the age of things: sticks, stones and the universe
DESCRIPTION
The Age of Things: Sticks, Stones and the Universe. Potassium, Argon, DNA and Walking Upright. http://cfcp.uchicago.edu/~mmhedman/compton1.html. Proconsul. WARNING! Astrophysicist talking about Paleoanthropology. Australopithecus. Sivapithecus. Proconsul. Australopithecus. Sivapithecus. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Age of Things:Sticks, Stones and the Universe
Potassium, Argon, DNA and Walking Uprighthttp://cfcp.uchicago.edu/~mmhedman/compton1.html
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Proconsul
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Sivapithecus
Australopithecus
Proconsul
WARNING!Astrophysicist talking
about Paleoanthropology
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Proconsul
Sivapithecus
Australopithecus
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Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus africanus
Paranthropus robustus
Paranthropus bosei
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Hominids0
1 mya
2 mya
3 mya
4 mya
(mya = millions of years ago)
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All these hominids could walk on two legs
Australopitchecus afarensis
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Recent hominid finds
Sahelanthropustchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Age of the fossils Time when hominids first became bipedal
Based on Geological Data Based on Molecular Data
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Carbon 14 Nitrogen 14
electron
neutrino
Potassium 40 Calcium 40
electron
neutrino
Potassium-Argon Dating Proton Neutron
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Potassium 40 Argon 40
electron neutrino
Potassium 40 Calcium 40
electron
neutrino
Potassium-40 has two ways it can decay
90%
10%
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R
R= Current amount of Potassium-40
Original amount of Potassium-40
Half-Life of Potassium-40 is1.25 billion years
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Potassium-40Argon-40Calcium-40
Potassium-40 decay in molten rock
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Potassium-40Argon-40Calcium-40
Potassium-40 decay in solid rock
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Potassium-40 Calcium-40
The Rock Today
Argon-40
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Potassium-40 Argon-40 Calcium-40
Potassium 40 Calcium-40
The Original Rock
The Rock Today
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The East African Rift System
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Red Circles=EarthquakesGreen triangles=Volcanoes
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2.5 Million Years Ago
3 Million Years Ago
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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Ardipithecus ramidus
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Recent hominid finds
Sahelanthropustchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Age of the fossils Time when hominids first became bipedal
Based on Geological Data Based on Molecular Data
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Molecular Dating Methods
C C C A A G A G T T C C C A A G A G T T
WARNING!Astrophysicist talking
about Molecular Biology
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Molecular Dating Methods
C C C A A G A G T T C C C A A G A G T T
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Mutations in DNA
CCCAAGAGTTCACTTCCAAGAGTT
CCCATGAGTTCCCAAGAGTTSubstitution
CCCAATCCCAAGAGTTDeletionGAGT
Original CCCAAGAGTTCCCAAGAGTT
Insertion
CCCAAGCTTGACCAAGAGTTInversion
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CCCAAGAGTT
CCCATGAGTT CCCAAGAGTG
TIME
The accumulation of mutations over time
CCCAAGAGTT
GCCATGAATT CCTCAGAGTG
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TIME
The accumulation of mutations over time
CCCAAGAGTT
GCCATGAATT CCTCAGAGTG CACCAGAGTG
CCCCAGAGTG
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Could mutations accumulate at a constant rate ?
1. Mutations occur at the same rate in all animals
2. Mutations are equally likely to be passed on in all animals
Possible, mutations are due to biochemical processes that are almost identical in different animals
Unlikely, if mutations affect physical characteristics of animal(Rate depends on environment, etc.)
True if mutations have no impact on the health or appearance of the animalNeutral or “Silent” mutations
Two conditions must be met
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Identifying “useful” regions of DNA
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Proconsul
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Molecular Dating in Humans and Apes
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TAGGATCGATATAACATAGCCGAACGAGACTATGGCTAGAGAGCATAGAC
TAGGATCGATATAAGATAGCCGATCGAGACTATGGCTAGAGAGCATAGAC
TACGATCGATATAAGATAGCCGAAGGAGACTATGGATAGAGAGCATAGAC
TAGGATCGATATAAGATAGCCGAACGAGACTATGGCTAGAGTGCATAGAC
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Chimp Gorilla OrangutanHuman 1.24% 1.62% 3.08%Chimp 1.63% 3.12%Gorilla 3.09%
Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
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Chimp Gorilla OrangutanHuman 1.24% 1.62% 3.08%Chimp 1.63% 3.12%Gorilla 3.09%
Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
1%
2%
3%
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Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
1%
2%
3%
Sivapithecus
Proconsul
Calibrating the molecular clock
ProconsulSivapithecus
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Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
1%
2%
3%
Sivapithecus
Proconsul
15
10
5
Mill
ions
of y
ears
ago
Calibrating the molecular clock
ProconsulSivapithecus
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Ardipithecus ramidus
Estimated time when humans and chimps last had a common ancestor
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Next Time:
Molecular Dating and the Many Kinds of Mammals