textile based ventilation for a good indoor climate
TRANSCRIPT
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T e x T i l e b a s e d v e n T i l aT i o n
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Textile Based Ventilation
2012, 1st edition
All information in this catalogue belongs to KE Fibertec AS. It may
not be copied or used for any other purpose without the written
consent of KE Fibertec AS.
Published by:
KE Fibertec AS
Industrivej Vest 21
DK-6600 Vejen - Denmark
www.ke-fbertec.com
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1 . T E X T I L E B A S E D V E N T I L AT I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . P R O DU C T R A N G E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 . W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 . F R O M D I A L O G U E T O V E N T I L AT I O N S O L U T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 . L O W I M P U L S E S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 . H I G H I M P U L S E S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7 . H Y B R I D H I G H I M P U L S E S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8 . D E S I G N C O N S U LTA N C Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9 . R O O M C AT E G O R I E S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 0 . T Y P I C A L L A Y O U T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 1 . S O U N D L E V E L A S P E C T S O F D E S I G N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 . M AT E R I A L S A N D C O L O U R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 3 . DE S I G N P R O C E S S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 4 . S U S P E N S I O N S Y S T E M S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 5 . W A S H I N G A N D M A I N TE N A N C E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 6 . D ATA S H E E T S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
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3 1
4 3
5 5
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7 1
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1 . T E X T I L E B A S E D V E N T I L AT I O N
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Creating a good indoor climate involves more than just selling air distribution products. For
us at KE Fibertec its all about dialogue, expertise, reliability and logistics. We dont stock
nished products or have standard components. All our solutions are tailored to the task
at hand. Our philosophy is to start with the requirements and, through dialogue, design a
solution that meets the expectations specied or a good indoor climate. Just as people are
dierent, indoor climate requirements are dierent too. What we have done is to specialise
in meeting these requirements.
A I R T H E W AY Y O U W A N T
D I A L O G U E
No matter how much eort we put in, a good solution requires dialogue about the expecta-tions o the end result. We oer our advice ree o charge, so the sooner we are involved in
the project, the better the chance we have o achieving a good result. Textile based ventila-
tion (TBV) can replace more conventional air distribution ttings in almost every situation, but
only i the design is tailored to the particular task. I you are in doubt whether TBV products
can do the job or you, our ventilation engineers are available to oer you advice. But you
should expect us to ask you questions not only about the air volume and your heating/cool-
ing requirements, but also about the end users expectations and needs. We see it as a
process o providing reliable advice based on dialogue.
E X P E R T I S E A N D D E V E L O P M E N T
KE Fibertec is one o the worlds leading manuacturers o Textile Based Ventilation. A great
deal has happened since the rst TBV system was supplied to a slaughterhouse in Denmark
in the early 1970s. Many years o product development and collaboration with leading uni-
versities in the eld o air distribution, such as Aalborg University, Denmark, provide you with
the guarantee that our products have been thoroughly tested. However, additional proo
may still be needed in complex projects. We have learned the lessons rom this, so that we
now have a ully equipped, ull-scale laboratory, which we can use to visualise solutions with
smoke and make measurements. We may also choose to set up a ull-scale model o the
end users acility and simulate dierent load situations. Regardless o the scope o the task,
our well-trained, committed development team is always willing to prove the solution. This is
also the case in situations where measurements are taken on site at the end users acility.
R E L I A B L E D E S I G N
A reliable, well-proven design is also part o our solution. All projects are dimensioned online
using our WinVent 3D program, which is always kept up to date with the latest technology
and product documentation. We rmly believe that technical data must be reliable and
measurable, irrespective o whether we are dealing with pressure loss, air velocities,
temperature distribution or sound calculations. Why do you need to determine the textile
abrics air permeability at a given static pressure when you only need to know the total
pressure loss or the system? Or why do you need to determine the theoretical velocity
through the textile surace when only the critical air velocity in the occupied zone is a
unctional requirement? We design solutions or a given premises, based on the parameters
which we have determined through dialogue. Solutions that work in practice too.
I you require any urther proo we can also provide you with CFD simulations.
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T E X T I L E B A S E D V E N T I L AT I O N
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F R O M F I B R E T O F I N I S H E D F A B R I C
KE Fibertec is the only manuacturer in the world which weaves all abrics used or our ductsin our own weaving mill, KE Fibertec Vveri AS. This is the only way that we can ensure that
the materials have been tested and meet the stringent quality requirements we set:
the air must pass through properly (uniormly through the whole abric)
the abrics structure must provide the largest surace area (large dust holding capacity)
the shrinkage rate ater washing must be less than 0.5%
the materials must stand up to repeated washing and tumble-drying
the nished materials must be re-approved (not just the bre).
KE Fibertec Vveri manuactures more than 40 dierent product varieties rom Trevira CS
polyester materials woven in 10 dierent permeabilities and in dierent colours, to antistat-ic materials and Nomex special blends. All materials are heat-treated, transilluminated and
tested at the weaving mill. When they have been approved a bar code is axed to them
displaying inormation about the weaving machine, permeability and production date. All this
inormation guarantees complete electronic traceability or all products rom bre to nished
TBV system.
T E C H N O L O G Y T H AT M A K E S A D I F F E R E N C E
KE Fibertec has gone against the fow and decided to raise the technology level o its entire
production process in Denmark by introducing new standards or using laser technology.
All the laser parameters are generated in the dimensioning program WinVent 3D and are
transerred electronically to our laser cutters. This has resulted not only in boosting productivity
and enhancing the product nish, but has also enabled us to introduce an entirely new
product group, known as hybrid products. These hybrid products combine the best rom our
passive low impulse systems with our high impulse systems (read more about these systems
in Chapters 5, 6 and 7). KE Fibertec is naturally certied under ISO 9001 (quality), ISO 14001
(environment) and most recently under ISO 18001 (work environment).
The expertise oered and willingness to change shown by our motivated production sta
have enabled us to create a good working environment, while also guaranteeing our competi-
tiveness without comprising on quality.
L O G I S T I C S T H A T W O R K
Time is money. So we understand the importance o rapid, accurate delivery to the construc-
tion site. Good cooperation is based on trust and understanding. We are very proud o the
act that we can justiy your trust and guarantee meeting 99% o just in time delivery times,
even though all our products are manuactured to order. Our typical turnaround time rom
order conrmation to delivery is 10-15 working days, depending on the time o year and the
orders complexity. We can, o course, respond more quickly to rush orders or part deliveries
to every destination in Western Europe and the United States. You just need to remember
to ask or our express delivery service Fast Line. I you want to reorder a product rom a
previously delivered order, remember that all KE products are tted with a label that can help
us to identiy the order.
Thanks to the experience gained rom handling over 5,000 deliveries every year, we hope that
we can justiy your trust too.
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2 . P R O D U C T R A N G E
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KE Fibertec develops and markets three main TBV product groups, which can all be suppliedin three different geometries. In passive low impulse systems the air diffuses through a
permeable material. In high impulse systems air is distributed solely through holes (KE-
Inject System) or nozzles (KE-DireJet System). The hybrid models are a combination of the
passive low impulse systems and the lasered Inject holes or DireJet nozzles. You can read
more about these products and how they work in Chapters 5, 6 and 7.
P R O D U C T R A N G E
KE-Interior System (D)KE-Interior System (D)KE-Low Impulse SystemP R O D U C T R A N G E : L O w
i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s
KE-Inject System (D)KE-Inject System (D)KE-Inject SystemP R O D U C T R A N G E : H i G H
i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s
KE-DireJet System (D)
KE-Inject
Hybrid System (D)
KE-Inject
Hybrid System (D)
KE-Inject
Hybrid System
KE-DireJet
Hybrid System (D)
KE-DireJet
Hybrid System (D)
KE-DireJet
Hybrid System
KE-DireJet System (D)KE-DireJet System
P R O D U C T R A N G E :
H Y B R i D H i G H i m P U L s E
s Y s T E m s
m A i N P R O D U C T s
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L O w i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s
H i G H i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s
H Y B R i D H i G H i m P U L s E s Y s T E m s
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3 . W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D
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Textile ducting can be used in almost any type o installation and building, irrespective o
whether the requirement is or heating, cooling, ventilation or a replacement air system. Over
the years, KE Fibertec and its partners have accumulated a large database o reerences
covering every possible installation. This is why we can saely guarantee that we have a
solution to suit your enquiry too. You will nd a number o reerences at www.ke-bertec.
com.
R E F E R E N C E S
Flexibility and tailored products are the hallmark o our TBV solutions. This allows you to
reely choose the size that best suits your design rather than having to be tied to a par-
ticular number o standard solutions. In addition to this, the options oered when it comes
to selecting system layouts, colours, osets, elbows, sockets and materials are endless,not to mention that you can choose whether the TBV system will be passive (low impulse),
semi-active (hybrid) or active (high impulse). In a nutshell, there could not be more options
available or achieving optimum air distribution.
E I G H T G O O D
R E A S O N S F O R
C H O O S I N G A T B V
S Y S T E M F R O M
K E F I B E R T E C
D I A L O G U E
Finding the ideal solution requires knowledge about the
issues behind the desire to improve or install ventilation.
It could be anything rom local authority requirements or
wanting to maintain a particular temperature or production
equipment and/or products to showing concern or sta
welare. No matter the size o the project, KE Fibertec willalways sit down and talk with the customer in order to
achieve the best possible result and value or money.
D I M E N S I O N I N G A N D C O N S U L TA N C Y
Every TBV solution is dimensioned by experienced
engineers using our unique WinVent 3D sotware. We have
acquired over 30 years experience within the textile based
ventilation sector, but i urther proo is still required, we can
also provide CFD simulations.
U N I Q U E M A T E R I A L S
Our textiles are produced at our own weaving mill with the
sole purpose o oering the most suitable materials or air
distribution in the market. The selection o bres, weight,
weaving technology, dyed yarns and heat treatment
are based on our desire to achieve totally uniorm air
permeability, a large dust holding capacity, the lowest
possible shrinkage ater washing and basic colours without
any additional cost.
A C O U S T I C B E N E F I T S
Our low impulse systems in particular oer unrivalled
eatures in terms o noise generation and can be used, with
the right dimensioning, in sound studios or instance.
P AT E N T E D P R O D U C T S
We oer the widest range o TBV products in the market,
which is your guarantee that we will always nd the best
solution. We are the only manuacturer capable o oering
passive low impulse systems (textiles), semi-active hybrid
systems and pure high impulse systems. Our high impulse
systems can be supplied in a variety o patented holedesigns (Inject) or with ve dierent nozzle sizes (DireJet),
depending on their unction.
N O C O N D E N S A T I O N P R O B L E M S
Both low impulse and hybrid systems are made rom porous
abrics. This prevents the kind o surace condensation
problems that metal ducts are renowned or.
E A S Y T O S H I P A N D I N S T A L L
The materials only weigh 260-400 g/m, which means
that a typical TBV system weighs much less than metal
ducting, while the textile ducts are much easier to handle
and transport as they are packaged in cartons and not in
three- or six-metre lengths. KE Fibertecs suspension rails
are supplied cut to size, which makes assembly easier and
quicker than with similar systems.
H Y G I E N I C A N D L I G H T W E I G H T
All TBV systems can easily be taken down and washed
in a washing machine. The specially treated Trevira CS
materials absorb no more than 1% o water, even with
a relative humidity o over 90%. This is why their use is
approved in the ood industry. High impulse products are
manuactured in a coated material which does not require
any more maintenance than conventional spiro ducting.
W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D
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F I N A N C I A L C O N S I D E R AT I O N S
What does a metre o textile ducting actually cost? This is a question that we are otenasked by our customers, probably so that they can make a quick price comparison with
the product price or more conventional solutions. Our concept o supplying tailored solu-
tions designed or a given unction makes it more complicated to set a price. This is why we
cannot unortunately give a reliable price per metre when requested. This does not mean
that we cannot provide exact prices when preparing quotations, tender bids etc. We are,
o course, able to do this, but the prices are always project-based, worked out according
to the wishes and inormation we have received rom our partners. At the same time, it is
important to emphasise that you can only make a proper comparison with conventional
solutions and competitor products i all the relevant parameters are actored in to give a
true picture, such as the product price, installation cost and ongoing maintenance costs,
including the expected depreciation period.
KE Fibertec and many o our KE partners can oer a total service concept, which includes
installation and an attractive maintenance package aterwards.
P R O D U C T P R I C E
The actual product price depends mainly on the size o the system, as well as the products
and material chosen. The product price per metre o ducting will be much cheaper, the biggerthe project is. For instance, a TBV duct or distributing 1,000 m 3/h o air costs signicantly
more per metre o ducting than a TBV system or distributing 10,000 m3/h o air.
The most expensive products in our range are D and D-shaped systems, which should
mainly be chosen i appearance and product nish are important requirements.
The actual textile material used also plays an absolutely crucial role in the product price.
KE Fibertec oers re-approved Trevira CS textiles as standard, which comply with all the
general national re requirements. These specially treated materials also oer value or
money thanks to their highly uniorm air permeability, which is benecial to pressure loss and
energy consumption. Textile ducting must be able to stand up to being repeatedly washed
without losing its shape, shrinking or losing its colour. We guarantee that our materials are
manuactured or long-term use, even i they are washed regularly.
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The total investment in a KE FibertecTBV system is based on product price,
installation cost and maintenance
costs.
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All ventilation ducts must becleaned inside and outside at
some point. It is simply not true
that all TBV systems get clogged
up within a year. For example, high
impulse systems do not require
any more maintenance than spiro
ducting.
Air quality, including the pre-lters quality. In low impulse systems we recom-
mend F7 pre-lters or supply air. Remember that there is a big dierence in
pre-lter quality.
The systems annual operating time in hours.
The air volume per m 2 o textile surace. The greater the load per surace area,
the more requently the system needs to be cleaned.
The textiles dust holding capacity (DHC). An ordinary standard abric oten only
has hal the DHC o a KE Fibertec abric and it costs a great deal in unnecessary
maintenance. A hybrid system with laser cut holes or DireJet nozzles has longer
wash intervals than a standard low impulse system.
Hygiene requirements. There may be absolutely specic hygiene requirements
determining how requently the system must be washed, or instance, in the
ood industry. The usual requency or washing is calculated as once a year,
regardless o how dirty the TBV ducting actually is.
In the ollowing section we have created a product chart based on type o premises
matched with the best product choice. The approach taken when the charts were built
was how to generate added value or the best possible value or money. This means that
other products can also be used or a particular installation i the assessment is based on
other requirements.
I N S T A L L AT I O N P R I C E
Round ducts are generally cheaper to install than D or D-shaped ducts. We recommendusing a rail solution rather than wire, even though this adds to the product price. Rails are
always supplied cut to size and clearly labelled as to where they need to be installed. This
makes the installation process much quicker, and very oten considerable savings can be
made with the installation o a KE Fibertec TBV system, compared with a conventional
system. Handling the heavy metal ducts, which includes adjusting the lengths, assembling
the ttings etc., at the construction site is extremely time-consuming. When a TBV system
is selected, all the lengths, elbows, osets etc. are delivered ready to be joined together
with a zipper. The only requirement is that accurate eld verication takes place beore the
project is released or manuacture.
M A I N T E N A N C E
All ventilation ducts must be cleaned at some point, both inside and outside, with TBV sys-
tems being no exception. However, the various systems have dierent requirements. Low
impulse systems require better pre-lters and more maintenance than high impulse sys-
tems where the air is distributed through holes or nozzles. On the other hand, airborne dust
particles do not settle on the surace o a low impulse duct, which can otherwise present a
problem or non-permeable ducts in the electronics industry, or instance.
The key parameters which infuence how oten the systems are washed are as ollows:
W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D
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Type of premises KE-Low Impulse KE-Interior KE-Inject KE-DireJet
1. Comort Lecture/conerence halls
Individual oces - -
Open-plan oces
Concert halls
Sound studios - -
Canteens
Schools
Child care acilities
2. Showrooms/ Showroom/exhibition - -/*1
Public buildings Supermarkets - -/*1
Department stores - -/*1
Pavilions - -
Museums - -/*1
Atriums - -/*1
3. Laboratories VAV ume cupboard extr. - -
Pharma production
CAV systems - -
Clean room classied - -
R&D laboratories - -
4. Sport/Leisure Sports halls - -/*1
Fitness studios /*1
Shooting ranges -/*1
Swimming pools - -/*1
Ice rinks - -/*1
5. Industry Light industry - -
Heavy industry - -
Printing works - -
Extreme cooling*2 - -
Vehicle workshops
6. Food industry Equalising rooms
Process cooling
Warehouses/Terminals
Cheese-ripening acilities
High-bay warehouses - -
G U I D E T O S E L E C T I N G T H E B E S T A I R D I S T R I B U T I O N S Y S T E M
Notes on the table:
*1 Not recommended in the Low impulse version (textile), only in the Hybrid or
Coated version
*2 Extreme cooling requirements cover every type o production premises with a
cooling requirement > 150 W/m2
KE-Low Impulse KE-Interior KE-Inject KE-DireJet
Ventilation Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cooling Yes Yes Yes Yes
Displacement ventilation Yes Yes Active Active
Heating No No Yes Yes
Category Comment
- Not recommended
Usable Acceptable
Good
Best
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W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D
K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R C O M F O R T V E N T I L AT I O N
O F F I C E S , C A N T E E N S , S C H O O L S , C H I L D C A R E F A C I L I T I E S , L E C T U R E H A L L S
Open-plan ofce: Algida Unilever, TurkeyOpen-plan ofce: Dell Technical Support Centre, USA
Canteen: Algida Unilever, TurkeyChild care acility: Billy Bubbles, England
Lecture hall: KPMG, SwedenOpen-plan ofce: 60 working spaces, MediatheekRotterdam, Netherlands
To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com
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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R S H O W R O O M S / P U B L I C B U I L D I N G S
S H O W R O O M S , S U P E R M A R K E T S , S T O R E S , R E S TA U R A N T S , A T R I U M S , E X H I B I T I O N C E N T R E S
Exhibition centre: Stockholm International Fairs, Sweden Atrium: Millennium Plaza, Cardi, Wales
Car show: Audi, Cardi, Wales
Museum: Dover Air Base, USA Commercial: Dublin Zoo, Ireland
Supermarket: Sainsburys, Stoke on Trent, England
To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com
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W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D
K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R L A B O R AT O R I E S
P R O D U C T I O N , C L E A N R O O M L A B O R AT O R I E S
Clean room: Alcon Ireland, IrelandLaboratory: Southampton University, England
Laboratory: Bespack, EnglandLaboratory: Uniquema, Gouda, Netherlands
Laboratory: Boots Pharmaceuticals (Strepsils), EnglandLaboratory: Pfzer, Sittingbourne Research Centre, England
To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com
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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R S P O R T / L E I S U R E
S W I M M I N G P O O L S , S P O R T S A R E N A S , F I T N E S S S T U D I O S
Swimming pool: YMCA, Newton, USA Swimming pool: Egmont, Netherlands
Fitness Studio: Esporta, Glasgow, Scotland
Speed skate arena: Thial Heerenveen, Netherlands Sports arena: Skjern Bank Arena, Denmark
Ice hockey stadium: Gigantium, Aalborg, Denmark
To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com
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W H E R E O U R P R O D U C T S A R E U S E D
K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R I N D U S T R I A L V E N T I L A T I ON
P R O D U C T I O N P R E M I S E S , S T O R A G E R O O M S , P R I N T I N G W O R K S , V E H I C L E W O R K S H O P S
Industry: Cimbria Construction, Thisted, Denmark
Printing works: Plantijn Casparie, Netherlands
Industry: Hickey Freeman, USA
Industry: McCormicks, England
Vehicle workshop: Danish Emergency ManagementAgency, Denmark
Printing works: Geostick, Uithoorn, Netherlands
To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com
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K E R E F E R E N C E S F O R I N D U S T R I A L R E F R I G E R A T I ON
E Q U A L I S I N G R O O M S , S L I C I N G R O O M S , W A R E H O U S E S , F O O D T E R M I N A L S
Equalising room: Chalmar Bee, South Arica Process cooling: Danish Crown, Denmark
Food terminal: Arla Foods, Sweden
Cold storeroom: Unilever, Sweden Food production: Ordal Bronwater, Belgium
Process cooling: Dalehead Foods, Bury St. Edmunds,England
To see more reerences, visit www.ke-fbertec.com
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4 . F R O M D I A L O G U E T O S O L U T I O N
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F R O M D I A L O G U E T O S O L U T I O N
KE Fibertecs well-trained team o sales engineers have the tools available to oer an en-
hanced design service, which can help you nd the perect ventilation solution. Even at the
quotation stage we think it is very important to establish a good dialogue. Dialogue can
help us to identiy and ormulate the task so that we can guarantee that the TBV solution
provided will meet the end users requirements and your expectations o the end result.
R E Q U I R E M E N T S A N D
E X P E C T A T I O N S
A L L S O L U T I O N S A R E TA I L O R E D E X A C T LY
KE Fibertec has developed a number o tools and services which our customers can
choose to use throughout the entire project process. Our services are graded so that
customers can decide themselves which ones they do and dont want. Our opinion is thatno two jobs are the same and no solution is standard. Consequently, the documentation
and level o detail need to be adapted to the requirement and each individual project. Our
service can be split into two categories:
1 . Q U O T AT I O N A N D D E S I G N
2 . E X T E N D E D P R O J E C T D O C U M E N T AT I O N
KE Fibertec designs solutions or
a given installation, based on the
parameters which we have determined
through dialogue solutions that
also work in practice. This is why you
shouldnt be surprised when we ask an
array o questions right at the quotation
phase, both about the ventilation
system and also about the end users
needs and requirements.
Company Stamp
1. What kind of problem is to be solved? (e.g. cooling of people, of a specific area of a room, or of aproduction process). Please notice if there are any major heat sources in the room, like machinery orother room equipment that might have influence on the air distribution:
2. Type of application and the main purpose: Ventilation / cooling / heating or a combination?
3. Room Dimensions and Capacities:
Room length: Room width: Room height:m m m
Required room temperature: - tolerance :C C
Supply temperature (heating mode): Supply temperature (cooling mode):C C
Air quantity: Available external static pressure:m/h Pa
Project name:
Date:
Ref.:
Page of
4. Level of activity
A. Sitting still B. Standing/Periodically movingC. Slight motion / Vigorous motion D. No fixed working stations
5. Duct mounting height
Height: To centrem , bottom or top of duct
6. Placement and type of air inlet?
Type of inlet: Top inlet: End inlet:
Placement from end of duct (top inlet) or floor (end inlet) to centre of inlet : mm
Type of connecting branch: Round D-shaped Square or a hole
Dimension of connection branch: mm
Please read KE Fibertecs guideline
to Technical Questionnaire first or
check out www.KE-Fibertec.com
t
c
G U I D E L I N E T O T E C H N I C A L Q U E S T I O N N A I R E
- H E L P U S O F F E R I N G V A L U E F O R M O N E Y !
Your customers problem? (e.g. cooling down theentire room or just zone cooling?)
We need to identify the main reason for installing Textile Ba-
sed Ventilation (TBV). End User expectations is very es-
sential in order for us to suggest the right solution. Is the
purpose to create a high degree of comfort for the emplo-
yees, food or similar product related cooling / heating,
or is it replacement of air. Please notice that information
about big heat sources, like machinery is very important.
Is the application going to be used for ventilation /cooling / heating or a combination?
This allow us to select the best TBV-product solving your problem.
Type of application / room - where are you going touse the ducts?
The more specific information about the application the more
solution orientated design we can provide. We can include
reference photos from similar installations and we can use
our long experience to make the most cost efficient system.
Room dimensions, temperatures and air quantities:
This information is essential to make a quotation. The most
important piece of information is the air quantity as this for
instance determines the duct diameter and material cha-
racteristics. It is important that the supply temperature is
the temperature after the air handler, and that the exter-
nal static pressure available for the TBV-system is stated.
Level of activity?
We aim to keep the air velocity in the occupied zone (1,8 m over the
floor) at an acceptable level corresponding to the level of activity.
Mounting height and type of air supply?
This helps us make an accurate calculation of air distribution
and define a TBV-system tailored to the system of the customer
A
C
B
D
KE Fibertec offer an extended
design service by our com-
mitted and experienced engine-
ers. To be able to provide you
with the best possible solution,
we need your input. Please
read the enclosed guideline
and technical questionnaire ca-
refully and send it back to us.
Height
LenghtWidth
Deliverytemperature
Room
temperature
Air quantity+
Available staticpressure ESP Distances
Mountiing
height
TopCenterBottom
Mountiing
height
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Q U O T AT I O N A N D D E S I G N P R O C E S S E S
KE Fibertec oers advice and support rom our experienced in-house sales engineers, whohave all undergone extensive training on ventilation products and particularly on our TBV
products. All the calculations are proven using our unique sotware WinVent 3D, which is
oered to all our customers, regardless o the size o their project and, o course, ree o charge.
Our quotation and design processes are described in detail in our ISO 9001 quality assurance
system. This ensures that we prepare the basis or the quotation and the quotation itsel
according to the standardised guidelines, making sure that the customers requirements
are specied and documented in sucient detail. KE Fibertec puts large emphasis on
ensuring that the nal solution is designed correctly even at the quotation stage. Ater all, it
is not only about ensuring that the textile based ventilation system works properly, but also,
to just as large extent, that the customers indoor climate requirements have been met.
This is why we ask about the systems unctional requirements and the requirements or the
indoor climate at the quotation stage.
Our quotation is based on the ollowing inormation:
Air volumes (possibly partial air volumes per socket) [m 3/h]
Temperature-set cooling and possibly heating [C]
Pressure available rom the an [Pa]
Dimensions o the room L x W x H [m 3]
Location o the air inlet(s)
Requirements in terms o number o ducts and maximum duct dimensions
Requirements in terms o the rooms use (room category)
Requirements in terms o the maximum permissible air velocity in the room [m/s]
Requirements in terms o the temperature in the room [C]
Requirements in terms o the maximum sound pressure level in the room [dB(A)]
Selection o duct colours
Selection o suspension type
Given that an innite number o combinations o system solutions and layout eaturescan be designed or textile based ventilation, it is important that its unction is specied
precisely at the quotation stage. In our role as consultants, we always endeavour to meet
the relevant need with the solution that we have agreed with the customer to oer. We
are highly innovative in our way o thinking, which is why you must not always expect just
a plain solution which ultimately cannot meet the requirements you set in terms o the
systems appearance and the indoor climate. Our solution is based on the concept AIR
THE WAY YOU WANT or the same reason.
KE Fibertec puts large emphasis
on ensuring that the nal solution
is designed correctly even at the
quotation stage. Ater all, it is not only
about ensuring that the textile based
ventilation system works properly, but
also, to just as large extent, that the
customers indoor climate requirements
have been met.
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F R O M D I A L O G U E T O S O L U T I O N
Rapid, easy component assembly in both 2D and 3D
Online price calculation
Automatic technical data update
Complete sound calculations per room
Production and customer drawings in 2D and 3D, as well as transer to AutoCAD
Preparation o electronic order conrmations
Direct transer o orders to laser cutters
- and many, many more!
D E S I G N I N W I N V E N T 3 D
All projects are dimensioned online using our WinVent 3D program, which is always kept upto date with the latest technology and product documentation in textile based ventilation.
WinVent 3D is an object-oriented CAD/CAM/CAE application developed by KE Fibertec
AS. WinVent is currently used by all KE Fibertecs partners worldwide and all quotations
and orders are transerred online via the Internet.
WinVent 3D oers our sales engineers the ollowing eatures:
KE Fibertec puts large emphasis on
proving that our textile based ventilation
systems will work, which is why we
speciy all the relevant parameters. We
also make sure that the end users
requirements are always met!
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A U T O C A D D R A W I N G S
Depending on the complexity o the project, KE Fibertecproduces drawings or quotations and orders. Our
drawings can be split into our categories according to their
purpose:
P R O J E C T D O C U M E N T AT I O N
All our orders obviously include separate installation
instructions, as well as washing and maintenance
instructions.
Fire permits and other certicates are included on request.
Sketches
Sales drawings
Production drawings
Installation drawings
I there are existing drawings or a specic project we will
use these as the basis or our design and layout.
P R O D U C T D O C U M E N T AT I O N
KE Fibertec AS puts large emphasis on being able to
document all our products. KE Fibertec wants to be the
preerred partner in textile based ventilation, which is why it
is important or us to ensure that our documentation always
meets your requirements. All our products have been
tested and documented in our laboratory and all the data
is accurately described in catalogues and in our calculation
program WinVent. This oers all our customers the benet
o our expertise.
D AT ASHEET 1
DET ER M IN IN G T H E M A XIM U M C OOL IN G LOAD P ER M ET R E
A B C
D istance d [m] No r mal Lo w F loo r N o rmal Lo w F loo r N o rmal Lo w F loo r
1.0 0 .3 2 0 .2 3 0 .1 7 0 .4 4 0 .3 2 0 .2 3 0 .5 3 0 .3 8 0 .2 8
1.5 0 .6 0 0 .4 4 0 .3 2 0 .6 9 0 .5 0 0 .3 6 0 .7 5 0 .5 4 0 .3 9
2.0 0 .8 9 0 .6 5 0 .4 7 0 .9 2 0 .6 7 0 .4 8 0 .9 3 0 .6 8 0 .4 9
2.5 1 .1 6 0 .8 5 0 .6 1 1 .1 1 0 .8 0 0 .5 8 1 .1 0 0 .8 0 0 .5 7
3.0 1 .4 3 1 .0 4 0 .7 5 1 .3 1 0 .9 5 0 .6 9 1 .2 4 0 .9 0 0 .6 5
3.5 1 .6 8 1 .2 2 0 .8 8 1 .4 8 1 .0 8 0 .7 8 1 .3 8 1 .0 0 0 .7 2
4.0 1 .9 1 1 .3 9 1 .0 0 1 .6 5 1 .2 0 0 .8 6 1 .5 0 1 .0 9 0 .7 9
4.5 2 .1 4 1 .5 6 1 .1 2 1 .8 0 1 .3 1 0 .9 4 1 .6 1 1 .1 7 0 .8 4
5.0 2 .3 6 1 .7 2 1 .2 4 1 .9 4 1 .4 1 1 .0 2 1 .7 2 1 .2 5 0 .9 0
5.5 2 .5 7 1 .8 7 1 .3 5 2 .0 8 1 .5 1 1 .0 9 1 .8 2 1 .3 2 0 .9 5
6.0 2 .7 7 2 .0 2 1 .4 5 2 .2 1 1 .6 0 1 .1 6 1 .9 1 1 .3 9 1 .0 0
6.5 2 .9 7 2 .1 6 1 .5 6 2 .3 3 1 .6 9 1 .2 2 2 .0 0 1 .4 5 1 .0 5
7.0 3 .1 5 2 .2 9 1 .6 5 2 .4 5 1 .7 8 1 .2 8 2 .0 8 1 .5 1 1 .0 9
DET ER M IN IN G T H E M A XIM U M C OOL IN G LOA D P ER M ET R E
C OR R EC T ION , K , F OR D IS T A N C E F R OM DU C T A N D H EA T S OU R C E T Y P ES
Cooling load per metre [W/m]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9[C]
d
1,8m
Room category C
Room category B
Room category A
max
= x k
DA T A S H E E T 13
K E - D I R E J E T 1 8 M M L0 . 2 0
A N D L0 . 3 0
F O R F R E E J E T S
1
1
1
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
200
P [Pa]s
150
100
90
40
50
60
70
80
l = 30,30
l = 40,30
l = 50,30
l = 60,30
l = 70,30
l = 80,30
q [m/m/h]
120
d=
2
d=
4
d=
6
d=8
d=
10
d=
12
d=1
4
4020 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 400300
d=2
d=
4
d=6
d=
8
d=
10
d=
12
d=
14
P [Pa]s
4020 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 400300
q [m/m/h]
150
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
120
200
l = 50,20
l = 60,20
l = 70,20
l = 80,20
l = 90,20
l = 100,20
l = 120,20
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
l,
1
1
1
AIRTHE WAY YOUWANT
100%
13%
50%
Startingpointof dimensioning
Alu-rails labelled with a saw symbol do not require
further trimming.
Please find Information on delivery and installa-
tion in the box labelled INFO.
Room reference
Suspension type
KE--------#Office1--------------------1std SafeTrack-bulb
Delivery Note
Clamp 60 mm
60 mm max7
50mm
max2
500mm
Diame
terB
(outlet
)DiameterA(plenum)
60mm
**
20mm
*
100mm
50mm
130mm
20mm
46mm
26 mm
36 mm
26 mm
max2500 mm
73%
100%
Zip
**20 mmexternallybetweenendofSafeTrack andsideof outlet socket
**60mm internallybetweenendofSafeTrack andsideof outlet socket
Pleasenotethatsomerelevantinformationmaybeonthereverseside
Seefurther sizingdetails onenclosedproject drawings, if any, andalso seedelivery note(packinglist) andread off positiondescription.
Double Suspension2 std SafeTrack-bulb
Washing and MaintenanceKE-Low Impulse/KE-Laser Inject System
WASHINGAND
MAINTENANCE
1.Machineshouldonlybefilledtohalfcapacity.Wash at20-40Cwithordinarydetergentforapprox.5 - 15 m i n. a t a t i me u n ti l t h ewashingwateris totallyclean.
2.Rinsinginseveralchangesofwaterthatis graduallycooledoff.
3.In thesecond-lastchangeofr i ns i n g w a te r a d i si n fe c ta n t ( chlor ine), ifneeded,maybead-ded.
Donotaddfabr icsoftenerasthismayleadtoshr inkageandodour nuisances.
4.Dripping-normal spin-dryingorhangingonalinewhilest illmoist.
Dr ippingis recommended, buttumbledrying atlow temperature(max.60Coutgoingair ) canbeeffected,however ,withr isk ofshrinkage.
WASCHENUND
WARTUNG
1 . M a sc h in e n u r h a l b f ll e n.Waschenbei20-40Cmitherkmm-lichemWaschmittelfretwa5-15Min.proMal,bisdasWasserganzsauberist.
2.Mehrmalssplenim Wasser,daslangsamabgekhltwird.
3.Bei dervorletztenSplung kann,f a ll s e r fo r de r li c h, e i n D e s-infektionsmittel zugesetzt werden(Chlor).
WegeneventuellesEinlaufenundGeruchsbelstigungendarfWei ch-splernichtverwendet werden.
4 . A b tr o pf e n l a s s e n - n o rm a l zentrifugieren oder tropfnassaufhngen.
TropfnassesAufhngenwird emp-fohlen,aberTrockenschleudernbeiniedrigerTemperatur (max. 60CAusgangsluft)ist zulssig, jedochaufdieGefahr desEinlaufenshin.
LAVAGEET
ENTRETIEN
1.I l fautseulement remplir lamachine laverdemi.Laver20-40C a ve c u n d t er ge nt ordinairependantenv.5-15 min.lafois, jusqu'ce quel'eaudelavagesoit totalementpropre.
2.Rinagedansplusieurseauxtrspropresqui serefroidissentprogressivement.
3.Ajouter ,sincessaire,und-sinfectant(chlore) l'avant-der-nireeaude rinage.
cause de risque dertrcissementet denuisancesolfactivesl'usage dedtergentestdconseill.
4. Egouttage - centrifugationnormaleou accrochage l'tathumide.
Leschagepargouttageestrecommander ,maisun schageautambourfaibletemprature(max.60Cdetemp.desor t iedel'air )peutse faire, maisavecrisquedertrcissement.
March 2006
0980001-GB/D/F
GB D F
070907-01-0
KE Fibertec AS
CJ/MS 070907
KE-system
90333
Badminton center
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F R O M D I A L O G U E T O S O L U T I O N
F U L L - S C A L E T E S T I N G I N O U R L A B O R A T O R Y
Full-scale measurements can provide a very attractive solution in more complex projects.
I the end user has any doubt about how the system will work and look or i there are very
specic room-related reservations, they can contact KE Fibertec and our sales sta will
submit, in conjunction with the development department, a proposal as to how a particular
problem can be resolved in the best way. Our ull-scale laboratory is ully equipped so that
we can visualise dierent solutions with smoke or we can choose to set up a ull-scale
model o the relevant premises to illustrate and document the air distribution and indoor
climate. We also oer on-site measurements taken at the end-users premises, i this is
required. We are able to oer the ollowing:
E X T E N D E D P R O J E C T D O C U M E N TAT I O N
KE Fibertec is the only company in textile based ventilation to oer extended project docu-mentation as part o major, complex projects.
Our extended project documentation includes:
Full-scale testing in our laboratory
On-site measurements
CFD simulations
Pressure measurements in ducts
Measurement and logging o air temperature
Measurement and logging o air humidity
Measurement o duct speeds using a thermal antenna anemometer
Measurement o air velocities in rooms using a hot-sphere anemometer
Volume fow measurements
Visualisation with smoke
KE Fibertecs development depart-
ment is always available to provide
ull-scale measurements which can
illustrate air fows and indoor climate
parameters or a specic project.
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O N - S I T E M E A S U R E M E N T S
As part o KE Fibertecs quotation, you can request assistance with measuring your ownpremises and advice about the choice o ventilation solution and layout. When the textile
based ventilation system has been installed we can also give advice on how to set the
systems parameters. I any unexpected problems arise or you are simply interested in
having the indoor climate documented, our development department can also oer to take
measurements on site. This also helps us to provide a better service!
C F D S I M U L A T I O N S
KE Fibertec can provide CFD simulations as a major supplement to both technical air
calculations in WinVent 3D and ull-scale measurements. CFD stands or Computational
Fluid Dynamics and is a method o computer simulation used or air fows and temperature
and concentration distribution.
CFD simulations enable us to create a computer-based model o premises with textile
based ventilation and to simulate, optimise and evaluate the indoor climate or a specic
process.
CFD simulations make a practical, but also time and resource-consuming tool. CFD
simulations require a vast amount o computer power, depending on the complexity and
size o the task, to come up with a correct, reliable solution within a reasonable timescale.
A great deal o expertise in how things unction and operate in textile based ventilation is
also required. CFD is a very eective tool or determining fow-related phenomena, but it isimportant to bear in mind that CFD cannot replace ull-scale measurements and laboratory
tests. And also remember:
CFD simulations cannot replace general common sense and more than 30 years
experience in air distribution.
CFD simulations give KE Fibertec the opportunity to carry out a risk assessment and oer
better advice about air distribution in your project, even at the design stage. This enables
us to ensure that the systems unction the way they are supposed to, thereby preventing
problems with penetration lengths in heating installations being too short or with the supply
air being short circuited. The key thing or a CFD simulation is to document more accurately
the air distribution and indoor climate.
F A C T S A B O U T C F D S I M U L A T I O N S
A CFD simulation is perormed by numerically solving the dierential equations governing the air fow, known as the
Navier Stokes equations. As CFD simulations oten include complicated three-dimensional fows with heat transer,
heat radiation and turbulence, the governing equations can only be solved in a very ew cases.
To solve the fows dierential equations they must be rewritten as algebraic dierential equations. This is done by
splitting the CFD model into a large number o control volumes (calculation grid), ater which each o the governingequations is solved numerically or each calculation cell. This will provide a complete picture o the pressure, velocity
and temperature distributions.
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5 . L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
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1,1m
Nrzone
OpholdszoneOccupied zone
1.1m
Near zone
1,8m
Nrzone
OpholdszoneOccupied zone
1.8m
Near zone
The air distribution principle used or a textile based ventilation system is undamentally
dierent rom a conventional ventilation system equipped with steel ducting and conventional
air distribution ttings. Most architects, consultants and tters in the ventilation industry are
already amiliar with the general principles o textile based ventilation systems, but not all
o them are amiliar with the latest product versions and design options. The ollowing
three chapters provide a brie description o KE Fibertecs product versions, along with a
description o the air distribution principles or all product types.
T e X T i L e B A s e D
V e N T i L AT i o N s Y s T e m s
T e X T i L e B A s e D L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
KE Fibertec markets two products or textile based low impulse ventilation: the KE-LowImpulse System and KE-Interior System. The KE-Low Impulse System is produced using
round ducts (), while the KE-Interior System is produced using hal-round (D) or quarter-
round (D) ducts. There is basically no dierence in the air distribution principle when using
these product versions. For this reason, just one description o the air distribution principle
will be given below or the systems.
o C C u p i e D Z o N e F o R L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
The occupied zone is the area in a room which people occupy or a long period
o time and is dened as the area where eorts are made to maintain the indoor
climate at a general level.
The occupied zone is not a standardised area, but a zone which is dened rom
one project to another in consultation with the architect and client. The occupiedzone is oten dened as the zone rom the foor up to a height o 1.8 m above
people who are in a standing position doing their job, while this height is set to 1.1
m or people who are seated.
N e A R Z o N e F o R L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
In the case o horizontal low impulse systems, the near zone is dened as the zone
under the textile ducting where there is the biggest risk o a cold downdraught or
o draughts in general. The width o the near zone can be reckoned to be no more
than three times the duct diameter.
In the case o vertical low impulse systems, the near zone is dened as the local
zone around the duct where the air velocity is too high in relation to the rooms
comort requirements (depending on the room category).
32
L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
KE-Interior System (D)KE-Interior System (D)KE-Low Impulse Systemp R o D u C T R A N G e : L o w
i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
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ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
1.8m
Near zone
H o R i Z o N TA L L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
The air distribution principle or horizontal low impulse systems is based on passive thermaldisplacement where the air is supplied at a lower temperature in relation to the air in the
room. Because o the dierence in density, with the cooled air being heavier than the
warmer air in the room, the room air is displaced below the duct while the supply air
continues moving towards the foor. The air fow in the room is then based on natural air
movements where the air is driven by the dierence in density and convection fows rom
heat-releasing activities and processes, hence the term passive thermal displacement. A
high level o heat activity rom heat sources generates bigger convection currents, resulting
in the air rising more strongly and greater entrainment o the air around the source. This
results in stratication in the ventilated room where heat and pollution are drawn away rom
the occupied zone and extracted under the ceiling.
A low impulse system can only be used or cooling purposes or or distributing large
volumes o isothermal air, as warm air will settle under the ceiling like a blanket. When this
occurs, the supply air is short circuited, which means a waste o energy.
KE Fibertecs textile based low impulse systems are woven rom Trevira CS polyester yarn,
and the textile surace acts as a ne mesh, allowing the supply air to pass through
the surace at a very low, uniorm discharge velocity, which is normally less
than 0.1 m/s. I the air needs to be distributed according to the low
impulse principle the discharge velocity should be maintained below
roughly 0.40-0.50 m/s. This is the limit at which the room air will start
to be entrained and mixed with the low impulse fow.
Z O N E 1
The airfow in zone 1 is particularly reliant upon the cooling load
per running metre o duct (W/m). A large cooling load leads to a
more powerul acceleration o the supply air into zone 1, which
results in the air dropping down and mixing with the rest o the
air.
Z O N E 2
In zone 2 the warmer room air is displaced by the cooled air
rom the low impulse duct. In low impulse fows there is almost
no entrainment o the surrounding room air, which can reduce
the velocity level beore the fow reaches the occupied zone. This
means that a higher starting level will result in a higher end velocity
when the air enters the occupied zone.
Z O N E 3
The width o the near zone is also particularly reliant upon the
cooling load per running metre o ducting. The larger the cooling
load, the narrower the near zone. The width at the entrance to theoccupied zone can be reckoned to be no more than three times
the diameter o the low impulse duct.
The picture below illustrates the air distribution principle or horizontal low impulse
systems.
The textile surace o textile based low
impulse systems is a ne mesh, which
allows supply air to pass through the
surace at a very low, uniorm velocity.
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As has just been mentioned on the previous page, the cooling load per running meter o
ducting is crucial to how the air fow will be under the ducting, but the location o the heat
sources in the room also has a major infuence on the air fow. The ollowing parameters are
crucial or air velocity and air temperature under the duct:
Unlike the cooling load per running metre o ducting, the static pressure, which keeps the
textile duct infated, does not have any particular infuence on the air fows distribution in
the room. No matter how great the static pressure is in the duct, there is not sucient orce
(momentum) in the jet to give the air a throw length which is typical o KE Fibertecs high
impulse systems.
Cooling load per running metre of ducting
Large cooling demands result in higher discharge velocities and a greater temperature
dierence between the room air and the supply air (DT). Both these parameters end
up accelerating the supply airs velocity.
Location of heat sources
Measurements have shown that equally distributed foor heat accelerates the
discharge velocity much more than heat sources located high up in the premises (1.5
to 2 m above foor level).
As mentioned above, it is important to clariy how the heat load is distributed in the premises
as it makes a big dierence whether the heat loads come rom machines, people or lighting,
or whether it mainly takes the orm o transmission heat rom surrounding premises. As
low impulse fows are only controlled by thermal orces, the location o heat sources and
heat-releasing processes in the room is a vitally important parameter when calculating low
impulse fows. KE Fibertecs room classication (as also shown in datasheet 1) takes into
account the heat distribution which normally occurs in dierent types o premises. You are
recommended to use these dimensioning values. The room classication and inormation
in datasheet 1 give clear guidelines on how large the cooling load can be with dierent
comort level requirements.
The static pressure, which keeps
the textile duct infated, does not have
sucient momentum to give the air
a throw length which is typical o KE
Fibertecs high impulse systems. Due
to the dierence in density between
the supply air and the room air, the
supply air is displaced towards the foor
immediately ater passing through the
textile surace.
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L O C A T I O N O F H E A T S O U R C E S
At heat sources convection heat rises up and will, at a certain propagation
angle, meet the downcoming air rom the ducting. This phenomenon is also
encountered with large window panels where the convection heat rom
radiators located under the windows counteracts the cold downdraught.
I the heat sources are located at a height the resulting air velocity will be
somewhat lower when the current arrives down in the occupied zone.
In other words, i the downcoming air velocity is greater than that o the
upcoming warm air, the current will continue downwards, but at a reduced
velocity.
I the premises mainly has large concentrated heat sources it is important or low impulse
ducts to be placed lower in the room and distributed between the heat sources rather than
above in order to achieve a good displacement eect and prevent unnecessary mixing with
the polluted air rom the upper zone and buoyancy rom machines. This will help to fush
the work zones under the textile ducting very eectively. It is extremely important that the
number o textile ducts and their location precisely match that o the machines and that
the ducting runs or the whole length o the heat source. I the heat sources are distributed
more evenly, like in oce premises or instance, the low impulse ducts should be placed incorridor areas or along walls to avoid a drop o cold air at xed workplaces. I the upcoming
convection heat blocks the low impulse current, undesirable stratication can occur, with
cold air on top and hot air underneath. To avoid a sudden drop o cold air, known as a
turbulence draught, it is important to create a balanced system so that the risk o a drop
o cold air does not arise.
The location o the exhaust grilles also aects the air distribution in the premises. Return
fow towards an exhaust grille positioned at foor level can eel like a draught, especially in
cold production acilities where even very low air velocities eel uncomortable. The usual
recommendation is or extraction vents to be positioned at ceiling level, spread a certain
distance apart. Large doors or windows which are opened regularly also have an impacton air distribution as the uneven pressure conditions can cause an infow o air rom outside
and rom surrounding premises.
In theory, you can calculate the convection velocities above almost every
common heat source. I you also know the air velocity under the low
impulse duct you can, in principle, calculate the resulting air velocity, but
this procedure is denitely not to be recommended! In reality, you will come
across countless instances where the cold current can spread out to the
side and veer away rom the ducts centreline and continue at a greater
velocity than expected, with the subsequent risk o draught problems.
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D T < 0 C
A delivery o heated air results in the supply air being short circuited where the air
orms a blanket under the ceiling. Low impulse systems are thereore not suitable
or heating.
D T = 0 C
A delivery o isothermal air produces a very diuse fow pattern. Downward air
movements (in the direction o the occupied zone) are oten required, in which
case the recommendation can be made to increase the discharge velocity to
0.40-0.50 m/s, which is the limit i the air is going to be supplied according to the
low impulse principle. At discharge velocities above 0.50 m/s you can expect the
surrounding room air to start being entrained.
D T < 3 C
A delivery o supercooled air produces the typical downward fow pattern
characteristic o low impulse ventilation using textile ducting. A delivery with a
moderate cooling load does not, under normal circumstances, cause any
discomort in the near zone, even or those people who are seated. The maximum
cooling load obviously depends on the distance rom the low impulse ducting to
the occupied zone. The maximum cooling loads per running metre o ducting as a
unction o the rooms height can be consulted in datasheet 1.
D T > 5 C
As the cooling load per metre o ducting increases, the fow pattern under the
low impulse duct changes and the near zone becomes narrower, which means
that the air velocities and air temperatures vertically under the duct may cause
discomort. A delivery o extremely supercooled air with a cooling load o more
than 700 W/m o ducting should mainly only be used where comort is a minor
consideration. However, it is possible to deliver very large volumes o cool air,
bearing in mind though that the air distribution will not be 100% perect.
A
D
C
B
The gures below illustrate the typical fow pattern under a horizontal KE-Low Impulse
System in a heating scenario, ventilation scenario and two cooling scenarios with a dierent
cooling load per running meter o ducting.
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D T < 0 C
D T < 3 C
D T = 0 C
D T > 5 C
A B
C D
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Z O N E 1
The airfow in zone 1 is particularly reliant upon the cooling load
per running metre o duct. A large cooling load results in a greater
downward acceleration or the supply air in zone 1.
Z O N E 2
The near zone, which should not be used as a permanentworkplace, is dened as the distance rom the duct beore the
velocity is reduced to an acceptable level, depending on the
comort requirement. The length o the near zone is particularly
dependent on the cooling load.
Z O N E 3
It is very important that the volume o air rom the vertical low
impulse system has been adapted to the cooling requirement and
that the volume o air supplied is at least equivalent to or greater
than the convection fows generated by the heat sources. This
helps to achieve the best displacement eect and create a clean
zone at the bottom and a polluted zone on top.
ZONE 3
ZONE 1
ZONE 2 Near zone
V e R T i C A L L o w i m p u L s e s Y s T e m s
The air distribution principle or vertical low impulse systems is, as with horizontal low impulsesystems, also based on passive thermal displacement where the air is supplied at a lower
temperature in relation to the room air. The air is supplied, as in conventional displacement
ventilation, at foor level, directly in the occupied zone. This creates a stratied fow where
the cooled supply air fows out into the room under the warmer room air.
In the same way as with horizontal low impulse systems, the fow in the room is based on
natural air movements where the air is driven by a dierence in density and by convection
fows rom heat-releasing activities and processes. Convection fows at heat sources
generate a vertical air fow in the room, thereby creating a clean zone on the bottom and
a polluted zone on top. A high level o heat activity rom heat sources generates bigger
convection fows, resulting in the air rising more strongly and greater entrainment o the airaround the source.
As the cold supply air only mixes to a small extent, it is important the air is supplied at a low
velocity and slight temperature dierence as otherwise there is a risk o a cold downdraught
rom the ducting, entailing the risk o a draught at foor level. The systems can, like horizontal
low impulse systems, only be used or cooling purposes or or distributing isothermal air, as
warm air will settle under the ceiling like a blanket.
Vertical low impulse systems are particularly well-suited to premises with high ceilings,
excess heat and pollution as warm air and polluted particles are drawn up under the ceiling.
As the fow generated in the premises is moving vertically upwards, the heat and pollution
do not return to the occupied zone. The picture below illustrates the basic principle o
vertical low impulse ventilation.
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The vertical textile ducts supply resh air directly in the occupied zone, which will obviously
result in stratication in the ventilated room. This will cause a temperature gradient
through the room, with the coldest air at the bottom and the warmest on top. This can
be used benecially to reduce the cooling load as the cooling load removed rom the
room is directly proportional to the dierence in temperature between the supply air and
extracted air. I the air is extracted rom the top o the room this will be warmer than the
air in the rooms occupied zone, allowing the same cooling load to be removed rom the
room with a higher supply temperature. This results in energy savings when the cooling
coil in the air conditioning unit is operating. It also means that ree cooling can be used
or longer periods o the year.
The required cooling load, combined with any comort requirements, provides the basis
or determining the volume o supply air and the supply temperature. To determine
the necessary cooling load accurately, you need to calculate internal and external heat
loads, while taking into account the heat accumulation in the building.
In the case o displacement ventilation, comort requirements also include, apart rom air
velocity and air temperature requirements, the requirement or the maximum permitted
thermal gradient in the occupied zone. KE Fibertec recommends that the maximum
thermal gradient in the occupied zone does not exceed 1-2C/m as any bigger dierence
may eel like a draught. The vertical thermal gradient can be approximately calculated
based on a so-called 50% rule, which states that hal o the temperature rise rom supply
to extraction takes place at foor level, while the other hal takes place between the foor
and ceiling. Contact KE Fibertecs development department or more inormation.
Designing a ventilation system with vertical low impulse ducts requires considerable
knowledge about the heat distribution in the premises. It is vitally important that the
ventilation system is dimensioned correctly so that it takes into account the level o
comort in the premises work zones and the heat and polluted air are carried upwards
and out o the occupied zone. To displace the polluted air it is important that the
volume o air supplied is at least equivalent to the total convection fow volume in the
room. I this is not the case, the ront o the polluted air will be dragged down towards
the occupied zone, thereby reducing the eectiveness. Many actors aect the size o
convection fows in the room, such as the shape, area and surace temperature o theheat sources. But actors like the ambient temperature in the premises also have an
impact. This is why it is oten dicult to determine accurately the convection currents
and table values must be used instead.
Displacement ventilation with textile
ducting tends to be used a lot in
industrial environments, but can also be
used in environments where there are
high demands or comort.
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D T < 0 C
Delivering heated air short circuits the supply air, which means that the system is
not suitable or heating. However, the heated air has a certain penetration, which
initiates air circulation in smaller premises. As a result, the system can be used, to
a certain extent, to heat the room beore work begins or it is used.
D T = 0 C
Delivering isothermal air produces a very diuse fow pattern, which does not
generate a powerul displacement eect. Systems are suitable, to some extent,
or supplying replacement air.
D T < 3 C
I slightly supercooled air is supplied the air will slowly drop towards the foor and
be distributed evenly around the duct. In the event o heat-releasing activities
and processes, the convection fows will entrain the supply air, thereby creating
stratication in the room where the heat and pollution are drawn away rom the
occupied zone and extracted under the ceiling.
D T > 5 C
I extremely supercooled air is supplied the air will quickly move towards the foor,
thereby causing a greater risk o draught problems around the duct as the length
and width o the near zone around the duct are increased. In the event o heat-
releasing activities and processes, the convection fows will entrain the supply air,
thereby creating stratication in the room where the heat and pollution are drawn
away rom the occupied zone and extracted under the ceiling.
The gures below illustrate the typical fow pattern under a vertical KE-Low Impulse System
in a heating scenario, ventilation scenario and two cooling scenarios with a dierent cooling
load per running meter o ducting.
A
D
C
B
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D T < 0 C
D T < 3 C
D T = 0 C
D T > 5 C
A B
C D
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6 . H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
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1,8m
Opholdszone
Arbejdszone
1,8m
H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
KE-Injet System (D)KE-Injet System (D)KE-Injet Systemp R O D u C T R A N g e : H i g H
i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
KE-DieJet System (D)KE-DieJet System (D)KE-DieJet System
Occupied zone
1.8
m
1.8m
Working zone Occupied zone
O C C u p i e D Z O N e F O R H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
As with low impulse ventilation, the occupied zone is not a standardised area,
but a zone which is dened rom one project to another in consultation with the
architect and client. The occupied zone is oten dened as the zone rom the foor
up to a height o 1.8 m above people who are in a standing position doing their
job, while this height is set to 1.1 m or people who are seated.
W O R K i N g Z O N e F O R H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
In the case o industrial premises, it may also be appropriate or high impulse
systems to divide the room up into a working zone as the state o the air may
vary rom the general level as a result o industrial processes. Heat and pollution
sources are oten present which require special measures to be able to maintain
a satisactory indoor climate in the working zone. I processes are carried out
which cause extreme pollution, textile based ventilation should thereore be
supplemented with local extraction vents.
T e X T i l e B A s e D H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
KE Fibertec markets two products or textile based high impulse ventilation: the KE-InjectSystem and KE-DireJet System. Both these systems can be produced in the orm o
round (), hal-round (D) or quarter-round (D) ducts. The KE-Inject System comprises
groups o small holes in the textile duct, while the KE-DireJet System comprises rows o
conical nozzles specically or directional air distribution. From a ventilation technology
perspective, both the KE-Inject System and KE-DireJet System can be regarded as high
impulse systems or mixing ventilation. For this reason, one general air distribution principle
will be described or these systems, while the specic product eatures will be described
separately.
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ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
1.8m
A i R D i s T R i B u T i O N p R i N C i p l e F O R H i g H i m p u l s e
s Y s T e m sKE Fibertecs high impulse systems are based on mixing ventilation and are characterised
by the act that air is delivered at a high velocity outside the occupied zone. The high air
velocity rate in the air jet will generate excess pressure, resulting in an infow and entrainment
o room air towards the air jet supplied. During the rst air fow cycle the air velocity will
be high, but as the quantity o room air that becomes mixed increases, the air velocity
will decrease. I the system has been dimensioned properly the delivered air volume will
be completely mixed with the room air beore it reaches the occupied zone and the air
velocity rate has dropped to the desired level, depending on the room category. In a mixing
ventilated room air velocities, air temperatures and humidity will be distributed identically
and in theory, the air quality will be the same everywhere in the room.
A textile based high impulse system, unlike its low impulse counterpart, can be
used or cooling, ventilation and heating. The reason or this is that KE Fibertecs high
impulses systems, unlike its low impulse systems, are less dependent on external
eects, such as convective heat currents in the room. The supply air is delivered with
high initial energy in the orm o velocity (momentum) through holes or nozzles, with
the eect that the air is discharged into the room instead o being distributed through
a textile surace at low velocity. This means that KE Fibertecs high impulse systems
have what are known in fow engineering as a throw length and penetration length.
Compared with low impulse systems, the location o the exhaust grilles is only o minor
signicance to the air fows in the room. In practice, they are oten positioned along the ceiling.The picture below illustrates the air distribution principle or high impulse ventilation.
Z O N E 1
The air is delivered at high velocity, oten up to 15-18 m/s, through
the holes (KE-Inject System) or nozzles (KE-DireJet System). This
generates excess pressure in the centre o the air jets, resulting
in an infow and entrainment o the air in the room towards the air
jet supplied.
Z O N E 2
As the volume o entrained air increases, the air velocity in the fow
gradually decreases. The velocity decreases in inverse proportion
to the distance rom the duct.
Z O N E 3
In premises where a certain comort level is required, the air
velocity at the entrance to the occupied zone must be adapted to
the conditions, which mainly depend on the level o activity o the
people working there and what they are wearing (room category).
To ensure that a suitable air velocity is achieved, the distance rom
the duct to the occupied zone must be greater than the calculated
throw length (see denition on page 47).
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f r E E J E T
I the air jet is directed outwards into the open room, this is what is
known in fow engineering as a ree jet. The turbulent air jet entrains air
rom its surroundings and the jets diameter increases in proportion to
the distance rom the duct, while the velocity in the jet decreases.
H i g H i m p u l s e s Y s T e m s
s H O R T C i R C u i T i N g W A R N i N g
It is important to be aware that mixing ventilation also entails a risk o the supply air beingshort circuited (accumulated under the ceiling). This problem may occur i overheated air
is supplied combined with an excessively low discharge velocity, or i there are strong
upward currents in the premises, preventing the air rom reaching the occupied zone. This
problem becomes particularly apparent when the T is more than 7-12C. In the best
case scenario, the poor heat distribution in the room can be compensated or by raising
the supply temperature, but i the heating coil in the air conditioning unit does not have
sucient capacity to do this, the temperature in the occupied zone will all. This situation
is very inconvenient, both rom an energy and comort perspective. To make sure that
short circuiting is prevented, heated air must only be delivered i the supply temperature
and discharge velocity are adjusted. This means that the warmer the supply air, the higher
the discharge velocity needs to be to ensure that the air reaches the occupied zone. I the
ceiling is particularly high (h > 8-10 m) the ducts need to be dimensioned or a high static
pressure to be able to push the air down into the occupied zone. I this is not possible, the
ducts can be positioned at a height o 5 metres, or instance.
F R e e J e T s A N D W A l l J e T s
A crucial actor or the air distribution principle behind the KE-Inject System and KE-DireJet
System is the main direction o the air jets. I the jet is directed outwards into the open
room, this is what is known in fow engineering as a free jet and i the air jet is directed
at a surace, this is a wall jet. The dierence between these two fow phenomena is their
ability to entrain room air. I the jet is directed towards the ceiling surace it will try to stick
to this surace because a negative pressure is generated between the jet and the ceiling as
no replacement air can be supplied or the volume o room air entrained by the jet. This is
known as the Coanda eect and it increases the throw length by a actor o in relation
to the throw length or a ree jet, while the velocity rate in the jet decreases proportionally
more slowly. The air velocity needs to be a minimum o 0.35 m/s to be able to utilise the
Coanda eect.
2
W A L L J E T
I the air jet is directed towards a surace, this is what is known in
fow engineering as a wall jet. The fow can be regarded as a bisected
open jet as the surace can be regarded as a plane o symmetry. The
maximum velocity is achieved close to the surace and is greater
than the equivalent velocity or an open jet at the same distance romthe duct.
2
Occupied zone
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v = 0.20 m/siso
l0.20
l0.20
v = 0.20 m/siso
minimum 0.75 x L
L
minimum 0.75 x L
T H e R m A l p e N e T R A T i O N l e N g T H
The thermal penetration length is absolutely crucial in
determining whether the air is actually distributed as
expected. The theory underlying wall jets is actually based
on the act that the jet will not become so heavy that it
will leave the ceilings surace beore it is supposed to. I
it does, the air velocity at the entrance o the occupied
zone will be higher than calculated. This means that it
will eel uncomortable or anyone located in the zone
aected by the jet. To prevent any drop o cold air, the
thermal penetration length must be checked to see that itis at least 75% o the horizontal distance along the ceiling,
L, where the air is moving.
T H R O W l e N g T H
The throw length is dened as the largest distance
rom the supply duct to a specic point in the premises
where the air velocity is precisely equal to the desired
nal velocity, e.g. viso
= 0.20 m/s. It is important to
note that the throw length, by its denition, is valid in
isothermal conditions. As a result, the calculations or
air velocities must be corrected i the supplied air is
either colder or warmer than the surrounding room air.
The throw length or a wall jet is longer than or an
equivalent ree jet. The reason or this is because a wall
jet sticks to the ceiling due to the Coanda eect and as
a result, only hal the volume o room air contributes to
reducing the velocity rate.
2
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f L O W M O D E L 1 f L O W M O D E L 2
0
30
60
90
150
180
120
-30
-60
-90
-150
-120
u s i N g F l O W m O D e l s
Both the KE-Inject System and KE-DireJet System are highly fexible systems and anydirection at all can be chosen or the air jets. It is obviously important or the air jets to
point in the main direction o the air fow ollowing the desired air fow pattern in the room.
As mentioned earlier, it is also important that the air fow is directed downwards towards
the occupied zone when heating is required in order to prevent short circuiting. Apart rom
choosing the main direction or the air jet, secondary nozzle positions can be used. For
instance, i the ceiling needs to be coated locally to avoid the ormation o condensation or
part o the area needs to be cooled down/heated, it is possible to direct individual nozzles
or holes towards the relevant area. Nozzles can also be let out entirely in sections o the
duct i no air needs to be supplied.
KE Fibertec uses three dierent fow models or textile based mixing ventilation in its everydayactivities, which are fow models 1, 2 and 3 respectively. To be able to use KE Fibertecs
datasheets properly, you need to know which fow model is involved as all the datasheets
have been specied or fow models 2 and 3, i.e. ree jets. It is important thereore to clariy
what the user wants and needs in terms o the system, as well as to become amiliarised
with processes and activities beore starting to dimension the nal design or the high
impulse system.
Using fow model 1 (wall jet) can bring some benet, even though the throw length increases
as a result o the Coanda eect. Air jets tend to become more stable when cooled air is
delivered, while the risk o a drop o cold air or draughts in general in the occupied zone
is kept to a minimum. The Coanda eect also makes the blanket o air stick to theceiling, which means that it will not be defected by local heat sources, obstacles etc.
Consequently, there is a greater likelihood o achieving the desired fow pattern in reality
than with delivering an ree jet.
As was mentioned beore, it is recommended to use fow model 2 or 3 or both the KE-
DireJet System and KE-Inject System i the system is going to be used to provide heating.