goal #1: cell theory. anton van leeuwenhoek dutch fabric merchant. amateur scientist. made the first...
TRANSCRIPT
Goal #1:
Cell Theor
y
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
• Dutch fabric merchant.
• Amateur Scientist.
• Made the first microscope.
1600’s
Leeuwenhoek looked at:
BloodPond Water
Plaque
Results:He discovered microorganismsHe was the first person to see a living cell
Before the microscope people believed diseases were caused by curses or supernatural spirits.
1665
Robert Hooke• English
Scientist• Museum
Caretaker
He looked at:
• Thin slices of cork.
• Results:• Observed nonliving cells.• Came up with the name “cells”.
Matthias Schleiden
German Botanist
SchleidenLooked at
Plant Cells & Parts
Results:He made the
statement… “All plants are made
up of cells”.
Memory Trick: ”Matt Shleiden
to a tree!”
Theodor Schwann
German Zoologist
Schwann looked at
animal cells & parts
Results:He made the
statement… “All animals are made up of cells”.
Memory Trick: ”The Schwann
is an animal!”
Rudolph Virchow
German Doctor
What he Looked at:Used the microscope to look at all kinds of cells.
Results: Stated that all cells come from other cells
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic (smallest) units of structure of living things.
3. All cells come from other cells.
Goal #2: Prokaryotes
pro = beforekary = nut/kernel (nucleus)
ote = type
Two Types of Cells
• Prokaryotic Cells– Do not contain a nucleus or any membrane
bound organelles
• Eukaryotic Cells– Contain a nucleus and other membrane
bound organelles
The first cells…• Prokaryotic cells are believed to be the
first cells that existed.• It is believed that this occurred when
genetic material (DNA) became lumped together and sealed into tiny packages – called cells.
• Later on, prokaryotes would be “swallowed” by larger cells and would form the nucleus of the larger cells, known as eukaryotic cells.
Don’t Write This!
Eukaryotic cells are 1 to 100 times bigger
than prokaryotic
cells.
The genetic material (DNA or RNA) floats around loose in the jelly-like cytoplasm
The cell is held together by the cell membrane (like a water balloon)
Genetic material
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
ROUND ROD SPIRAL
• Prokaryotes are very small organisms made of 1 prokaryotic cell.–Ex) Bacteria
• They are microscopic! (cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope)
Escheria coliFood poisoning
Streptoccus aureus
Strep Throat
Staphylococcus aureus
Staph Infection
Neisseriameningitidis
Meningitis
Goal #3: Eukaryotes
eu = truekary = nut/kernel
(nucleus)ote = type
• Eukaryotic cells – cells that have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles–Plants–Animals–Fungi–Protists
Eukaryotic cells have…
Organelles• Structures in eukaryotic cells
that perform certain functions for the cell
Cell Membrane
• Flexible outer covering of the cell.
• Has tiny holes & gates to control what goes in or out of the cell.
Cytoplasm• Clear thick, jelly-like fluid.
• Supports cell’s organelles
• Fills up the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
• It is constantly flowing.
Nucleus• Largest organelle
in the cell.
• The control center of the cell.
• Contains the directions for making proteins.
• Contains the genetic material
Chromatin• Stringy material spread
throughout nucleus – uncoiled chromosomes
• Consists of DNA bound to protein
• Contains instructions for making protein
Chromosome• Wound up
chromatin structures that contain DNA
• Only present in cell during cell division
Protein Transport Chain
• A cell’s job is to make protein • That protein is produced in the nucleus
and shipped out to other cells
Nucleolus• Small round
object found in the nucleus
• Place where ribosomes are made.
Ribosomes• Small round
structures found on ER and scattered throughout the cytoplasm
• Place where protein is made.
Nuclear Envelope (Membrane)
• Double-membrane layer around nucleus
• Contains tiny pores
• Allows materials to move in and out of the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Two types:
– Smooth ER (no proteins on surface)
– Rough ER (proteins on surface – like sprinkles!)
• Tunnels in the cytoplasm.
• The transport system used to get protein from one part of the cell to another.
Golgi Apparatus
• Smooth, stack-like membranes.
• Protein is sent here from the ER and is packaged for shipment out of the cell.
Other Organelles
• Much more happens in a cell besides protein production and transport
• Many other organelles are present and have their own function within the cell!
Don’t Write This!
Mitochondria• Bean
shaped.• Has 2
membranes• Place where
sugar is broken down.
• Supplies energy to the cell.
• The “powerhouse” of the cell.
Centrioles
• Tube made of many smaller “microtubules”
• Assist during cell division – only present during division
Cilia & FlagellaCilia short hair-like projections from cell surface
Cilia & FlagellaFlagellaLong whip-like projections
Both help the cell to move
Lysosomes• Small round
structures filled with enzymes – found only in animal cells.
• The “clean up crew”.
• Dissolves old cell parts.
Cell Wall
• Rigid, Strong outer covering of a plant cell.
• Helps protect and support the cell.
• Made of cellulose (fiber).
• Liquid Storage Tanks
• Plants cells have one large vacuole.
• Animals cells have a few small vacuoles.
• Holds waste, water, enzymes.
Vacuoles
Chloroplast
• Large green structures found only in plant cells
• Contains chlorophyll that captures sunlight.
• Place where food is made.
SPECIALIZED CELLSDiversity of Life Overview
This presentation highlights the specialized organelles that each
type of living thing has in order to survive in its conditions.
This information can be written anywhere on your note page – if you cannot fit it in the slide, write in
the margins around the slide!
BACTERIA
Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
Cell Wall – in some – cell membrane in ALL
Pilli – Sex/Communication Organs Flagella – For Movement
Protists (Single Celled Eukaryotes)
Cilia – for movement and engulfing prey Flagella – whips for moving themeslves
Fungi (Multicullular Eukaryotes)
Many different organelles Cell wall, but no chloroplasts
Plants(Multicellular Eukaryote)
Cell Wall – Rigid covering – for protection Chloroplasts – for absorbing sun Chlorophyll – makes plant appear green Vacuole – Stores water – makes plant
strong
http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm
Animals(Multicellular Eukaryotes)
Centrioles – used in cell division
Homework
• Cell Choice #2
PROKARYOTE
ANIMAL
CELL
PLANT
CELL
Monday September 27th
1.What type of eukaryotic cell is shown?
2.What are the things inside of the cell called?
3.What is the function of the nucleus?
Goal #4:
Focus magnification on a specimen
using a microscope
Parts of Microscope
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4584444570497215104&ei=M3z-SOCPKofA-wHW-4WKBA&q=microscope&hl=en
Parts of Microscope
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4584444570497215104&ei=M3z-SOCPKofA-wHW-4WKBA&q=microscope&hl=en
Pond Water
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4573224209896349246&hl=en
Key Terms
Specimen – the object that you are looking at
Clean slide – a glass slide that does not have a specimen on it
Field of View – the area that you see when looking through the microscope
Things You Never DoTouch the lenses
Place slide on table
Place scope towards edge of table
Turn large knob when using the high power
Touch the specimen on a slide
Things You Always Do
Carry scope with two hands
Use lens paper to clean lens
Keep slides in slide box
Turn small knob when using high power
How to Focus
1. With low power2. Turn large knob to focus3. Turn diaphragm to adjust light4. Slowly turn to medium/high power5. Focus by turning small knob ONLY
Magnification
Ocular lens X Objective lens = Total magnification
Low Power _____ x _____ = ______
Medium Power _____ x _____ = ______
High Power _____ x _____ = ______
Making a Wet Mount Slide
1. Place 1 drop of water on glass slide using pipet.
2. Place specimen on glass slide.3. Place cover slip on specimen.
(Do not push down on cover slip!)
How to Store a Microscope
1. Turn off light2. Turn to low-power objective3. Lower stage4. Remove slide5. Cover the microscope
Goal #5Cell Membrane
I. The Plasma Membrane Function (Cell Membrane)
Selectively permeable
• Permeable – things can go in and out
• Selective – some things can, some can’t
Provides
• Protection
• support
What is the plasma membrane’s job?
• To allow nutrients to come into the cell when amounts become low.
• To remove excess nutrients when levels get too high.
• To allow waste products to leave the cell.
The Fluid Mosaic Model• Fluid – phospholipids and proteins
are always moving• Mosaic – the proteins are scattered
with no pattern
Phospholipid bilayer:2 layers of phospholipids arranged back-to-back
Phospholipid Draw
Cholesterol – prevents fatty acids chains from sticking together
Protein FunctionPassageways for
molecules to pass through using transport proteins
Communication with other cells using carbohydrates
2 types of Proteins
• Channel – small molecules (ions) diffuse (pass through)
• Carrier – binds specific molecule and changes shape to allow molecule through