the aftermath of ww 1 and the rise of totalitarianism -...
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The rise of Totalitarianism
Start New Test Notes
p. 372 – 374 & 399 - 407
music
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I. International Relations A Weak League of Nations
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The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations
No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.
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2. Locarno Pact – 1925 France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy Guarantee existing frontiers Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East
bank of Rhine River Refrain from aggression against each
other
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3. Naval Disarmament
a. Washington Conf. – 5:5:3:1.75
b. London Naval Conf. – 10:7
c. Japan demands =
4. Kellogg-Briand Pact – 1928
a. US Sec. of State Kellogg & Fr. Briand
b. Renounce war, except defense, no sanctions
GB, US,
Japan, Fr,
Italy
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International
Chaos
League of Nations
Totalitarian
Regimes
Great Depression No/Reluctant
World Leader
Kellogg-Briand
Act/Locarno Pact
Naval Disarmament
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II. Isms Sheet
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Italian
Fascism
III. Italy and Mussolini
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III. Italy & Benito Mussolini (Axis)
(Belligerent)
A. Factors Leading to the Rise of Fascism
1. Economic Problems
2. Fear of Communism
3. Nationalism
4. Weak Gov’t
5. Lack of Dem. Trad.
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6. Benito Mussolini - video a. Person b. Organizes Fascist Party 1919 c. Promises: - Glories of Rome, land, eco. end communist/socialist threat, jobs d. Black Shirts / March on Rome 7. 1922 Mussolini gains control of Italy - PM
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8. Mussolini in Action (IL Duce)
a. Felt dem. Weak – Fascism
b. No freedoms of …
c. Opponents jailed
d. Propaganda
e. Youth movement – “Sons of Wolves”
f. Outlaw Divorce and…
h. Rewrite History
i. Corporate State – yes unions, no strike
j. Militarism
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k. Religion & Government
Are Intertwined
• Fascist governments tend to use the most common
religion in the nation as a tool to manipulate public
opinion.
• They meld religious rhetoric, symbolism, mythology,
etc., into their policies [appears to give a religious
imprimatur to
government
policies!]
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l. Jews Are the Enemy!
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Gli Ebrei in Italia (1937)
• Provided the intellectual
premise for the 1938
racial laws.
• Attacked Jews for:
– Their alleged Zionist
sympathies.
– Their championing of
degenerate avante-garde
cultural expressions.
– For their doubtful loyalty to
the Fascist regime and its
imperial claims.
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Anti-Semitism • 50,000 Jews lived in Italy in the 1930s.
• Mussolini did NOT implement an
extermination program in Italy.
– 75% of Italian Jews survived World War II.
– 8,000 died in German extermination camps.
• 1938 anti-Semitic laws passed
– Manifesto degli Scienziati Razzisti [The Manifesto
of the Racist Scientists].
• Excluded foreign Jews [most of them were sent to
German death camps].
• Forbade all Jews from teaching.
• Excluded Jews from serving in the government or in the
military.
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m. Disdain for Intellectuals
& for the Arts • Open hostility to higher education
and academia is promoted.
• Professors and other academics
are censored or arrested.
• Free expression in the arts and
letters is openly attacked.
The Liberty of the Press. Signor Mussolini.
"You see, ladies and gentlemen, I don't
muzzle him. The sagacious animal puts on
his own muzzle himself.
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n. Rampant Cronyism &
Corruption • Fascist regimes are almost always governed by groups
of friends and associates who appoint each to
government positions.
• This group uses governmental power and authority to
protect their friends from accountability.
• National resources and even treasures can be
appropriated or even outright stolen by government
leaders.
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Emphasis on Physical Fitness
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Mussolini Was Hitler’s Role
Model
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D. Conquests
1. Mediteranean Sea –
2. 1934 – Ethiopia – Abyssinia Haile Selassie
- 10 -1 kill ratio, used mustard gas and attacked the Int’l Red Cross
3. 1936 – Spain
4. 1936 – Rome-Berlin Pact (Iron Pact) – he is scared
5. 1939 – Invades Albania
6. Egypt - ???
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IV. Germany and Hitler (Axis)
A. Germany following WW 1
1. Depression/Eco. Problems
2. Wiemar Gov’t
3. No Dem. background
B. Adolf Hitler Steps in
1. Early life
a. WW 1
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b. - Joins Nazi Party – 1919
- Beer Hall Putz 1923
- Mein Kampf
c. After jail – promises –
d. Brown Shirts/SA – Sturmabteilung or Storm Division
4OO,000 personal army
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2. Growth of Nazi Party
a. Eco. Distress
b. Fear of Communism
c. Appeal to Nat’lism
d. Anti-Semitism
e. Weaknesses of Wiemar Gov’t
f. Lack of Dem. Trad.
g. Leadership of Adolf Hitler
Hitler sings???
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- Youth Movement
- People
- Herman Goering
- Joseph Goebbels
- Heinrich Himmler
- Swastika
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3. Nazis seize Power
Hitler named Chancellor 1933, Reichstag fire,
Hindenburg dies 1934
4. Proclaims “Third Reich” – becomes Fuhrer (1933-45)
a. Gov’t
b. Propaganda 1 E
c. Ed.
d. Science & Culture
e. Gestapo f. Persecution
g. Religion
h. Women
i. Industry
j. Militarism
k. Breeding camps???
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k. Hitler on the Move
1. 1933 – Leaves League of Nations
2. 1936 – Rearms Rhineland
3. 1936 – Spanish Revolution helps Franco – p. 433
4. 1936 – Iron Pact/Rome Berlin Pact
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5. 1936 – Anti-Cominterm Treaty
6. Austria – p. 436 - 440
- Hitler sends in Nazi’s
- Germans being mistreated
- Pressure
- Threaten Schuschnigg
- Anschluss in 1938
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7. Czechosloviakia
- Hitler sends in Nazi’s
- Germans being mistreated
- Pressure
- Czec. Alliance with Fr. and USSR
- Munich Pact
- Winston Churchill’s feelings
- Appeasement
- All of Czec. falls March 15, 1939
“Britain and France had to
choose between war and
dishonor. They chose dishonor.
They will have war.”
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8. Poland –
- Hitler sends in Nazi’s into Danzig Corridor
- Germans being mistreated
- Pressure
- Poland Allied with –
- Non-Aggression Pact – Ger & USSR
- Blitzkrieg – Sept. 1 1939
- World War II starts???
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Pop Quiz -Do you know these??? • Brown Shirts
• Appeasement and who?
• Blitzkrieg
• Genocide
• Holocaust
• Final Solution
• Third Reich
• der Fuhrer
• Mein Kampf
• Nuremberg Laws
• Kristallnacht or …
• There is more on the test
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V. Soviet Union under Stalin
A. Stalin’s Rise to Power
1. Joseph Dzhugashvili – Stalin
2. Out maneuvers Trotsky
3. Dictator of Russia 1927
B. 5 Years Plan – do 50 yrs. in 10
1. Replace NEP
2. Goal: Raise standards
3. Eliminate: Kulaks go to collectivization
4. Results: 1st okay, 2nd bad
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C. Totalitarian State
1. Encourage family
2. “New Czar”
3. New upper class
4. Militarism
5. Police Terrorism
6. Communist Party
7. Propaganda
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8. Re-education
9. Social benefits
10. Morales and ethics
11. Women lose rights
12. Death – “Great Purge”
D. Foreign Recog.
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• Cheka
• Comintern
• Great Purge
• Lenin, Trotsky, Stalin
• The Church under Stalin
• Russification
• Gulag
• Kulaks
• Collectivism
• NEP
• 5 Year Plan
Video???
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Who???
• Which of the totalitarian states would have
you wanted to live in from 1930 – 40?
• Which would you have not?
• Three choices – Germany, Italy, USSR