Test Experience for Harbor craft and Ocean Going Vessels to 2011

Developing Emission Factors

2

)1( ControlActivityLFPEFE −××××=

•  Required for inventory and… •  Planning air quality control strategies •  Assessing air quality control effectiveness

Discussion Topics •  Develop test protocols for measuring emission

factors for: – Regulated emissions (criteria pollutants) – Greenhouse gases – Non-regulated emissions:

•  e.g., hazardous air pollutants (HAPs)

•  Measure the efficiency of control technology •  Frontier measurements: in-use or real time

emissions; health effects, …

Measuring Emission Factors •  Pre-meeting with vessel crew to review:

– Safety and environmental policies – Location of sample ports –  Identification of utilities and ratings for electrical and

compressed air – Location of fueling sites if fuel study

•  First test day: –  Install emission equipment – Measure engine map & check emission equipment.

•  Specify engine operating conditions & test matrix

•  Fix test schedule of the time at various loads.

Measuring Emission Factors •  Propulsion engine operation (AE different)

–  Near term: follow ISO 8178-4 cycle for comparison –  Longer term: follow actual in-use conditions

•  Gases monitored by ISO/EPA methods –  NOx Chemiluminescence detector –  CO,CO2 Non dispersive infrared –  HCs GC/FID –  SOx Calculate from fuel

•  Particulate matter (PM) – Use ISO 8178-1 partial dilution method for mass – Other methods used for PM speciation.

•  Emission factor determined from power setting, calculated mass flow & emission concentration.

PM Measurements of Diesel Exhaust is Complex

Schneider, J, E. S.&T.2005, 39,6153-6161

Emission Measurement System

7

Cyclone

EGA

d

fast Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (fSMPS)

Air

DAF

Dilution Tunnel

l > 10 d EGA

VN Vent

Exhaust DAF Air

DustTrak

Tissuquartz Teflo®

DNPH Tissuquartz

To Vacuum Pumps CFO

PUF-XAD

SP

TT

DAF: Dilution Air Filter

VN: Venturi

SP: Sampling Probe

EGA: Exhaust Gas Analyzer

CFO Critical Flow Orifice

PUF: Poly Urethene Foam

Based on ISO 8178-1 Protocol

Learned Lesson : Measure PM without a Transfer Tube

0.190.27

0.88

1.45

0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6

grams/kW-hr.

MDO w/tt MDO wo/tt

HFO w/tt HFO wo/tt

Study 1: Test Engines for Ocean Going Vessel •  Main Engine (ME)

–  Sulzer 6RTA72 –  21000 hp, ~90 rpm –  Displacement: 1,018 liters/

cylinder X 6 cylinders •  Auxiliary Engine (AE)

–  Wartsila Vasa 6R22/26 –  900 kW, ~ 1500 rpm –  Displacement: 9.88 liters/

cylinder X 6 cylinders •  Boiler

–  ADM 707 –  Dry weight: 70.2 ton

• Test Cycle for Main Engines ISO 8178 - E3

• Test Cycle for Auxiliary Engines ISO 8178 - D2

Test at Loads of International Standard Cycles

0.15 0.15 0.5 0.2 Weighting Factor 63 80 91 100 Speed (%) 25 50 75 100 Power (%) 4 3 2 1 Mode

0.15 0.15 0.5 0.2 Weighting Factor 63 80 91 100 Speed (%) 25 50 75 100 Power (%) 4 3 2 1 Mode

0.30 5.0 25 Rated 4

0.10 5.0 10 Rated 5

0.30 5.0 50 Rated 3

0.25 5.0 75 Rated 2

0.05 5.0 100 Rated 1

Weighting factors

Minimum time in

mode (min)

Observed Torque (rpm)

Engine Speed

Mode number

0.30 5.0 25 Rated 4

0.10 5.0 10 Rated 5

0.30 5.0 50 Rated 3

0.25 5.0 75 Rated 2

0.05 5.0 100 Rated 1

Weighting factors

Minimum time in

mode (min)

Observed Torque (rpm)

Engine Speed

Mode number

12

Ship Emission Factors: PM Fractions

0 0.5

1 1.5

2 2.5

3

13% 25% 50% 75% 85% Load

Emis

sion

s (g

/kw

hr)

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18

25% 50% 75% Load

Emis

sion

s (g

/kw

hr) Main Engine

Auxiliary Engine

Hydrated Sulfate Elemental Carbon Organic Carbon Particulate Matter

•  Hydrated sulfate (75%) + EC (5%) + OC (25%) ≈ PM •  Sulfur from fuel to Sulfate Conversion

• Main Engine : 1.4% to 5% as engine load increased from 25% to 75% • Auxiliary Engine : 1.9% to 3.9% as engine load increased from 25% to 85%

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

13% 25% 50% 75% 85%

Load%

PM (g

/kw

-hr)

AVG. (meas.) EPA (calc)

1.93 (CARB EF)

1.20 (EPA EF) 1.43 (EPA EF)

1 from CARB “Emissions Estimation Methodology for Ocean-Going Vessels,” October, 2005 (transit/maneuvering modes, corr. from 2.5 wt. % to 2.85 wt.% S fuel)

2 from US EPA “Current Methodologies and Best Practices in Preparing Port Emission Inventories,” January, 2006 (corr. from 2.7 wt.% to 2.85 wt.% S fuel)

3 from reference (2), corr. to 13% load 4 from Environ/EPA calculation based on brake-specific fuel consumption and 2.85 wt. % S fuel

2

1

3

4

Compare PM Emission Factor: Measured vs. Estimated

14

Compare: Measured & Reported Emission Factors for Ships

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Measured Llyods Cooper EPA CARB Measured Llyods EPA CARB Measured EPA

Auxiliary Engine Main Engine Boiler

g/kWhr

NOx PM X 10

Emission Factors: Aldehydes & Ketones

Main Engine Auxiliary Engine

Boiler

Ship Emission Factors: PAHs

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

13% 25% 50% 75% 85%

(g/kW

hr) * 1

e7

1.E+00

1.E+01

1.E+02

1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

1.E+06

1.E+07

75% 50% 25%

(g/kW

hr) * 1

e7

Main Engine

Auxiliary Engine

PAH distribution is similar to heavy-duty trucks burning conventional diesel fuel

Study 2: Benefits of Hybrid Tug

• Operating Modes • Shore Power • Dock • Standby • Transit • Ship Assist • Barge Move

17

Goal 1: Measure Activity via Data Logging an Operating Hybrid Tug

Total Sample Time ~46 days including a 1.5 days (~10 Ship Assists) of data logging without use of a Battery.

18

Port Main Engine2007 Cummins QSK50 M

1342kW

Starboard Main Engine2007 Cummins QSK50 M

1342 kW

Battery Array A

Data LoggerLaptop Labview

Program

DB

2

DB

3D

B1

DB

4

Switch

RS2

32 t0

USB

GPS

USB

160

8 FS

J1939

J1939

J1939

J1939

RS-

232

RS-

232

RS-

232

RS-232

USBU

SBUSB

RS-232

Analog

Analog

Analog

SOC

Volts

Amps

Battery Array B

Analog

Analog

Analog

SOC

Volts

AmpsShore Power

Dock

Idle

Transit

AssistDigital

Digital

Digital

Digital

Digital

DB: Dearborn AdapterSOC: State of Charge

Starboard Auxiliary EngineCummins QSK11

317kWm

Port Auxiliary Engine

Cummins QSK11 317kWm

Goal 2: Measure Emissions of Tug Engines

19

Emission Factors for Certification Cycle

20

In-use or Real-world Testing

Study 3: In-use Gas & PM Emissions Main Propulsion Engine (OGV)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

19:5

5:43

19:5

8:53

20:0

2:03

20:0

5:13

20:0

8:23

20:1

1:33

20:1

4:43

20:1

7:53

20:2

1:03

20:2

4:13

20:2

7:23

20:3

0:33

20:3

3:43

20:3

6:53

20:4

0:03

20:4

3:13

20:4

6:23

20:4

9:33

20:5

2:42

20:5

5:52

20:5

9:02

21:0

2:12

21:0

5:23

21:0

8:33

21:1

1:43

21:1

4:53

21:1

8:03

21:2

1:13

21:2

4:23

21:2

7:32

21:3

0:42

21:3

3:52

NOx (ppm) CO2 (% X 100) PM {(µg/m3) / 100}

Engine Startup (25 % load)

Maneuvering (30% load)

ISO testing (50 % load)

Study 4: Emissions for Ferry on Biodiesel

23

In-Use Emissions for Biodiesel

24

B

A

020406080100120140160

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

PM E

mis

sion

s (g

/hr)

Gas

eous

Em

issi

on (g

/hr)

NOxCO*5CO2/100DustTrak PMfSMPS PM

*30%

*85%

*66%

CO2/100

Particle Number dN/

dlogDp

ß A to B à ß B to C à ßC to A à

Going into tidal & river flow of a bay increases emissions for vessel at constant speed. 3-fold NOx

3-fold CO2

6-fold PM2.5

With increasing load,

ultrafine particles disappear

*Engine Load, A- Pier, B-Bridge, C-Alcatraz

Particle Size Distribution

Biodiesel facilitates formation of nucleation mode particles B0 and B20 OC/EC ratios: ~ 2.5 @ 25% load, ~1.0 @ other loads

B50 OC/EC ratio: ~4.5 @ 25% load, ~1.4 @ other loads 25

Biodiesel

1.0E+06

1.0E+08

2.0E+08

3.0E+08

4.0E+08

1 10 100 1000

Parti

cle

Num

ber

Conc

entra

tion

dN/d

logD

p (c

m-3

)

Particle Diameter Dp (nm)

75% Load

1 10 100 1000

Particle Diameter Dp (nm)

25% Load

1 10 100 1000

Particle Diameter Dp (nm)

50% B0 B20 B50

50% Load

Study 5: Simultaneous Ship & Airborne Emission Measurements

Size Segregated Speciated PM

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

>18.0 10.0 -18.0

5.6 -10.0

3.2 - 5.6 1.8 - 3.2 1.0 - 1.8 0.56 -1.0

0.32 -0.56

0.18 -0.32

0.1 -0.18

0.056 -0.1

<0.056

size (µm)

mg/

kWhr

TC (mg/kWhr)7 Hydrated Sulfate (mg/kWhr)PM (mg/kWhr)

Chemically Resolved Mass Distribution for Ship Exhaust Aerosol*

* Caltech

Summary •  Findings to date:

– Developed gaseous and PM monitoring equipment suitable for marine vessels.

– Gaseous and PM emission factors in the field are repeatable and match manufacturer values.

– Exploratory research on in-use emissions is promising.

•  Future work: – Carry out more real-time/in-use measurements. – Measure emissions related to climate change – Develop projects with health experts

Take Home Ideas •  Pre-test inspection and meeting is essential

– Discuss proposed test matrix with operating crew –  Identify sampling ports and utilities

•  Anticipate difficulty – Operational and safety concerns may limit testing – Have back up plans for critical equipment

•  Maximize sampling opportunities – Rare opportunity with important source – Minor incremental cost of extra sample media and

instruments •  Look to new trends

– New fuels, black/brown carbon, aftertreament

Thank You; Any Questions?