thana hal
DESCRIPTION
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.TRANSCRIPT
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Thana HaalSetaria italica (L.)
Group No 08
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Introduction• One of the oldest cultivated crop• It was used in India, China and Egypt
before there were written records• Staple diet of some countries – South
India• Annual plant• C4 plant• Warm season crop
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Cont’d
• Monocrop • Intercrop with cotton• The best integration in crop rotation is after
root or leguminous crops• Yield 800-900 kg/ha• Yield potentials of over three tons per hectare• less important both economically and as a
food due to poor yields and less popularity as food or feed
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Cont’d
• Origin- China• Countries
ChinaIndia IndonesiaJapan
• Srilanka – Dry zone
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Scientific classification
• Kingdom Plantae• Division Magnoliophyta• Class Magnoliopsida• Order poales• Family poaceae• Genus Setaria• Species Setaria italica(L)
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Common names
• Thana Haal • foxtail millet• Dwarf setaria• Giant setaria• Hungarian millet• Liberty millet• Red rala
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Uses
• As a food– porridge – Bread– Cooked as rice– Rotti
• making alcoholic beverages – beer in Russia
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Cont’d• As a feed – high quality hay, pasture and green fodder– Grain as a feed for poultry & birds
• It can be used as a quick-growing crop in contour strips in dense populations for erosion control
• Foodstuff for individuals suffering from celiac disease
• Indigenous medicine, specially used in snake poisoning
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Potentials
• Useful as an experimental crop to investigate many aspects – Lant architecture– Genome evolution– Physiology in the bioenergy grasses
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Nutritional value of seed
• Protein 11%• Oil 4%• Crude fiber 6-7%• Higher content of essential amino acid• Vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin)• Ash 1.5%
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Morphology
• Stem – Slim– Vertical– Leafy stems– Single stalk or a few tillers– Height of 120–200 cm
• Root– deep root system
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Cont’d• Leaf – blade is wide-lanceolate– long-acuminate– brightly colored midrib– leaf edges serrate
• Inflorescence – Large– has main stalk with shortened branching
bearing spikes and bristles– 2 Flowers per spikelet, the upper bisexual
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Cont’d
• Seed– Hundreds of seeds per inflorescence– Small– Diameter – around 2 mm– Has thin, papery hull which is easily
removed in threshing– Color : light yellow to brown, rusty and
black also
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VarietiesGiant Setaria• Dual-purpose• Tall-growing type producing a good body of
leaf• 105 days• As a grazing crop, it should be subjected to
heavy quick grazing• Higher grain yield than dwarf setaria• The plant has no hair on the lower leaf-sheath,
distinguishing it from dwarf setaria
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Cont’d
Dwarf Setaria• Only as a grain• 80 days• Less leaf than others• Dwarf setaria bears a profusion of hairs on the
lower leaf-sheath at 8-10 cm height
Recommended Varity by DOA Promising Varieties -ISC 480
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Ecological requirement• Up to 2000 m(MSL)• RF : 500-700 mm– cannot tolerate waterlogging
• Temperature : 20-30 C ̊�• Drought tolerance -fairly tolerant escape some droughts because of early maturity• Light – long day – short day– day neutral
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Soil
• sandy loams - clay loams• tolerates poor and dry soils• difficult to germinate on heavy clay soils
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Propagation
• By seeds• Germination percentage : 75%• Ability to spread naturally• Spread from scattered seed
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Land Preparation
• fine, firm seed-bed• land development an initial ploughing
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Time of planting
• Maha -rainfed as well with supplementary irrigation when there are drought periods
• Maha - established with Maha rains that occur in latter part of September or first week of October for successful growth
• Yala -established with Yala rains that fall in later part of April
• By timely cultivation pest problems can be reduced
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Sawing
• Usually drilled, but may be broadcast and harrowed
• Spacing 30*30 cm• 2-3cm deep• Temperature of soil between 8 to 10 °C• Except in sandy soils, rolling after planting is
desirable• Not like muddy conditions during germination• Seed requirement 5-7 kg/ha
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Fertilizer recommendation
Urea Conc. SP MOPFertilizer requirement 125 50 50
Fertilizer application (Kg/ha)
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Irrigation
• Normally grown under RF• During dry periods, irrigations are
required every 4-7 days depending on the severity of the drought and type of soil
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Weed management
• controlled by manual methods – weeding – application pre- and post emergent
weed killers• Crops need to be maintained weed free
at least until flowering stage
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Development of plant
• flowering 56-62 days• short generation time – approximately 5–8 weeks from
planting to flowering– 8–15 weeks from planting to seed
maturity
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Pest & Disease problem
• Diseases– less affected by diseases– leaf and head blast– Green ear
• Pestsusceptible to bird attack in the field, and mice and rat invasions
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Harvesting
• harvested before depletion of soil moisture• Seed heavy– Harvest with combines using a small seeds
box• harvested manually when grain moisture is
low and after physiological maturity is reached• Seed moisture is lowered by sun drying to a
safer level before shelling the seeds
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Postharvest and storage
• Dried thoroughly before storage• Better to separate from impurities after
harvest• Drying has to be done if the crop is too moist
(optimum 14%)• Stored with husk but prior to its processing or
consumption the husk must be removed
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Group members
• M.J.Watawana UWU/EAG/11/0036• J.A.K.Dhananjaya UWU/EAG/11/0039• P.M.Belpage UWU/EAG/11/0042
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Thank you