*Thailand was originally called Siam

1434: The Emerald Buddha was discovered in Northern Thailand; it is one of the countries most sacred statues. 1448: Reign of King Boromma Trailokanat begins in Ayutthaya, a Thai city.1457: Pattani, later southern Thailand, was declared an Islamic kingdom.1461: The kingdom of Lanna captures the kingdom of Sukhothai. 1462: Sukhothai is regained by Ayutthaya. 1474: An open war between the Thai city of Chiang Mai and Ayutthaya breaks out.1485: King Trailokanat appointed his son, Prince Chaiyachetta, as the king of Sukhothai.1488: King Boromma Trailokanat dies.1491: Boromaraja III dies and is succeeded by his brother, Prince Jutta (Boromaraja IV). Boromaraja III was a temporary ruler of Ayutthaya.

1507: A civil war breaks out within Chiang Mai.1511: Afonso de Albuquerque commanded a fleet with 3000 soldiers, and established trade negotiations with other territories including Thailand.1516: The Treaty of Commerce and Alliance between Portugal and Thailand was signed. 1529: Boromaraja IV made peace with the Lan Na rulers during his short reign. 1533: Boromaraja IV dies of smallpox.1545: King Prajai, half-brother of Boromaraja IV, intervenes in the affairs of Chiang Mai, leading to a short war between Burma and Ayutthaya. 1551: The Emerald Buddha is taken to the country of Laos. 1558: The soverign state, Burma, captures the Thai city, Chiang Mai.1569: The Burmese attack Ayutthaya.1569: King Bayinnaung of Burma invaded Thailand and took as hostage Princess Suphankalaya.1571: Thailand’s Naresuan the Great was taken hostage by Burmese invaders.1590: Prince Naresuan became King.1590: A Burmese army of about 200,000 men attacks Ayutthaya but is repelled. 1598: Trade between Spain and Ayutthaya begins when a Spanish representative comes to Ayutthaya to conclude the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the two nations.

1600- King Naresuan invades Taungu, but Taungu is able to repel the attack.1605- King Naresuan dies and his brother, Prince Ekatotsarot, rises up to power. King Ekatotsarot sets the first money tax in Ayutthaya.1609- Balthazar de Seguerra, the very first Portuguese Jesuit missionary, arrives in Ayutthaya.1610- After the reign of King Ekatotsarot ends, King Songtham takes the throne in Thailand. 1612- In Ayutthaya, the first English trade factory is established.1618- The Dutch and the English break out in war and citizens from both countries are held hostage in Siam.1620- In Ayutthaya, the Dutch and English create Peace. 1628-1630- When King Songtham dies, he leaves his throne to his youngest son, Prince Jetta. Chao Phaya Kalahom is offfered to succeed King Jetta, and takes the throne under the name King Prasatthong. 1631- Vessels from the Netherlands arrive in Ayutthaya to provide aid against the Portuguese and Combodians.1632- Pattani refuses to send tribute which results in Ayutthaya’s attack.1636- Pattani is advised by the Dutch to ask for forgiveness from King Prasatthong after all the rebellious acts.

1650- A biography is written documenting King Prasatthong‘s rise to power. 1655-1656- After King Prasatthong dies, his oldest son becomes King. His uncle and brother, however, conspire against him and put him to death. The next to be crowned is Prince Narai.1663- Chiang Mai is conquered by King Narai. 1668- Islamic missionaries arrive in Siam.1675- An English ship, called the Phoenix, arrives in Ayutthaya for trade.1679- Constantine Phaulkon joins the Thai government service, starting as an interpreter, but eventually becomes the kingdom's Foreign Minister. 1680- The English East India Company is developed and the first Siamese embassy departs from Ayutthaya, but sinks on its way to Europe.1685- Arriving in Ayutthaya, a French embassy tries to convert King Narai to Catholicism, but the King develops trade with France instead.1687- War is declared against the English East India Company by King Narai; a treaty between Siam and France is signed.1689- Phaulkon is executed for treason and King Narai dies leaving the throne to Phra Petraja. 1690- The new king restores religious freedom, eliminates foreign political influence, and releases European hostages.1697- King Sadit ships a white elephant to King Pra Petraja.1699- A rebellion of 4,000 starts in Thailand.

1703- King Phra Petraja falls ill.1709- King Taisra becomes the new king after his father’s death. 1715- Sri Timmaraja succeeds to the Cambodian throne by ousting the ruling King Keong Fa with the help of a Cochin Chinese army; this causes conflict between Thailand and Cambodia.1718-1725- Ayutthaya started to make contact with neighboring kingdoms, such as the Portuguese and Chinese.1727- Chiang Mai revolted against their ruling family because of high taxes.1733- The palace of Ayutthaya is attacked by about 300 Chinese citizens and are executed. 1740- The Burmese Civil War alarms Thailand because they do not want another dynasty coming into power and conquering Thai territory. 1753- An embassy from Ceylon goes to Ayutthaya to try and borrow Buddhist priests from Thailand to help restore the religion in their kingdom. 1758- King Utumpon succeeds the throne, and has his half brothers arrested and killed. After, he gives up the throne to his older brother, King Ekatat.1759- King Alaungsaya of Burma invades Thailand and attains the cities: Mergui, Tennesserim, and Tavoy.

1760- Burma attacks Ayutthaya and King Ekatat invites former King Utumpon to rule temporarily. King Alaungsaya from Burma becomes injured and dies; he gives his throne to his son, Manglok.1762- King Utumpom retires against and leaves King Ekatat back in power.1763- Mongra becomes the new King of Burma; the Burmese invade Chiang Mai. Luang Prabang, a city in Laos, is captured.1765- The Burmese attacks and claims land in the north, south, and west of Thailand. 1766- When the Burmese begin their siege of Ayutthaya, Chao Phaya Taksin and hundreds of troops escape from Ayutthaya. 1767- Ayutthaya is burned to the ground and the Burmese armies retreat. Chao Phaya Taksin and his troops kill the Burmese general along with others from the army. Taksin then is crowned the new King of Thailand, and the capital was then moved to Bangkok.1769- After successful invasions, King Taksin arrives back to the city of Thonburi. 1769- King Taksin wanted to build a Thai-Portuguese church.1774- King Taksin moves into Northern territory. 1775- Chiang Mai is re-conquered by King Taksin. 1782- In Bangkok, the Wat Phra Temple was created and houses ancient images of Thai Buddhism. King Rama also builds the Grand Palace in the city of Bangkok.1782- Rama I of Thailand founds the Chakri dynasty.1787-The Thai defeat the Burmese after they try and attack their northern territory again.1793- Burmese provinces are invaded by Rama I, but fails to extend the area.

1809: King Rama I dies at the age of seventy-two.1818: Portugal sends an envoy, Carlos Manuel Silveira, to Thailand to discuss commercial ideas. 1822 - British trade with Thailand is developed. 1824: An alliance is developed between Britain and Thailand. 1833: The United States and Thailand settled a commercial treaty in Bangkok. 1838: Thailand invades Kedah, a state in Malaysia, affecting the nearby Malay territories which had already belonged to Britain. This strengthened the Thai-British relationship. 1851: Rama IV is crowned King of Thailand.1851: King Rama IV tries to sign a treaty with Portugal in order to reestablish lost relations of commerce and alliance between the two countries.1859: The Treaty of Alliance, Commerce and Navigation between Thailand and Portugal was signed.1856: The US begins negotiating with Thailand to amend their 1833 treaty.

1868: King Rama IV died at the age of 63.1867: Thailand stops collecting taxes from their neighboring country, Cambodia.1871: The first modern school in Thailand is established for children of the wealthy and royal. 1882: Thai ministers go to western countries to try and project Thailand as an independent country.1887: The Department of Education is created to manage schools in Thailand.1893: A small military skirmish occurs between French and Thai troops.1893: The French blockade the Gulf of Thailand with warships. They threaten to blockade the Thai coast if the French are denied access to the Mekong River. 1895: Anna Leonowens wrote her memoirs who included King Rama IV. These memoirs inspired a few films and musicals.1902- Thailand annexed three southern provinces: Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat.1909- Thailand captured the sultanate of Pattani. A sultanate is a territory ruled by a sultan. 1913- Traditional gambling houses and lotteries are abolished. 1917- Chulalongkorn University, the first university in Thailand, is established. 1923- Thailand adopts the metric system of weights and measures. 

1925- Rama VI dies at the age of 44.1932- A bloodless revolution ends the absolute power of King Prajadhipok of Thailand.1933- Silpakorn, Thailand’s largest fine arts university, was founded by the Italian sculptor Corrado Feroci.1939- Siam is renamed to Thailand by Plaek Pibulsonggram, the country's third prime minister.1941- Japanese forces invade Thailand's southern peninsula. 1942- World War II: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.1942- World War II: Australia declares war on Thailand.1944- A bombing raid struck the Japanese rail line in Bangkok, Thailand.1945- At the end of World War II Thailand was compelled to return territory it had seized from Laos, Cambodia and Malaya.1946-Thailand’s Democratic Party was founded as a conservative, royalist party.1946 - Siam signs a peace pact with Great Britain and India. 1946- Pridi Panomyong becomes prime minister. 1946- A new constitution is proclaimed .1946- Siam is admitted as the 55th member of the United Nations.1948- Khuang Aphaiwong, leader of the democratic party, is forced by the army to resign for failure to bring down the high costs of living.

1949- A new and more permanent constitution is made. 1950- Thailand sends forces to Korea in response to the UN's appeal for troops. 1950-1953- Thailand becomes very prosperous due to high yields in rice. 1954 - Thailand becomes a founding member of the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization.1958- Thanom Kittikachorn becomes prime minister of Thailand. 1963- Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat dies of liver problems. 1965-The first Communist Party of Thailand attack s Thai authorities.1967- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.1969- Thanom Kittikachorn is elected by Parliament and becomes prime minister of Thailand for the 3rd time.1974- The National Assembly begins considering a draft of a new constitution. 1974- The draft constitution is approved by the National Assembly with 280 to 6 votes. 1976- Seni Pramoj is elected by Parliament to serve as prime minister.1978- Deng Xiaoping of China visits Thailand. Agreements on trade and scientific cooperation are signed.1979-Refugees from Cambodia flood Thailand.1983- Bangkok is hit by a devastating flood.

1984- The United Nations vote to set up Thailand to its Security Council. 1986- Kukrit Pramoj resigns as leader of the Social Action Party.1989-The government allowed companies to build the first mills for making steel.1991- Lauda Air Flight 004 explodes over Thailand, killing 223 people.1992- The Asian Development Bank began building and improving transport and telecom links between China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.1993- A fire at the Kader Toy Factory kills 188 workers.1995- Thailand experienced severe flooding.1996- Citibank had captured 40% of Thailand’s credit-card market.1997- The Thai constitution guaranteed citizens 12 years of free education.1997-2002- Thailand and Indonesia were hit the hardest in an Asian financial crises.July 2001- Santi Thakral was appointed by a unanimous vote of the Judicial Commission as the President of the Supreme Court.2004- A 9.3 magnitude earthquake creates a tsunami causing devastation in Thailand and other nearby territories. It killed over 250,000 people including over 1700 on a moving train.2005- In southern Thailand several bombs exploded in Narathiwat. 2005- Troops in southern Thailand go through mountains of mud in an effort to reach thousands stranded by floods and landslides that have killed at least 35 people.

2006- In southern Thailand, 3 bombs killed one person and wounded at least 30 others.2007- Pridiyathorn Devakula, Thailand’s finance minister and deputy prime minister quit.2007- Malaysia and Thailand agreed to map out a series of social-economic measures.2007-Thailand’s legislature approved an anti-rape law.2008- A drought causes problems growing rice.2009- Cambodia appointed a former Thai prime minister.Oct 2010- Thailand authorities said heavy downpours caused rivers to burst and killed 57 people in nearly two weeks of flooding.2010- Thailand's government withdrew armed soldiers from Bangkok who protected the city from protestors. 2011- Thailand's government approved a package of social welfare measures.Sept 2011- A Thailand court ordered the military to stop labeling transgender people as being mentally ill. 2012- Australian police seized half a ton of drugs from Thailand.2012- Barack Obama tours Thailand.Jan 2013- People are in agony to find out there are slave trades going on in Thailand.

• Traditional Thai paintings showed subjects in two dimensions without perspective. Also, the size of each component in the picture reflected its grade of importance.

• Many painting are inspired by the Buddhist heaven and hell, temples, and palaces.

• Traditional Thai sculpture almost are exclusively of the Buddha.• The Sukhothai period began in the 14th century in the Sukhothai

kingdom. This period introduced the "walking Buddha" pose.

Walking Buddha Pose

• Thai literature was traditionally heavily influenced by Indian culture.

• Many epic poems were lost in the destruction of Ayutthaya, a Thai city, in 1767.

• One of the most important poets in Thai literature was Sunthorn Phu; he left behind poems after his death about Thai history. There is a statue of him in the Rayong Province of Thailand.

• During the 1920’s, many Thai books were written addressing social issues.

• The art subjects will likely remain the same because Thailand is a very traditional country. Artists from the past and present continue to make paintings, sculptures, etc. about the Buddha.

• Many writers will publish their ideas and works in journals and magazines instead of books.

• Romance novels will prosper in Thai literature. • Books will still be written about religion and the Buddha.

• Rapid industrial expansion and population growth have outpaced environmental management, resulting in sharply increased pollution levels. Things attributing to their pollution levels include: vehicles, factories, power plants, agricultural burning, garbage burning, and forest fires.• Acid rain has become a problem from the pollution in Thailand. This can

make soil unable to support plant life, and it can kill aquatic organisms. • Thailand's energy consumption has been growing at a phenomenal pace since

1980. In 2001, the country's energy consumption was 2.90 quadrillion BTU (British thermal unit). • This has caused Thailand to start switching to solar energy.

• Mining also depletes natural resources in Thailand. Many metals and gems are from Thailand including: tin, sapphires, rubies, quartz, lead. Thailand is one of the worlds biggest tin producers.

• Thailand has also recently found they have an extensive amount of natural gas reserves ; this decreases their dependency on importing things such as petroleum as an energy source. Drilling for oil has polluted their bodies of water and has led to wastes being dumped near rivers.

• Thailand’s rivers form deltas, making some of the richest agricultural sections. This allowed Thai people to grow things such as rice, sugarcane, pineapple, etc. which were traded with nearby kingdoms.

• Some of the most valuable farming land in inaccessible because old temples and ruins are sitting on top of the fertile land.

• Thailand also has valuable hardwood trees. In the beginning, chopping down these useful trees was not a problem, but now Thailand is suffering from deforestation.

• However, many precautions have been taken by the government to fix the environmental issues brought about by the humans interaction with Thai ecosystems:

Examples:• 1960 Wild Animal Reservation and Protection Act• 1989 Logging Ban in Natural Forests Act• A hazardous waste treatment facility has been setup in Bangkok • The government has banned smoking in some parts of Thailand to reduce air

pollution.• Schools are trying to use less paper and do more things online to help with

deforestation.

I predict in the next thirty years, Thailand will have improved upon their deforestation and energy consumption issues. Schools and offices have began using less paper to reduce the amount of trees needing to be cut down. Also, government acts have been enforced to reduce tree logging. In addition, Thailand has been trying to switch as many things as possible to run off solar energy. This form of energy is just as efficient and is reusable. It is also cheaper, so more money can be spent on other issues instead of electricity. I think air pollution may still be a problem because it takes a long time for the atmosphere and ozone layer to recover and renew itself, and the use of cars and factories prevents this renewing of the atmosphere. Air pollution will also cause the acid rain issue to worsen, which can destroy the great farm land available in Thailand.

King Taksin The Great of Ayutthaya• Sin, the name that was given to him by his adoptive father, was born on April 17, 1734. Sin is

a Thai name that means treasure or money. • He was sent to a Buddhist monastery for his education, including learning several languages. • He aided the unification of Thailand after the Burmese wrought the destruction of the nation. • The Burmese wanted to rule Thailand and attacked Ayutthaya in 1765. Sin was one of the

generals that led the army that were able to repel the advancing Burmese troops.• He was crowned the King of Siam on December 28, 1768. • He was able to increase the size of his territory, and endeavored to revive the economy and

he negotiated with Chinese merchants for the supply of goods. He even invited some of them to settle in Siam. He also spent some of his own money to provide food and clothing to the poor.

• Later in life, King Taksin showed signs of mental and physical distress and believed himself to be Buddha. His madness and erratic behavior caused chaos and disarray in the government and a coup was put in place to force him to step down.

• King Taksin was beheaded on April 10, 1782. • The Thai cabinet added ‘The Great” to King Taksin’s name through a resolution they passed in

1981.

Bhumibol Adulyadej• His official title is King Rama IX. • He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts on December 5, 1927. • He received his education in Switzerland and was set to study science at the Lausanne

University when his elder brother died. He stayed in university but pursued law and political science to better prepare him for his role.

• He is the longest serving monarch in the world and the longest reigning King in Thai history, having occupied his position since June 1946 to the present.

• King Rama IX’s position is of a constitutional monarch; he is credited for Thailand becoming a democratic nation since the 1990s.

• He survived 16 constitutional reforms, 27 prime ministerial changes and about 15 coup attempts.

• He owns many shares of stocks in different private companies and his personal wealth is estimated to be about $30 billion US dollars.

• He makes donations to several development projects in Thailand including agriculture, public health, water resources, public welfare, communication and environment.

• He launched a campaign in 2003 to deal with drugs.

Thongchai "Bird" McIntyre

• Thongchai McIntyre was born in Bangkok in 1958. He was born into a family of musicians.

• He worked in a bank when he was younger, and had the chance to meet a famous TV producer. She recognized his talent and got him on the show, Koo Kam.

• Thailand's biggest music company, Grammy Entertainment, took interest in Bird and signed him.

• He reached the height of his musical career in the early nineties. • This helped him be the first Thai artist to win an international MTV award.

• He is considered to be Thailand's number one superstar; he is one of the most successful singers in Thailand's history, having sold more than 20 million albums.

• He has impacted the development of Thailand’s music industry because newer artists and aspiring musicians and actors look up to him. He overcame poverty and has stayed in the business for almost thirty years attracting all age groups, making him an inspiration to many people.

King Rama V (King Chulalongkorn)• King Chulalongkorn was appointed king at the age of fifteen after the death of his

father King Mongkut in 1868. • When he was twenty, he was old enough to take full control of the throne (1873).• The growing demands of Britain and France threatened the independence of

Thailand.• Rama V decided to modernize and strengthen Thailand against these threats; he

started a series of reforms that became known as the Chakri Reformation.• Some reforms/changes he made:

• The army was reorganized along the lines of a modern army with the establishment of a military academy and military conscription in 1902.

• King Rama V appointed the Prince Devawongse as the first Minister of Foreign Affairs.

• In 1883, telegraph services were established, followed by the first railway, roads, housing, postal services and an irrigation system. This opened the kingdom to foreign education.

• King Rama V abolished slavery in 1873.• A cabinet was formed in 1892 to formulate a national policy.

King Mongkut (King Rama IV)

• He was born in 1804.• In 1824, at age 20, Mongkut became a Buddhist monk. His father died that same year.

• A few years later he met a monk who inspired Mongkut to turn to the strict discipline and teachings of early Buddhism.

• Somdet Suriyawong became Mongkut’s prime minister; the two successfully concluded treaties with Great Britain, the United States, and other powers beginning in 1855 that fully opened Siam to Western commerce.• This brought rapid economic development.

• He also hired Western mercenaries to train Siamese troops in Western style.• Mongkut pioneered the rehabilitation of various Buddhist temples.• English is a common second language for many Thai people because Mongkut hired American

missionaries to teach nobles and royalty English. • The Bowring Treaty between Thailand and the UK ( John Bowring vs. Mongkut):

• The UK wanted to abolish the Royal Storage, which was the source of Ayutthaya's prosperity as it collected immense taxation on foreign traders.

• This gained commoners access to foreign trade, so many people went to establish rice and sugar cane farms.

• This led to the introduction of coinage in the 1860s.

Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)• The invasion began on August 23rd, 1765 at the height of the rainy season when 20,000

northern Burmese army men invaded Siam down the Wang River. The northern Thai army's advance was greatly slowed by the rainy weather.

• On October 23rd, 1765, Maha Nawrahta commanded about 25,000 men to various locations in Thailand, but most of the troops striked Kanchanaburi. The Siamese miscalculated where the Burmese main attack would come from, leading to a Burmese victory and the fall of Kanchanaburi.

• After Kanchanaburi, Maha Nawrahta's southern army marched towards South Ayutthaya, and there they finally faced a Siamese defensive line guarding the route to the capital. The Siamese made a joint land-naval attack on the Burmese, and soon after retreated.

• In January 1766, the Burmese and Siamese each battled in Ayutthaya with 50,000. In may, the Burmese tried to destroy the wall protecting Ayutthaya before the rainy season. The wall proved to be too strong so the Burmese prepared ships for when the rivers would begin to flood.

• By late March 1767, the Burmese had dug tunnels to the walls. The Siamese could not hold off the Burmese and the city was torched. This led to the loss of many great epic poems and works of art of the Buddha.

• This war influenced art and theater in Burma because Thai artists were captured and inspired the Burmese.

• In 1917, Damrong Rajanubhab published the book, Our Wars with the Burmese, which had a major influence on the development of Thailand's view of its national history. It is often found in school text books.

The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake• An earthquake shook the Indian Ocean on Sunday, the 26th of December in 2004,

with an epicenter off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. • The earthquake triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most

landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing over 230,000 people in fourteen countries. The waves went up to almost 100 feet high.

• Some of the tsunami's energy escaped into the Pacific Ocean, where it produced small tsunamis along the western coasts of North and South America.

• The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.2 and had a record for one of the longest earthquakes ever, lasting almost ten minutes.

• The worldwide community donated more than $14 billion dollars.• the total energy released from this quake was 4.0×1022 joules. This is four times as

much energy than the amount of solar radiation that hits Earth everyday from the sun.

• Severe damage has been inflicted on coral reefs, forests, coastal wetlands, vegetation, plant and animal diversity, etc. It also spread waste into bodies of water.

• The money put towards repairing the damage from the tsunami and earthquake has hurt the economies of the countries hit. The damage to ecosystems also impacted the income from agriculture in Thailand.

World War II• In 1940 and 1941, Thailand helped Japan gain territory and other goods, to protect

themselves from being invaded. • In April 1941 the United States cut off petroleum supplies to Thailand.• In January 1942, prime minister Phibun signed a military alliance with Japan and

declared war against Britain and the United States. Seni Pramoj, an anti-Japanese Thai ambassador in the US, refused to deliver the declaration of war to the US government.

• Japan stationed about 150,000 troops in Thailand and built the infamous “death railway” across the River of Kwai.

• Bangkok was bombed during the war, and the public opinion forced Phibun out of office in June 1944.

• The Japanese surrendered on August 15, 1945.• Post-war:

• Led to the new constitution of 1949• Rice imports increased to the US, which helped rebuild Thailand’s economy• 1946 was the beginning of democratic elections

Overthrow of Thai Absolute Monarchy

• In 1782, King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke (Rama I) established a new dynasty and moved Thailand’s capital from Thonburi to Bangkok.

• Previous to the overthrow of the absolute monarchy, Thailand started experiencing severe fluctuations in rice production which had a severe impact on state revenues. (This was all taking place during the Great Depression)

• In June 1932, a group of foreign educated students and military men called “the Promoters” carried out a bloodless revolution, seizing power and demanding that King Rama VII grant the Thai people a constitution. He agreed and then approved a constitution in December that year. This ended 150 years of absolute Chakri rule.

• The transition to a constitutional government called for a national assembly of 70 appointed members.

• Many decisions were now made by the prime minister and national assembly. • In 1935, King Rama VII renounced the throne, following disagreements with the

increasingly authoritarian government. He lived the rest of his life in exile in the UK. After, the king was replaced by his ten-year-old nephew, Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).

• The importance of ended the absolute monarch was to set a balance of power between people with political authority.

Abolishment of Slavery• King Rama V saw how bloody the civil war was in the US, so he tried to

plan out a more clever approach to abolish slavery. • Because of economic conditions, people sold themselves into slavery in

great numbers and in turn they produced a large number of household slaves. In 1867 they accounted for one-third of Siamese population. In 1874, Rama V enacted a law that lowered the redemption price of household slaves born in 1867, and freed all of them when they had turned 21.

• He approved the Employment Act of 1900, which required that all workers be paid, not forced to work.

• In 1905, the Slave Abolition Act ended Siamese slavery in all forms.• This opened up more job positions without bankrupting people who

needed workers.