The Antiquities

Act:

ProtectingAmerica’s Natural Treasures

SECTION ONE: OVERVIEW

A. Introduction: An Irreplaceable Natural and Cultural Legacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

B. The Antiquities Act (Fact Sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

SECTION TWO: MONUMENTS AND PUBLIC PROCESS

A. Attacks on Newest Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

B. Public Process for Newest National Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5

C. What Newspapers Are Saying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8

SECTION THREE: OIL AND GAS IN NATIONAL MONUMENTS

A. Economically Recoverable Oil & Gas in BLM Monuments (Fact Sheet) . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

SECTION FOUR: NEWEST NATIONAL MONUMENTS

A. Monument Designations: 1996-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

B. New Treasures: Summaries and Pictures of Newest Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

SECTION FIVE: NATIONAL MONUMENTS SINCE 1906

A. Presidentially Designated Monuments: 1908-2001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

B. Monuments Created by Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

Table of Contents

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IntroductionAn Irreplaceable Natural and Cultural Legacy

Rising 1,267 feet above the Belle Fourche River, Devils Tower casts shadows over the rollinghills, pine forests, and prairie grasses that comprise Devils Tower National Monument innortheastern Wyoming. Proclaimed a National Monument on September 24, 1906, byPresident Theodore Roosevelt, Devils Tower is our oldest National Monument and representsthe first time the Antiquities Act of 1906 was used to preserve some of the remarkableresources found throughout the United States. Since that autumn day in Wyoming, 14 of thenext 17 presidents used the Antiquities Act to preserve icons of the American landscape.

From the rocky margin where the Atlantic Ocean meets the Maine coast in Acadia NationalPark, to the sandy point bars along the Colorado River in the bottom of the Grand Canyon,our system of National Monuments allowed for early protection of some of our nation’s mostrevered landscapes, archeological sites, and historical places. Most presidents sinceRoosevelt have continued to build upon this rich tradition by further enhancing our system ofprotected areas through the creation of additional National Monuments.

While the vast majority of American citizens applaud our presidents’ outstanding efforts topreserve vulnerable natural and cultural resources, a vocal minority of Americans and politicalleaders have condemned past presidents for seeking to create a lands legacy for the benefitof current and future generations. During the 106th Congress, a group of representativesand senators repeatedly sought to undercut presidential authority to create new NationalMonuments by attacking the Antiquities Act and by adding anti-monument riders to appropriations measures. Fortunately, these attempts were unsuccessful.

Since the passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, more than one hundred NationalMonuments have been designated. Many of these Monuments, including Grand Canyon,Mount Olympus (Olympic National Park), and Mukuntuweap (Zion National Park), were laterexpanded and re-designated National Parks by acts of Congress. Collectively, our NationalMonuments, past and present, inspire, amaze, educate, and entrance approximately 50 millionvisitors annually. To suggest that National Monuments are anything but a critical facet of theAmerican experience is a gross misunderstanding of United States history.

Explored by John Muirand home to rivers of icestretching from mountaincirques to the ocean,Glacier Bay is a spectacular treasure.Designated as GlacierBay National Monumentby President Coolidge in1925, the Monument wasexpanded in 1980 to formthe 3.2- million-acreGlacier Bay National Parkand Preserve.

On July 18, 1916,President WoodrowWilson declared 5,000acres of breathtakingNew England coastline asSieur de Monts NationalMonument. Thirteenyears later, Congressexpanded the boundaries, creatingAcadia National Park.

In 1936, President F.D.Roosevelt designated378,000 acres of thesouthern California landscape as Joshua TreeNational Monument.Expanded and re-designated JoshuaTree National Park in1994, the Park is home toa rich diversity of plantsand animals.

Only 140 miles fromdowntown Los Angles,Monument designationprotected an irreplaceablelandscape frominevitable development.

Section IOVERVIEW

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The Act Itself

The Antiquities Act of 1906 declares: “The President of the United States is authorized in hisdiscretion, to declare by public proclamation historic landmarks, historic and prehistoric structures, and other objects of historic or scientific interest that are situated upon the landsowned or controlled by the Government of the United States to be National Monuments, andmay reserve as a part there of parcels of land, the limits of which in all cases shall be confinedto the smallest area compatible with proper care and management of the objects to be protected.”

The Antiquities Act requirement for presidential designation of “ . . .the smallest area compatiblewith the proper care and management . . .” has been widely interpreted by past presidents.Presidents accomplish the designation by issuing a proclamation declaring lands as NationalMonuments. This proclamation is used to carefully describe places, values, and resourcesthat are to be protected. Theodore Roosevelt, the first president to utilize the Act, protectedmore than one million acres by designating 18 National Monuments in 9 states. PresidentCarter, on December 1, 1978, declared 56 million acres spread over 14 areas in Alaska asNational Monuments. More than 25 percent of the presidentially created NationalMonuments exceed 50,000 acres, including many Monuments that ultimately becameNational Parks such as Grand Canyon, Glacier Bay, Bryce Canyon, Death Valley, Olympic,and Joshua Tree. Timely action under the Antiquities Act protected these important placesuntil Congress could act to designate them as National Parks.

The Act: By the Numbers . . .

• Between 1906 and January 2001, 14 U.S. presidents used the Antiquities Act to proclaim118 National Monuments. The only three presidents who did not use the Act werePresidents Nixon, Reagan, and George H.W. Bush.

• Congress has re-designated 30 National Monuments as National Monuments, most recently in 1999 (Black Canyon of the Gunnison in Colorado). In fact, nearly a quarter ofthe Monuments currently in our National Park System were initially protected under theAntiquities Act.

The Antiquities Act

Since its passage by Congress in 1906, the Antiquities Act has been a critically important tool for the

preservation of our public lands–lands that belong to all Americans. Serving as a vital “insurance

policy” for our nation’s natural treasures, the Antiquities Act gives the president the power to grant

National Monument status to areas possessing significant historical, scenic, and/or scientific values. This

bipartisan presidential tool has been used to create a diverse array of National Monuments, ranging from

the small (one acre) and historic Fort Matanzas in Florida to the large (10,600,000 acres) and spectacular

Yukon Flats National Monument in Alaska.

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• Congress has the power to declare National Monuments and has done so in 29 cases.Congress also has the power to abolish National Monuments but has utilized this option onlyon rare occasions and usually to provide some alternative form of protection. More frequently,Congress has acted to enlarge the Monuments, adjust their boundaries, or change their statusfrom National Monuments to National Monuments.

• Thirty-six National Monuments were more than 50,000 acres in size when originally designated, including lands that are now part of Grand Canyon National Park, OlympicNational Park, and Glacier Bay National Park.

Public Support for Monuments

Polling data consistently demonstrates that the public supports Monument designations. TheAmerican public understands that Monument designation is a critical method of protecting landfrom the onslaught of sprawl, development, and unchecked overuse. Similarly, the public understands that Monument designations are not “land grabs” and do not “lock up” and closelands, but rather protect them to ensure that they remain open for recreation and enjoyment inthe years to come.

Attacks on the Act

Although 14 of the past 17 U.S. presidents have used the Antiquities Act to protect dozens ofremarkable national treasures, implementation of the Act often stirs controversy and has been thefocus of numerous attacks since its creation. Recently, in the 106th Congress several bills wereintroduced to limit presidential authority vested in the Antiquities Act. All of these attempts havefailed. Indications are that similar legislation is pending introduction in the 107th Congress.

The Wilderness Society’s Position

The Antiquities Act is one of our nation’s valued conservation statutes. The Act establishes appropriate roles for both the president and Congress in the protection of important federal landresources. It allows the president to act quickly, while maintaining congressional authority to designate National Monuments, change Monument boundaries, direct resources for Monumentmanagement, re-designate Monuments as National Monuments, and even abolish Monuments.

The Wilderness Society supports the Antiquities Act and the fundamental authority it grants to allpresidents. We oppose any legislation that undermines the basic principles of the Act is or inappropriately limits presidential authority to protect our nation’s valuable and unique naturalheritage. The Antiquities Act has played a pivotal role in the protection of many unique Americantreasures and has helped expand our world-renowned National Park System.

For more information, contact:

Dave Alberswerth, BLM Program Director (202/429-2695).Leslie Jones, Staff Attorney, (202/429-2628).Sabrina Williams, Communications Manager (202/429-8441).

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Section IIMonuments and Public Process

Soon after her appointment as U.S. Interior Secretary, Gale Norton proposedshrinking the boundaries of the country’s newest National Monuments inorder to accommodate Big Oil. National Monument status is given to unique

areas of our public lands in order to protect their special values from threatssuch as oil and gas development, off-road vehicles, and mining. What SecretaryNorton is proposing undercuts the very protections that have been granted tothese wild places. She is putting corporate interest ahead of sound environmentalpolicy. In order to justify the Administration’s anti-environmental agenda,Secretary Norton has misrepresented some important facts and has proceededto cultivate opponents of the new Monuments entrusted to her stewardship.

For example, Secretary Norton has repeatedly and erroneously claimed thatthere was no public input or consultation with public officials by the ClintonAdministration prior to designation of our newest National Monuments.However, one of the most notable aspects of last year’s Monument initiativeswas the emphasis local news stories and editorials gave to the broad basedlocal support for protecting these places. In addition, polling data consistentlyshowed that the public supports Monument designations.

In addition, Secretary Norton sent letters to local officials affected by NationalMonuments soliciting input regarding what uses should be accommodated withinthe new Monuments, claiming that she wished “to identify the activities that arebest suited to the needs of local residents and others.” If the BushAdministration is as environmentally friendly as they would like the public tobelieve the tone of Secretary Norton’s letter would have been more balanced byalso requesting ideas regarding how the protection afforded these newestnational treasures could be enhanced. The selective input she requested andsubsequently will receive could prejudice the Bureau of Land Management’sMonument (BLM) planning process.

The conservation community hopes that the BLM will frame the Monument planning process in terms of how to best fulfill the intention of each Monumentproclamation, and offer all Americans meaningful opportunities to participate inthe planning process. The Wilderness Society sees this as opportunity to workwith the BLM and others to explore management options that are respectful oftraditional uses and that will lead to improved ecological conditions in theMonuments.

The following pages outline the level of public outreach and consultation thatpreceded Monument designations, as well as the level of public support.

Efforts to Undercut Protections Afforded to OurNewest National Monuments

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Section IIMonuments and Public Process

Public Process forNewest NationalMonumentsBuck Island: Seeking to provide greater protection for the sensitive coral reef resources in the Caribbean, former U.S.Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt traveled to the U.S. Virgin Islandsin November 1999 and began a dialogue with GovernorCharles Turnbull (D-VI). Since that visit, the Territorial SubmergedLands Act surveys of the U.S. Virgin Islands were completed.These surveys showed submerged lands for which the federalgovernment was responsible. Secretary Babbitt returned to theVirgin Islands in September 2000 to discuss the proposals withthe governor, U.S. Delegate Donna Christian-Christiansen (D-VI),the director of Natural Resources and Planning, other governmentofficials, and the press. Public meetings were subsequently heldon St. John, St. Thomas, and St. Croix to discuss the surveys andmanagement options. On December 22, 2000, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.

California Coastal: In June 1999, Congressman Sam Farr (D-CA) of Monterey, introduced, for the second time, a bill (H.R.2277, 106th Congress) to designate these islands, rocks,exposed reefs, and pinnacles off the coast of California aswilderness. No hearings were held on this bill. In September1999, Secretary Babbitt, accompanied by Congressman Farr aswell as state and community leaders, visited the coastline to discuss protection for the rocks and islands including possibledesignation as a National Monument. On December 10, 1999,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that the areabe designated a National Monument. The president designatedthe area as a National Monument on January 11, 2000.

Canyons of the Ancients: Public discussions regarding protectionof this area date back to 1894 when the Salt Lake Times ran astory detailing interest in protecting the region. In 1979, a billwas introduced in Congress to designate the area as a NationalConservation Area. In the spring of 1999, Interior SecretaryBruce Babbitt began a dialogue with the local communities concerning proper management and protection of the area.The local resource advisory council held five public meetings,consulted with local governments, and forwarded management

recommendations to the secretary in August 1999. SecretaryBabbitt held three meetings in the local community that includedextensive interactions with local ranchers and representatives ofShell, the company that holds most of the CO2 leases atMcElmo Dome. Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell (R-CO) introduced new National Conservation Area legislation inFebruary 2000 (S. 2034, 106th Congress), but he suspended allaction on his bill on March 23, 2000. On May 31, 2000,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that thearea be designated a National Monument. The president designated the area as a National Monument on June 9, 2000.

Carrizo Plain: Congresswoman Lois Capps (D-CA) introducedthe “Carrizo Plain National Conservation Area Act” (H.R. 1751,106th Congress) in May 1999. This began a public process,which included recommendations from the local resource advisory council that were forwarded to the congresswoman andSecretary Babbitt in December 1999 and incorporated into thebill. The RAC recommendations included vigorous managementproscriptions and long-term local involvement mechanisms. Inlate 1999, Secretary Babbitt made two trips to the area to holdpublic meetings. Although the bill was reported from the HouseResources Committee, neither the House nor the Senate actedon the proposed legislation. On December 22, 2000, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.

Craters of the Moon expansion: Presidential Proclamationshave adjusted the boundary of the Monument on four occasions– in 1928, 1930, 1941, and 1962. In 1989, then-Rep. RichardStallings (D-ID) introduced legislation to create Craters of the MoonNational Park, a proposal that included almost twice as manyacres as the Monument expansion affected by this designation.

Between April and July 2000, Secretary Babbitt visited the areathree times and led a process to solicit public input and adviceabout the future management and protection of the Craters ofthe Moon region, meeting with leading geologists, local ranchers,local elected officials, and staff from the Idaho congressionaldelegation. Three public meetings were held in May and June2000 in nearby communities to discuss the area’s possible designation as a National Monument. Senator Larry Craig (R-ID)also held a field hearing on June 17, 2000, on the Monumentexpansion proposal. Secretary Babbitt’s staff held two additionalmeetings with leaders in the ranching community to develop theboundaries for the expansion. The secretary regularly interactedwith the delegation and Governor Dirk Kempthorne (R-ID)regarding the proposal. On August 11, 2000, Secretary Babbittrecommended the expansion of Craters of the Moon National

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Monument to President Clinton. The president expanded theNational Monument on November 9, 2000.

Grand Canyon-Parashant: President Theodore Roosevelt firstset aside a portion of what is now the Grand Canyon NationalPark as a National Monument under the Antiquities Act in 1908.In 1919, Congress converted the Grand Canyon NationalMonument to a National Park. Additional lands were madeNational Monuments by Presidential Proclamation in 1932 and1969. Congress enlarged the Park in 1975 to include theselands, but that act left open whether several drainages north ofthe Grand Canyon should be protected and directed that thesecretary of the Interior Department study the lands and issue areport on them. Most of the studied lands are included withinthe Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument.

In November 1998, Secretary Babbitt came to northern Arizonaand began a dialogue that has included two more secretarialvisits, two large public meetings, and more than 59 other meetings with concerned local governments, tribes, and othergroups regarding the future of these lands. In August 1999,Congressman Bob Stump (R-AZ) introduced a bill (H.R. 2795,106th Congress) that would have established a NationalConservation Area in this region, but this bill actually would havelowered protections in existing law, thus allowing the degradationof these lands in perpetuity. Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ) also introduced legislation on this subject (S. 1560, 106th Congress),but no hearings were held on the bill. On December 10, 1999,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area bedesignated a National Monument. President Clinton designatedthe area as a National Monument on January 11, 2000.

Hanford Reach: In 1988, Congress passed Public Law 100-605, which directed the National Park Service (NPS) to study theHanford Reach of the Columbia to recommend protection measures. In 1994, the NPS completed an Environmental ImpactStatement (EIS) that recommended designation of a NationalWildlife Refuge north and east of the river and a National Wildand Scenic River designation for the Hanford Reach. SenatorPatty Murray (D-WA) promptly introduced legislation in 1995 toimplement the Park Service’s EIS by designating the Reach as aWild and Scenic River. In 1997, Senator Murray andRepresentative Norm Dicks (D-WA) introduced companion bills,S. 200 and H.R. 1477, that would designate the Hanford Reacha wild and scenic river. Intense discussions followed until 1999but failed to produce legislation.

In 1999, after extensive discussions with the state of Washington,tribes, local governments, other federal agencies, environmentalgroups, and the public, the Department of Energy issued a

Record of Decision for future land uses of the entire Hanford sitethat designated the lands covered in the proposed Monumentfor preservation. In the spring of 2000, Senator Patty Murrayasked the secretary of the Interior Department to consider recommending Monument designation to protect the area. InMay 2000, Secretary Babbitt visited the area to discuss protectionfor the Hanford Reach and for surrounding land that had a widevariety of affected interests. On May 31, 2000, Secretary Babbittrecommended to President Clinton that the area be designated aNational Monument. The president designated the area as aNational Monument on June 9, 2000.

Ironwood Forest: The Pima County Board of Supervisors forwarded a resolution to Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt inMarch 2000 seeking National Monument designation for thearea. The secretary toured the area and discussed the proposalwith the Pima County Board of Supervisors and members of thecommunity. The Tohono O’odham Nation and the Pima CountyBoard of Supervisors gave their support to the proposal. On May31, 2000, Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clintonthat the area be designated a National Monument. The presidentdesignated the area as a National Monument on June 9, 2000.

Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks: In May 2000, Sandoval Countypetitioned Secretary Babbitt to consider recommending the TentRocks area as a National Monument. In the months that followed, the community developed overwhelming support forprotecting the area. In December 2000, Senator Jeff Bingaman(D-NM) asked Secretary Babbitt to travel to the area and meetwith the local community. The tour and meetings in Decemberdemonstrated a high level of support in the community for thisdesignation. Senator Pete Domenici (R-NM) Bernalillo County,Santa Fe County, and the Pueblo de Cochiti also publicly supported the designation. On January 8, 2001 SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.

Pinnacles expansion: Consisting of 2,060 acres, Pinnacleswas originally designated a National Monument by PresidentTheodore Roosevelt in 1908 and expanded five times by subsequent presidents and once by Congress. Thisexpansion–discussed at length in local communities in recentyears–will bring important pieces of adjacent public land intoPinnacles National Monument. Congressman Sam Farr (D-CA)of Monterey, has on two occasions proposed an expansion,along with wilderness designation. No committee hearings havebeen held on his bill (H.R. 2279, 106th Congress). SecretaryBabbitt visited Pinnacles National Monument and the adjacentpublic lands in October 1999 to discuss the expansion proposal

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with private ranchers and other landowners as well as with community and environmental leaders. At the request of theadjacent landowners, an important section of private land wasincluded on the east side of the Monument. On December 10,1999, Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton thatthe area be designated a National Monument. The presidentdesignated the area as a National Monument on January 11, 2000.

Pompey’s Pillar: The Montana congressional delegation sentletters to Secretary Babbitt in the spring of 2000 asking that thesecretary recommend Pompey’s Pillar to the president forNational Monument designation. Secretary Babbitt toured thearea and held public meetings in Montana in November 2000.On December 22, 2000, Secretary Babbitt recommended toPresident Clinton that the area be designated a NationalMonument. The president designated the area as a NationalMonument on January 17, 2001.

Sonoran Desert: The area has long been considered importantto sustaining the Sonoran Desert ecosystem. Over the pastdecade, National Park and National Conservation Area proposalshave been considered to afford greater protection to the area.Secretary Babbitt made two trips to the area in the fall of 2000,meeting with local community leaders, tribal representatives,hunters, and conservationists. He also met with Governor JaneDee Hull (R-AZ) about the proposal and other local issues. Twoadditional conference calls were held with tribal representativesof the O’odham family and three conference calls were held withrepresentatives of the electric power industry. In each case, language was developed to address their specific managementand use needs. That language was included in the proclamationand associated documents. On January 8, 2001, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.

Upper Missouri River Breaks: In 1976, Congress designatedthe Missouri River segment and corridor in this area as aNational Wild and Scenic River (Pub. L. No. 94-486). SecretaryBabbitt toured the area in May 1999 with Senator Max Baucus(D-MT), author/historian Stephen Ambrose, and author DaytonDuncan. Following that trip, the local Resource Advisory Council(RAC) held numerous meetings over five months and developedrecommendations pertaining to the management of the areathat were sent to the secretary in December 1999. More than800 pieces of testimony were collected by the RAC. SecretaryBabbitt’s office consulted with the governor and the Montanadelegation throughout the process. The secretary made twomore trips and held an additional meeting with the RAC andmembers of the public in the spring of 2000. In June 2000,

Secretary Babbitt met with the Montana delegation in Washington,DC, to discuss the status of the proposal, legislative options, andthe importance of holding true to the recommendations of theResource Advisory Council. On December 22, 2000, SecretaryBabbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated a National Monument. The president designated thearea as a National Monument on January 17, 2001.

Vermilion Cliffs: Approximately 89,000 acres within theMonument were designated by Congress as the Paria Canyon-Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area in 1984. The Paria Plateau wasdesignated a Resource Conservation Area in the 1992 theBureau of Land Management (BLM) Arizona Strip ResourceManagement Plan. Beginning in June 2000, Secretary Babbittmade three trips to the area and met with local elected officials,lodge owners, ranching interests, chamber of commerce representatives, and other interested groups to discuss protectingthe area. The local BLM office held three additional meetings withthe local community and permit holders. On August 11, 2000,Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that thearea be designated a National Monument. The president desig-nated the area as a National Monument on November 9, 2000.

Virgin Islands Coral Reef: Congress created the U.S. VirginIslands National Park in 1956 and expanded it in 1962.Seeking to provide greater protection for the sensitive coral reefresources in the federal submerged lands outside the Park,Secretary Babbitt traveled to the Virgin Islands in November1999 and began a dialogue with Governor Charles Turnbull (D-VI). Since that visit, the Territorial Submerged Lands Act surveysof the U.S. Virgin Islands were completed. These surveys showedsubmerged lands for which the federal government was responsible. Secretary Babbitt returned to the Virgin Islands inSeptember 2000 to discuss the proposals with the governor, U.S.Delegate Donna Christian-Christiansen (D-VI), the director ofNatural Resources and Planning, other government officials, andthe press. Public meetings were subsequently held on St. John,St. Thomas, and St. Croix to discuss the surveys and managementoptions. On December 22, 2000, Secretary Babbitt recommended to President Clinton that the area be designated aNational Monument. The president designated the area as aNational Monument on January 17, 2001.

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What NewspapersAre Saying AboutOur NationalMonumentsOn public process and consultation . . .

“Among the durable achievements of Bill Clinton's presidency,none may outlast the dozen or so National Monuments hehas created on federal lands. These were praiseworthymoves, bold and necessary responses to an era of stalemate,when congressional attitudes toward landscape preservationranged too often from inattention to hostility.

Foes of federal land ownership will say that Clinton abusedhis authority by decreeing what he could not move Congressto enact, but he owes no consideration to those claims.Such authority is precisely the purpose of the Antiquities Actof 1906, which has been applied more than 100 times,without apology, by every chief executive since TheodoreRoosevelt - except for Presidents Nixon, Reagan and Bush.”

Minneapolis Star Tribune, December 23, 2000

“[Norton] has criticized the presidential Monument declarations for the failure to consult “the people whose liveswere most affected. But she has demurred as to what courseof action, if any, she might embark upon…There has beenpublic input on the Arizona Monuments, and Norton woulddo well to devote her energy to moving forward, not creatingangst by turning back the clock on any of these Monuments.”

The Arizona Republic, January 12, 2001

“President-elect George W. Bush has served notice that hewill review all of Clinton's late-term executive orders particularlyMonument designations that are opposed by developmentinterests. In considering whether to undo Clinton's acts,Bush would be wise to note the strong national consensusfor protecting our natural resources from exploitation.”

San Francisco Chronicle, January 19, 2001

“Norton also perpetuated the false, yet widely repeatednotion that the Monuments were created without the knowledgeof local and state officials, and without public input. In fact,officials were informed and public hearing were held longbefore the designations occurred. Polls suggest the GrandCanyon-Parashant and Agua Fria Monument designations inArizona were extraordinarily well received by Arizonans. InUtah, there has been a shift in local opinion in favor of theGrand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.”

Harrisburg Patriot, February 28, 2001

“Indeed, claims that the Monuments were declared withoutconsulting regional officials are based more on partisanshipthan truth. In southwestern Colorado, for instance, Babbittraised his concerns in public comments, traveled to the areaand met with residents. He then waited for Colorado's congressional delegation to devise a compromise. Onlyafter U.S. Sen. Ben Campbell, a Colorado Republican, withdrew his legislative proposal did Babbitt ask Clinton todesignate the Monument.

In the Grand Junction area . . . citizens and local officialsworked with U.S. Rep. Scott McInnis, a Western SlopeRepublican, on a legislative compromise that created theColorado Canyons National Conservation Area. Consequently,Babbitt didn't seek Monument designation for the area.”

Denver Post, March 12, 2001

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“The Bush administration has contended that Clintonrammed the five Monuments in Arizona and nine more inother Western states down the throats of the states' residents.The claim is often made that Clinton did not even consultleaders in affected areas.

Arizona Gov. Jane Hull has been one critic. She complainedthat Clinton and then-Interior Secretary Bruce Babbitt actedhastily, without consulting sufficiently with Arizonans. Butsince the Monuments enjoy such popular support, she hasnot joined those who think the Monuments should be undone.

Given that contentious background, it is worth noting in theIronwood Monument's case that both the Pima County andPinal County boards of supervisors urged Clinton to declarethe Monument. The Monument also drew strong supportfrom environmental groups, scientists at the Arizona SonoraDesert Museum, the Tohono O'odham Nation and someneighborhood groups near the Silverbell Mountains.”

Arizona Daily Star, April 8, 2001

“These few voices of complaint should not speak louder than the chorus of the many people who support theCascade-Siskiyou National Monument and agree that thenew protections are needed for this still wild land of rareplants, at least 100 species of butterflies and many otherspecies of wildlife.”

Portland Oregonian, May 17, 2001

On energy development in the Monuments . . .

“Hansen attacked Clinton decisions on roadless forests, newNational Monuments, the banning of snowmobiles inYellowstone and other National Parks, and new protectionsfor Marine Resource Areas and Fish and Wildlife Refuges.All of these, Hansen said, violate “the good stewardship ofour public lands. This is pro-development doublespeakreminiscent of the Ronald Reagan-James Watt era of landmanagement. To them, stewardship meant turning the public lands over to private companies for exploitation andprofit. But the public didn't buy that philosophy in the 1980sand it won't now.”

Los Angeles Times, January 7, 2001

“Bush, our president with an MBA, said his decision to lookand drill for oil in National Monuments and other publiclands would be based partly on a “cost-benefit ratio.” But inreality his announcement offers a glimpse of the extremismthat drives this administration.”

Intelligencer Journal (Lancaster, PA), March 21, 2001

“These [Bush administration rollbacks of Clinton environmentalregulations] were minor affronts to the Clinton legacy. Thetwo defining environmental decisions of Mr. Bush's earlymonths have been his renunciation of the Kyoto agreementon global warming and the beginning of what may be abroad effort to turn the oil and mining industries loose onpublic lands, many of which deserve special protection . . .Mr. Bush seems bent on carving out large swaths of publicland to satisfy his appetite for new energy reserves. His interiorsecretary, Gale Norton, is talking about making “boundaryadjustments” to allow commercial activity in some of the 22National Monuments created or expanded by Mr. Clinton.”

New York Times, April 22, 2001

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Section IIIOil and Gas inNational Monuments

Economically Recoverable Oil & Gas inthe New Bureau Of Land Management(BLM) National Monuments

Monument

Agua Fria, AZCalifornia Coastal, CACanyons of Ancients, COCarrizo Plain, CACascade Siskiyou, ORCraters of the Moon, IDGrand Canyon-Parashant, AZGrand Staircase-Escalante, UTIronwood Forest, AZKasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks, NMPompey’s Pillar, MTSanta Rosa & San Jacinto Mts, CASonoran Desert, AZUpper Missouri River Breaks, MTVermillion Cliffs, AZ

TOTALS

Economically Recoverable OIL(As a Portion of Total U.S. Consumption)

013 days3 hours2 days0016 minutes4 hours0Less than 1 minuteLess than 1 minute001 hour10 minutes

15 days, 12 hrs, 28 mins

Economically Recoverable GAS(As a Portion of Total U.S. Consumption)

05 days3 hours19 hours00Less than 1 minute1 hour0Less than 1 minuteLess than 1 minute0015 hours8 minutes

7 days, 2 hrs, 11 mins

This analysis was supervised by Pete Morton, Ph.D., ResourceEconomist at The Wilderness Society.

Data were obtained from the United States GeologicalService (USGS) 1995 National Assessment of United StatesOil and Gas Resources, which divides the U.S. into oil andgas plays. Plays are defined as a set of known or postulatedaccumulations of oil or gas that share similar geologic, geographic and temporal properties. Our estimates utilizedUSGS mean value estimates because they provide the best,unbiased estimate of the expected value oil and gas resources.

Geographic Information System (GIS) software were used todetermine the area of intersection between oil and gas playsand national Monument boundaries in order to derive theeconomically recoverable amount of oil and gas based onfinancial cost functions and recovery rates developed byUSGS scientists. In the table above, economically recoverableoil and gas amounts were estimated with a high price scenarioof $30/barrel of oil and $3.34/thousand cubic feet of gas.

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:Pete Morton, Denver, CO, 303-650-5818, ext. 105Sabrina Williams, Washington, DC 202 429 8441

11

MONUMENT

Agua Fria

Anderson Cottage

Buck Island Reef

[Expansion]

California Coastal

Canyons of the Ancients

Carrizo Plain

Cascade Siskiyou

Craters of the Moon

[Expansion]

Giant Sequoia

Governor's Island

Grand Canyon-Parashant

Grand Staircase-Escalante

Hanford Reach

Ironwood Forest

Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks

Minidoka Internment

Pinnacles [Expansion]

Pompey's Pillar

Santa Rosa and

San Jacinto Mountains

Sonoran Desert

Upper Missouri

River Breaks

U.S. Virgin Islands

Coral Reef

Vermilion Cliffs

ACREAGE

71,000

2

18,135

840 x 12 miles

164,000

204,107

52,000

661,287

327,769

20

1,014,000

1,700,000

195,000

128,917

4,148

73

2,980

51

272,000

486,149

377,346

12,708

293,000

DESIGNATION

DATE

11-Jan-00

7-Jul-00

17-Jan-01

11-Jan-00

9-Jun-00

17-Jan-01

9-Jun-00

9-Nov-00

15-Apr-00

20-Jan-01

11-Jan-00

18-Sep-96

9-Jun-00

9-Jun-00

17-Jan-01

17-Jan-01

10-Jan-00

17-Jan-01

24-Oct-00

17-Jan-01

17-Jan-01

17-Jan-01

9-Nov-00

LOCATION

Arizona

Washington, DC

U.S. Virgin Islands

California

Colorado

California

Oregon

Idaho

California

New York

Arizona

Utah

Washington

Arizona

New Mexico

Idaho

California

Montana

California

Arizona

Montana

U.S. Virgin Islands

Arizona

MANAGEMENT

AGENCY

BLM

NPS

NPS

BLM

BLM

BLM

BLM

BLM/NPS

USFS

NPS

BLM

BLM

FWS

BLM

BLM*

BR**

NPS

BLM

BLM/FS*

BLM

BLM

BLM

BLM

Monument Designations

Section IVNewestNational Monuments

* Managed in cooperation with state and private entities. ** Bureau of Reclamation

12

Agua Fria National Monument, Arizona

Approximately 40 miles north of central Phoenix lies this expansive mosaicof semi-desert accented by ribbons of valuable riparian forest. The relativeavailability of water and the diversity of topographical features throughoutthe 71,000-acre Agua Fria Monument support outstanding biologicalresources including a wide array of sensitive wildlife species. Agua Fria alsocontains 450 prehistoric sites. These ancient ruins, with their breathtakingvistas and spectacular petroglyphs, allow the Monument to be recognizedas one of the most significant systems of late prehistoric sites in the Southwest.On January 11, 2000, the area was declared a National Monument to bepreserved as the national treasure its serenity and history represent.

New Treasures

Fourteen of the last seventeen American presidents used the

authority granted by the Antiquities Act to protect portions of

our national heritage. Historic sites, ancient archaeological

treasures, glacial fjords, towering mountains, and fragile deserts

have been preserved through presidential proclamation and

National Monument designation. During the Reagan and Bush

administrations, the Antiquities Act rested dormant and unused.

In 1996, President Clinton reinvigorated the power of this

benchmark piece of conservation legislation. Today, an

unprecedented interest in protecting the dwindling wildlands

and ever-threatened American landscape promises to enrich the

future of our society. The following National Monuments are

among the newest additions and expansions to the great system

of protected areas in the United States.

Historically, the National Park Service and the Forest Service and

not the Bureau of Land Management have been charged with

management authority for National Monuments. In 1996,

President Clinton granted to BLM the management responsibility

for Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument thereby

altering the traditional trend. Subsequently, 15 of the recently

designated Monuments are managed by BLM.

Agua Fria National Monument, Arizona

Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana

13

Buck Island Reef National Monument, U.S. Virgin Islands

The Buck Island Reef National Monument was expanded by presidentialdesignation on January 17, 2001. The expansion includes 18,135 marineacres of federal submerged lands off of St. Croix, within the 3-mile beltaround Buck Island. Buck Island Reef National Monument was establishedon December 28, 1961, by presidential proclamation. The 1961 proclamation describes Buck Island and its adjoining shoals, rocks, andundersea coral reef formations as “one of the finest marine gardens in theCaribbean Sea” and as an area of “great scientific interest and educationalvalue to students of the sea and to the public.”

California Coastal National Monument

The nutrient-rich waters of the Pacific pounds the 840-mile Californiacoastline and created the islands exposed reefs, pinnacles, and tide poolsof the wildlife haven known as the California Coastal National Monument.Part of a narrow and important flight lane in the Pacific flyway, this breathtaking intersection of broken land and sea has proven itself to beessential feeding and nesting habitat for some 200,000 bird speciesincluding the Bald Eagle. As part of California’s near-shore ocean zone,the Monument is rich in biodiversity and holds many species of scientificinterest that can be particularly sensitive to disturbance. This biologicaltreasure was designated a National Monument on January 11, 2000.

Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Colorado

Located in Colorado and home to more than 5,000 archeologically importantsites, the 164,000-acre Canyons of the Ancients National Monument contains the highest density of archeological sites in the nation. In additionto its immense historical value the Monument is also a geographical wonder and provides critical habitat for a wide variety of wildlife speciesincluding golden eagles and the Mesa Verde nightsnake. To ensure thatthis evidence of cultures and traditions spanning thousands of years is preserved, the Canyons of the Ancients National Monument was designatedon June 9, 2000.

Carrizo Plain National Monument, California

Carrizo Plain is located in central California, just off the southwest edge ofthe San Joaquin Valley, between San Luis Obispo and Bakersfield.Dramatically bisected by the San Andreas Fault zone, the area is thelargest undeveloped remnant of this ecosystem, providing critical habitatsthat will help ensure the long-term survival of the many endemic plant andanimal species that inhabit the area. The area was designated as aNational Monument on January 17, 2001.

California Coastal National Monument

Canyons of the Ancients National Monument, Colorado

Carrizo Plain National Monument, California

14

Cascade Siskiyou National Monument, Oregon

Designated on June 9, 2000, the Cascade Siskiyou National Monument insouthern Oregon is best characterized by its unmatched biological diversity.Here, a wide variety of habitat-sensitive plants and animals make homesamidst the towering fir forests, peaceful sunlit oak groves, wildflower-strewnmeadows, and steep canyons. The 52,000-acre Monument is also hometo one of the highest densities of butterfly species in the United States andcontains habitat crucial to the threatened Northern Spotted Owl andnumerous other bird species.

Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

Located some 160 miles east of Boise, the Craters of the Moon NationalMonument is a topographical wonder where one can find scientifically significant evidence of the earth’s creative processes. The Monument’s central focus is the Great Rift, a 62-mile-long crack in the earth's crustaround which is a rare and remarkably preserved volcanic landscape withlava fields, more than 20 volcanic cones, and 60 lava flows. Additionalpoints of interest are the lava tubes and pit craters known for their unusualpreservation of winter ice and snow during the hot summer months due toshielding from the sun and the insulating properties of basalt. InNovember 2000, the Monument was expanded by presidential designationto approximately 661,000 acres.

Giant Sequoia National Monument, California

Amidst mountainsides of pines and cedars, the giant sequoia towers as asentinel guarding the grand sanctuaries of the Sierra Nevada. Peering skyward from the quiet floor of a giant sequoia grove, a visitor is struck bythe impossible magnitude, the incomprehensible size of these ultimatelyinspiring trees. The serene quiet of the groves, punctuated by the occasionalfall of a cone, the song of a bird, or the whisper of a gentle breeze, arenow protected in Giant Sequoia National Monument. Designated on April15, 2000, Giant Sequoia will be managed by the U.S. Forest Service.

Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument, Arizona

On January 11, 2000, President Clinton designated more than one millionacres of high desert lands adjacent to the North Rim of the Grand Canyonas Grand Canyon-Parashant National Monument. Protecting a rich diversityof plants, animals, cultural sites, and critical watersheds, these remotelands help safeguard the grandest of canyons and preserve intact vitalwatersheds that contribute to the ongoing evolution of the Grand Canyon’sunequaled beauty and geological story. Home to endangered species,great tracts of roadless wilderness, and unparalleled opportunities to experience true solitude, Grand Canyon-Parashant is a stunning landscapeand an important component of the greater Grand Canyon ecosystem.

Cascade Siskiyou National Monument,Oregon

Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho

Grand Canyon-Parashant NationalMonument, Arizona

15

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah

Designated in 1996, Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument protects a broad expanse of arid wilderness in Utah’s spectacular canyoncountry. Colorful badlands, sagebrush basins, water-carved canyons ofimpossible shape, and remote ridges dotted with pinyon pine and juniperharbor the kind of natural quiet absent elsewhere in the lower 48 states.Solitude, space, and rugged beauty abound in this desert Monument totaling more than 1.7 million acres, which include approximately 900,000acres of Wilderness Study Areas.

Hanford Reach National Monument, Washington

Located in south-central Washington along the Columbia River, thisMonument encompasses more than 200,000 acres of land within theDepartment of Energy’s Hanford Reservation. The Monument contains thelargest remnant of the shrub-steppe ecosystem that once blanketed theColumbia River Basin. The Hanford Reach is the last free-flowing, non-tidal stretch of the Columbia River, where approximately 80 percent of fall chinook salmon spawn. The Hanford Reach National Monumentsupports a wealth of rare native plant and animal species, the size anddiversity of which is unrivaled in the Columbia Basin. Migrating salmon,birds, and hundreds of other native plant and animal species rely on itsnatural ecosystems. In addition to its biological wealth, the Monument isalso rich in archeological history, with artifacts more than 10,000 yearsold. President Clinton designated the Monument on June 9, 2000. TheU.S. Fish & Wildlife Service manages Hanford Reach.

Ironwood Forest National Monument, Arizona

The Ironwood Forest National Monument in Arizona is home to rich,drought-adapted vegetation and areas of scientific interest significantenough to be listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The geologicand topographic variability of the Monument contributes to the area’s highlevel of biological diversity. Ironwoods, known to live in excess of 800years, are the dominant nurse plants of the region and greatly influence anunderstory of plants which form critical habitat for many threatened andendangered species. An example of this can be found in the Monument’sresident population of desert bighorn sheep, which is considered to be thelast viable population indigenous to the Tucson region. The 128,917 acreIronwood Forest National Monument was designated on June 9, 2000.

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah

Hanford Reach National Monument, Washington

Ironwood Forest National Monument, Arizona

16

Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument, New Mexico

Designated on January 17, 2001, the Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks NationalMonument is located in north-central New Mexico near Santa Fe. It is aremarkable outdoor laboratory, offering an opportunity to observe, study,and experience the geological processes that shape natural landscapes, aswell as other cultural and biological objects of interest. Rich in pumice,ash, and tuff deposits, the light-colored, cone-shaped tent rock formationsare the products of explosive volcanic eruptions that occurred between sixand seven million years ago. The Monument includes approximately 4,114acres of federal land, and elevations within the Monument range fromabout 5,560 feet to about 6,760 feet above sea level.

Minidoka Internment National Monument, Idaho

The Minidoka Internment National Monument is located in south-centralIdaho, in Jerome County approximately 20 miles northeast of Twin Falls.The Monument includes portions of the Minidoka Relocation Center, aWorld War II-era Japanese-American internment camp and approximately73 acres of federal land currently managed by the Bureau of Reclamation.The Minidoka Internment National Monument was designated on January17, 2001.

Pinnacles National Monument, California

The January 10, 2000, expansion of Pinnacles National Monument addsan additional 7,900 acres to this existing unit of the National Park System.President Theodore Roosevelt established the Monument in 1908 under theauthority of the Antiquities Act of 1906. Five presidents and Congress haveenlarged the original boundaries to its present size of 32,165 acres.Located in central California, Pinnacles National Monument features complex geology, dramatic 1,000-foot rock spires, caves, and a variety ofvolcanic features. Lands added to the preexisting Monument protect wilderness quality lands, important watersheds, and habitat for sensitiveamphibians and birds of prey.

Pompey’s Pillar National Monument, Montana

Pompey’s Pillar is on 51 acres of federal land along the Yellowstone Riverin southeastern Montana, 28 miles east of Billings. President Clinton designated this Monument on January 17, 2001. Its geological distinctionas the only major sandstone formation in the area has made it a celebratedlandmark and an outstanding observation point for more than 11,000years of human occupation. On July 25, 1806, Clark carved his nameand date into the pillar's sandstone surface. The pillar also bears NativeAmerican drawings and other historical inscriptions. Clark originallynamed the rock after his nickname for Sacajawea’s infant son. His journalentry described it as “...a remarkable rock [with] the most extensive view inevery direction.”

Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument,New Mexico

Pinnacles National Monument, California

Pompey’s Pillar National Monument, Montana

17

Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument, Montana

Located in central Montana, the Upper Missouri River Breaks NationalMonument covers approximately 377,346 acres, including the MissouriBreaks country north of the Missouri River. It is also the premier segmentof the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail. Of the Breaks, CaptainLewis wrote, “The hills and river cliffs which we passed today exhibit a mostromantic appearance…it seemed as if those scenes of visionary enchantmentwould never end.” Little has changed in this historic stretch of the MissouriRiver since then. Missouri Breaks was designated on January 17, 2001.

U.S. Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument

The U.S. Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument includes 12,708acres of federal submerged lands within the 3-mile belt off of St. John,including Hurricane Hole and areas north and south of St. John. The area contains all the elements of a Caribbean tropical marine ecosystem.This designation furthers the protection of the scientific objects included inthe Virgin Islands National Park. This Monument was designated onJanuary 17, 2001.

Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona

Designated on November 19, 2000, this 293,000-acre Monument is bothbreathtakingly beautiful and scientifically significant. Some of the earliestrock art in the Southwest can be found in the Monument. In the northwestportion lies a geologically impressive area where crossbeds of Navajosandstone display colorful banding in hues of yellow, orange, pink, andred caused by the precipitation of manganese, iron, and other oxides. TheMonument’s arid climate allows for an exceptional combination of colddesert vegetation and warm desert grassland and includes one threatenedspecies, Welsh’s milkweed.

Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument, California

Located within the California Desert Conservation Area, this Monumentencompasses more than 272,000 acres in the Santa Rosa and San JacintoMountains and is home to 500 plant and animal species. The Santa RosaMountains were originally designated America’s fourth National ScenicArea in 1990. The Monument was designated on October 24 2000, byCongress to protect and preserve the nationally significant biological, cultural, geological, wilderness, educational, and scientific resources.

Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument,Montana

Vermilion Cliffs National Monument, Arizona

Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains NationalMonument, California

18

Sonoran Desert National Monument, Arizona

The Sonoran Desert in southern Arizona appears at first glance to be aharsh, arid landscape, armed with spines, thorns, and venomous snakes.But a closer look shows a land of fragile beauty, bursting with flowers andfruit after a wet winter; a homeland for ancient peoples, where the signs oftheir art and culture still inspire awe and imagination; and a vanishingoasis of habitat for vulnerable plants and wildlife, such as the majesticdesert bighorn. This landscape also includes the Sand Tank Mountains,which have not suffered the incompatible land uses of mining, livestockgrazing, or cross-country vehicle travel for more than 50 years while undermanagement of the Department of Defense. As a result, the wildlife habitatin the Sand Tank Mountains is rare in its diversity and in the health of thenative plant communities found there. It was designated on January 17, 2001.

Sonoran Desert National Monument, Arizona

19

Section VNational MonumentsSince 1906

DEV

ILS

TOW

ER, W

Y

EL M

ORR

O, N

M

MO

NTE

ZUM

A, A

Z

PETR

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ark)

CH

AC

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l His

toric

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GIL

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, CA

, (L

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(N

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nal H

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GRA

ND

CA

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NA

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FEAT

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T. R

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s in

195

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es u

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the

rock

s.

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hist

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liff d

wel

lings

” (P

roc.

No.

222

6).

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eral

ized

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ains

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sts”

(Pro

c. N

o. 6

97).

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l Par

k, 1

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d re

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co C

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itage

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467)

.

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(Pro

c. N

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87).

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” (P

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). L

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wer

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mes

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UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

“The

slo

pes

of M

ount

Oly

mpu

s....

embr

ace.

..the

sum

mer

ran

ge a

ndbr

eedi

ng g

roun

d of

the

Oly

mpi

c El

k” (P

roc.

No.

869

). E

stab

lishe

d as

Oly

mpi

c N

atio

nal P

ark,

193

8. W

ilder

ness

(876

,669

acr

es),

1988

.Bi

osph

ere

Rese

rve,

197

6. W

orld

Her

itage

Site

, 198

1.

“A n

umbe

r of

pre

histo

ric c

liff-

dwel

lings

and

pue

blo

ruin

s” (P

roc.

No.

873

).Ri

ght o

f way

of 4

.59

acre

s gr

ante

d to

Par

k Se

rvic

e fro

m tr

ibe,

197

7.

“One

of t

he la

rges

t and

mos

t im

porta

nt o

f ear

ly S

pani

sh c

hurc

h ru

ins”

(Pro

c. N

o. 8

82).

Nam

e ch

ange

d to

Sal

inas

Nat

iona

l Mon

umen

t and

enla

rged

, 198

0. T

wo

stat

e M

onum

ents

abs

orbe

d, 1

981.

Nam

ech

ange

d to

Sal

inas

Pue

blo

Miss

ions

Nat

iona

l Mon

umen

t, 19

88.

This

Mon

umen

t is

hom

e to

unu

sual

mar

ble

cave

s an

d th

e D

ougl

as fi

rw

ith th

e w

ides

t girt

h of

any

suc

h tre

e in

Ore

gon.

“The

feat

ures

of g

eogr

aphi

c in

tere

st in

clud

e a

laby

rinth

of r

emar

kabl

eca

nyon

s w

ith h

ighl

y or

nate

and

bea

utifu

lly c

over

ed w

alls”

(Pro

c.N

o.14

35).

Inco

rpor

ated

into

Zio

n N

atio

nal M

onum

ent,

1918

.Es

tabl

ished

as

a N

atio

nal P

ark,

191

9.

Abol

ished

, 195

4.

“The

dec

isive

bat

tlegr

ound

of t

he R

ussia

n co

nque

st o

f Ala

ska

in 1

804”

(Pro

c. N

o. 9

59).

Re-

desig

nate

d as

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

al P

ark,

197

2.

Big

Hol

e N

atio

nal B

attle

field

is a

mem

oria

l to

the

com

bata

nts

who

foug

ht a

nd d

ied

ther

e on

Aug

ust 9

and

10,

187

7, in

the

Nez

Per

ce w

ar.

Re-d

esig

nate

d as

Big

Hol

e N

atio

nal B

attle

field

, 196

3.

“An

extra

ordi

nary

nat

ural

brid

ge…

thre

e hu

ndre

d an

d ni

ne fe

et h

igh

and

two

hund

red

and

seve

nty-

eigh

t fee

t spa

n...a

n ex

ampl

e of

ecc

entri

cst

ream

ero

sion”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

043)

.

The

larg

e ca

nyon

that

mak

es u

p C

olor

ado

NM

is a

goo

d ex

ampl

e of

high

des

ert c

ount

ry.

The

hot l

ava

that

coo

led

and

crac

ked

som

e 90

0,00

0 ye

ars

ago,

form

edm

agni

ficen

t bas

alt c

olum

ns 4

0 to

60

feet

hig

h.

Abol

ished

, 193

0.

Juan

Rod

rigue

z C

abril

lo a

nd p

arty

wer

e th

e fir

st Eu

rope

ans

to w

alk

on th

ePa

cific

Coa

st. C

abril

lo a

lso e

xplo

red

muc

h of

the

coas

tline

of C

alifo

rnia

.

“Pre

hist

oric

rui

ns o

f anc

ient

clif

f-dw

ellin

gs”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

318)

.

“Dep

osit

of D

inos

auria

n an

d ot

her

giga

ntic

rep

tilia

n re

mai

ns”

of th

eJu

rass

ic P

erio

d (P

roc.

No.

131

3).

“Pue

blo

type

arc

haeo

logi

cal r

uins

” (P

roc.

No.

338

8).

Wild

erne

ss(2

3,26

7 ac

res)

, 197

6.

Abol

ished

, 195

5.

922,

651.

01

360

1,07

1.42

466.

23

146,

597.

64

0 106.

17

655.

61

160

19,9

25.9

1

798.

46

0 137.

06

2,01

1.62

210,

844.

02

32,7

37.2

0

0

639,

200

360

184

466

16,0

00

210

51 5 160

13,4

66

798

2,05

0

1 960

80 23,3

52

43

1909

1909

1909

1909

1909

1909

1910

1910

1910

1911

1911

1914

1913

1915

1915

1916

1916

T. R

oose

velt

(R),

Taft

(R),

Wils

on (D

), H

oove

r (R

)

Taft

(R)

Taft

(R),

Wils

on (D

)

Taft

(R)

Taft

(R),

Wils

on (D

), F.D

. Roo

seve

lt (D

)

Taft

(R)

Taft

(R),

Trum

an (D

)

Taft

(R),

F. D

. Roo

seve

lt (D

)

Taft

(R)

Taft

(R),

Hoo

ver

(R),

Eise

nhow

er (R

)

Taft

(R)

Wils

on (D

), H

ardi

ng (R

)

Wils

on (D

)

Wils

on (D

)

Wils

on (D

), C

oolid

ge (R

)

Wils

on (D

), H

oove

r (R

),Ei

senh

ower

(R)

Wils

on (D

)

21

VERE

ND

RYE,

ND

SIEU

R D

E M

ON

TS, M

E,

(Aca

dia

Nat

iona

l Par

k)

CA

PULI

N M

T., N

M

CA

SA G

RAN

DE

RUIN

S, A

Z

KATM

AI,

AK

, (N

atio

nal P

ark

and

Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e)

SCO

TTS

BLU

FF, N

E

YUC

CA

HO

USE

, CO

AZT

EC R

UIN

S, N

M

HO

VEN

WEE

P, U

T, C

O

MO

UN

D C

ITY

GRO

UP,

OH

, (H

opew

ell C

ultu

re N

atio

nal H

isto

ric P

ark)

PIPE

SPR

ING

, AZ

LEH

MA

N C

AVE

S, N

V

TIM

PAN

OG

OS

CA

VE, U

T

FOSS

IL C

YCA

D, S

D

BRYC

E, U

T,

(Bry

ce C

anyo

n N

atio

nal P

ark)

CA

RLSB

AD

CA

VE, N

M,

(Car

lsba

d C

aver

ns N

atio

nal P

ark)

CA

STIL

LO D

E SA

N M

ARC

O, F

L

FORT

MAT

AN

ZAS,

FL

PRES

IDEN

TIA

LLY D

ESIG

NA

TED

MO

NU

MEN

TS:

1908-2

001

con

tin

ued

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

Abol

ished

, 195

6.

“The

topo

grap

hic

conf

igur

atio

n, th

e ge

olog

y, th

e fa

una

and

the

flora

of t

heisl

and.

..are

of g

reat

sci

entif

ic in

tere

st”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

339)

. Es

tabl

ished

as

Lafa

yette

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

919.

Cha

nged

to A

cadi

a N

atio

nal P

ark,

192

9.

“Stri

king

exa

mpl

es o

f rec

ent e

xtin

ct v

olca

noes

” (P

roc.

No.

134

0).

Cha

nged

to C

apul

in V

olca

no N

atio

nal M

onum

ent,

1987

.

The

ruin

s an

d an

cien

t bui

ldin

gs a

re w

here

a tr

ibe

of H

ohok

am p

eopl

eliv

ed b

etw

een

300

B.C

. and

A.D

. 145

0.

The

Mt.

Katm

ai e

rupt

ion

of 1

912

still

offe

rs s

cien

ce th

e ch

ance

to s

tudy

“the

cau

se a

nd th

e ca

tast

roph

e” o

f vol

cani

c er

uptio

ns.

Esta

blish

ed a

s a

Nat

iona

l Par

k an

d Pr

eser

ve, 1

980.

Wild

erne

ss (3

,473

,000

), 19

80.

The

high

est p

oint

in th

e st

ate

of N

ebra

ska,

Sco

tts B

luff

was

use

d as

ala

ndm

ark

by tr

avel

ers

goin

g w

est o

n th

e O

rego

n Tr

ail.

“Rel

ic of

the

preh

istor

ic in

habi

tant

s of

that

par

t of t

he c

ount

ry”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

549)

.

The

mos

t sig

nific

ant s

ites

of th

e C

haco

and

Mes

a Ve

rde

Anas

azi a

refo

und

at A

ztec

Rui

ns.

Des

igna

ted

a W

orld

Her

itage

Site

in 1

987.

“Fou

r gr

oups

of r

uins

...sh

ow th

e fin

est p

rehi

stor

ic m

ason

ry in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

654)

.

The

Five

Mou

nds

are

a m

onum

ent t

o an

anc

ient

Nat

ive

Amer

ican

cu

lture

, kno

wn

as th

e H

opew

ell C

ultu

re.

The

act o

f mou

nd b

uild

ing

was

shar

ed b

y m

any

Nat

ive

Amer

ican

gro

ups

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

.

“Onl

y w

ater

bet

wee

n H

urric

ane,

UT,

and

Fre

doni

a, A

Z, a

dist

ance

of

62m

iles.

..use

d as

a p

lace

of r

efug

e fro

m h

ostil

e In

dian

s by

ear

ly s

ettle

rs”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

663)

.

Inco

rpor

ated

into

Gre

at B

asin

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

986.

Loca

ted

on th

e sid

e of

Mou

nt T

impa

nogo

s, th

e co

lorfu

l lim

esto

ne c

aver

nis

uniq

ue fo

r its

wat

er-c

reat

ed fo

rmat

ions

, whi

ch g

row

in a

ll di

rect

ions

and

shap

es, r

egar

dles

s of

the

pull

of g

ravi

ty.

Abol

ished

, 195

6.

Bryc

e C

anyo

n's

rock

feat

ures

, hoo

doos

, and

arc

hes

mak

e it

uniq

ue.

Auth

oriz

ed a

s U

tah

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

924.

Re-

desig

nate

d as

to B

ryce

Can

yon

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

928.

“A li

mes

tone

cav

ern

of e

xtra

ordi

nary

pro

porti

ons

and

of u

nusu

al b

eaut

y“

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

679)

. Es

tabl

ished

as

Car

lsbad

Cav

erns

Nat

iona

l Par

k,19

30.

Wild

erne

ss (3

3,12

5 ac

res)

, 197

8.

Old

est m

ason

ry fo

rt in

con

term

inou

s U

.S.

Boun

dary

cha

nges

: '3

6, '6

0.

Hist

oric

Span

ish fo

rt, b

uilt

betw

een

1740

-174

2. B

ound

ary

chan

ges:

'35

, '48.

0 46,9

95.9

8

792.

84

472.

5

3,67

4,54

0.87

3,00

3.03

9.6

319.

73

784.

93

1,13

0.33

40 77,1

80

250

0 35,8

35

46,7

66.4

5

20.1

8

298.

51

253

5,00

0

640

480

1,08

8,00

0

2,05

3

10 319.

49

286

57 0 593

250

320

7440

719

19 1

1917

1916

1916

1918

1918

1919

1919

1923

1923

1923

1923

1922

1922

1923

1923

1923

1924

1924

Wils

on (D

)

Wils

on (D

)

Wils

on (D

)

Wils

on (D

)

Wils

on (D

), H

oove

r (R

),

F. D

. Roo

seve

lt (D

),

John

son

(D),

Car

ter

(D)

Wils

on (D

), H

oove

r (R

), F.D

.Ro

osev

elt (

D)

Wils

on (D

)

Har

ding

(R)

Har

ding

(R),

Trum

an (D

),Ei

senh

ower

(R)

Har

ding

(R)

Har

ding

(R)

Har

ding

(R)

Har

ding

(R),

Kenn

edy

(D)

Har

ding

(R)

Har

ding

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Cooli

dge

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

22

FORT

PU

LASK

I, G

A

STAT

UE

OF

LIBE

RTY,

NY

CA

STLE

PIN

CKN

EY, S

C

WU

PATK

I, A

Z

CH

IRIC

AH

UA

, AZ

CRA

TERS

OF

THE

MO

ON

, ID

MER

IWET

HER

LEW

IS, T

N

FATH

ER M

ILLE

T C

ROSS

, NY

GLA

CIE

R BA

Y, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k an

d N

atio

nal P

rese

rve)

LAVA

BED

S, C

A

ARC

HES

, UT,

(N

atio

nal P

ark)

HO

LY C

ROSS

, CO

SUN

SET

CRA

TER,

AZ

GRE

AT S

AN

D D

UN

ES, C

O

GRA

ND

CA

NYO

N II

, AZ,

(G

rand

Can

yon

Nat

iona

l Par

k)

WH

ITE

SAN

DS,

NM

DEA

TH V

ALL

EY, C

A,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

PRES

IDEN

TIA

LLY D

ESIG

NA

TED

MO

NU

MEN

TS:

1908-2

001

con

tin

ued

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

Hist

oric

fort-

-req

uire

d 18

yea

rs a

nd 2

5 m

illio

n br

icks

to c

onst

ruct

.Bo

unda

ry c

hang

es:

'36,

'59.

The

Stat

ue o

f Lib

erty,

a g

ift fr

om F

ranc

e, s

ymbo

lizes

libe

rty a

nd r

epre

sent

sth

e ro

le o

f the

Uni

ted

Stat

es a

s a

land

of f

reed

om a

nd o

ppor

tuni

ty.D

esig

nate

d W

orld

Her

itage

Site

, 198

4. B

ound

ary

chan

ges:

'37

, '65

.

Abol

ished

, 195

6.

Preh

istor

ic r

uins

bui

lt by

the

ance

stor

s of

the

Hop

i peo

ple.

Wild

erne

ss (9

,440

acr

es),

1976

.

“Rem

arka

ble

fissu

re e

rupt

ion

toge

ther

with

its

asso

ciat

ed v

olca

nic

cone

s,cr

ater

s, r

ifts,

lava

flow

s, c

aves

, nat

ural

brid

ges,

and

oth

er p

heno

men

ach

arac

teris

tic o

f vol

cani

c ac

tion”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

694)

. W

ilder

ness

(43,

243

acre

s), 1

970.

“The

gra

ve o

f Cap

tain

Mer

iwet

her

Lew

is,”

Amer

ican

exp

lore

r (1

774-

1809

)(P

roc.

No.

173

0).

Adde

d to

Nat

chez

Tra

ce P

arkw

ay, 1

961.

Abol

ished

, 195

6.

Gla

cier

Bay

is a

uni

que

oppo

rtuni

ty fo

r th

e st

udy

of g

laci

al b

ehav

ior

and

the

deve

lopm

ent o

f Al

aska

n flo

ra a

nd fa

una.

Est

ablis

hed

as N

atio

nal

Park

and

Pre

serv

e, 1

980.

Wild

erne

ss (2

,770

,000

acr

es),

1980

.D

esig

nate

d Bi

osph

ere

Rese

rve,

198

6.

“Clif

fs w

ith p

etro

glyp

hic

carv

ings

from

a p

rehi

stor

ic p

erio

d” (P

roc.

No.

2925

). W

ilder

ness

(28,

460

acre

s), 1

972.

“Ext

raor

dina

ry e

xam

ples

of w

ind

eros

ion

in th

e sh

ape

of g

igan

tic a

rche

s,na

tura

l brid

ges,

win

dow

s, s

pire

s, b

alan

ced

rock

s, a

nd o

ther

uni

que

win

dwor

n sa

ndst

one

form

atio

ns”

(Pro

c. N

o. 1

875)

. Es

tabl

ished

as

aN

atio

nal P

ark,

197

1.

Abol

ished

, 195

0.

Alth

ough

the

volc

ano

erup

ted

in A

.D. 1

065,

the

lava

roc

ks th

at m

ark

the

even

t stil

l sur

roun

d th

e ar

ea.

Surr

ound

ing

mou

ntai

n er

osio

n ha

s ca

used

the

form

atio

n of

the

sand

dune

s. D

ue to

the

hars

h liv

ing

cond

ition

s on

the

dune

s, o

nly

the

toug

hest

cre

atur

es s

urvi

ve. W

ilder

ness

(33,

450

acre

s), 1

976.

Com

bine

d w

ith G

rand

Can

yon

Nat

iona

l Par

k ('1

9), M

arbl

e C

anyo

n N

M('6

9), a

nd p

ortio

ns o

f Gle

n C

anyo

n an

d La

ke M

ead

NRA

s to

form

Gra

ndC

anyo

n N

atio

nal P

ark,

197

5.

Wor

ld H

erita

ge S

ite, 1

979.

Whi

te S

ands

Nat

iona

l Mon

umen

t is

one

of th

e fe

w p

lace

s on

the

plan

etw

here

gyp

sum

is fo

und

as s

and,

cre

atin

g a

spec

tacu

larly

bea

utifu

l are

a.

Dea

th V

alle

y is

the

low

est p

oint

in th

e U

nite

d St

ates

. Es

tabl

ished

as

aN

atio

nal P

ark,

199

4. D

esig

nate

d a

Bios

pher

e Re

serv

e, 1

984.

5,36

5.13

58.3

8

0 35,2

53.2

4

11,9

82.3

8

715,

287.

00

51,7

47.5

9

0 3,28

3,30

0

46,8

21.3

3

73,3

78.9

8

0 3,04

0

38,6

62.1

8

1,18

0,61

8

143,

732.

92

3,36

7,62

7.68

20 3 4 2234

3655

22,6

52

50 1 1,37

9,31

6

45,5

90

4,83

4

1,39

2

3,04

0

35,5

28

273,

145

131,

487

848,

581

1924

1924

1924

1924

1924

1924

1925

1925

1925

1925

1929

1929

1930

1932

1932

1933

1933

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

John

son

(D)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R),

Hoo

ver

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

Kenn

edy

(D),

Clin

ton

(D)

Coo

lidge

(R),

F.D.R

oose

velt

(D)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

Eise

nhow

er (R

), Jo

hnso

n (D

)

Coo

lidge

(R),

Trum

an (D

)

Hoo

ver

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(R),

Eise

nhow

er (D

), Jo

hnso

n (D

)

Hoo

ver

(R)

Hoo

ver

(R)

Hoo

ver

(R),

Trum

an (D

),Ei

senh

ower

(D)

Hoo

ver (

R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

Hoo

ver

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

Eise

nhow

er (D

)

Hoo

ver

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt(

D),

Trum

an(D

)

23

PRES

IDEN

TIA

LLY D

ESIG

NA

TED

MO

NU

MEN

TS:

1908-2

001

con

tin

ued

“A r

emar

kabl

e di

spla

y of

...un

dist

urbe

d lo

wer

Son

oran

des

ert v

eget

atio

n”(P

roc.

No.

343

9).

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal P

ark,

199

4. W

ilder

ness

(71,

400

acre

s), 1

976.

Form

ed s

low

ly b

y w

ater

and

roc

k sc

ourin

g do

wn

hard

Pro

tero

zoic

cr

ysta

lline

roc

k, B

lack

Can

yon

is lik

e no

oth

er c

anyo

n in

Nor

th A

mer

ica.

It co

mbi

nes

narr

ow o

peni

ngs,

she

er w

alls,

and

far-

reac

hing

dep

ths.

Wild

erne

ss (1

1,18

0 ac

res)

, 197

6.

“Spe

ctac

ular

clif

fs, c

anyo

ns, a

nd fe

atur

es”

(Pro

c. N

o. 2

054)

.

Loca

ted

50 m

iles

from

the

Flor

ida

coas

t, Fo

rt Je

ffers

on is

one

of t

hela

rges

t mas

onry

forti

ficat

ions

in th

e w

este

rn w

orld

. The

sur

roun

ding

are

ais

hom

e to

a w

ide

rang

e of

bird

and

mar

ine

life.

Re-

desig

nate

d an

dna

med

Dry

Tor

tuga

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

992.

Two

dese

rts m

ake

up J

oshu

a Tr

ee N

atio

nal P

ark:

the

Col

orad

o an

dM

ojav

e, c

reat

ing

an e

xcel

lent

pla

ce to

obs

erve

con

trast

ing

dese

rt ec

osys

tem

s. R

e-de

signa

ted

as N

atio

nal P

ark,

199

4. W

ilder

ness

(429

,690

acr

es),

1976

. Bi

osph

ere

Rese

rve,

198

4.

“Vol

cani

c ph

enom

ena

of u

nusu

al s

cien

tific

val

ue”

(Pro

c. N

o. 2

221)

.In

corp

orat

ed in

to Z

ion

Nat

iona

l Par

k ('1

9), 1

956.

This

Mon

umen

t, of

ove

r 30

0,00

0 ac

res,

is in

the

Sono

ran

Des

ert a

nd is

one

of th

e fe

w p

lace

s in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es w

here

the

orga

n-pi

pe c

actu

s is

foun

d. W

ilder

ness

(312

,600

acr

es),

1978

. Bi

osph

ere

Rese

rve,

197

6.

“Nar

row

can

yons

disp

layi

ng e

vide

nce

of a

ncie

nt s

and

dune

dep

osits

”(P

roc.

No.

224

6).

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal P

ark,

197

1.

Abol

ished

, 194

6.

“Fos

sils

of P

leist

ocen

e el

epha

nts

and

anci

ent t

rees

...an

d...n

otew

orth

yex

ampl

es o

f anc

ient

vol

cani

sm”

(Pro

c. N

o. 2

281)

. Re

-des

igna

ted

asN

atio

nal P

ark,

198

0. B

iosp

here

Res

erve

, 197

6.

Fort

Lara

mie

had

its

root

s in

the

fur

trade

and

was

bou

ght a

nd u

sed

byth

e Ar

my

in 1

849

in it

s fig

ht a

gain

st th

e ar

ea's

Nat

ive

Amer

ican

s.

Re-d

esig

nate

d N

atio

nal H

istor

ic S

ite, 1

960.

Loca

ted

north

wes

t of P

hoen

ix, T

uzig

oot w

as b

uilt

betw

een

A.D

. 11

00-1

450

and

was

hom

e to

a c

ultu

re o

f Ind

ians

kno

wn

as th

e Si

natu

a.Re

-des

igna

ted

as N

atio

nal H

istor

ic P

ark,

199

0.

The

Teto

n Ra

nge

is th

e yo

unge

st o

f the

Roc

ky M

ount

ains

. Po

rtion

s in

corp

orat

ed in

to G

rand

Tet

on N

atio

nal P

ark

('29)

, Nat

iona

l Elk

Ref

uge,

and

Teto

n N

atio

nal F

ores

t, 19

50.

The

earth

mou

nds.

..are

...ill

ustra

tive

of a

sig

nific

ant p

hase

of t

he m

ound

-bu

ildin

g cu

lture

of t

he p

rehi

stor

ic A

mer

ican

Indi

ans”

(Pro

c. N

o. 2

860)

.

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

91,5

71.0

8

20,7

66.1

4

6,15

4.60

64,7

00

792,

749.

87

146,

597.

64

329,

316.

31

241,

904.

26

0 249,

353.

77

832.

85

800.

62

309,

993.

72

1,48

1.39

53,5

10

10,2

88

5,70

1

47,1

25

378,

018

36,4

31

329,

199

32,6

07

9,50

0

1,12

0

214

43 210,

950

1,00

0

1933

1933

1933

1935

1936

1937

1937

1937

1939

1938

1938

1939

1943

1949

Hoo

ver

(R),

Kenn

edy

(D)

Hoo

ver

(R),

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

Eise

nhow

er(D

)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

Eise

nhow

er (R

), Jo

hnso

n (D

)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D),

Trum

an (D

)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

Trum

an (D

)

SAG

UA

RO, A

Z,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

BLA

CK

CA

NYO

N, C

O

CED

AR

BREA

KS, U

T

FORT

JEF

FERS

ON

, FL,

(D

ry T

ortu

ga N

atio

nal P

ark)

JOSH

UA

TRE

E, C

A,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

ZIO

N, U

T,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

ORG

AN

PIP

E C

AC

TUS,

AZ

CA

PITO

L RE

EF, U

T,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

SAN

TA R

OSA

ISLA

ND

, FL

CH

AN

NEL

ISLA

ND

S, C

A,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

FORT

LA

RAM

IE, W

Y,

(Nat

iona

l His

toric

Site

)

TUZI

GO

OT,

AZ

JAC

KSO

N H

OLE

, WY,

(G

rand

Tet

on N

atio

nal P

ark)

EFFI

GY

MO

UN

DS,

IA

24

PRES

IDEN

TIA

LLY D

ESIG

NA

TED

MO

NU

MEN

TS:

1908-2

001

con

tin

ued

This

labo

rato

ry is

hom

e to

som

e of

the

mos

t rev

olut

iona

ry in

vent

ions

of

the

20th

cen

tury

. C

ombi

ned

with

Edi

son

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

Site

('55

) to

form

new

Edi

son

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

Site

, 196

2.

For

184.

5 m

iles

the

C&

O C

anal

follo

ws

the

Poto

mac

Riv

er f

rom

Was

hing

ton,

DC

, to

Cum

berla

nd, M

D.

The

cana

l ope

rate

d fo

rm

1828

-192

4 as

a tr

ansp

orta

tion

rout

e an

d pr

imar

ily h

aule

d co

al.

Re-d

esig

nate

d as

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

al P

ark,

197

1.

Russ

ell C

ave

cont

ains

impo

rtant

arc

heol

ogic

al e

vide

nce

that

she

dsin

valu

able

ligh

t on

how

peo

ple

lived

in th

e So

uthe

ast 1

0,00

0 ye

ars

ago.

“Buc

k Is

land

and

its

adjo

inin

g sh

oals,

roc

ks, a

nd u

nder

sea

cora

l ree

f fo

rmat

ions

pos

sess

one

of t

he fi

nest

mar

ine

gard

ens

in th

e C

arib

bean

Sea”

(Pro

c. N

o. 3

443)

.

Com

bine

d w

ith G

rand

Can

yon

Nat

iona

l Par

k ('

19) a

nd p

ortio

ns o

f Gle

nC

anyo

n an

d La

ke M

ead

NRA

s to

form

Gra

nd C

anyo

n N

atio

nal P

ark,

1975

. W

orld

Her

itage

Site

, 197

9.

Den

ali's

mor

e th

an s

ix m

illio

n ac

res

form

a c

ompl

ete

sub-

arct

ic

ecos

yste

m, h

ome

to m

any

larg

e m

amm

als:

griz

zly

bear

s, w

olve

s, D

ahl

shee

p, a

nd m

oose

. In

clud

es M

t. M

cKin

ley

(20,

320'

). W

ilder

ness

(1,9

00,0

00 a

cres

), 19

80.

Bios

pher

e Re

serv

e, 1

976.

Gat

es o

f the

Arc

tic c

onta

ins

the

graz

ing

area

s fo

r the

wes

tern

Arc

tic c

arib

ouhe

rd.

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal P

ark

and

Pres

erve

, 198

0. W

ilder

ness

(7,0

52,0

00 a

cres

), 19

80.

Porti

on d

esig

nate

d Bi

osph

ere

Rese

rve,

198

4.

The

Kena

i Fjo

rds

are

mag

nific

ent c

oast

al m

ount

ain

fjord

s se

t in

a ne

arly

unto

uche

d ec

osys

tem

. E

stab

lishe

d as

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

980.

“Uns

poile

d la

bora

tory

for

the

stud

y of

the

north

ern

bore

al fo

rest

” (P

roc.

No.

462

1).

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal P

ark,

198

0. W

ilder

ness

(190

,000

acre

s), 1

980.

“An

outs

tand

ing

exam

ple

of e

colo

gica

l div

ersit

y in

zon

es th

at r

emai

n re

lativ

ely

unsp

oile

d” (P

roc.

No.

462

2).

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal P

ark

and

Pres

erve

, 198

0. W

ilder

ness

(2,4

70,0

00),

1980

.

“The

larg

est m

ount

ain-

ringe

d riv

er b

asin

in th

e N

atio

n st

ill v

irtua

lly

unaf

fect

ed b

y te

chno

logi

cal h

uman

act

ivity

” (P

roc.

No.

4624

).Es

tabl

ished

as

Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e, 1

980.

Wild

erne

ss (5

,800

,000

acr

es),

1980

. Bi

osph

ere

Rese

rve,

197

6.

“The

gre

ates

t ass

embl

age

of m

ount

ain

peak

s ov

er 1

4,50

0 fe

et...

foun

d in

the

natio

n” (P

roc.

No.

462

5).

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal P

ark

and

Pres

erve

,19

80.

Wild

erne

ss (8

,700

,000

acr

es),

1980

. W

orld

Her

itage

Site

, 197

9.

“Out

stan

ding

pal

eont

olog

ical

res

ourc

es a

nd e

colo

gica

lly d

iver

se n

atur

alre

sour

ces”

(Pro

c. N

o. 4

625)

. Es

tabl

ished

as

Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e, 1

980.

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

21.2

5

19,2

36.6

0

310.

45

18,1

35.0

0

1,18

0,61

8

6,07

6,52

8

8,47

2,51

7

670,

642.

79

1,75

0,73

6.86

4,03

0,50

0

6,56

9,90

4.04

13,1

76,3

90.9

9

2,52

6,50

9.46

2 5264

311

850

32,5

47

3,89

0,00

0

8,22

0,00

0

570,

000

1,71

0,00

0

2,50

0,00

0

5,88

0,00

0

10,9

50,0

00

1,72

0,00

0

1956

1961

1961

1961

1969

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

Eise

nhow

er (R

)

Eise

nhow

er (R

)

Kenn

edy

(D)

Kenn

edy

(D),

Ford

(R)

Clin

ton

(D)

John

son

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

EDIS

ON

LA

B, N

J, (N

atio

nal H

isto

ric S

ite)

C&

O C

AN

AL,

MD

, DC

, & V

A,

(Nat

iona

l His

toric

Par

k)

RUSS

ELL

CA

VE, A

L

BUC

K IS

LAN

D R

EEF,

VI

MA

RBLE

CA

NYO

N, A

Z,

(Gra

nd C

anyo

n N

atio

nal P

ark)

DEN

ALI

, AK

, (N

atio

nal P

ark

and

Pre

serv

e)

GAT

ES O

F TH

E A

RCTI

C, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k an

d Pr

eser

ve)

KEN

AI F

JORD

S, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k)

KOBU

K VA

LLEY

, AK

, (N

atio

nal P

ark)

LAKE

CLA

RK, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k an

d P

rese

rve)

NO

ATA

K, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e)

WRA

NG

ELL-

ST. E

LIA

S, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Par

k an

d P

rese

rve)

YUKO

N-C

HA

RLEY

, AK

, (N

atio

nal P

rese

rve)

25

AN

IAKC

HA

K, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e)

BERI

NG

LA

ND

BRI

DG

E, A

K,

(Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e)

CA

PE K

RUSE

NST

ERN

, AK

MIS

TY F

JORD

S, A

K

AD

MIR

ALT

Y IS

LAN

D, A

K

BEC

HA

ROF,

AK

, (N

atio

nal W

ildlif

e Re

fuge

)

YUKO

N F

LATS

, AK

, (N

atio

nal W

ildlif

e Re

fuge

)

GRA

ND

STA

IRC

ASE

-ESC

ALA

NTE

, UT

AG

UA

FRI

A, A

Z

CA

LIFO

RNIA

CO

AST

AL,

CA

GRA

ND

CA

NYO

N-P

ARA

SHA

NT,

AZ

GIA

NT

SEQ

UO

IA, C

A

CA

NYO

NS

OF

THE

AN

CIE

NTS

, CO

IRO

NW

OO

D F

ORE

ST, A

Z

HA

NFO

RD R

EAC

H, W

A

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Car

ter

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1978

1996

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

2000

350,

000

2,59

0,00

0

560,

000

2,28

5,00

0

1,10

0,00

0

1,20

0,00

0

10,6

00,0

00

1,70

0,00

0

71,1

00

##

#

1,01

4,00

0

327,

769

164,

000

128,

917

195,

000

602,

779

2,69

8,40

5.72

649,

711.

88

2,29

4,73

9

955,

694.

00

1,20

0,00

0

8,63

0,00

0

1,70

0,00

0

71,0

00

##

#

1,01

4,00

0

327,

769

164,

000

128,

917

195,

000

“One

of t

he w

orld

's la

rges

t cal

dera

s (th

e cr

ater

of a

col

laps

ed v

olca

nic

cone

)” (P

roc.

No.

461

2).

Esta

blish

ed a

s N

atio

nal M

onum

ent a

ndPr

eser

ve, 1

980.

“The

mig

ratio

n ro

ute

by w

hich

man

y pl

ants

, ani

mal

s an

d hu

man

sar

rived

on

the

Nor

th A

mer

ican

con

tinen

t” (P

roc.

No.

461

4).

Esta

blish

edas

Nat

iona

l Pre

serv

e, 1

980.

“A s

till r

ecog

niza

ble

Illin

oisia

n gl

acia

l esk

er (w

indi

ng n

arro

w r

idge

of

sand

or

grav

el)..

.ove

r 10

0,00

0 ye

ars

old”

(Pro

c. N

o. 4

615)

.

“Ext

raor

dina

ry d

eep

and

long

fjor

ds w

ith s

ea c

liffs

risi

ng th

ousa

nds

offe

et”

(Pro

c. N

o. 4

623)

. U

SDA-

Fore

st S

ervi

ce M

onum

ent.

“Arc

heol

ogic

al a

nd h

istor

ical

res

ourc

es in

a r

elat

ivel

y un

spoi

led

natu

ral

ecos

yste

m”

(Pro

c. N

o. 4

611)

. U

SDA-

Fore

st S

ervi

ce M

onum

ent

“One

of t

he d

ense

st k

now

n...p

opul

atio

ns o

f the

gre

at A

lask

a br

own

bear

” (P

roc.

No.

461

3).

Des

igna

ted

Nat

iona

l Wild

life

Refu

ge, 1

980.

“Lar

gest

and

mos

t com

plet

e ex

ampl

e of

an

inte

rior

Alas

ka s

olar

bas

in”

(Pro

c. N

o. 4

627)

. D

esig

nate

d N

atio

nal W

ildlif

e Re

fuge

, 198

0.

“Thi

s hi

gh, r

ugge

d, a

nd r

emot

e re

gion

, whe

re b

old

plat

eaus

and

m

ulti-

hued

clif

fs r

un fo

r di

stan

ces

that

def

y hu

man

per

spec

tive,

was

the

last

pla

ce in

the

cont

inen

tal U

.S. t

o be

map

ped.

” P

roc.

692

0

“The

anc

ient

rui

ns w

ithin

the

Mon

umen

t, w

ith th

eir

brea

thta

king

vist

asan

d sp

ecta

cula

r pe

trogl

yphs

, pro

vide

a li

nk to

the

pas[

t].”

Pro

c. 7

263

“At l

and'

s en

d, th

e isl

ands

, roc

ks, e

xpos

ed r

eefs

, and

pin

nacl

es o

ff th

eco

ast a

bove

mea

n hi

gh ti

des

prov

ide

have

ns fo

r sig

nific

ant p

opul

atio

nsof

mam

mal

s an

d bi

rds.

” P

roc.

726

4

“Thi

s re

mot

e ar

ea o

f ope

n, u

ndev

elop

ed s

pace

s an

d en

gagi

ng s

cene

ryis

loca

ted

on th

e ed

ge o

f one

of t

he m

ost b

eaut

iful p

lace

s on

ear

th, t

heG

rand

Can

yon.

” P

roc.

726

5

“Mag

nific

ent g

rove

s of

tow

erin

g gi

ant s

equo

ias,

the

wor

ld's

larg

est t

rees

,ar

e in

ters

pers

ed w

ithin

a g

reen

bel

t of c

onife

rous

fore

st, j

ewel

ed w

ithm

ount

ain

mea

dow

s.”

Pro

c. 7

295

“Con

tain

ing

the

high

est k

now

n de

nsity

of a

rcha

eolo

gica

l site

s in

the

natio

n, th

e C

anyo

ns o

f the

Anc

ient

s N

atio

nal M

onum

ent h

olds

evi

denc

eof

cul

ture

s an

d tra

ditio

ns s

pann

ing

thou

sand

s of

yea

rs.”

Pro

c. 7

317

“The

land

scap

e of

the

Ironw

ood

Fore

st N

atio

nal M

onum

ent i

s sw

athe

din

the

rich,

dro

ught

-ada

pted

veg

etat

ion

of th

e So

nora

n D

eser

t.” P

roc.

732

0

“The

mon

umen

t is

a bi

olog

ical

trea

sure

, em

brac

ing

impo

rtant

rip

aria

n,aq

uatic

, and

upl

and

shru

b-st

eppe

hab

itats

that

are

rar

e or

in d

eclin

e in

othe

r ar

eas.

” P

roc.

731

9

PRES

IDEN

TIA

LLY D

ESIG

NA

TED

MO

NU

MEN

TS:

1908-2

001

con

tin

ued

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

26

“The

mon

umen

t is

hom

e to

a s

pect

acul

ar v

arie

ty o

f rar

e an

d be

autif

ulsp

ecie

s of

pla

nts

and

anim

als,

who

se s

urvi

val i

n th

is re

gion

dep

ends

upon

its

cont

inue

d ec

olog

ical

inte

grity

.” P

roc.

731

8

“It w

as h

ere,

in S

epte

mbe

r of

186

2, th

at P

resid

ent L

inco

ln c

ompl

eted

the

draf

ting

of th

e Em

anci

patio

n Pr

ocla

mat

ion.

” P

roc.

732

9

“[M

]agn

ifice

nt v

istas

, wild

life,

land

form

s, a

nd n

atur

al a

nd c

ultu

ral r

esou

rces

.. .

occu

py a

n un

ique

and

cha

lleng

ing

posit

ion

give

n th

eir p

roxim

ity to

the

high

ly ur

bani

zed

area

s of

the

Coa

chel

la V

alle

y.” P

.L. 1

06-3

51

“[O

]out

stan

ding

obj

ects

of s

cien

tific

and

hist

oric

inte

rest

. . .

wid

e va

riety

of b

iolo

gica

l obj

ects

and

. . .

a lo

ng a

nd r

ich

hum

an h

istor

y …

. Ful

l of

natu

ral s

plen

dor

and

a se

nse

of s

olitu

de.”

Pro

c. 7

374

“[D

]dra

mat

ical

ly b

isect

ed b

y th

e Sa

n An

drea

s Fa

ult z

one,

[Car

rizo]

is th

ela

rges

t und

evel

oped

rem

nant

of t

he [S

an J

oaqu

in g

rass

land

] eco

syst

em,

prov

idin

g cr

ucia

l hab

itat f

or th

e lo

ng-te

rm c

onse

rvat

ion

of th

e m

any

ende

mic

pla

nt a

nd a

nim

al s

peci

es th

at s

till i

nhab

it th

e ar

ea.”

Pro

c. 7

393

“[R]

ich

in p

umic

e, a

sh, a

nd tu

ff de

posit

s, th

e lig

ht-c

olor

ed, c

one-

shap

edte

nt r

ock

form

atio

ns. .

. ar

e th

e pr

oduc

ts o

f exp

losiv

e vo

lcan

ic e

rupt

ions

that

occ

urre

d be

twee

n 6

and

7 m

illio

n ye

ars

ago.

” Pr

oc. 7

394

“[U

]niq

ue a

nd ir

repl

acea

ble

hist

oric

al r

esou

rce

whi

ch .

. .pr

ovid

es fo

rop

portu

nitie

s fo

r pu

blic

edu

catio

n an

d in

terp

reta

tions

of .

. . t

he

inte

rnm

ent o

f the

Jap

anes

e Am

eric

ans

durin

g W

orld

War

II.”

Pro

c. 7

395

Alon

g th

e Ye

llow

ston

e Ri

ver

in C

entra

l Mon

tana

, the

mon

umen

t pro

tect

san

out

crop

con

tain

ing

Nat

ive

Amer

ican

dra

win

gs, t

he s

igna

ture

of

expl

orer

Will

iam

Cla

rk, a

nd o

ther

hist

oric

al in

scrip

tions

. Pro

c. 7

396

“[M

]agn

ifica

nt e

xam

ple

of u

ntra

mm

eled

Son

oran

des

ert l

ands

cape

.”Pr

oc.7

397

“[T]

he m

onum

ent s

pans

149

mile

s of

the

Upp

er M

issou

ri Ri

ver.

. . a

ndha

s re

mai

ned

larg

ely

unch

ange

d in

the

near

ly 2

00 y

ears

sin

ceM

eriw

ethe

r Le

wis

and

Will

iam

Cla

rk tr

avel

ed th

roug

h it

on th

eir

epic

jo

urne

y.” P

roc.

739

8

“The

bio

logi

cal c

omm

uniti

es o

f the

mon

umen

t liv

e in

a fr

agile

, int

erde

-pe

nden

t rel

atio

nshi

p an

d in

clud

e ha

bita

t ess

entia

l for

sus

tain

ing

and

enha

ncin

g th

e tro

pica

l mar

ine

ecos

yste

m[.]

” Pr

oc. 7

399

“Cas

tle W

illiam

and

For

t Jay

repr

esen

t tw

o of

the

fines

t typ

es o

f def

ensiv

estr

uctu

res

in u

se fr

om th

e Re

naiss

ance

to th

e Am

erica

n C

ivil W

ar.”

Pro

c. 7

402

PRES

IDEN

TIA

LLY D

ESIG

NA

TED

MO

NU

MEN

TS:

1908-2

001

con

tin

ued

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

PR

OCLA

IMED

ACR

ESCU

RREN

T AC

RES

SPEC

IAL

DESI

GNAT

IONS

AND

UNI

QUE

FEAT

URES

CA

SCA

DE

SISK

IYO

U, O

R

AN

DER

SON

CO

TTA

GE,

DC

SAN

TA R

OSE

&

SAN

JA

CIN

TO M

OU

NTA

INS,

CA

VERM

ILLI

ON

CLI

FFS,

AZ

CA

RRIZ

O P

LAIN

S, C

A

KASH

A-K

ATU

WE

TEN

T RO

CKS

, NM

MIN

IDO

KA IN

TERN

MEN

T, ID

POM

PEY'

S PI

LLA

R, M

T

SON

ORA

N D

ESER

T, A

Z

UPP

ER M

ISSO

URI

RIV

ER B

REA

KS, M

T

U.S

. VIR

GIN

ISLA

ND

S C

ORA

L RE

EF

GO

VERN

OR'

S IS

LAN

D

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

Clin

ton

(D)

2000

2000

2000

2000

2001

2001

2001

2001

2001

2001

2001

2001

*Tot

al:

52,0

00

2 272,

000

293,

000

204,

107

4,14

8

73 51 486,

149

377,

346

12,7

08

20 66,0

29,1

62

52,0

00

2 272,

000

293,

000

204,

107

4,14

8

73 51 486,

149

377,

346

12,7

08

20 84,8

30,1

83.8

* Th

is fig

ure

is ac

cura

te to

the

best

of o

ur a

bilit

ies.

How

ever

, due

to th

e co

mpl

exiti

es o

fre

desig

natio

ns, a

bolis

hmen

ts a

nd b

ound

ary

chan

ges

it m

ay a

ppro

xim

ate.

27

MO

NU

MN

ENTS

CREA

TED

BY C

ON

GRES

S

KILL

DEV

IL H

ILL,

NC

(Nat

iona

l Mem

oria

l)

BAD

LAN

DS,

SD

(Nat

iona

l Mem

oria

l)

GEO

RGE

WA

SHIN

GTO

N

BIRT

HPL

AC

E, V

A

APP

OTT

OM

ATTO

X C

OU

RTH

OU

SE, V

A(N

atio

nal H

isto

rical

Par

k)

CO

LON

IAL,

VA

(Nat

iona

l His

toric

Par

k)

CA

NYO

N D

E C

HEL

LY, A

Z

OC

MU

LGEE

, GA

PATR

ICK

HEN

RY, V

A

FORT

STA

NW

IX, N

Y

FORT

FED

ERIC

A, G

A

HO

MES

TEA

D, N

E

PERR

Y'S

VIC

TORY

, OH

PIPE

STO

NE,

MN

FORT

McH

ENRY

, MD

GEO

RGE

WA

SHIN

GTO

N C

ARV

ER, M

O

CA

STLE

CLI

NTO

N, N

Y

CU

STER

BAT

TLEF

IELD

, MT

FT. V

AN

CO

UVE

R, W

A(N

atio

nal H

isto

ric S

ite)

FORT

SU

MTE

R, S

C

FORT

UN

ION

, NM

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

CU

RREN

T AC

RES/

PROC

LAIM

EDSP

ECIA

L DE

SIGN

ATIO

NS A

ND U

NIQU

E FE

ATUR

ES

Coo

lidge

(R)

Coo

lidge

(R)

Hoo

ver

(R)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

Hoo

ver

(R)

Hoo

ver

(R)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

F.D. R

oose

velt

(D)

Trum

an (D

)

Trum

an (D

)

Trum

an (D

)

Trum

an (D

)

Eise

nhow

er (R

)

1927

1929

1930

1930

1930

1931

1934

1935

1936

1936

1936

1937

1939

1943

1946

1946

1948

1948

1954

428.

44

242,

755.

94

550.

23

1,77

5.45

9,34

9.44

83,8

40.0

0

738.

8

15.5

2

241.

42

195.

11

25.3

8

281.

78

43.2

6

210

1.0

765.

34

208.

89

195.

85

720.

6

Des

igna

ted

to c

omm

emor

ate

the

hist

oric

firs

t flig

ht o

f the

Wrig

ht B

roth

ers.

Tran

sfer

red

from

the

War

Dep

artm

ent,

1933

. Re

desig

nate

d th

e W

right

Bro

ther

sN

atio

nal M

emor

ial,

1953

.

Badl

ands

Nat

iona

l Par

k co

ntai

ns th

e w

orld

's ric

hest

Olig

ocen

e ep

och

foss

il be

ds,

datin

g 23

to 3

5 m

illio

n ye

ars

old.

Pro

clai

med

, 193

9 (F.

D. R

oose

velt)

. Re

desig

nate

das

Nat

iona

l Par

k, 1

978.

Wild

erne

ss (6

4,25

0 ac

res)

197

6.

Cre

ated

to m

emor

ializ

e G

eorg

e W

ashi

ngto

n an

d th

e pl

ace

of h

is bi

rth.

This

park

in r

ural

Virg

inia

incl

udes

the

McL

ean

hom

e, th

e su

rren

der

site

of R

ober

t E.

Lee.

Aut

horiz

ed a

s N

atio

nal H

istor

ical

Mon

umen

t, 19

35.

Des

igna

ted

Nat

iona

lH

istor

ical

Par

k, 1

954.

The

site

of J

ames

tow

n an

d th

e Yo

rkto

wn

Battl

efie

ld, t

his

park

also

con

tain

s ex

tens

ive

wet

land

s, fo

rest

, fie

lds,

sho

relin

es a

nd s

tream

s, a

s w

ell a

s ra

re a

nd e

ndan

gere

dpl

ants

and

ani

mal

s. R

edes

igna

ted

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

al P

ark,

193

6.

At th

e ba

se o

f she

er r

ed c

liffs

and

in c

anyo

n w

all c

aves

are

rui

ns o

f Ind

ian

villa

ges

built

bet

wee

n AD

350

and

130

0. (a

ll no

n-fe

dera

l acr

es).

Ocm

ulge

e pr

eser

ves

12,0

00 y

ears

of h

uman

hab

itatio

n in

the

Sout

heas

t, fro

m

Ice-

Age

hunt

ers

to th

e M

usco

gee

(Cre

ek) p

eopl

e of

hist

oric

tim

es.

Repe

aled

, 194

4.

Fort

Stan

wix

was

onc

e a

stra

tegi

c Iro

quoi

s C

onfe

dera

cy p

orta

ge in

ups

tate

New

Yor

kw

hich

brid

ged

the

wat

erw

ays

betw

een

the

Atla

ntic

Oce

an a

nd th

e G

reat

Lak

es.

Acqu

isitio

n co

mpl

eted

, 197

3.

The

park

, with

Spa

nish

mos

s, la

rge

oaks

, and

gra

pe v

ines

, is

know

n fo

r its

ex

cept

iona

l bea

uty.

Hom

e of

the

seco

nd o

ldes

t res

tore

d pr

airie

in th

e na

tion.

This

mon

umen

t com

mem

orat

es C

omm

odor

e O

liver

H. P

erry

’s d

efea

t of a

Brit

ishsq

uadr

on o

f war

ship

s at

the

Battl

e of

Lak

e Er

ie d

urin

g th

e W

ar o

f 181

2.Re

desig

nate

d as

Per

ry's

Vict

ory

and

Inte

rnat

iona

l Pea

ce M

emor

ial,

1972

.

Anci

ent P

lain

s In

dian

qua

rryi

ng s

ite.

The

defe

nse

of F

ort M

cHen

ry b

y Am

eric

an fo

rces

dur

ing

a Br

itish

atta

ck in

181

4in

spire

d Fr

anci

s Sc

ott K

ey to

writ

e "T

he S

tar-

Span

gled

Ban

ner."

Geo

rge

Was

hing

ton

Car

ver's

boy

hood

hom

e, c

onsis

ts o

f rol

ling

hills

, woo

dlan

ds,

and

prai

ries.

Con

stru

cted

on

the

rock

s of

f the

tip

of M

anha

ttan

Isla

nd b

etw

een

1808

and

181

1.

Rena

med

Litt

le B

igho

rn B

attle

field

Nat

iona

l Mon

umen

t, 19

91.

Fort

Vanc

ouve

r, on

ce th

e ce

nter

of p

oliti

cal,

cultu

ral,

and

com

mer

cial

act

iviti

es in

the

Paci

fic N

orth

wes

t, w

as th

e ad

min

istra

tive

head

quar

ters

for

the

Hud

son'

s Ba

yC

ompa

ny's

fur

tradi

ng o

pera

tions

in th

e C

olum

bia

Dep

artm

ent.

Red

esig

nate

d as

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

Site

, 196

1.

Loca

tion

of th

e fir

st e

ngag

emen

t of t

he C

ivil

War

.

The

larg

est v

isibl

e ne

twor

k of

San

ta F

e Tr

ail r

uts

can

be s

een

at th

e pa

rk.

28

MO

NU

MN

ENTS

CREA

TED

BY C

ON

GRES

S co

nti

nue

d

BOO

KER

T. W

ASH

ING

TON

, VA

GRA

ND

PO

RTA

GE,

MN

AG

ATE

FOSS

IL B

EDS,

NE

BISC

AYN

E, F

L(N

atio

nal H

isto

rical

Par

k)

PEC

OS,

NM

(Nat

iona

l His

toric

al P

ark)

ALI

BATE

S FL

INT

QU

ARR

IES,

TX

FLO

RISS

AN

T FO

SSIL

BED

S, C

O

FOSS

IL B

UTT

E, W

Y

HO

HO

KAM

PIM

A, A

Z

JOH

N D

AY F

OSS

IL B

EDS,

OR

CO

NG

ARE

E SW

AM

P, SC

SALI

NA

S PU

EBLO

MIS

SIO

NS,

NM

EL M

ALP

AIS

, NM

MO

UN

T ST

. HEL

ENS,

WA

POVE

RTY

POIN

T, L

A

HA

GER

MA

N F

OSS

IL B

EDS,

ID

NEW

BERR

Y, O

R

PETR

OG

LYPH

, NM

MON

UMEN

TPR

ESID

ENT

YEAR

CU

RREN

T AC

RES/

PROC

LAIM

EDSP

ECIA

L DE

SIGN

ATIO

NS A

ND U

NIQU

E FE

ATUR

ES

*(cu

rren

tly u

nder

diff

eren

t NPS

des

igna

tion)

Eise

nhow

er (R

)

Eise

nhow

er (R

)

John

son

(D)

John

son

(D)

John

son

(D)

John

son

(D)

Nix

on (R

)

Nix

on (R

)

Nix

on (R

)

Nix

on (R

)

Ford

(R)

Car

ter

(D)

Reag

an (R

)

Reag

an (R

)

Reag

an (R

)

Reag

an (R

)

Bush

(R)

Bush

(R)

1956

1958

1965

1968

1965

1965

1969

1972

1972

1974

1976

1980

1987

1982

1988

1988

1990

1990

223.

92

709.

97

3,05

5.22

172,

924.

07

6,66

6.79

1,37

0.97

5,99

8.09

8,19

8.00

1,69

0.00

14,0

56.7

3

21,8

87.5

3

1,07

1.42

109,

606.

50

110,

000.

00

910.

85

4,35

1.15

55,0

00

7,23

1.61

Book

er T

. Was

hing

ton'

s bi

rthpl

ace.

Loca

ted

in a

bor

eal f

ores

t on

the

shor

e of

Lak

e Su

perio

r, th

e m

onum

ent p

rese

rves

avi

tal h

eadq

uarte

rs o

f the

Ojib

we.

Nat

iona

l Hist

oric

Site

, 195

1, c

hang

ed to

Nat

iona

lM

onum

ent b

y C

ongr

ess,

195

8.

Onc

e a

gath

erin

g pl

ace

for

Chi

ef R

ed C

loud

and

oth

er O

glal

a La

kota

Indi

an

peop

le, t

he b

eds

are

an im

porta

nt s

ourc

e fo

r 19

.2 m

illio

n ye

ar-o

ld M

ioce

ne e

poch

mam

mal

foss

ils.

With

in th

e pa

rk b

ound

arie

s ar

e th

e lo

nges

t stre

tch

of m

angr

ove

fore

st le

ft on

Flor

ida'

s ea

st c

oast

, the

cle

ar w

ater

s of

Bisc

ayne

Bay

, ove

r 40

of t

he n

orth

ernm

ost

Flor

ida

Keys

, and

a s

pect

acul

ar li

ving

cor

al r

eef.

Red

esig

nate

d as

Nat

iona

l Par

k an

den

larg

ed, 1

980.

Peco

s pr

eser

ves

12,0

00 y

ears

of h

istor

y in

clud

ing

the

anci

ent p

uebl

o of

Pec

os, t

wo

Span

ish C

olon

ial M

issio

ns, S

anta

Fe

Trai

l site

s, 2

0th

cent

ury

ranc

h hi

stor

y of

For

ked

Ligh

tnin

g Ra

nch,

and

the

site

of th

e C

ivil

War

Bat

tle o

f Glo

rieta

Pas

s. R

edes

igna

ted

as N

atio

nal H

istor

ical

Par

k, 1

990.

Auth

oriz

ed a

s Al

ibat

es F

lint Q

uarr

ies

and

Texa

s Pa

nhan

dle

Pueb

lo C

ultu

re N

atio

nal

Mon

umen

t, 19

65.

Cha

nged

to A

libat

es F

lint Q

uarr

ies

Nat

iona

l Mon

umen

t, 19

78.

Hug

e pe

trifie

d re

dwoo

ds a

nd in

cred

ibly

det

aile

d fo

ssils

of a

ncie

nt in

sect

s an

d pl

ants

reve

al th

e C

olor

ado

of lo

ng a

go.

This

50-m

illio

n ye

ar o

ld la

ke b

ed is

one

of t

he r

iche

st fo

ssil

loca

litie

s in

the

wor

ld.

Pres

erve

s th

e ar

cheo

logi

cal r

emai

ns o

f the

Hoh

okam

cul

ture

.

John

Day

Riv

er b

asin

con

tain

s a

com

plet

e fo

ssil

reco

rd o

f pla

nts

and

anim

als

from

the

Cen

ozoi

c Er

a.

This

Mon

umen

t pre

serv

es, i

n a

wild

erne

ss s

tate

, the

larg

est i

ntac

t tra

ct o

f old

-gro

wth

botto

mla

nd h

ardw

ood

fore

st in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es.

Wild

erne

ss (1

5,00

0), 1

988.

Bios

pher

e Re

serv

e, 1

983.

The

Mon

umen

t con

tain

s th

e ru

ins

of fo

ur c

hurc

hes,

the

rem

ains

of o

ne o

f the

ear

liest

cont

acts

bet

wee

n Pu

eblo

Indi

ans

and

Span

ish C

olon

ials.

Est

ablis

hed

thro

ugh

the

com

bina

tion

of tw

o st

ate

mon

umen

ts a

nd th

e G

ran

Qui

vira

Nat

iona

l Mon

umen

t.

Volc

anic

feat

ures

suc

h as

lava

flow

s, c

inde

r co

nes,

pre

ssur

e rid

ges

and

com

plex

lava

tube

sys

tem

s do

min

ate

the

land

scap

e.

Con

tain

s th

e 70

0 ac

re, 1

,300

yea

r ol

d Bi

g O

bsid

ian

Flow

.

This

park

com

mem

orat

es a

cul

ture

that

thriv

ed d

urin

g th

e fir

st a

nd s

econ

d m

illen

nia

B.C

. Con

tain

s so

me

of th

e la

rges

t pre

hist

oric

ear

th w

orks

in N

orth

Am

eric

a.

The

Mon

umen

t is

inte

rnat

iona

lly s

igni

fican

t bec

ause

it p

rote

cts

the

wor

ld's

riche

stkn

ow fo

ssil

depo

sits

from

the

late

Plio

cene

epo

ch, 3

.5 m

illio

n ye

ars

ago.

Site

of t

he 1

980

erup

tion

of M

ount

St.

Hel

ens.

Now

an

impo

rtant

res

earc

h ar

ea.

Petro

glyp

h N

atio

nal M

onum

ent p

rote

cts

a va

riety

of c

ultu

ral a

nd n

atur

al r

esou

rces

incl

udin

g fiv

e vo

lcan

ic c

ones

, hun

dred

s of

arc

heol

ogic

al s

ites

and

an e

stim

ated

25,0

00 im

ages

car

ved

by n

ativ

e pe

ople

s an

d ea

rly S

pani

sh s

ettle

rs.

867,

294.

27To

tal:

29

Founded in 1935, The Wilderness Society works to

protect America’s wilderness and to develop a

nationwide network of wild lands through public

education, scientific analysis, and advocacy. Our goal

is to ensure that future generations enjoy the clean air

and water, beauty, wildlife, and opportunities for

recreation and spiritual renewal provided by the

nation’s pristine forests, rivers, deserts, and mountains.

For more information, please contact:

Linda Lance

Vice President of Policy

The Wilderness Society

1615 M Street, NW

Washington, DC 20036

(202) 429-2654

David Alberswerth

Director of BLM Programs

The Wilderness Society

1615 M Street, NW

Washington, DC 20036

(202) 429-2695

Leslie Jones

Staff Attorney

The Wilderness Society

1615 M Street, NW

Washington, DC 20036

(202) 429-2628

Sabrina Williams

Communications Manager

The Wilderness Society

1615 M Street, NW

Washington, DC 20036

(202) 429-8441

Cover Photo by: David WellingLower Calf Creek FallEscalante BasinEscalante Grandstaircase NationalMonument, Utah