AFOLU SectorAFOLU Sector

Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land UseAgriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use

National GHG InventoryNational GHG Inventory

1

Waste SectorWaste Sector

1

Greenhouse Gas Information Center

Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization (Public Organization)

Contents

• Overview and GHG emission sources

•Activity data

AFOLU & Waste

2

•Activity data

• Issues of GHG inventory preparation in Thailand

• Recommendation

Overview of AFOLU Sector

The main greenhouse gas emission sources/removals and

processes in managed ecosystems

33

Emission of AFOLU in Thailand

Categories by IPCC 1996

Emission in 2000 by Agriculture (Mt CO2eq, %)

4

Sources : 2nd National Communication

Emission of AFOLU in Thailand

Categories by IPCC 1996

Emission in 2000 by Landuse, Landuse change and Forestry (Mt CO2eq, %)

5

Sources : 2nd National Communication

Emission Trend in 2000-2004

Landuse, Landuse change and Forestry(LULUCF)

Agriculture

66

Total CO2 equivalent

(Gg)

Year

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Agriculture 51.88 54.64 51.42 56.07 55.00

LULUCF -7.90 -29.01 -24.54 -26.14 -28.50

2000 2001 2002 2003 20042000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Sources : 2nd National Communication

Sub-sector Categories GHG Type

1. LivestockEnteric Fermentation CH4

Manure Management CH4, N2O

2. Landuse and

Landuse change

Forest land

Cropland

Grassland

WetlandsCO2

Emission Sources: AFOLU

7

Landuse change Wetlands

Settlements

Other Land

3. Aggregate

Sources and Non-

CO2 Emissions

Sources on Land

Burning

Emission from managed soil

Rice cultivation

Harvested wood products

CO2

CH4, N2O

Subcategories Activity Data GHG

Enteric Fermentation Annual number of animal for each species (head) CH4

Manure ManagementAnnual number of animal for each species

/manure management system (head)CH4,

N2O

1. Livestock

Manure Management System

88The 4 sources of GHG emissions in a Dairy farm

Source : Danone

Source : Fonterra

Enteric Fermentation

2. LandThe emissions/removals of CO2 for the Landuse category are estimated based

on carbon stock changes in ecosystem by considering carbon cycle processes

between Five Carbon Pools. (1)Above-ground biomass (2)Below-ground biomass

(3)Dead wood (4)Litter (5)Solid

� Land remaining in the same landuse category

� Land converted to another landuse categoryTime 1

Methodology of landuse conversion

assessment by using geographical dataLanduse category

CO2

96. Other Land

1. Forest Land 2. Crop Land 3. Grassland

5. Wetlands4. Settlements

Time 2

1. Forest land Activity Data

1.1 Forest land Remaining Forest Land

Forest Land (ha)

Annual wood removal (m3 yr-1)

Annual fuel wood removal of whole trees (m3 yr-1)

Area affected by disturbances (ha yr-1)

Land area of drained organic soil (ha)

2. LandLanduse and Landuse Change -1-

10

Land area of drained organic soil (ha)

1.2 Land Converted to Forest Land Area of Land in each landuse categories converted to forest land

a Cropland Converted to Forest Land Annual wood removal (m3 yr-1)

Annual fuel wood removal of whole trees (m3 yr-1)

Area affected by disturbances (ha yr-1)

Area undergoing conversion for old to new landuse (ha)

Area of organic soils on converted land (ha)

b Grassland Converted to Forest Land

c Wetlands Converted to Forest Land

d Settlements Converted to Forest Land

e Other Land Converted to Forest Land

2. Cropland Activity Data

2.1 Cropland Remaining Cropland

Annual area of cropland with perennial woody biomass (ha)

Area in the last year of an inventory period (ha)

Area in the beginning of an inventory period (ha)

Land area of cultivated organic soil (ha)

2.2 Land Converted to Cropland Area of Land in each landuse categories converted to cropland

a Forest Land Converted to Cropland Area undergoing conversion for old to new landuse (ha)

2. LandLanduse and Landuse Change -2-

1111

a Forest Land Converted to Cropland Area undergoing conversion for old to new landuse (ha)

Area for landuse change by climate and soil combination (ha)

Land area of cultivated organic soil (ha)

b Grassland Converted to Cropland

c Wetlands Converted to Cropland

d Settlements Converted to Cropland

e Other Land Converted to Cropland

3. Grassland Activity Data

3.1 Grassland Remaining GrasslandArea in the last year of an inventory period (ha)

Area in the beginning of an inventory period (ha)

3.2 Land Converted to Grassland

Area of Land in each landuse categories converted to grassland (ha)

a Forest Land Converted to Grassland

b Cropland Converted to Grassland

c Wetlands Converted to Grassland

2. LandLanduse and Landuse Change -3-

12

c Wetlands Converted to Grassland

d Settlements Converted to Grassland

e Other Land Converted to Grassland

4. Wetlands Activity Data

4.1 Wetlands Remaining Wetlands

a Peatlands Remaining Peatlands Peatlands

b Flooded Land Remaining Flooded Land Flooded

4.2 Land Converted to Wetlands

a Land Converted for Peat Extraction Peatlands

b Land Converted to Flooded Land Flooded

5 Settlements Activity Data

5.1 Settlements Remaining Settlements Settlements Area

5.2 Land Converted to Settlements

Area of Land in each landuse categories

converted to Settlements

a Forest Land Converted to Settlements

b Cropland Converted to Settlements

c Grassland Converted to Settlements

d Wetlands Converted to Settlements

2. LandLanduse and Landuse Change -5-

13

d Wetlands Converted to Settlements

e Other Land Converted to Settlements

6 Other Land Activity Data

6.1 Other Land Remaining Other Land

Area of land in each landusecategories converted to

other Land(such as : mine, abandoned

mine, pit, salt flat, beach, garbage dump)

6.2 Land Converted to Other Land

a Forest Land Converted to Other Land

b Cropland Converted to Other Land

c Grassland Converted to Other Land

d Wetlands Converted to Other Land

e Settlements Converted to Other Land

3. Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land

Synthetic N Fertillsers

Applied Organic N Fertillisers

Urine and Dung from Grazing Animals

Crop Residues

Schematic diagram illustrates the sources and pathways of N that result in direct and indirect N2O emissions

from soils and waters.

Schematic diagram illustrates the sources and pathways of N that result in direct and indirect N2O emissions

from soils and waters. 14

Reference : IPCC GPG 2003 for LULUCF

Mineralisation of Soil Organic Mater

Categories Activity Data

a Biomass Burning in Forest Lands Forest area burnt

b Biomass Burning in Croplands Croplands area burnt

c Biomass Burning in Grasslands Grasslands area burnt

d Biomass Burning in All Other Land Other Land area burnt

3. Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land

1. GHG emissions from Biomass BurningCO2 , N2O

15

d Biomass Burning in All Other Land Other Land area burnt

Source : Image from Department of Agriculture

3. Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land

Emission Sources Activity Data GHG

2. Liming Liming applied

3. Urea ApplicationAnnual amount of Urea Fertilization

(Tonnes urea /Yr-1)

4. Direct N2O Emissions from

Managed SoilsAnnual amount N applied to soils

5. Indirect N2O Emissions

from Managed Soils

Annual amount of synthetic fertilizer N applied to

soils

CO2

N2O

16

from Managed Soils soils

6. Indirect N2O Emissions

from Manure ManagementTotal nitrogen excretion for the MMS

Liquid manure applications Liming and Urea Fertillization manure exuded to soil

3.Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land

7. Rice cultivation CH4

17

Irrigated continuously flooded

Irrigated, multiple aeration

Irrigated, single aeration

Rainfed, deep water (>100 cm)

Rainfed, deep water(50-100 cm)

Rainfed, drough prone

Rainfed, flood prone

Source : Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

3. Aggregate Sources and Non-CO2 Emissions Sources on Land

8. Harvested wood Productions

•Natural Forest- illegal logging

• Plantation- Eucalyptus

- Rubber

- Teak …,etc.

How much volume per years ?

CO2

18

- Teak …,etc.

� About 4.1 % of Thailand national emission was contributed by waste sector.

� About 52 % of emission in waste sector came from solid waste disposal on

land and 48 % of emission came from wastewater handling.

Emission of Waste in Thailand

19

Sources : 2nd National Communication

Emission Trend in 2000-2004

20

Sources : 2nd National Communication

• Managed

• Unmanaged

• Uncategorised

Solid waste Solid waste DisposalDisposal

Biological Biological Treatment of Treatment of Solid WasteSolid Waste

• Composting• Anaerobic digestion at biogas facilities

CH4

CH4 , N2O

Emission Source -1-

21

• Incineration

• Open Burning

Solid WasteSolid Waste

• Domestic

• Industrial

Incineration & Incineration & Open Burning Open Burning of Wasteof Waste

Wastewater Wastewater Treatment and Treatment and DischargeDischarge

CH4 , CO2, N2O

CH4 , N2O

Emission Source -2-

LandfillLandfill

Waste Categories Open dumpOpen dump

LandfillLandfill Biological treatmentBiological treatmentCompostingComposting

IncinerationIncineration Wastewater treatmentWastewater treatment

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTEMUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

DisposalDisposal

23

Source: Thailand Environment Monitor 2003, World Bank

Activity DataCategory Activity Data

Solid Waste Disposal

Managed WDS (anaerobic/semi aerobic) Population

Unmanage WDS waste per capita

Uncategorised WDS Composition of waste

(WDS : Waste Disposal Site) Amount deposited

Biological Treatment of Solid waste

Composting Amount treated by biological

24

Composting Amount treated by biological treatment

Anaerobic digestion

Incineration and Open Burning of Waste

Waste IncinerationAmount of waste incineratedPopulationAmount of waste open-burned

Open Burning of Waste

Wastewater Treatment and Discharge

Domestic wastewater treatment and discharge PopulationBODProtein consumption

Industrial waste water treatment and discharge Industry productCOD

Issues of GHG Inventory Preparation � Data Source

- Statistic data of relevant department are not designed to GHG inventory, so some data

not tasks of them.

�Methodology and technique to collect data

- Prediction/Assumption/ Estimation/ Real measurement

� Duplication

- Same data are reported form several department such as forest area, amount of solid

waste .

2525

waste .

� Discontinuous data collection

- Example: Forest and land use assessment

� Difficult to collect data

- Example: Land area of drained organic soil , area affected by disturbances in forest area

� Lack of local specific emission factor- Forest : Rate of growth and carbon content for each forest type, Carbon composition in

soil

- Waste : BOD/COD of wastewater / MCF (Methane Collection Factor) of each

technology in Thailand

Recommendation� For policy makers

� Arrangement of relevant act or mandate

� Approval of relevant budget and resources for data collection and

development of statistics data

� For officials of relevant ministries

� Request for resources (finance, human, technology, etc.)

� Capacity building of relevant sector for GHG inventory (climate change,

2626

� Capacity building of relevant sector for GHG inventory (climate change,

calculation or statistics)

� Development of study for local specific data collection

ありがとうございましたありがとうございましたありがとうございましたありがとうございました

��������ก ���/��

Thank you very muchThank you very much

27