296 E,nrphasis

\ sor"t t 'cc, tr ' rrefacir tg al l his answers with posit ivc, qual i fy ing

\ " r : r rks.

c ' ' r / \ / '

\ r ,gl i .sh senrenccs often rescrve thc encl of thernost l43rportant ic lea. ' fhis cncl-focus is eviclent in[ inal w\rds in speal<ing:

My i fe 's p2rrents l ivc in NEWark.

f inal wordisthe r word in the se nte ncc.st i l I rcccivedf l clegree of stre ss:

l rven i f ar i

My Wlf E'.\parents l ive irr NEtWark (n-ry *i[d$ parents, nor myown pxrcntrht

#'l 'his fact has intffartant consecluences f*r- 'ff ' 'br'r i lding sentences anclvarying thenr. I t ur 'b,ans that the speakff i r wri ter can " load" thecncl of-the setrten.. , \ ldding ideas r"4$tai ls that cannot easi ly gnat the beginning. Yn&pp.it or writp4he followi.g senrence wit-h-Out th inking about i ts 'oEructurer

d( l) I l<now they won'ftr,r,ll. if$l'ef decicle ro go to Newark.

You would not say or w#tt, ,*. ifuF'n "iff(2) l 'har they won't corne,ffihey decide ro go ro Newark I know.

IJut yol l can open the sent$tr.%*wit l l ^

shorter complement:.jsf' -k

(3) That they're conl i l ip I l raud[no doubt.

Notice that the .cot"O.dflnent 1tt ,#4,they uton't conxe ip (1) is fol-lowed lry a rnodifyin subordinat8!;.clause (if they decid)-t'o go"tol'letuark). ilncl therefdte cannot app.&f at dre b.gir'tning of thJsen-tcnce. The unnrodi,'fred complerneht Ir+, (: )-Th"at he "is

continfr-9an lPpear at tllei/tl.ginlting. By contfhst, complex modifiers I"r,be addecl to thq.$hd of the r.ntence wid$gur diffi.,rlty:

lF

A school qd;"trnows swam by, each r' i 'r i igw with its srnall i '-dividual gl iadow, doubl ing the attendanc., rb,* lear and s6arp iprhe sunli:Ehr.-E. B. whire, ..once More ro tl i€i*"ke"

:i$ hcornffound sentences, which coordinate inifupendent clauses

to emphftize their connection, can rLrn on indefiniu.gly:! . , , ! ' ; i .

l ,h,{ height of the ginning season in r l rat parr of the'b.qunrry is

?p't lT Octobcr, and i tr that t i rne the loacle<t wagons ni8;pn t6e

.d before the least cracl< of dayl ight, the *oit ing is Jhdt.r,$

hdtirs,,alJd the gin is sri l lAgee, "i,ifion,',,1^

The Amateur Scientist 297

.1". [i''

.,, 'gwt'4'*$'

pulsing ancl bcating aftcr cla*:**l larnes. '-1i$'$r'',''1

.'*t:'c;l$'Y}.t''_. ,1

a_.. . -

This sentence rnight co'co'ii 'tinue further.-" i r ' , . , r

anr i l iar def in i t ion of asenrence as a complete tholiglrt ' iS*fff"^ho use in dccidilS whetr Ioencl sentences of this kind.-SpC'thE,.,gompleteness, of the tlxlught

lies in the rnincl of thc spefi{i.r .. *i irct,.wllo seeks to e mphasizeear:lr cornDonent idea*Sli?i whcl alone knoril.s.Wlten everything ttec-each component idg+i$ti?l who alone knoril.i whg1;,,everything tre-c-essarv l"tai been,,,sCiti. At the sarne tirne' thc .tt-tpfi'.Tsis,.o.L,forcc cli-essary l"tai f..",,ffi. n, the sarne titne, thc .tt-tpTi,fsis,.e.[,uuf,9rcc. clt-miniihes fqr'-,tTje reader if the serltence see nts to rult ori tj 'r'drift.

i i$; ' t i

monotonbusly.,1 &,

,,,,i"S.,,1.9'

Richard P. Feynman

THE AMATE,UR SCIL,INTIST

l { ichard P. Feynrnan was professor of Theoret ical Physics at theCal i fornia I r rst i tute of Technology, where he taught f rorn 1950 unt i l h isclcarh in 1988. Feynnran was l rorn in Far Rockawiry, New York, i r r1918, ancl studicd at the Massacl 'rusetts Inst i tutc of Technology atrclPrirrceton lJrr iversity. I ]rom 1943 to '1946 hc workecl as a nuclcarplrysicist at Los Alarnos, New Mexico. In 1965 lreynnlan receivecl t l rcNobel Priz,e in Physics for his contr ibution to quantum mechatr ics,which increasecl urrderstanding of the furrclamental forccs of nature ."surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynntcnt!" is a col lect ion of personal cssaysthat forrn a rnemoir of his l i fe. In the essay reprintccl here frott ' r thiscol lect ion, Feynrnan clescribes how he bcgan to thinl< arrcl cxpcri tnctttl ike a scient ist .

\When I was a kid I had a " lab." I t wasl ' r ' t a laboratoryin the sense that I would rneasrlre, or clo inrportant cx;reri-ments. Iustead, I would play: I 'd ulake a nrotor ' , I 'd mal<e agadget that would go off when something passed a photo-cel l , I 'd play around with seleniurn; I was picldl i r rg aroutrdal l the t ime. I did calculate a l i t t le l r i t for the lanrp birnk, 11series of switches and bulbs I Llsed as resistors to controlvol tages. But al l that was for appl icat ion. I rrever did anylaboratory kind of experiments.

I also had a microscope and louecl to watch things tur-der the micrclscope. I t took pat ience: I woulcl gct sonlethirr t r4

29t l i rnphasis

uncler the nr icroscope arrd I would watch i t interminably. Isaw many interest ing thirrgs, l ike everybody sees-a diatonrslowly rnaking i ts wrry across the sl ide, and so on.

One clay I was wir tching a paramecium and I saw solne-thing that was not clescr ibed in the books I got in sclrool-in college, even. These books alrn'ays sirnplify things so theworld wi l l be more l ike they want i t to be: When they'retalking abor.rt the behavior of anirnals, they always sfart outwith, "The parameciuffr is extremely sirnple; i t has al sirnplebehavior. It turns as its slipper shape rnoves through the wateruntil it hits sonrething, at which time it r:ecoils, turns throughan angle, and then starts out again.'

I t isn' t real ly r ight. First of al l , ns everybody knows, theparamecia, from tirne to t ime, conjugate with each other-they meet and exchange nuclei. How do tlrey decide whetri t 's t ime to do that ? (Neve r mincl ; that 's not my obse r -vat ion. )

I watched these pararnecia hi t sornething, recoi l , turnthrough an angle, and go again. The idea that i t 's mechani-cal, li l<e a computer program-it doesn't look that way. Theygo different distances, they recoil cl i f ferent distances, theyturn through angles that are di f ferent in var iot ts cases;they clon' t always turn to the r ight; they're very i rregular. I tlooks randonr, l recause you don't know what they're hi t t ing;yolr don' t know al l the chenricals they're smel l ing, or what.

One of the things I wanted to watch was what happensto the paramecil l ln when the wirter that i t 's in dries up. Itwas claimed thir t the paramecium can dty up into

^ sort of

hardened seed. I had a drop of water on the sl ide under myrnicroscope, and in the drop clf water was a paranreciunland some "grass"-x1 tlre scale clf the paratneciurn, it loclkedl ike a network of j i rckstraws. As the drop of water evapo-rated, over zt t irne clf f i f teen or twerrty minntes, the paratne-cium got into a t ighter and t ighter si tuat ion: there was moreancl more of this back-and-forth unt i l i t coulcl hardly move.I t was sttrck between these "st icks," alrnost jamrnecl.

Then I saw sonrething I hacl never seen or heard of : theparameciLrm lost i ts shape. It could f lex itself, l ike an atnoeba.I t l regarr to push i tsel f against one of dre st icks, and began

' I 'he Amateur St'iei 299

divic l ing inro two prongs unt i l the divis ion was abott t hal f-

;"ilo"the parameci,rm] at which tirrre it clecided that wilsn't

a very good- idea, and backed away'

So my impression of these animals is that their behavior 8

is muc6 t6o ; i ;pl i f ied in the books. It is not so utterly. r le-

chanical or one-di-.,rsionat as they say. . They should cle-

scribe the behavior of these sirnple animals correctly. Ult i l

we see 6ow many dimensions rf t ' , .havior evelt a one-cellecl

animal has, we won't be able tc l ful ly understand the behav-

ior of more complicated animals'

I ,lro ;ri;t. 'd wat.hing bugs. I.had an insect book whett s

I was about thirteen. It r" id that dragonfl ies are not harm-

ful; they clon'r sting. In our neighb.orhood it was well knowtr

that .,da*i"g n..Xl.r," as *."." l led thern, were very dan-

gerous when"they'd sting. So if we were outside somewhere

;ilt;g u"r.uall, o*o*i\ilg, and one of these things w'uld

hy ,rn",r"J; *.iyt ody *gyli l,rn for cover, waving their arms,

ylni" g," A darning needle! S darning needle!"

So .rrr. d"y I "*"r on the beachl and I 'd iust read this 10

book t6ai saiJ hpgonflies don't sting. A darning needle carne

alo'g, ",rJ;;.;tuidy

w1s screami"g and running around,

and I f ust sat there. "bon' t worry!" fsaid. "Darning needles

don't st ing !"T6e

-lnirrg landed on my f.r.ol. Everybody ryas yelling r r

and it *", , 6is mess, because this darning. needle was sit-

ting on my foo"t. Anci there I was, this sciet,ttific wonder,

tnyittg it wasn't going to sting qle'you're sure"tfuis is a rtor] that's going to c-ome out that n

it srings me-but i t didn't. rn. book *it r ight. But I did

sweat a bit.I also had a l i t t le hand rnicroscope. I t was a toy mlcro- 13

scope, ;; r p,t l led the magnif ication piece out of i t , and

would hold it in my hand hkJa magnifying glalg: even though

it was a microscope of forty or fifty power. ){iith care yo'

cor_rld holJ the fo.,rs. So I could go around and look at things

right ot-tt in the street.W6en I was in gradu ate school at Princeton, I once took t4

it our oi l t p".k.t io look at some ants that were crawlittg

around on some ivy. I had to exclaim out loud, I was so

300 l ' .nrphasis

excitecl . What I saw wi ls r1r] rrnt ancl an aphid, which antst:rke cilre of-tlley carry dren-r frorn plant to plant if the plarrtthcy're on is dying. [n return the ants get part ia l ly d igestedaphid ju icc, cal lecl "honeydew." I krrew that; nry father herdtolcl lnc about i t , but I had ncver seen i t .

So hcre was this aphicl ancl sure enough, an ant caf i lealong, and pattecl i t wi th i ts fect-al l arouncl the aphid, pat,pat, pat , pat t , pat .Tlr is was terr ib ly exci t ing! Then the ju icec:une out of the bacl< of the aphid. And because i t was n-rag-ni f iecl , i t looked l ike a big, beaut i ful , gl istening bal l , l ike aballoon, l ' lecause of the surface tension. Bec:rtrse dre nricro-scope wasn't very good, the drop was ccl lored a l i t t le bi tf rorn chromatic aberrat ion in the lens- i t was a gorgeousthing !

T'he ant tool< this bal l in i ts two front feet, l i f ted i t of ft lre aphid, ancl hekl i t . The worlcl is so cl i f ferent at that scalethat you car l pic[< Lrp water and hold i t ! The ants probablyhave a fat ty or gr e asy r late r ial on their legs th at doesn'tbreal< the surface tension of the water when they hold i t up.Tlren the ant broke the surface of t lre clrop with its mouth,rrnd thc surfirce tension coll irpsecl the drop right into his gut.It was uer! irrtercstirrg to see this whole thing happen!

In rny roonr at Princcton I hacl a bty winclow with ^

U-sharpecl windowsil l . One clay sorne ants came out olr thewindowsi l l ancl wanclerecl aror-rnd a l i t t le bi t . I got cur iousas to how they for-rnd things. I wonclered, how do they knowwherc [o go? Can they tel l each other where food is, l ikelrces can? Do they have any sense of geometry?

This is all arnateurish; everybody lcnows tlre answer, butI c l idrr ' t l<now the answer, so the f i rst thing I did was tostrctch sonre string across the U of the b"y winclow ancl hanga picce of folcled carclboarcl with sugar on it from the string.The idca of t l r is was to isolate the sugar frc lm the ants, Sothey wouldrr ' t f incl i t r rccidental ly. I wanted to have every-thing unclcr control .

Next I rnarcle a lot of l i t t le str ips of paper and put a foldirr them, so I could picl< up ants ancl ferry them fronr oneplace to another. I put thc folc led str ips of paper in twoplaces: Sorne were by the slrgar (hanging from the str ing),and the others were near the ants in a perrt icular locat ior l . I

l . t

t7

Itt

l9

' l 'bc Amateur Scient ist 301

sat t6crc al l af tcrnoon) r 'eacl i rrg ar-rd watchirrg, utr t i l an ant

fr^npenecl to walk onro one rf ' , ' ,-,y l i t t lc paper ferrics. -fhetr

I took ft ipr ove r to the sugar. After a fe w ants h acl bcerr

fcrr iecl over to the sugar, one of thern accidental ly wal l<ecl

or lro one cl f t [e ferr ies"ncarby, and I carr iecl l t inr back-

I wanted to see how lorig it woulcl trrke the other atrts

tcl get tfie message to go ttr - tl^t. "f erry te rtniltal." tt stlrrtccl

; i . ; ly, bu, rapidTy incleased unt i l I was going mad ferrying

the :rnts bacl< ancl forth.But suddenly, when everything was going.strong, I be-

gan ," deliver rh; ants fronr the sugar to a differe?t s-pot.

tt-,. q'estiorr now was) does the ant leanr to go back ,t(,wherc i t just canre from, or does i t go where i t went the

tirne before ?After a wfi i le tf iere were practicztl ly l to arrts going.tt l the

first place (*lr ich woulcl takc thern to the sugar), whereas

t6ere were prany ants at the se cond place , mil l ing - aroturd,

trying to f incl the sugar. So I f igured out so far that they

went where they ir-rst calne front.I1 anclt f ter 'experiment, I la ic l out a lc l t of glass micro-

scope sl ides, ancl got the ants to walk on thenr, back ancl

f, lr i l-,, to some r.rg". I put on the winclowsil l . Thell) by re

placing an old sl i ie wi ih ^

new one, or by te.arral tging the

slides,"l coulcl dernonstrate that the atnts hacl no sellsc of

geomerry: thcy col l ldn' t f igure out where something Yas. I f

i6.y *. irt to thc sugar one wny, :rnd thcre was a shorter

way back, they woull never. f igl lre out the short way

It *"0 also pretty clear trorn rcarra"ging the glass .s l ic lesthat t l-re arrts left sorle sort of trai l . So i l ' t . t ' t calne a lot of

easy experiments to f iud out how long i t takes a trai l to clry

;0, 'whfther i t can be easi ly wipecl .of f , and so olr . I also

fcluncl out the trai l wasn't direct iorral . I f I 'c l pick t lp an,at l t

on a piccc of paper, turn him arouncl arrd arot l rrc l , and then

plt l^t i t t t back'nnto the trai l , he wouldn' t know that he w2ls

g,r ing t f te wrong way unt i l hc tnet anothcr aut- ( l -ater, in

i l r rr i l , I not i . .Jsorne lcaf-cutt ing ants and tr iccl the salr le

.xperi,r-r.,-,, olt them. They coulcl tell, within a few ste;rs,

wfietf ier tftey were going toward the foocl or away frotn it_-

presunrably ' f rom rf t t r i i l , which r l ight be a ser ies of smel ls

itt a plrttcrir: A, B, spacc, A. I], sptlcc, and so on')

2l

2)

21

)4

3 (): L,nrpl.rasis

I tr ied ert one point to make the ants go around in ^circle, btr t I didn' t have enough pat ience to set i t up. I could

see no reason, other than lack of pat ience, why i t couldn' tbe dclne.

One thing that rnade experirnenting diff icult was thatbreathing on the ants tnacle thern scLlrry. It must be an in-stinctive thing against sorne anirnal that eats them or dis-turbs thenr. I don't know if i t was the warmth, the moistureor the srnell of my breath that lrot]rered tl"rem, but I nl*"iJhad to hold ff ly breath and kind of look to one side so asnot to confuse the experiment while I was ferrying the ants.

One cluestion that I wondered about was why the anttrails look so straight and trice. The ants look as if they knowwhat they're doing, xS if they have a good sense of geome-try. Yet the experiments that I clid to try to demonstratetheir sense of geonletry didn't work.

Many years later, when I was at Caltech and l ived in ali t t le house on Alarneda Street, some ants came out aroundthe bathtub. I thouglrt, "This is a great opportunity." I putsome sugar on the other end of the bathtub, and sat therethe whole afternoon unti l an ant f inally found the sl lgar. It 'sonly a question of patience.

fhe moment the ant found the sugar, I picked up acolored pencil that I had ready (I had previously done ex-perinrents indicating that the ants don't give

^ damn about

pencil marks-they walk right over them-so I knew I wasn'tdisturbing anythitg), and behind where the ant went I drewa l ine so I could tel l where his trai l was. The ant wandereda l i t t le bit wrong to get back to the hole, so the l ine wascluite wiggly, unlilce a typical ant trail.

When the next ant to f ind the sugar began to go back,I markecl his trai l with another color. (By the w2y, he fo[-lowed the f irst attt 's return trai l back, rather than his ownincorning trai i . My theory is that when an ant has foundsorne food, he leaves a rnuch stronger trai l than when he'sjnst wandering around.)

'l'[ris second ant was in er great hurry and followed, preffytnuch, the origirral trai l . l lut because he was going so fast hewould go straight out, as if he were coastir lg, when the trai l

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

' fhe Amateur Scienln-. 303

was wiggly. Often, oS the ant was "coast inB, ' ] hc wt lulc l f incl

tfte trai i lgain. Alreacly it was apparent that the seconcl elnt 's

retur,r. *"i sl ightly straighter. With sl lccessive ants t lre salne"improve,n.r l ' . , i the t ia i l by hurr: iedly and ct l rc lcssly " fol-

lowing" it occurrecl.I ' io l lowed eight or ten ants widr rny penci l unt i l their

trai ls became a neat l ine r ight alor-rg the bathtub. I t 's some-

t[ i1g l ike sketching: You cl iaw l lousy l ine at f i rst ; then.yotr

go nu., i t a few t imes and i t rnakes a nice l ine after a whi lc.

I remember rhar when I was ^

kid my father woulcl tel l

rne ftow wonderful arrts are) and hclw they cooperate. I wcluld

watcfu very carefully threc or four ants carrying a l i t t le pi9...

of cfuocolare back in their nest. At f i rst glance i t looks l ike

eff ic ient, marvelous, l r r i l l iant cooperat ion. But i f you look at

i t careful ly, you' l l see that i t 's nothing of the kincl : They'r 'c

al l bef iaving'as i f the chocolate is held up by sonrething else.

T[ey pul l at i t onc way or the cl ther way..An al t lnay crawl

ru. i i i w[ i le i r 's being pul led at by the othcrs. [ t wobblcs, i t

wiggles, dre directions ar. :rll confuscd. The chocolate cloestr't

move ln a nice way toward the t lest-T[e Bra zi l ian leaf-cutt ing arrts, which are otherwise so

ff larvelous, have a very intercstirrg stupidity associated with

thern that I 'm surpr ised hasn' t evolvecl out. I t takes cotts ic l-

erable work for t i re ant to cnt the circular arc in clrc ler tcr

ger a piece of leaf. 'When the cutt i r rg is done, there- 's 1f i f ty-Ffty. i r" , r . . that the ant wi l l ptr l l on the wrong sicle, let t ing

the piece he just cut fal l to the ground. Half the t ime, the

anr wi l l yank and pul l ancl yar-rk arrd pul l orr the wrong part

of the leaf, unr i l i f g ives up and starts to ct t t atrothct ' piece.

There is no attempf t , , pick Lrp 1l piecc that i t , or al ty otherant, Ias already cr-r t , So i t 's c l t r i te obvious, i f you wit tch very

careful ly, that i t 's ncl t a br i l l iant business cl f cutt ing leavcrsapd carrying them away; thcy go to i l leaf, cu! al l arc) atrcl

pick the'*r i rng sic le hatf thc t i rne whi le the r ight piece fal ls

dowtt.In Prir-rceton the ants found my lar-cler, whcre I hacl je l ly

and bread arrcl stuff , which was qtr i tc a cl istance fronr the

winclow. A long l ine of ants nrarched along the f loor across

tfte l iving rn,rtr i . I t was clurirrg the t irne I was cloing these

\2

af.).)

l4

3 04 l inrph a sis

cxperiments ol1 the ants, so I thought to myself , " 'What canI clo to stop thern fronr conring to my larder without ki l l ingrruy ants? No poison; you gotta be humane to the ants!"

What I did was this: lu preparat ion, I put a bi t of s lrgaralrout six or eight inches from their entry point into the room)that they didn' t l<now about. Then I macJe those ferry thingsagain, and whenever an ant returning with food wall<ed ontonry l i t t le ferry, I 'cl ci. lrry hirn over ernd put him on the sugar.Any:rnt conrirrg toward the lalder that walked onto a ferryI aiso carriccl , iu.r to the sugar. L,ventually the ants foundtheir way frorn the sugar to their hole, so this new trai l wasbeirrg cloutrly reinforcecl, while dre olcl trai l was being trscdless ancl less. I knew that af ter hal f an hour or so the oldtrai l woulc l dry up, and in an hour they were out of mylarder. t c l idn' t wash the f loor; I c l idn' t c lo anything btr tfer ry it tr ts .

Cantntent

I ieynrttan's essay seerns l ike a lorrg answer to a question he mighthavc been askecl while conversing with a fr iend; his sentences rlrecolloquial in structurc-a series of dctails or slrort explanatoryphrases and clauscs ofterr are zrdc-led to er base scntencc; sorne clauscsare conrpollrrclecl in a series, sornetitnes withotrt conjunctions:

I r rsteacl I woulc l p lay: I 'c l rnake a tnotor, I 'c l rnake :r gaclget thatwoulcl go off when sonrething passed a photocel l , I 'c l play aroundwit l r seletr iurrr ; I was piddl i r rg arouncl a l l the t ime.

Fcynman is rnal<ing a poirr t through the detai ls of thc expcr imentshc clescr ibcs. Tlrrough thesc clctai ls t l re reacler nrakes cl iscover iesabout Feynlnan.

Questions for Study and Discussion

What features rnakc the sentences in paragraphs 32 and 33col loquial- that is, suggestive cl f spoken l l rgl ish ?

Yltat inrpl ic i t pcl int is -Feynrnan

making about cach cl f h is var-ious exper iments? Is he rnalc i r rg the sarne;roint i r r each in-stance?Which of the at t thor 's pcrsonal qual i t ies ernerge in his nerrra-

J(r

l .

2.

3.

4.

5.

1.

2.

-I'be Amatettr Scientist 305

tive of these cxpcrirnents? Arc the expcriments the cerrtral fo-clrs of thc e ssay, or is Feynnran thc cxpcrinrente r thc focus ?How do you know?Does Feynman leave you with the sensc that he has rnorc tclte l l about his anlateur expcr iments and has tnercly brokerr of fthe narrat ive? Or docs he cclncludc the essay inforrnal ly orformal ly ?If you were wri t ing 2r fornral essay on expcrirncnts you pcr-formecl as al ' r adolcscent, l row cl i f fcrerrt wotr ld your cssay bein structure frorn Fe ynman's ? What features in gencral rnakesan essay fornral?

scn tence study

All but the first sentence in paragr:rph l consist of rnairr cliurses.Construct additional complex serrtences by subordinatirrg sorneclf these main clauses. What change in crnphasis occrlrs in yorrrrevis iorr? f )oes the revis ion changc Feynrnan's mcaning?Feynnran coordinates a ser ies of nrain c lauses in the fo l lowingsentences. Recast cach sentence, cornbining thcsc clauses orsubordinat ing onc or rnore. Vhat change irr ernprhasis occursin your revis ion?a. " l t tc lok pat ience: I woulcl get something unc' ler the tni-

croscope and I would watch i t interminably." (paragraph 2)

b. " l hacl a drop of water on the s l ide utrder my nr icroscope,ancl in the drop of water was a paramectunr and sorne"grass"-21 the scale of the parameciutn, i t lookecl l i l<e anctworl< of jaclcstraws." (paragraph 6)

c. "Then the ant broke thc surface of the drop with its nrouth,arrd the snrface tension col lapsed the clrop r ight into hisgu t . " (paragraph 1 6)

' I ' ry to reclucc the repeti t ion of words in the fol lowing scn-tence:

"Tl'rey go different distamces, they recoil cl iffe rent distanccs, the yturtt through angles that dre clifferent in various cases; they clon'talways turn to the r ight; thcy're vcry irregular." (paragraph .5 )\What is gained or lost [-ry your revision ?

4. Thc concluding clause in the fo l lowing sentencc adds infor-mation about thc larcler. Speaking drc sentence, we woulclprobably raisc our v<l ice with which to show that i t rnocl i f ics

3.