The Beginnings of Modernization, Nationalism and Mass SocietyChapters 18 and 19

Industrial Revolution Defined The greatly increased output of machine-

made goods that began in the mid 1700’s

A time of great technological advances in Europe and North America

Characterized by new inventions, styles of production and ways of life

Agricultural Rev. paves the way

Changes in agriculture helped lead to changes in the way goods were producedEnclosuresSeed drillCrop rotation• Results= population growth, increased demand and larger work

force

in needed farm labor = in urban work force

1636 1830

1905

Today

Images: LOC & Discover Edu.

Why England? Politics

Stability No wars on their soil Laws to protect businesses

Economics Investments Bank loans

Factors of production- resources needed to produce goods and services Land= natural resources

Water power and coal Iron ore for machine construction Rivers for inland transportation Harbors for merchant ships

Labor= people to work Capital= wealth ($$$)

1810 Early British Canals

Expansion of British Canals

More Inventions Transportation

Steam New roads (turnpikes) Railroads- steam locomotives

Effects Cheap way to transport materials and finished

productsJobs for miners and RR workersTransportation for fishing and agricultural

productsTravel to and from cities for work and pleasure

Inventions Spur Industrialization

Textile industry Cotton gin Fly shuttle (doubled weaving output) Spinning Jenny (used 8 threads at a time to weave cloth) Water frame (power source) Spinning Mule (combined the jenny with water frame) Power loom

* Factories emerged b/c these machines were HUGE!

Images from LOC and Discover education

Positive Effects of Industrialization

Higher wages in factories than farms Higher standard of living Technological advancement and inventions Hope for improvement in lives among poor More jobs in cities- Urbanization (city building) movement of

people to cities London and Manchester

A typical English Factory (c. 1800)

A Manchester Factory

1840'S view of mills                          2) Same view in 1976 

www.conservationtech.com/x-MILLTOWNS/RL-Photo...

Negative Effects of Industrialization

Cities grew too quicklyNo development plans for sanitation, building codes, no police

protection, not enough education or housingPoor factory conditionsEpidemics due to no sanitation and close living quarters

Life span= 17 yrs in cities, 38 yrs in rural areas

Female Factory Workers

Child Labor was common

Young Bobbin Doffers

Industrial Age Class Structure

Landowners- “old money people” or Noblility Middle Class- skilled workers, professionals, business people,

wealthy farmers, bankers, factory owners, etc. Upper and lower middle class emerged

Upper- govt workers, doctors, lawyers, factory managers, etc. Lower- Skilled workers (mechanics, toolmakers, printers, etc) Both enjoyed a comfortable standard of living

The Working Class

Those who simply worked in factories and businesses Eventually saw loss of jobs due to machines

Working Conditions Long hours Injuries No government protection Women and children were cheap labor

The Spread of Industrialization

Industrialization of Continental Europe Belgium = 1st to industrialize

Had resources and a “borrowed” design

Next were France and German Statesencouraged by the governments- set up tech schools for

training and built roads, canals and railroads.

US Industrial Age

Land, Labor and Capital +++++ Began in the textile industry

1789- Samuel Slater emigrated to the US and built a spinning machine from memory and a “borrowed” partial design plan

Most factories were in the northeast until after the Civil War Expanded

Railroads Inventions- telephone, electrical expansion, light bulb

Others Industrialize… Those that did….

Were hampered by politics, and scattered resources

Industrialized in regions or based on resources Copied British models & even sent kids to

England RR linked the industrial regions Had many social and economic problems

… Or Don’t (limits to industry)

Those that did not…. Had few resources to work with Were mountainous (Austria and Spain) and RR could not be used

for transportation and expansion Had social structures that did not support it (Russia) Were controlled by industrialized nations (India)

British colony Encouraged to export raw materials (remember mercantilism)

Impact of Industrialization

Global inequality- powerful industrialized nations hold more power over less-developed nations

Imperialism- policy of extending one country’s rule over many other lands

US and Western Europe industrialized, Asia and Africa remained agricultural

Revolutionized every aspect of daily life!

Mass Society

Definition- modern industrialized urbanized society :  the society of the mass man especially when held to be marked by anonymity, high mobility, lack of individuality, and a general dominance of impersonal relationships

Philosophers of Industrialization

Laissez faire- “let-do” economic policy that favors free markets by letting industry and business set working conditions w/out govt interference Came out of the Enlightenment Adam Smith A Wealth of Nations economic

liberty guaranteed economic progress through 3 natural laws of economics

Self interest Competition Supply and demand

Capitalism & Laissez Faire

Economic system in which factors of production (land, labor, capital) are owned by private individuals 1798 population growth>food supply

w/out war and epidemics to kill people off, they would be poor and miserable

1917 permanent under class = poverty When resources and labor are cheap, wages and prices would be low Believed wages would decrease as pop. Increased

Core Belief of laissez faire philosophy Government should not help poor workers Creating minimum wage laws = upset to free market system

Lower profits and undermine production of wealth

Contrasting Views

Utilitarianism- Jeremy Bentham and John Stewart Mills. ideas, institutions, and actions should be based on their

usefulness and Government should promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

People free to pursue their self interestProfits should be equally regulated

Utopia- a reform approach in which factory owners “took care of” workers’ needs

Socialism- Charles Fourier

F.O.P are owned by the public (government) and operate for the good of all

Grew out of beliefs in progress, concern for social justice and that government should plan the economy

Government control would eliminate poverty and social injustices

Radical Socialism and Pure CommunismKarl Marx and Frederich Engels

3-Step PlanWar between the classes Temporary dictatorshipEventual classless, more equal society

Karl Marx- Communist Manifesto Haves and Have NotsHaves and have “nots”Predicted worker revolts leading to workers (proletariat)

controlling the government and then a class-less society

Reform Movements

Labor Unions- fought for better working conditions, higher wages, and government regulation of businesses Believed workers had a right to have a say in their particular trade /

occupation Strike- refusal to work Government response – laws to outlaw unions that were later appealed

(England) Laws- government investigations

Factory Act of 1833- no workers under age 9, 8 hrs. for 9-12 year olds and 12 hours for 13-17 year olds

Mines Act 1842- no women or children in mines Ten Hours Act of 1847- 10 hr. days for women and children

Spread of Reforms US government also set labor laws, but the Supreme Court disagreed and

left them up to states Abolishment of Slavery

England 1833- William Wilberforce USA 1865 Ended in all Colonies in 1888 (Brazil was last)

Women’s rights Push for equal pay and voting rights began

Reforms also occurred in education (Free, public for all) and prisons (protections for criminals) Benefit to society- opportunity for jobs, educated labor- Politically-

educated electorate, patriotism and national integration

More on Women’s Rights Property rights were gained in Britain 1870,

Germany in 1900, and France in 1907Divorce?

Jobs Education, Nursing

Suffrage British women’s movement- divided on tactics

(same is true in the US) Moderates- be “calm” and demonstrate responsible

use of power Radicals- use publicity, hunger strikes and open

protest

Benefits of Reforms

Industrial systemLeisure hours- nights,

weekends, etc New technology= subways,

street cars, Ferris wheels and amusement parks

New amusements- dance halls, athletic games- team sports

Purpose= distraction ?

Sea-Lion Park on Cony Island America’s 1st Amusement park opened in 1895

Ferris Wheel 1893 World’s Fair in Chicago

Nationalism and Unification

The Rise of the Nation-State

Blurring the lines….

Nationalism- loyalty to the nation of people sharing a common culture, language, religion, ancestry, territory…

Nation-state: a nation with an independent government that represents itself to the world and defends it’s territory

Political Thoughts

Conservative- protecting the national monarchies, traditions, and social stability- Involved intervention into politics of others to crush revolutions and maintain monarchies (Britain disagreed)

Liberal- people should be free of government restraints as much as possible- power to elected parliaments, religious toleration, Bill of Rights- Generally power by upper class

Radical- drastic changes- democracy for all

Types of Nationalist Movements

State-building: culturally distinct groups form a new state and single culture (USA)

Unification: Mergers of politically divided, but culturally unified lands (Germany and Italy)

Separation: culturally distinct groups resist unification or break away (Greeks)

Effects of Nationalism

Positive Overcome differences for

common good Overthrow of colonial rule Democratic govts Competition leading to

advancements

Negative Forced assimilation Ethnic cleansing Extreme movements Competition leading to war

CASE STUDIESThe Rise of Italy and Germany as Nations

Rewind to the defeat of Napoleon Congress of Vienna-

European leaders met to restore deposed monarchs and balance power Russia lost territory to Prussia

and Austria Nations at the time= Britain,

France, Spain, Portugal and England

Empires= Russia, Prussian, Ottoman and Austrian

Italy- divided among Spain, Austria, and the Papal States

Germany- federation of provinces

Italian Unification

Mazzini 1832 “Young Italy” (Risorgimento)•End of foreign rule- unification based on language•1848- driven into exile by former rulers of Italian states

Cavour- 1852 Prime Minister Piedmont, Sardinia •Economic expansion- Piedmont made an army- conflict with Austria- joined with France and WON•Other Italian states joined with Piedmont to overthrow their government

Garibaldi 1861 “Red Shirts” Army•From Sicily into Italy took over the kingdoms and they marched north•March 17, 1861= New Kingdom of Italy•Franco Prussian war (1870)- French troops left Rome

Prussian Advantages• Mostly German Population• Industrialized faster• Strongest army in Europe

German Confederation and Prussia formed a close alliance

1848- Revolutions for Democracy throughout Europe- Prussia created a liberal Constitution- limited king’s power

Steps to German Unification

King Wilhelm II- 1861Supported by the Junkers- wealth land

owners who opposed liberalismConflict with Parliament over $-

appointed a new prime minister- Otto Von Bismarck

Known as the Iron Chancellor- “leave them no room for idealism”

The Path to German Unification… WARS

1864-66 Prussia and Austria join to gain land from DenmarkWin and divide the land- Schleswig and Holstein

1866-67 Seven Weeks WarBismarck purposefully stirs up trouble in Schleswig and Holstein-

border dispute- Austria declared war on PrussiaAustria was quickly defeated- won Venetia and gave it to Italy

BTW- This was a prearranged, secret agreement with Italy They also gained control of all of Northern Germany

Franco Prussian War

1870-1871

Bismarck the (manipulator) Diplomat Wanted to unite Southern Germany too

Southern provinces were too independentMaybe an outside threat would force them to unite

ALTERED a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm II and published itSeemed that he insulted the French King- war broke out July 9, 1870Prussians poured into France- surrounded Paris- 80,000+ even

Napoleon III were surroundedHunger= surrender

Nationalism bug bit Southern Germany- all was unified

A United Germany

A Shift in Power

How did the years between 1815 and 1870 see a change in the balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna?

Changes in Culture

Romanticism- challenge to Enlightenment (reason= truth) 1800 to 1850

Balance emotion, feeling and imagination with reason

Literature- feeling understood by the person- lit characters were misunderstood or rejected- interest in the past and nature

Art- expression to reflect inner feelings- reject classicism- beauty not timeless, but depends on culture and age

Music-Beethoven- studied under Mozart (classic) but broke through with the Third Symphony (for Napoleon) very emotional.

Realism in Art & Literature 1860(ish) – Early 1900s

Rejected romanticism- around 1850 in art and spread to literature

Characteristics- (make a guess?)Close observationMore novels and less poems that Romantic Period

Everyday life, real people and natural environment

Science Renewed interest in basic scientific research New discoveries

Louis Pasture- germ theory of disease Dalton- atoms have different weight and density Rutherford- Radioactivity- led to nuclear physics Mendeleev- classified all natural elements

Scientific method Charles Darwin- Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)

and the Descent of Man (1871) Basis- all species- plants and animals have evolved (organic evolution) Struggle for existence/natural selection Descent of Man- animal origin of human beings- we are not an exception

to the rules of other species

Towards a Modern Conscience

Enlightenment and Sci Rev- people could better themselves- higher standard of living, education, comforts- proved this ideal true.

Science- offered certainty of belief View of the universe- giant machine that exist

independently of people- matter believed to be composed of invisible atoms

New Advancements in Science

Marie and Pierre Curie- discovered element radium- radiation from within the atom

Max Planck- Quantum theory- not a steady stream of released energy

Einstein- theory of relativity- space and time don’t exist independently of observer- matter is energy

Social Sciences Freud- psychoanalysis

Human behavior is not rational- unconscious mind and behavior is instinctual- Repression

Social Darwinism- Extreme nationalists applied his theories to societyHouston Stewart Chamberlain in Germany- modern-day

Germans were the only pure ancestors of the ARYANS- the founders of western culture- prepare to save it from “inferior races” (Jews, Negroes, and Orientals

Anti-Semitism Long history in Europe- Enlightenment and French

Revolution helped in gaining equality Assimilated into the cultures- bankers, lawyers, scientists,

etc. Germany and Austria (1890s)- Anti Jewish political parties Eastern Europe- worse treatment- quota systems and

forced segregation Zionism- call for a Jewish nation in Palestine became in the

early 1900s- immigration began

Turn of the Century Arts Modernism- Symbolists- literature and art should exist for its own

sake- not to criticize, serve or reflect society Impressionism- Artistic style- paint directly Post- Impressionism- Vincent van Gogh and Picasso