The Age of Jackson

Main IdeaPresident Andrew Jackson’s bold actions defined a period of

American history.

Reading Focus

• What path led to Andrew Jackson’s presidency?• How did the Indian Removal Act lead to the Trail of Tears?• Why was the national bank a source of controversy?• How did a conflict over the issue of states’ rights lead to a

crisis?

Essential QuestionEssential Question

Champion of Champion of the “Common the “Common

Man”?Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?

OROR

Jackson’s Top Ten10. Andrew Jackson was the first

President from a state west of the Appalachian Mountains.

9. Andrew Jackson was the first Tennessean to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives.

8. Andrew Jackson was the first territorial Governor of Florida.

7. Andrew Jackson was the first person to serve as a U.S. Representative, Senator, and President.

6. Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power 12 times as President, more than all of his predecessors combined.

Jackson’s Top Ten5. Andrew Jackson was the first

President to articulate that as President he represented all the people and the will of the majority must govern.

4. Andrew Jackson helped found and was the first U.S. President to represent the Democratic Party.

3. Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President to be censured by the U.S. Senate. The censure (official criticism) was cancelled in the last year of his presidency.

Jackson’s Top Ten2. The first assassination

attempt on a sitting U.S. President occurred on January 30, 1835, when Robert Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson.

1. Andrew Jackson was the only President in American History to pay off the national debt and leave office with the country in the black.

Why is the age of Jackson referred to as the “Age of the

Common Man?”• Culture of an American Hero• Expansion of Suffrage• Popular campaigning• “The people are the Government, the

sovereign power.” Jackson

General Jackson’s Military General Jackson’s Military CareerCareer

General Jackson’s Military General Jackson’s Military CareerCareer

Defeated the Creeks at Horseshoe Bend in 1814Defeated the British at

New Orleans in 1815Took Florida and

claimed it for the US in 1819.

Loved by his soldiers called him “Old Hickory”

Culture of an American Hero

• Jackson is perhaps 2nd only to Washington in popularity

• Indian Fighter, “Old Hickory”• War Hero- New Orleans• Tough, self-made man • Epitome or personification of the West• Independent, strong willed, strong values of

what is right and wrong

Jackson Image

• Society in America should be one which • “The planter, the farmer, the mechanic, and

the laborer, all know that their success depends on their own industry and economy.”

• Privileges of the Elites will not be allowed to stifle opportunity.

Jackson Image

• Anti- Elitism• Egalitarianism

Path to the Presidency

Andrew Jackson• Served in the army during the Revolutionary War • Practiced law in Tennessee, became a successful land

speculator, and served in a variety of government offices, including the House of Representatives and the Senate

• Served in the War of 1812, nicknamed “Old Hickory” • Was given command of military operations in the South• Led the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans• Became nationally famous as the “Hero of New Orleans”

• In 1824 he ran for president and won the popular vote, but not a majority of the electoral votes.

• John Quincy Adams won the House of Representatives’ vote and became president.

Path to the Presidency

• Jackson and his supporters created a new political party that became the Democratic Party.

• Adams and his supporters became the National Republicans. • Many thought Adams was out of touch with the people. • Jackson was a popular war hero—“a man of the people.”• In the 1820s voting restrictions in many states—such as the

requirement for property ownership—were being lifted, allowing poor people to become voters.

Election of 1828• These ordinary, working Americans were strong Jackson

supporters. He easily defeated the unpopular President Adams. • Such political power exercised by ordinary Americans became

known as Jacksonian Democracy.• Spoils system: rewarding supporters by giving them positions

in the government.

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACYPeople should be governed as little possiblePeople should be governed as little possible

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYWhatever governing needed to be done, it should be Whatever governing needed to be done, it should be

done by the done by the common man.common man. “Government by the “Government by the majority of people; instead of a government majority of people; instead of a government

governed by the upper class was introduced during governed by the upper class was introduced during Jackson’s Presidency.Jackson’s Presidency.

New Democracy

• Property ownership/education not needed to vote• Growth of political power of the working class

• Increased number of elected officials• Land easy to get out West

• Ideas of the DOI become important and people saw inequalities in society..

Jacksonian Democracy compared with Jeffersonian Democracy

Jefferson• Believed that capable,

well-educated leaders should govern in people’s interests.

• Reelected chiefly an agricultural society.

• Limited democracy mainly to its political aspects.

Andy’s turnJackson• Believed that the

people themselves should manage governmental affairs.

• Reflected an agricultural and industrial society.

• Expanded democracy to include social and economic aspects

•Emotional, arrogant and passionate.•Dueled---could drink, smoke, curse and fight with the best of them•Lawyer, Judge, senator, general and finally President•First president from the West

Appealed to the Common Man because he was

one……

jackson the man

The Age of Jackson and The Age of Jackson and the Rise of the the Rise of the Common ManCommon Man

The Age of Jackson and The Age of Jackson and the Rise of the the Rise of the Common ManCommon Man

The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier State Politicians – State Politicians – spoils systemspoils system Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson’s Faith in Jackson’s Faith in the Common Manthe Common Man Jackson’s Faith in Jackson’s Faith in the Common Manthe Common Man

Intense distrust of Eastern Intense distrust of Eastern “establishment,” monopolies, & “establishment,” monopolies, & special privilege.special privilege.

His heart & soul was with the “plain His heart & soul was with the “plain folk.”folk.”

Belief that the common man was Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon achievements.capable of uncommon achievements.

Rise of the Common Man and The New

Democracy

BricklayersBlacksmith

FarmersCarpenters

The Working Class

Powerful movement in the country to

expand involvement and participation of the common man in

democracy.

Land easy to obtain in the

West so property

qualifications were dropped

Education not as

important

•Common Man and the west become politically

powerful •Jackson brought democracy to the

Common man

Jackson stood for the

common man which was most of the population

Other Common Men in US History:

Davy CrockettSam Houston

Common man cluster

Expansion of Suffrage• Rapid population growth and

industry cause more people to want to vote

• New Western states offer voting as a way to encourage settlement

• Politicians supported, employers supported

• Western States adopt Universal Manhood Suffrage

• Property requirements removed in West, East follows practice

• White Males Vote• 1824-27%

• 1828- 58%

• 1840- 80%

The outcome of the election of 1824 led to controversy.

• Andrew Jackson won the popular vote but did not have enough electoral votes.

• The House of Representatives was required by the Constitution to choose the winner; they chose John Quincy Adams.

• Jackson’s supporters claimed Adams had made a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay.

• Accusations grew after Adams made Clay secretary of state.• Controversy weakened Adams’s support.

•Even with Jackson winning the popular

vote, he had to win the electoral vote as well.

•There were 261261 total electoral votes and

Jackson needed 131131 to win the electoral vote

and the election.

•Jackson did not receive a majoritymajority of electoral votes to win

the election.

•Sent to the House of Representatives to

choose the president.

The Election of 1824

•261 electoral votes and

131 needed to

win.

The Corrupt Bargain

•Henry ClayHenry Clay gives his support to John AdamsJohn Adams and the House of Representatives chooses AdamsAdams as the PresidentPresident.

•Two weeks later, AdamsAdams appoints Henry ClayHenry Clay as his Secretary of StateSecretary of State….

•Jackson cries out corruption and calls this the “Corrupt Corrupt Bargain.Bargain.”

•Jackson promises he would run again for the Presidency in 1828 and would smash Adams.

corrupt

John Quincy Adams

• One of the ablest men, hardest workers, and finest intellectuals ever in the White House.– Tried to promote not only

manufacturing and agriculture, but also the arts, literature, and science.

• But he lacked the common touch and refused to play the game of politics.– Most found him cold and tactless.– Could not build any popular support

for his programs.

Successful as Sec. of State

Not popular, failed to relate the common man.

Supported protective tariff, BUS and internal improvements

Minority president, last of the Federalists and connection with

the Founding Fathers….

John Quincy Adams

John Quincy Adams

• The election had united his enemies and was creating a new party system– Adams, Clay, and the minority became

National-Republicans– Jackson and the majority became the

Democratic-Republicans (later just Democrats)

AFTER ELECTION OF 1824

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACYPolitical world changed during the New Democracy. Two new

political parties emerge

New parties

NATIONAL NATIONAL REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS

1. Adams, Clay and Webster

2. strong national govt.

3. Favored the BUS, tariffs, internal improvements, industry, public schools and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery.

4. Best/privileged run the govt.

DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS1. Jackson and Calhoun2. Believed in state’s rights and

federal restraint in economic and social affairs.

3. Favored the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into the government.

4. Protected the common man.

Second Two-Party SystemDemocrats v. Whigs, 1836 - 1850

DemocratsWhigs

1.The party of tradition. 2.Looked backward to the past. 3.Spoke to the fears of Americans 4.Opposed banks and corporations as. state-legislated economic privilege. 5.Opposed state-legislated reforms and preferred individual freedom of choice. 6.Were Jeffersonian agrarians who favored farms and rural independence and the right to own slaves. 7.Favored rapid territorial expansion over space by purchase or war. 8.Believed in progress through external growth. 9.Democratic ideology of agrarianism, slavery, states rights, territorial expansion was favored in the South.

1.The party of modernization. 2.Looked forward to the future. 3.Spoke to the hopes of Americans. 4.Wanted to use federal and state government to promote economic growth, especially transportation and banks. 5.Advocated reforms such as temperance and public schools and prison reform. 6.Were entrepreneurs who favored industry and urban growth and free labor. 7.Favored gradual territorial expansion over time and opposed the Mexican War. 8.Believed in progress through internal growth 9.Whig ideology of urbanization, industrialization, federal rights, commercial expansion was favored in the North.

Election of 1824

• Democratic-Republicans- begins to divide• Adams Vs. Jackson• Vote Split• Goes into House of Reps• Clay Supports Adams• “Corrupt Bargain” acquisitions Clay is given office of

Secretary of State• Jackson is a sore loser

Election 1828

• Jackson Campaign• Dirtiest Campaign Ever

Election of 1828Adams • Seen as elitist• Seen as corrupt• Seen as privileged• Attacked for wasting $• Gambling devices

• Wins 44% of vote- New England, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland

Jackson• Jackson Wins great

majority• Power from the west,

Calhoun VP• Called a murderer• Wife attacked in papers

as a Bigamist

Whigs= traditional term for people in England who tried to weaken the king

• Wanted expansion of Federal power

• Encourage Industrial and commercial development

• Strengthen the ties of the country with consolidated economic system

• Cautious of Westward Expansion• Favored Banks, Corporations,

Constituents• WASPs• Northeast • Merchants• Manufacturers • Wealthy planters in the South

– Those that wanted stronger ties with the industrial North

• Ambitious Farmers and merchants of the West

• Migrants from Northeast to the west

• Aristocrats

Democrats• Expand economic and

political opportunity (Common man?- not traditional elites)

• Gov Should be limited• Gov should remove

obstacles to opportunities• Union is essential to

opportunity• Wanted to attack corrupt

privelege

• South• Some North and West• Immigrants- NYC• Irish-• Germans- Catholic

• Locofocos- (Radical)– Workingmen

• Small business• Wanted to attack monopoly

and Privilege

Internal Improvements

• National Road• Erie Canal-links Great Lakes

to Eastern Seaboard• Canals-3,326 miles of

canals, cost $125 mill• Goods-East to West• Agri-produce West to

EastCities

• Railroads-most in Northeast

• 1840- 3,328 miles cost $17000 per mile

Eaton Affair and Kitchen Cabinet

• Peggy was wife of Eaton a cabinet minister (Secretary of War) was excluded by other cabinet wives

• Jackson intercedes • Calhoun’s wife ignores

request• Jackson is angry at cabinet

• He forms an informal group of advisors, excludes cabinet input except Van Buren

• Calhoun decides to resign- he doesn’t like

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal Jackson’s Goal?

Expansion into the southwest for southern planters

1830: Indian Removal Act 5 Civilized Tribes: (forced removal)

Cherokee Creek Choctaw Chickasaw Seminole

Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831) “domestic dependent nation”

Worcester v. GA (1832) Cherokee law is sovereignsovereign and Georgia

law does not apply in Cherokee nation. Jackson: John Marshall has made

his decision, now let him enforce it!

The Indian Removal Act

• Five major Native American groups lived in the southeastern United States: the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek.

• White Americans called them the “five civilized tribes” because many of them had adopted aspects of European and American culture.

• Many white Americans viewed them as inferior. • Farmland was becoming scarce in the East, and white settlers

coveted the Indians’ lands.• Indian Removal Act (1830): called for the relocation of the

five nations to an area west of the Mississippi River called Indian Territory, now present-day Oklahoma.

• The U.S. Army marched the Choctaw, the Creek, and the Chickasaw west, hundreds of miles, to Indian Territory.

• Many died on the long trek due to exposure, malnutrition, and disease.

Indian Removal 1830• Jackson believed Indians

and Whites should not mix• Cherokee’s had developed a

significant civilization- constitution, farming, written language, Sequoia and John Ross are important figures.

• Gold was discovered on Cherokee land

• State gov wanted Cherokee land

• Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal

• Many in the tribes didn’t want to move

• 1830 Removal Act was passed • Offered money to relocate

Indians• Indians Resist in the Courts

The Indian Removal Act

• The Seminole women and children hid from the soldiers in the dense Florida swamps while Seminole men conducted hit-and-run attacks on the American soldiers.

• About 3,000 Seminole were forced to move to Indian Territory, but many more continued to resist, their descendants still live in Florida today.

The Trail of Tears • The Cherokee fought their removal in the American court

system. They sued the federal government, claiming that they had the right to be respected as a foreign country.

• The Supreme Court in 1831 ruled against the Cherokee.• The state of Georgia, carrying out the Indian Removal Act,

ordered Samuel Austin Worcester, a white man and a friend to the Cherokee, to leave Cherokee land.

• Worcester brought suit on behalf of himself and the Cherokee.

The Indian Removal Act

• Worcester v. Georgia (1832): The Supreme Court ruled against Georgia, denying it the right to take Cherokee lands.

• To get around the Court’s ruling, government officials signed a treaty with Cherokee leaders who favored relocation.

• The Cherokee were herded by the U.S. Army on a long and deadly march west.

• Of the 18,000 Cherokee forced to leave their homes, about 4,500 died on the march, which became known as the Trail of Tears.

Indian Removal 1830• Jackson believed Indians

and Whites should not mix• Cherokee’s had developed a

significant civilization- constitution, farming, written language, Sequoia and John Ross are important figures.

• Gold was discovered on Cherokee land

• State gov wanted Cherokee land

• Jackson wanted to negotiate treaties for Indian Removal

• Many in the tribes didn’t want to move

• 1830 Removal Act was passed • Offered money to relocate

Indians• Indians Resist in the Courts

•The Court ruled that the state of Georgia could not seize the lands of a "domestic, dependent

nation" which possessed some sovereignty. The Cherokees were NOT a foreign nation as

described in the Constitution. •"The conditions of the Indians in relation to the United States is perhaps unlike that of any two

people in existence," Chief Justice John Marshall wrote, "their relation to the United

States resembles that of a ward to his guardian. (they were a) domestic dependent nation."

•Established a "trust relationship" with the tribes directly under federal authority.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): John Marshall

•Established tribal autonomy (self-governing state, community, or group

within their boundaries), •The tribes were “distinct political

communities, having territorial boundaries within which their authority is exclusive

(private).” •The Court ruled that the laws of Georgia

had not force within the territorial boundaries of the Cherokee Nation.

Worcester v. Georgia (1832): John Marshall

The Rise of Sectionalism

• Loyalty of state rather than the entire nation.

• Considered issues from a sectional, vice national point if view.

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828The constitutional The constitutional

doctrine of doctrine of implied powers implied powers

was used to was used to justify higher justify higher

protective tariffsprotective tariffs

Tariff of 1828Tariff of 1828The constitutional The constitutional

doctrine of doctrine of implied powers implied powers

was used to was used to justify higher justify higher

protective tariffsprotective tariffs

•Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar….dollar….

•South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…favoring the North and industry…

•Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

•Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a Protective tariff would be raised to 45% on a dollar….dollar….

•South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. South upset with this b/c they saw the US Govt. favoring the North and industry…favoring the North and industry…

•Feared the US Govt. would take away slaveryFeared the US Govt. would take away slavery

Economic basis of Sectionalism

Industrial Northeast• Early inventions: Slater,

Whitney, Lowell.• Aided by the War of 1812,

waterpower, new immigration, capital, growing US market.

• Made textiles, iron implements, utensils, and machinery.

Plantation South• “King Cotton”…1790-1826

Cotton production increased from 2 million – 330 million/year.

• Northern and English markets.

• Year round… the slave factor.

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict 1828 -->1828 --> “Tariff of Abomination”“Tariff of Abomination” Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828

1832 --> new tariff1832 --> new tariff

South Carolina’s reactionSouth Carolina’s reaction??

Jackson’s responseJackson’s response??

Clay’s “Compromise” TariffClay’s “Compromise” Tariff??

•John C. Calhoun, resigns as VP because of the Eaton Affair and Tariff of 1828

•Tariff of Abomination•Calhoun becomes a US Senator from South Carolina and defends slavery and state’s rights.•Calhoun threatened secession (leaving the US) if tariff was not lowered.•Calhoun believed in the doctrine of nullification or each state had the right to decide whether to obey a federal law or to declare it null and void

•South Carolina Exposition---Compact theory

• Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take

military action in SC

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and

disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

• Jackson persuaded Congress to pass a Force Bill giving the president authority to take

military action in SC

• Jackson issued a Proclamation to the People of SC stating that nullification and

disunion were treason

• Jackson also suggested that Congress lower the tariff

Webster-Hayne Debate

• Nullification• "Liberty and Union, now

and for ever, one and inseparable!" – Daniel Webster

Hayne-Webster Debate

• Hayne was a Senator for S. Carolina

• With Calhoun• Suggest the West should

unite with the south against the EAST.

• Issues-both regions are victims of Eastern econmic tyranny

• Tariff-

• Webster – Senator from Massachusetts

• Responds to Hayne• Keep the Union• “Liberty and Union, now

and forever one and inseparable.” Webster

The Nullification CrisisThe Nullification Crisis• Compromise of 1833

– Henry Clay proposes a compromise– Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years– South Carolina dropped nullification – Jackson drops Force Bill– Jackson preserved the Union

• Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

– As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

• Compromise of 1833 – Henry Clay proposes a compromise– Tariffs were gradually lowered---25% over 10 years– South Carolina dropped nullification – Jackson drops Force Bill– Jackson preserved the Union

• Southerners believed they were becoming a permanent minority

– As that feeling of isolation grew, it was not nullification but the threat of secession that ultimately became the South’s primary weapon.

Nullification Crisis

• Calhoun- “Mr. Southerner”

• Advocate of States’ Rights (major cause of Civil War)

• Breaks with Jackson, early, Eaton Affair

• Calhoun quits to be senator from South Carolina

• Jackson quote “Our Federal Union it must be preserved.”

• Calhoun, “The Union, next to our liberty most dear.”

• Highlights differences

Nullification Crisis

• Tariff of 1828 (abominations)

• South Carolina Exposition.

• State’s rights• Insurrection? (Force

Bill)• Tariff of 1833

Nullification Crisis• New Tariff of 1828 cause

South to claim “Tariff of Abominations”

• States’ Rights advocate Calhoun secretly authors

• South Carolina Exposition and Protest

• Created doctrine that said, states could when they follow process, Nullify Federal laws

• Tariff ^ causes prices ^• Causes prices for

imports to ^• Causes economic

problems for the south

Nullification Crisis• In 1828, Congress passed a tariff

law with high duties. People who opposed it (southerners and westerners) called it the “Tariff of Abominations”.

• John C. Calhoun (V.P.) from S.C. opposed the tariff and insisted the States had the right to prevent an unconstitutional law from being enforced. State legislatures could nullify the federal law.

• The S.C. legislature passed such and act and Calhoun resigned as Vice-President. (Replaced by Martin Van Buren)

• Jackson threatened use of force against S.C. after state threatened to secede.

• Compromise Tariff of 1833 appeased South and ended crisis.

South Carolina convention passes Ordinance of Nullification

• Causes Jackson to get tough• Sends the proclamation to

people of South Carolina• Said- Nullification does not

exist• No secession will be

allowed• “Disunion by armed force is

Treason”

• Jackson asked Congress for Force Bill- authority to use force on nullifying states

• Clay comes to the rescue with compromise

• Webster supported• South Carolina and Calhoun

back down

Sectional issues

• Protective Tariff• Second Bank of the

United States• Internal improvements

at Federal Expense.• Liberal land policy• Territorial expansion to

the Southwest• Expansion of slavery.

Conflict over States’ Rights

• The tariff was welcomed by industry in the northern states because it increased the price of British goods and encouraged Americans to buy American goods.

• In 1828 Congress raised the tariff on British manufactured goods.

• The concept that states have the right to reject federal laws is called the nullification theory.

• The agricultural southern states despised the tax. It forced southerners to buy northern goods instead of the less expensive British goods.

• Southern cotton growers, who exported most of their crop to Britain, opposed interference with international trade.

Conflict over States’ Rights

• The issue of nullification and states’ rights was the focus of one of the most famous debates in Senate history in 1830.

Nullification Crisis• When Congress passed another

tariff in 1832, South Carolina declared the tariff law “null and void” and threatened to secede from the Union if the federal government tried to enforce the tariff.

• Jackson received the Force Bill from Congress, but South Carolina declared the Force Bill null and void as well.

• Compromise worked out by Henry Clay– Tariffs would be

reduced over a period of 10 years.

– Issues of nullification and of states’ rights would be raised again.

The National Bank

The Second Bank of the United States was a national bank overseen by the federal government to regulate state banks.

• Established in 1816 and given a 20-year charter

• Opponents (including Jackson) thought that the Constitution did not give Congress the authority to create the bank.

• Opponents recognized that state banks were more inclined to make loans to poorer farmers in the South and West—the very people who supported Jackson.

• By contrast, they viewed the bank as an institution devoted to the interests of wealthy northern corporations.

Bank War 1832-33

• Bank of the US needs to be renewed

• Jackson against bank (thought bank had too much power)

• Clay wants US bank• Webster wanted bank• Biddle- bank president

wanted bank

• Jackson vetoes bank bill-• Said monopoly on bank

favored Eastern rich• “To make the rich richer

and the potent more powerful, at the expense of the humble members of society- the farmers, mechanics, and laborers.”

• “The federal government must provide equal protection under the law.”

The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and

downs of the national economy

The Bank of the United States, although privately owned, received federal deposits and attempted to serve a public purpose by cushioning the ups and

downs of the national economy

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

The National Bank

• In 1832, an election year, Jackson vetoed a bill to extend the bank’s charter.

• When Henry Clay challenged Jackson for the presidency, the controversy over the bank became a major campaign issue.

• Jackson won re-election, defeating Clay in a landslide.

• After his re-election, Jackson ordered the money taken out of the bank and deposited in select state banks.

• In 1836 the Second Bank of the United States was reduced to just another state bank.

The Age of Jackson- Bank War• To weaken the power of the

National bank, Jackson supported removing federal funds from the Bank and placing them in 23 state banks, known as "pet banks"

• This helped to contribute to the fiscal problems that ended in a severe economic Panic in 1837, which led to bank failures and dissatisfaction with the use of state banks as depositories for public funds .

Biddle v JacksonBiddle v Jackson•Jackson believed BUS

was too powerful because it was

privately owned.

•Considered it unconstitutional

regardless of Marshall’s McCulloch

vs. Maryland

•Should be controlled more by government and the people because it was corrupt.

•Nicholas Biddle, President of the BUS, Henry Clay and Daniel Webster supported the BUS

•The Bank War inspired numerous cartoons.

•Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than

any president to that time…..12 times

•Destroyed the BUS in 1832 with the veto.

Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in

his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is

standing on it…King Andrew

Results of Bank War

• A number of small banks emerge called “Pet Banks”• Speculation results- inflation land and prices go up• Jackson tries to remedy the problem with a idea to

have one Gold or Silver pay for land (Specie)• Causes Panic of 1837, paper money loses value, and

economy goes into depression

• An overwhelming

majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto

• Jackson won reelection with more than ¾¾ of

the electoral vote

• An overwhelming

majority of voters approved of Jackson’s veto

• Jackson won reelection with more than ¾¾ of

the electoral voteThe 1832 Election

A triumphant Jackson holds his order to remove

government deposits from the bank as the bank crumbles and a host of demonic

characters scurry from its ruins.

Opposition to the 2nd B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

state bankers state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

supported rapid supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

felt that coin was felt that coin was

the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

didn’t like any didn’t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

The Specie Circular (1936) ““wildcat banks.”wildcat banks.”

Results of the Specie Circular

Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

Credit not available.Credit not available.

Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

Accomplishments– Enlarged the power of the presidency

• “The President is the direct representative of the American people”

• Only responsible to the people, not Congress– Converted the veto into an effective presidential power

• The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress

– Political parties seen as a positive good

Accomplishments– Enlarged the power of the presidency

• “The President is the direct representative of the American people”

• Only responsible to the people, not Congress– Converted the veto into an effective presidential power

• The veto would help presidents shape legislation in Congress

– Political parties seen as a positive good

•Opponents referred to him as King Andrew because used the veto more than any president to that time…..12 times•Used veto to benefit the Common Man.

•Destroyed the BUS in 1836•Used the veto for personal revenge against his enemies…

•Henry Clay----Maysville Road•Opposed increasing federal spending and the national debt•Interpreted the powers of Congress narrowly•Kitchen cabinet

Picture shows President Jackson holding a veto in

his left hand and scepter in his right. US Constitution is torn up and Jackson is

standing on it…King Andrew

Failures– Growing social stratification

• Gap between rich and poor visibly widened– Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a

national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

Failures– Growing social stratification

• Gap between rich and poor visibly widened– Jackson’s financial policies and lack of a

national bank helped lead to the Panic of 1837, which was a serious depression that lasted until 1843

Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844

(one year before his death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845