@ABC?>D R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H SHCGDHE )>J @aGD?SC @TB@
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 147/159
QVd
DGC?RDi@ ACJT>R@?D ZDJC?DaDT BDJ DaZH>CT R@ HD R>]@?T>RDR R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H
SHCGDH7 XM@ T@ R@A>R>[ DACBD? R@TR@ @H @JWCXM@ R@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>ADE
`E
&GC?RD? @H ACJA@ZBC R@ HD )CA>@RDR *F]>AD ACaC MJD WC?aD R@ @JB@JR@? HDT
AD?DAB@?FTB>ADT R@ DAB>]>TaC @ >JA>R@JA>D R@ MJ T@ABC? R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H Y @J @T@
T@ABC? ?@ACJCA@? XM@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @T MJ DABC
ZCHFB>AC Y XM@ ZM@R@ B@J@? WC?aDT a@JCT ACJ]@JA>CJDH@T R@ R>]>T>[J XM@ ]DJ aIT
DHHI R@ HD R@W>J>A>[J R@H "B@?A@? T@ABC?8 ZM@T @O>TB@J aIT T@ABC?@T XM@ T[HC B?@T Y
JC ?@ACJCA@?HC H>a>BD @H @JB@JR>a>@JBC R@ HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ *3%'E
bE
lDG@? >JB@S?DRC HD B@C?FD R@ACHCJ>DH ACJ @H DGC?RDi@ R@ )CA>@RDR *F]>AD7 ZD?D
ACJTB?M>? ZD?Ia@B?CT DJDHFB>ACT c@J MJD DZ?CO>aDA>[J aMY S@J@?DHc XM@ ?@ACJCA>[5
HCT a@ADJ>TaCT R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T R@TA@JB?DH>LDRD C JC Y @H >aZMHTC R@ HD
)CA>@RDR *F]>AD C R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H ACaC R>]>T>CJ@T R@ DGC?RDi@T R@TR@ @H /C?B@
.HCGDH Y )M? .HCGDHE
#J @H T@SMJRC ADZFBMHC RCJR@ DGC?RDaCT HDT B>ZCHCSFDT Y DJB@A@R@JB@T R@ HD *3%' JC
SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 >R@JB>W>ADaCT5
QE #T >aZC?BDJB@ DACBD? HD R>W@?@JA>D @JB?@ HCT DABC?@T Y HCT DS@JB@T R@ ACCZ@?DA>[JE
%?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ ?@ACJCA>@JRC XM@ HCT DABC?@T TCJ HDT >JTB>BMA>CJ@T WC?aDH@T7 Y HCT
DS@JB@T HDT Z@?TCJDT XM@ iMSDRC?@T DAB>]CT R@H Z?CA@TC R@H R@TD??CHHCE
PE
'@TR@ HDT B>ZCHCSFDT D Z@TD? R@ XM@ K>A>aCT MJ ?@AM@JBC S@J@?DH7 Z?@T@JBDaCT HDT
Z@?TZ@AB>]DT R@H (GT@?]DBC?>C R@ HD *3%' R@ 2NO>AC7 R@ HCT DADRNa>ACT '@ $@[J Y
1M?TB@>J7 R@TR@ HDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T &e3' Y +K@ 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E
€H AMDH ZD?B>AMHD?a@JB@ B>@J@ MJ Z?CA@TC @J ACJTB?MAA>[J R@ MJD BDOCJCaFD R@ HCT
DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@ G?>JRDJ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC XM@ DABMDHa@JB@ HH@SD D
aIT R@ a>H TMGcAHDT>W>ADA>CJ@T Y XM@ JCT ?@AM@?RD @H ADa>JC XM@ JCT WDHBD ?@AC??@?
@J @H @TBMR>C R@ @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T @J @H )M? .@CS?IW>ACE
\E
#J BN?a>JCT R@ HCT DJB@A@R@JB@T K>TB[?>ACT >R@JB>W>ADaCT B?@T aCa@JBCT
B?DTA@JR@JBDH@T ZD?D HD K>TBC?>D R@ HD *3%' JC SMG@?JDa@JBDHE #H Z?>a@?C WM@ HD
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 148/159
QV_
ACJWC?aDA>[J R@ HDT A>MRDR@T C ZCH>T ACaC @H ADTC R@ HDT ACHCJ>DT C AMHBM?D
?CaDJD XM@ @T R[JR@ T@ @JACJB?D?CJ HCT ?@S>TB?CT aIT DJB>SMCTE #H T@SMJRC HD
ACJWC?aDA>[J @J @H /C?B@ R@ HDT >SH@T>DT Y TM @OZDJT>[J ]FD ACHCJ>LDA>[J C
ACJXM>TBD @J @H )M?E #H B@?A@?C HDT ACJT@AM@JA>DT R@ HD Z?>a@?D SM@??D aMJR>DH Y
TMGT@AM@JB@T DACJB@A>a>@JBCT GNH>ACT ZD?D HD DS?MZDA>[J R@ R>]@?TDT WC?aDT R@
DYMRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH ZC? DS@JB@T Y DABC?@TE
VE $CT ?@BCT XM@ @O>TB@J ZD?D ZCR@? @JACJB?D? >JWC?aDA>[J R@ HD K>TBC?>D R@ HD
ACCZ@?DA>[J R@TR@ HCT aI?S@J@T7 @T R@A>? R@TR@ HC ACHCJ>LDRC C ACJXM>TBDRCE %C?
@i@aZHC7 T> G>@J T@ B?DBC R@ >JB@S?D? RDBCT R@ $DB>JCDaN?>AD7 2@R>C (?>@JB@7 C
<W?>AD7 WM@?CJ >JT>Z>@JB@T ACaZD?DRCT ACJ @H /C?B@E
#J @H B@?A@? Y kHB>aC ADZFBMHC RCJR@ DGC?RDaCT @i@aZHCT R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 Z@?TCJDT ACaC DS@JB@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T BM]>aCT
HCT T>SM>@JB@T KDHHDLSCT5
QE
/C @O>TB@J A>W?DT XM@ >JB@S?@J BCRCT HCT aCJBCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T R@ HD *3%'
JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH7 T>JC DZ?CO>aDA>CJ@T ZC? ?@S>CJ@T R@H aMJRC XM@ KDJ
T>RC aIT RCAMa@JBDRDT @J @H /C?B@E
PE #J @TBMR>CT DADRNa>ACT7 HDT Z?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T @J BN?a>JCT
aMJR>DH@T @TBIJ @J #TBDRCT 0J>RCT7 1NHS>AD7 ,@>JC 0J>RC7 rDZ[J7 3BDH>D Y
2NO>ACE
\E
#J @H *&'7 T@ aDJ@iDJ A>W?DT TCHDa@JB@ R@ HCT ZDFT@T a>@aG?CT Y T@
>JB@S?DJ ACaC WHMiCT Z?>]DRCT ZCJ>@JRC @J MJD a>TaD ADB@SC?FD HD
>J]@?T>[J Z?>]DRD7 HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T Y HDT ?@a@TDT XM@ R@TR@ @H DGC?RDi@ R@
@TBD B@T>T JC @T kB>H7 T>JC aIT G>@J @H>a>JD HDT R>W@?@JA>DT @JB?@ HCT DABC?@T
Y DS@JB@T KCaCHCSIJRCHCTE
VE
$DT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T @J PUU_7 T@ ?@ZC?BD @H aIT DHBC aCJBC R@
RCJDA>CJ@T R@ AD?IAB@? >JB@?JDA>CJDH ACJ lm/> SDJ SDJJNBFK R@ R[HD?@T
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 149/159
QV^
`E #J @H *&'c(*'#7 @O>TB@ MJD DMT@JA>D R@ DJIH>T>T R@ @TBCT DABC?@T7 ZM@T
T[HC @O>TB@ MJ ?@ZC?B@ R@ PUU\ XM@ ?@WH@iD MJ @TBDRC R@H D?B@ R@H ACJB@OBC Y
CZC?BMJ>RDR@T R@ ACHDGC?D? ACJ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@JB?C R@ HD *3%'7 Z@?C @T
@H kJ>AC @TBMR>C @J HCT kHB>aCT DoCT 7 HC AMDH @T ACJB?DR>ABC?>C D HCT
R>TAM?TCT CW>A>DH@T XM@ GMTADJ TM Z?@T@JA>D R@JB?C R@ HD DS@JRD CW>A>DH R@
&('E
bE )@ >R@JB>W>A[ XM@ D MJD RNADRD HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T
@TBDRCMJ>R@JT@T BCRDT KDJ >JA?@a@JBDRC TMT aCJBCT R@ RCJDA>[J
>JB@?JDA>CJDH Y KDJ DZD?@A>RC JM@]DT WMJRDA>CJ@Tj @J HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T
@M?CZ@DT R@TBDAD XM@ D Z@TD? R@ HDT R>]@?TDT A?>T>T @ACJ[a>ADT BCRDT HDT
WMJRDA>CJ@T Z@?aDJ@A>@?CJ Y DMa@JBD?CJ TMT RCJDB>]CT7 @J @H ADTC
ZD?B>AMHD? R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T R@H ,@>JC 0J>RC7 ZM@R@J T@? MJD
ACaZ@B@JA>D ACJ HCT aCJBCT R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@Tj @J @H
ADTC R@ HDT WMJRDA>CJ@T DT>IB>ADT @O>TB>[ aMAKD aC]>H>RDR Y WMJRDA>CJ@T
XM@ T>aZH@a@JB@ R@TDZD?@A>@?CJE
dE 6>JDHa@JB@ R@ DAM@?RC D @TBCT RDBCT HDT B?@T Z?>JA>ZDH@T WMJRDA>CJ@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@T TCJ 1>HH}2@H>JRD .DB@T 6CMJRDB>CJ g#0&h7 e@HACa@ +?MTB
g0{h Y *KD?>B>@T &>R g0{hE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 150/159
Q`U
,@TZ@ABC D JM@TB?CT @i@aZHCT ZD?D >R@JB>W>AD? Z?IAB>ADT R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH C /C?B@ .HCGDH
>R@JB>W>ADaCT HCT T>SM>@JB@T ?@TMHBDRCT5
Y0."#/$+&,' G_; <'B0&"&" 2) 6Yg= 2)"2) 84/#) I04F$0 5 J./ I04F$0
)B G_MSDBNK CFJ #NMGF +JNIHJT HDT Z?IAB>ADT R@ HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? DH XM>BD? HCT
?@AM?TCT W>JDJA>@?CT R@H *322-+7 BCaD? @TBD R@A>T>[J R@ aDJ@?D A@JB?DH>LDRD WM@?CJ HDT
?DLCJ@T ZD?D DS?MZD?HD @J @TBD ADB@SC?FDE %D?D @H ADTC R@ .CCSH@EC?S7 D Z@TD? R@ B@J@? MJD
R>TAMT>[J DG>@?BD R@ AMDJRC @T *3%' C @aZ?@TD ACJ HDGC?@T W>HDJB?[Z>ADT T@ ACJT>R@?[
Z?IAB>AD R@H /C?B@ .HCGDH ZC? HD A@JB?DH>LDA>[J R@H ACJCA>a>@JBC aMJR>DH7 @J BN?a>JCT
DADRNa>ACT7 ZCHFB>ACT7 DMR>C]>TMDH@T7 AD?BCS?IW>ACT Y AMHBM?DH@TE +DaG>NJ ZC? TM a@LAHD
@JB?@ ]@JBD R@ Z?CRMABCT ZD?D ?@>J]@?T>[J Y ZC? a@R>C R@H CBC?SDa>@JBC R@ TMT Z?CZ>CT
Z?CRMABCT T@ ADBDHCSDJ ACaC RCJDB>]CTE #J @H ADTC R@ 1CJC7 HC DS?MZDaCT @J @TBD
ADB@SC?FD ZC? TMT HDGC?@T ACa@?A>DH@T R>TW?DLDRDT R@ ADaZDoDT W>HDJB?[Z>ADT Y TM Z?@T@JA>D
R@JB?C R@ HDT @TW@?DT R@ BCaD R@ R@A>T>CJ@T >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T ACaC HD ACJRCJDA>[J R@ HD
R@MRD D ZDFT@T DW?>ADJCT @J @H ADaG>C R@ a>H@J>C ZD?D WCa@JBD? HD >J]@?T>[J Z?>]DRDE
&HGOFBPHhCP
-IOFGLFNKH
.VG BPHhCP
n <VINCMKJI 0HMrFUFPPFGn
BHHWPF#HGWn AHIH
n 'FGDHICD CIJIKLCD FINHICMKJI MHHEFGCOKRCSMGHTNUVINKIWX
n
(EFI .HMKFOf <HVINCOKHIDn <HINHD -INFEFINKFIOFD\
<0-*1 /]F 5HVIW<FLKIKDO <VIN
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 151/159
Q`Q
(FKCF FJ $LM +JNIHJT DS?MZDaCT HD @OZ@?>@JA>D R@ (Z@J )CA>@BY 6CMJRDB>CJT7 XM@ aIT DHHI
R@ HD WDaD J@SDB>]D R@ )C?CT7 KD HCS?DRC >JTBDHD? a@ADJ>TaCT R@TA@JB?DH>LDRCT R@ BCaD
R@ R@A>T>CJ@T @J HDT \^ WMJRDA>CJ@T DH?@R@RC? R@H aMJRCE &ZCYD D MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H ZD?D
T@? MJD TCA>@RDR AF]>AD XM@ HCS?@ ACJB?DZ@TCT DJB@ HCT DMBC?>BD?>TaC ZD?D HD R@W@JTD R@
HCT R@?@AKCT KMaDJCTE $CT WCJRCT >JR@Z@JR>@JB@T W@a>J>TBDT YnC R@ aMi@?@T BDaG>NJ HCT
DS?MZDaCT @J @TBD ADB@SC?FD7 ZC? @i@aZHC @H 6,3'&7 XM@ @T MJ aCR@HC XM@ DZC?BD
a@ADJ>TaCT ZD?B>A>ZDB>]CT7 AM@TB>CJD HCT aCR@HCT B?DR>A>CJDH@T R@ ?@HDA>CJ@T R@ ZCR@?
@JB?@ RCJDJB@ Y ?@A@ZBC?7 Y G?>JRD DMBCJCaFD Y ACJW>DJLD W>JDJA>@?D DH CBC?SD? ?@AM?TCT
JC @B>XM@BDRCT Y R@ DZCYC S@J@?DHE
(F SHBFMH DBGFMSFCDHT >R@JB>W>ADaCT D HDT Z@?TCJDT DJ[J>aDT XM@ MB>H>LDJ ZHDBDWC?aDT R@RCJDA>[J ACCZ@?DB>]D g6/4f2-.'2&'*hE )M A@?ADJFD KDA>D MJ aCR@HC R@ )M? .HCGDH T@ GDTD
@J HD aC]>H>RDR R@ ?@AM?TCT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y JDA>CJDH@T ZD?D J@A@T>RDR@T Y Z?CY@ABCT
HCADH@TE - XM@ @TBD ADZDA>RDR R@ aC]>H>LD? ?@AM?TCT T@ @TBI ]CH]>@JRC ADRD ]@L aIT MJD
DHB@?JDB>]D R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ZD?D R>]@?TDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@TE )>J @aGD?SC7 R@Z@JR>@JRC R@
ADRD MJC R@ HCT Z?CY@ABCT C R@ HDT Z@?TZ@AB>]DT T@ ]DJ aIT D >J]@?T>[J R@ ADZ>BDH C
a>A?CA?NR>BCT7 ACJ HC XM@ R@iDJ R@ HDRC MJ @JWCXM@ R@ TCA>@RDR AF]>AD @ >aZMHTDJ
Z?CA@TCT R@ MJD TCA>@RDR A>]>H DT>TB@JA>DH C Z?CY@ABCT BCBDHa@JB@ ACJB?D?>CTE
6>JDHa@JB@ ACJT>R@?DaCT ACaC Z>TBDT R@ DJIH>T>T ZD?D >J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T WMBM?DT HCT
T>SM>@JB@T @H@a@JBCT5
• 3JRDSD? aIT TCG?@ HCT aCR@HCT R@ *3%' ZCAC ACJ]@JA>CJDH@T Y JC ]>T>GH@T7
Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ R@TR@ CB?DT ?@S>CJ@T R@H aMJRC7 ACaC <W?>AD7 2@R>C (?>@JB@7 &T>D
C %DAFW>ACE
•
%?CWMJR>LD? TCG?@ @H >aZDABC R@JB?C R@ HD *3%' R@ HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T
@J HD DS@JRD >JB@?JDA>CJDH Y HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@ HCT aCR@HCT R@ R@TD??CHHCE
• %?CWMJR>LD? Z?>JA>ZDHa@JB@ @J HCT aCR@HCT R@TR@ @H )M? .HCGDH7 HCT AMDH@T ZM@R@J
T@? MJD DHB@?JDB>]D R@ W>JDJA>Da>@JBC ZD?D aMAKDT C?SDJ>LDA>CJ@T XM@ JC ACJCA@J
TM @O>TB@JA>DE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 152/159
Q`P
•
&JDH>LD? aIT D Z?CWMJR>RDR HDT H>a>BDA>CJ@T C HCT >JA@JB>]CT W>TADH@T7 XM@ R@
DAM@?RC ACJ DMBC?DT ACaC $DLFJ7 MJD ZCT>G>H>RDR R@ DMBCJCaFD R@H )M? @T HD
DR@AMDA>[J W>TADH R@TR@ @H aCR@HC @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ ZD?D DMa@JBD? HD TCTB@J>G>H>RDR
R@ HD TCA>@RDR AF]>AD7 D B?D]NT R@ S@J@?D? SDJDJA>DT7 @T R@A>?7 T@? HMA?DB>]CT7 Z@?C
ZD?D W>J@T JC Z?>]DRCTE
%C? kHB>aC7 T[HC JCT XM@RD ?@ACJCA@? XM@ a>@JB?DT HCT @TBMR>CT R@ *3%' JC ?@ACJCLADJ
aIT DaZH>Da@JB@ Y @TBMR>@J HCT DZC?B@T Y ?@BCT R@ HCT DABC?@T JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH@T XM@
G?>JRDJ ACCZ@?DA>[J7 JC ZCJR?IJ TDG@? A[aC @JW?@JBD? HD JM@]D ACYMJBM?D >JB@?JDA>CJDH7
RCJR@ ADRD ]@L aIT R>J@?C @TBD?I @J aDJCT R@ @TBCT DABC?@T Y DS@JB@T Y JC @J HDT R@ HCT
SCG>@?JCTE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 153/159
Q`\
9DIJDNQMHU]H
&D?B )AKCHB@7 rE gQ^^^h7 I04F$0 6&(&0 J4+&)#5N 6C$'*&' #C) c4/02E 7 0J>B@R {>JSRCaE '@ZD?Ba@JB CW
%CH>B>AT DJR 3JB@?JDB>CJDH )BMR>@TE
&HCJTC ,CR?FSM@L7 rE &E gPUQUh7 |#H )>TB@aD 3JB@?JDA>CJDH R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC|7
=)"$//4004 5 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0 7 Z5 ^cQ`E
&e3' gPUUbh7 A=,'2) )"#$ )0 2&')/4 3$/$ 04" 2)/)+C4" 2) 0$" D.7)/)"E 7 +C?CJBC7 r&))n&e3'E
&YDHD 2D?BFJ@L7 *E gPUQPh7 2DJMDH R@ *CCZ@?DA>[J 3JB@?JDA>CJDH ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC5 TMT TMi@BCT @
>JTB?Ma@JBCT7 2NO>AC7 3JTB>BMBC 2C?Dn6MJRDA>[J A>R@DHn0J>]@?T>RDR R@ *C?MoDE
1D??>C7 #E Y rE 2E *D]DJJD gPUQ\h7 S$ 2)D4+/$#&1$+&,' 2)0 +$3&#$0&"D4N 6/4f2-.'2&'*7 2DR?>R7
*CaZ?Ca>TC #aZ?@TD?>DHE
1@?S@?7 ,E gPUU^h7 d.'2$+&4')" +4D.'&#$/&$" )' ?`@&+4s 3$'4/$D$ 2)#$00$247 2NO>AC7 &HB@?JDB>]DT
Y *DZDA>RDR@TE
1?CfJ@7 lE gPUQ\h7 T4'4N )' )0 '4DF/) 2)0 342)/ 7 2NO>AC7 )@OBC %>TCE
1M?TB@>J7 rE gPUU_h7 |$D ACCZ@?DA>[J JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @TBDRCMJ>R@JT@ @J 2NO>AC|7 @J .E )IJAK@L
.MB>@??@L g*CC?R>JDRC?Dh7 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0 =)"$//4004 )' ?`@&+47 2NO>AC7
2>SM@H <JS@H %C??kDE
*D?RCLC7 6E gPUUPh7 =)3)'2)'+&$ 5 2)"$//4004 )' <D`/&+$ S$#&'$7 \UŽ @R>A>[J7 2NO>AC7 )>SHC qq3E
*DTB>HHC 1DMB>TBD7 ,E Y &E rMI?@L &JSM>DJC gPUU_h7 <'B0&"&" 4/*$'&1$+&4'$0 5 2) &D$*)' 2)
$"4+&$+&4')" '4 0.+/$#&($"7 2IHDSD7 0J>]@?T>RDR R@ 2IHDSDE
*CK@J7 rE $E Y &E &?DBC gPUUUh7 J4+&)2$2 +&(&0 5 #)4/:$ 340:#&+$7 2NO>AC7 6CJRC R@ *MHBM?D #ACJ[a>ADE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 154/159
Q`V
*Ca>BN R@ &YMRD DH '@TD??CHHC gPUUVh7 d.'2$+&4')" -&0$'#/,3&+$" 5 +443)/$+&,' $0 2)"$//40047 (*'#7
#OB?DABC R@H '>D?>C R@H *&'7 %D?FT7 (?SDJ>LDA>[J ZD?D HD *CCZ@?DA>[J Y '@TD??CHHC
#ACJ[a>ACTE
*?CA@7 &E gPUU^h7 |$D ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH5 MJD K@??Da>@JBD ZD?D @H R@TD??CHHC|7 @J &E ,E &>R7
? 5 /)$0&2$2 2) 0$ $5.2$ )@#)/'$N <D`/&+$ S$#&'$ $0 LMMU7 2NO>AC7 &$(5
*?CfRTCM?A>JS7 $$*E gPUQPh7 6/4f2-.'2&'* Y'2."#/5 >)34/# 7 /M@]D -C?m7 *?CfRTCM?A>JS7 $$*E
'@HSDRC ,DaCT7 .E *E Y )E 2E ,CaDJC gPUQ\h7 ?)2&4 $DF&)'#)R -.'2$+&4')" 3/&($2$" 5 $"&"#)'+&$
3$/$ )0 2)"$//4004 )' <D`/&+$ S$#&'$7 2NO>AC7 0/&2 E
'@ $@[J &MH>JD7 #E gPUU_h7 |'@aCA?DA>D Y ZD?B>A>ZDA>[J A>MRDRDJD5 R>DSJ[TB>AC R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J>JB@?JDA>CJDH @J 2NO>AC PUUUcPUUb|7 @J 1E )AKaMmH@?7 *E &YDHD 2D?BFJ@L Y .E )IJAK@L
.MB>N??@LE 64'"#/.5)'24 04" #)D$" +0$() 2) 0$ +443)/$+&,' &'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0 2)"$//4004
)' ?`@&+4 2NO>AC7 '67 2NO>AC5 3JTB>BMBC R@ 3J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T '?E rCTN 2D?FD $M>T 2C?D7 Z5
P`dcP^PE
'@ )CMTD )DJBCT7 1E gPUU`h7 |3JB?CRMAA>[J5 ZD?D DaZH>D? @H ADJCJ R@aCA?IB>AC|7 @J 1E R@ )CMTD
)DJBCT7 =)D4+/$#&1$/ 0$ 2)D4+/$+&$; S4" +$DF&4" 2) 0$ 2)D4+/$+&$ 3$/#&+&3$#&($7 2@O>AC7
6CJRC R@ *MHBM?D #ACJ[a>AD7 Z5 \`cdVE
#RfD?RT7 2E gPUU_h7 p."# <'4#C)/ !D3)/4/; 9C) ?5#C" $'2 >)$0&#&)" 4- gC&0$'#C/4+$3&#$0&"D7 /@f
-C?m7 +K@ -CMJS 6CMJRDB>CJE
6&( gQ^^bh7 *MaG?@ 2MJR>DH )CG?@ HD &H>a@JBDA>[JE #JT@oDJLDT R@ HD ?@]CHMA>[J ]@?R@5 KDA>D MJD
JM@]D ?@]CHMA>[J ]@?R@7 'CAMa@JBCT BNAJ>ACT R@ ?@W@?@JA>D 6&(E
6CJT@AD7 2EY &E r@??@aT gPUQPh7 %@JTDa>@JBC R@ACHCJ>DH5 w0JD |JM@]D| DZM@TBD @J HDT ?@HDA>CJ@T
>JB@?JDA>CJDH@Tx7 >)0$+&4')" Y'#)/'$+&4'$0)"7 JkaE Q^7 Z5 QU\cQPQE
6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? gPUQ\h7 <2($'+&'* l.D$' >&*C#"7 /M@]D -C?m7 3JB@?JDB>CJDH lMaDJ ,>SKBT
6MJR@?T .?CMZ7 6MJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E
6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@? gPUQPh7 Y'#)/'$#&4'$0 I/$'#D$k&'* i32$#)7 /M@]D -C?m7 6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?E
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 155/159
Q``
6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?c*CMJA>H CJ 6CMJRDB>CJT gPUU_h7 Y'#)/'$#&4'$0 I/$'#D$k&'* Ym 7 /M@]D -C?m7
6CMJRDB>CJ *@JB@?c*CMJA>H CJ 6CMJRDB>CJTE
.D?AFD7 2E gP^ R@ @J@?C R@ PUQ\h7 <gdaJ7 ?@AMZ@?DRC @H P R@ aD?LC R@ PUQV R@ S$ -&0$'#/43:$ 5 ".
&'-0.)'+&$ )' 0$ +$3#$+&,' 2) -4'24"5 fffEADZBDA>CJWCJRCTCJSTEACaE
.[a@L .DHIJ7 2E gPUQUh7 !0 +&+04 2)0 3/45)+#4 2) +443)/$+&,' $0 2)"$//40047 2DR?>R7 *3'#&$E
.?CTWCSM@H7 ,E gPUQUh7 |'@TACHCJ>LD? HCT MJ>]@?TDH>TaCT CAA>R@JBDH@T|7 @J lE *D>?C7 =)"+404'&1$/ 0$
?42)/'&2$2 7 2DR?>R7 3#%&$&7 Z5 _`cQVbE
.M>HH@J 7 &E Y .E ;>RDH gPUU_h7 >)3)'"$/ 0$ #)4/:$ 2) 2)"$//4004 )' .' +4'#)@#4 2) *04F$01$+&,'7
2NO>AC7 0&2n*$&*)(E
l@a@?7 rE gPUQQh7 < J'$3"C4# 4' 6/4f2-.'2&'*7 .@?aDJY7 $@>GJ>L 3JWC?aDB>CJ *@JB?@ WC?
#ACJCa>ATE
l@?JIJR@L *DTB>HHC7 ,E &E gPUQQh7 6@a>J>TaCT ZCTACHCJ>DH@T7 @J $E )MD?@L /D]DLE =)"+404'&1$'24 )0
-)D&'&"D47 2DR?>R7 *IB@R?D7 Z5 d`cQQQE
lMRTCJ 3JTB>BMB@ gPUQ\h7 9C) Y'2)@ 4- I04F$0 gC&0$'#C/435 $'2 /)D&##$'+)"7 eDTK>JSBCJ7 *@JB@? WC?
.HCGDH %?CTZ@?>BYE
3DJJ>7 ;E gPUU`h7 S$ "4+&)2$2 +&(&0N )'-4H.)" #),/&+4" 5 D42$0&2$2)" 2) $++&,'7 2DR?>R7 3#%&$&E
{@??7 rE gPUUdh7 J)*.'24 /)34/#) -&'$'+&$0$"N "4"#)'&F&0&2$2 -&'$'+&)/$ 3$/$ 04" D4(&D&)'#4" 2)
D.7)/)" )' )0 D.'247 2NO>AC7 &e3'E
$DLFJ7 (E 2E gPUUdh7 S$ *04F$0&1$+&,' ") 2)"+)'#/$0&1$R 0&F/) D)/+$24R -.'2$+&4')"R "4+&)2$2 +&(&+$ 5
*4F&)/'4 +&(&0 )' 0$" /)*&4')" 2)0 D.'247 2NO>AC7 0J>]@?T>RDR R@ .MDRDHDiD?DE
$>TB7 6E gQ^VPh7 J&"#)D$ '$+&4'$0 2) )+4'4D:$ 340:#&+$7 2NO>AC7 6CJRC R@ *MHBM?D #ACJ[a>ADE
$H>TBD? 1CTAK7 'E gPUU^h7 <'#&+443)/$+&,'7 1D?A@HCJD7 3AD?>DE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 156/159
Q`b
$C 1>CJRC7 .E gPUU`h7 S$" /)"34'"$F&0&2$2)" `#&+$" 2) 04" $+#4/)" 2)0 2)"$//40047 eDTK>JSBCJ7
.@C?S@BCfJ 0J>]@?T>BYE
$CT@mDJJ7 *E Y $E 1@HH@TB?>J gPUQ\h7 i'$ $3)/#./$ 2)0 +4'+)3#4 2) "4+&)2$ +&(&0N 2)"$7."#)"R 2&B04*4"
5 +4'#/&F.+&4')" #),/&+$" 2)"2) )0 J./ I04F$0 7 1CSCBI7 *CHCaG>D 3JB@?JDA>CJDHE
2D?FJ &?DJSM?@J7 2E gPUUbh7 S$ "4+&)2$2 +&(&0 *04F$0 +4D4 $*)'#) 2)+&"4/&4 )' 340:#&+$
&'#)/'$+&4'$0 7 1CSCBI7 0J>]@?T>RDR #OB@?JDRC R@ *CHCaG>DE
2D?BFJ@L7 3E Y rE &E )DJDKMiD gPUU^h7 S$ $*)'2$ &'#)/'$+&4'$0 2) )-&+$+&$ 2) 0$ $5.2$ 5 0$
+443)/$+&,' 2)"+)'#/$0&1$2$7 2DR?>R7 6MJRDA>[J *D?CH>JDE
2D?O7 {E Y 6E #JS@HT gPUUPh7 !0 +$3&#$0R !0 3/4+)"4 2) 3/42.++&,' 2)0 +$3&#$0 7 ]CHMa@J Q7 2NO>AC70*2E
2>SJCHC7 eE gPUUbh7 #H Z@JTDa>@JBC R@TcACHCJ>DH7 R@TZ?@JR>a>@JBC Y DZ@?BM?D5 MJ aDJ>W>@TBC7 @J
*E eDHTK7 E .D?AFD $>J@?D Y eE 2>SJCHC7 Y'#)/+.0#./$0&2$2R 2)"+404'&1$+&,' 2)0 )"#$24 5 2)0
+4'4+&D&)'#47 1M@JCT &>?@T7 #R>A>CJ@T R@H )>SJCE
2CKDJBY +DHZDR@7 *E gPUQQh7 |'@ ]M@HBD D ~1DiCT HCT CiCT R@ CAA>R@JB@~|7 @J $E )MI?@L /D]DL7
=)"+404'&1$'24 )0 -)D&'&"D47 2DR?>R7 *IB@R?D7 Z5 VUdcVbVE
2CTDJS>J>7 .E gPUQPh7 =)+/)+&D&)'#4 5 7."#&+&$N 84/#)XJ./ 7 1D?A@HCJD7 3AD?>DE
/DBDH7 &E gPUUPh7 >)+./"4" 3/&($24" 3$/$ -&')" 3tF0&+4"N 0$" &'"#&#.+&4')" 24'$'#)" D)@&+$'$"7
2NO>AC7 *#2#63E
(#3 gPUQUh7 9)D$ ON !0 "&"#)D$ &'#)/'$+&4'$0 2) +443)/$+&,' 3$/$ )0 2)"$//4004N $*)'#)" )
&'"#/.D)'#4"7 0/#'E
(H]@?D7 &E gPUUQh7 J4+&)2$2 +&(&0R *4F)/'$F&0&2$2 2)D4+/B#&+$R )"3$+&4" 3tF0&+4" 5 2)D4+/$#&1$+&,'N
04" +4'#4/'4" 2) .' 3/45)+#47 ;@?DA?ML7 *MDR@?JCT R@ HD )CA>@RDR *>]>Hn0J>]@?T>RDR
;@?DA?MLDJDE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 157/159
Q`d
(?BCHH7 )E gPUU\h7 |(?FS@J@T R@ MJ Z?CY@ABC DS?FACHD5 HD 6MJRDA>[J ,CAm@W@HH@? Y HD ,@]CHMA>[J
;@?R@|7 J4+&)2$2)" >./$0)"R g/42.++&,' 5 ?)2&4 <DF&)'#)7 ]CHE V7 JkaE bE
%N?@L *@?]@?D7 2E rE gPUQQh7 ?$'.$0 3$/$ )0 ."4 '4 ")@&"#$ 2)0 0)'*.$7)7 2NO>AC7 *CJD]>aE
%>Z>BCJ@7 0E gQ^^`h7 S$ "$0&2$ 2)0 $#/$"4N Y'#/42.++&,'R 2NO>AC7 6*#E
%H@f@T7 1E gPUUdh7 I04F$0 gC&0$'#C/435 $'2 Y'#)/'$#&4'$0 6443)/$#&4'7 +C?CJBC7 +K@ *DJDR>DJ
*CMJA>H WC? 3JB@?JDA>CJD *CcCZ@?DB>CJE
%?>BAKD?R7 )E gPUQ\h7 |%Cf@? )KD?>JS >J %K>HDJBK?CZKY|7 <00&$'+) ?$*$1&')7 ]CHE Q_7 JkaE \7 VE
,DGCBJ>mCW7 /E gPUU_h7 $C ZkGH>AC KCY5 HMSD?@T Y @OZ@ABDB>]DT7 Y+4'4"R >)(&"#$ 2) 6&)'+&$" J4+&$0)"7
JkaE \P7 Z5 \dcV_E
,DGCBJ>mCW7 /E gQ^^^h7 |$D AD?DAB@?>LDA>[J R@ HD TCA>@RDR A>]>H @J HD Z@?TZ@AB>]D R@H 13' Y R@H 12|7
g)/-&0)" S$#&'4$D)/&+$'4"7 JkaE Q`7 Z5 PdcVbE
,@Y@T7 ,E gPUU^h7 =&++&4'$/&4 +/:#&+4 2) +&)'+&$" "4+&$0)"; 9)/D&'404*:$ +&)'#:-&+4X"4+&$0 7 2IR?>R7
%HDLD Y ;DHRNTE
,@YSDRDT7 ,E gQ^^_h7 <F/&)'24 ()/)2$"7 2@O>AC7 *CJ]@?S@JA>D R@ (?SDJ>TaCT *>]>H@T ZC? HD
'@aCA?DA>DE
,CR?FSM@L7 2E gPUUVh7 !"3$+&4"R #)///&4" 5 342)/; <0*.'$" +$#)*4/&$" 2)0 $'B0&"&" *)4340:#&+47
%MJBD &?@JDT7 .@CZCH>B>AD &MTB?DHE
,CTBCf7 eE gQ^^^h7 S$" )#$3$" 2)0 +/)+&D&)'#4 )+4',D&+47 2NO>AC7 6CJRC R@ *MHBM?D #ACJ[a>ADE
,M>Lc.>aNJ@L7 3E gPUUUh7 #H W@a>J>TaC Y HCT @TBMR>CT >JB@?JDA>CJDH@T7 >)(&"#$ 2) !"#.2&4" g40:#&+4"7
JkaE QU_7 Z5 \P`c\bUE
)DKH>JT7 2E gQ^^dh7 9C) a/&*&'$0 <--0.)'# J4+&)#5 7 $CJR?@T7 =@R 1CCmTE
)DJGC?J7 *E gPUU\h7 S$ -&0$'#/43&$ )' <D`/&+$ S$#&'$7 )DJB>DSC7 *@JB?C R@ 3J]@TB>SDA>[J R@ HD
0J>]@?T>RDR R@H %DAFW>ACE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 158/159
Q`_
)IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 .E gPUU_h7 |$D ACCZ@?DA>[J @M?CZ@D JC SMG@?JDa@JBDH @J 2NO>AC|7 @J 1E
)AKaMmH@?7 *E &YDHD 2D?BFJ@L Y .E )IJAK@L .MB>N??@L7 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0
=)"$//4004 )' ?`@&+47 2NO>AC7 3JTB>BMBC 2C?DE
)DMB@?CJ7 *E &E gPUQUh7 S$ &'"#&#.+&4'$0&1$+&,' 2) 0$ 3)/"3)+#&($ 2) *`')/4 )' 04" 4/*$'&"D4" 2)
6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0 =)"$//40047 +@T>T R@ 2D@TB?>D7 2NO>AC7 3JTB>BMBC R@
3J]@TB>SDA>CJ@T '?E rCTN 2D?FD $M>T 2C?DE
)AKC@JTB@>J7 &E Y *E &H@aDJY gPUQPh7 S$ 6443)/$+&,' 3$/$ )0 =)"$//4004 DB" $00$ 2)0 3$/$2&*D$ 2)
0$ )-&+$+&$ 2) 0$ $5.2$7 +C?CJBC7 &e3'E
)KDJ>J7 +E gQ^^dh7 9C) Y2)$ 4- g/4*/)""7 $CJR?@T7 =@R 1CCmTE
)>@??D7 3E gQ^^_h7 6443)/$+&,' #`+'&+$ &'#)/'$+&4'$0 7 2NO>AC7 %C??kDE
)a>BK7 &E gQ^^dh7 Y'()"#&*$+&,' "4F/) 0$ '$#./$0)1$ 5 +$."$" 2) 0$ /&H.)1$ 2) 0$" '$+&4')"R
2@O>AC76CJRC R@ *MHBM?D #ACJ[a>ADE
+D?DTT>CMm7 &E gPUU_h7 |#TBDRC Y R@TD??CHHC5 R>TAM?TC R@H 1DJAC 2MJR>DH Y MJD ]>T>[J DHB@?JDB>]D7 @J
.E ;>RDH Y &E .M>HHNJ7 >)3)'"$/ 0$ #)4/:$ 2)0 2)"$//4004 )' .' +4'#)@#4 2) *04F$0&1$+&,'7
2NO>AC7 0&2n*$&*)(E
+DTTD?D7 *E gPUQPh7 |,@HDA>CJ@T JB@?JDA>CJDH@T Y *CCZ@?DA>[J ZD?D @H '@TD??CHHC5 ZCHFB>ADT7 DABC?@T Y
ZD?DR>SaDT|7 @J rE &SMR@HC +DGC?RD7 =)F$#)" "4F/) +443)/$+&,' &'#)/'$+&4'$0 3$/$ )0
2)"$//40047h 1CSCBI7 #$&*3'7 Z5 Q`c_QE
+DTTD?D7 *E gPUQUh7 g$/$2&*D$"R $+#4/)" 5 340:#&+$"; T/)() C&"#4/&$ 2) 0$ 6443)/$+&,' Y'#)/'$+&4'$0
$0 =)"$//40047 ,CaD7*IB@R?D #M?CZDE
0JA@BD7 {E gPUU\h7 |#H T>TB@aD R@ ACCZ@?DA>[J W?@JB@ D HD A?>T>T R@ R@TD??CHHHC|7 !+4'4D:$ 6/:#&+$7
JkaE Q7 Z5 Q_^cPUUE
;D>RKYDJDBKDJ7 )E gPUQQh7 9C) I44*0&1$#&4' 4- !()/5#C&'*7 $CT &JS@H@T7 0J>]@?T>BY CW *DH>WC?J>D
%?@TTE
8/11/2019 Tesis Maestria PSVD CIPD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/tesis-maestria-psvd-cipd 159/159
;@?D 2C?H@B7 2E gPUU_h7 J4+&)2$2 +&(&0R 2)D4+/$+&$ 5 )2.+$+&,' )' ?`@&+47 %M@GHD7 0J>]@?T>RDR R@
HDT &aN?>ADT R@ %M@GHDE
e@JA@T )>aCJ7 2E 3E gPUQUh7 |)CA>@RDR A>]>H Y @ACHCS>TaC|7 @J rE 3E *DT@T 2NJR@L7 6$#B"#/4-)"
D)2&4$DF&)'#$0)"N 0$ /)$++&,' "4+&$0 5 340:#&+$7 ;DH@JA>D7 +>?DJB $C 1HDJAK7 Z5 \UcVdE
eKDH@J7 eE gQ^ddh7 S$ "4+&)2$2 2) 04" $D&*4" 4 +.BH.)/4"7 %@JT>H]DJ>D7 6?>@JRT .@J@?DH
*CJW@?@JA@E
e>Hm>@ eE7 rE gPUUdh7 |%?[HCSC|7 @J (E $DL>J7 S$ *04F$0&1$+&,' ") 2)"+)'#/$0&1$; S&F/)D)/+24R
-.'2$+&4')"R "4+&)2$2 +:(&+$R 5 *4F&)'/4 +&(&0 )' 0$" /)*&4')" 2)0 D.'247 .MDRDHDiD?D7
0J>]@?T>RDR R@ .MDRDHDiD?D7 Z5 P^cQ`bE
eCHW $[Z@L7 2E gPUQQh7 |,@HDA>CJ@T RCJDJB@c?@A@ZBC? @J HD S@TB>[J R@ HD ACCZ@?DA>[J >JB@?JDA>CJDH
@J 2@R@HHFJ|7 <=XD&'&"#)/ 7 JkaE Q^7 PPE
=D]DH@BD l@?JIJR@L7 )E {E gPUQPh7 ?$" $00B 2) 0$ (&"&,' #/$2&+&4'$0 2) 0$ ")*./&2$2 5 2)0 2)"$//4004;
l$+&$ 0$ +4'")+.+&,' 2) 0$ ")*./&2$2 5 )0 2)"$//4004 C.D$'4" )' 0$" /)0$+&4')"