the biosphere and its biomes. the study of ecology the scientific study of organisms and between...
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The Biosphere and its BiomesThe Biosphere and its Biomes
The Study of EcologyThe Study of Ecology
The scientific study of organisms and The scientific study of organisms and between organisms and their environments. between organisms and their environments.
Biotic-Biotic- living factors in an environment living factors in an environment Abiotic-Abiotic- nonliving factors in an environment nonliving factors in an environment
Key Abiotic FactorsKey Abiotic Factors
SunlightSunlight WaterWater TemperatureTemperature Soil- product of abiotic factors (ice, rain, wind) and Soil- product of abiotic factors (ice, rain, wind) and
the actions of living things (microorganisms, the actions of living things (microorganisms, plants, worms, etc.) on rocks and minerals.plants, worms, etc.) on rocks and minerals.
WindWind Severe DisturbancesSevere Disturbances
Identify Specific Key Abiotic FactorsIdentify Specific Key Abiotic Factors
5 Levels of Ecological Study5 Levels of Ecological Study
Individual OrganismIndividual Organism PopulationsPopulations- group of organisms (of the same - group of organisms (of the same
species) living in the same areaspecies) living in the same area CommunitiesCommunities- all of the organisms inhibiting a - all of the organisms inhibiting a
particular areaparticular area EcosystemsEcosystems- abiotic + biotic factors in an area- abiotic + biotic factors in an area BiosphereBiosphere- broadest level of ecological study; sum - broadest level of ecological study; sum
of all of the earth’s ecosystems (biotic and abiotic of all of the earth’s ecosystems (biotic and abiotic factors)factors)
Identify 5 Levels of Ecological StudyIdentify 5 Levels of Ecological Study
BiomesBiomes
Major type of terrestrial ecosystems that Major type of terrestrial ecosystems that cover large regions of Earth (8 land biomes).cover large regions of Earth (8 land biomes).
Characterized by specific biotic (plants & Characterized by specific biotic (plants & animals) and abiotic factors. animals) and abiotic factors.
Tropical Rain ForestTropical Rain Forest
Warm year-round (near the equator)Warm year-round (near the equator) LOTS of rainLOTS of rain Diverse lifeDiverse life
SavannaSavanna
Tropical regions of Africa, Australia, & South Tropical regions of Africa, Australia, & South AmericaAmerica
Grasslands with scattered treesGrasslands with scattered trees Warm; wet & dry seasonsWarm; wet & dry seasons
DesertDesert
VERY dry (less than 30 cm per year!)VERY dry (less than 30 cm per year!) Hot or cold (deserts in Asia)Hot or cold (deserts in Asia)
ChaparralChaparral
Temperate coastal biomeTemperate coastal biome Dense evergreen shrubsDense evergreen shrubs Mild, rainy winters & hot, dry summersMild, rainy winters & hot, dry summers
Temperate GrasslandTemperate Grassland
Deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports a Deep, nutrient-rich soil that supports a variety of plantsvariety of plants
No woody shrubs and trees No woody shrubs and trees ““Prairies” Prairies”
Temperate Deciduous ForestTemperate Deciduous Forest
Deciduous trees (trees that drop their leaves Deciduous trees (trees that drop their leaves each year)each year)
4 seasons4 seasons
Coniferous Forest (Taiga)Coniferous Forest (Taiga)
Cone-bearing evergreen treesCone-bearing evergreen trees Long, cold winters with heavy snowLong, cold winters with heavy snow
TundraTundra
VERY cold, high windsVERY cold, high winds PermafrostPermafrost- permanently frozen subsoil- permanently frozen subsoil
Biomes ProjectBiomes Project
Draw a picture of a polar bear.Draw a picture of a polar bear. What does it eat?What does it eat? What is its habitat?What is its habitat? Who has been to the artic? Who has been to the artic?
– How do you know what a polar bear acts like How do you know what a polar bear acts like then?then?
Your Zoo ProposalYour Zoo Proposal
5 biomes5 biomes– 2 animals2 animals– 5 plant species5 plant species
Things to consider…Things to consider…– 1) How do you maintain the climate?1) How do you maintain the climate?– 2) Abiotic factors (sunlight, shade, air quality, 2) Abiotic factors (sunlight, shade, air quality,
water, etc) water, etc)
Your Zoo Proposal RequirementsYour Zoo Proposal Requirements
Map of the zooMap of the zoo Written proposalWritten proposal Info poster for each of the 5 habitats (what Info poster for each of the 5 habitats (what
will be included at the beginning of each will be included at the beginning of each biome)biome)
Food Chains Food Chains
What did you eat for dinner last night?What did you eat for dinner last night?– Heterotroph or autotroph? Heterotroph or autotroph?
Food ChainsFood Chains
Food chain-Food chain- Pathway Pathway of food transfer from of food transfer from one trophic level to one trophic level to another.another.
Trophic level-Trophic level- feeding feeding levellevel
Food WebFood Web
The patter of feeding represented by The patter of feeding represented by interconnected and branching food chains in interconnected and branching food chains in an ecosystem. an ecosystem.
Energy Flow Through EcosystemsEnergy Flow Through Ecosystems
There is a limited amount of energy There is a limited amount of energy available in an ecosystem– an “energy available in an ecosystem– an “energy budget” that is divided among the trophic budget” that is divided among the trophic levels.levels.
What determines the “energy budget”? What determines the “energy budget”?
Energy PyramidEnergy Pyramid
Emphasizes the energy loss from one Emphasizes the energy loss from one trophic level to the next. trophic level to the next.
Rule of 10- Only 10% of the energy is Rule of 10- Only 10% of the energy is transferred from one trophic level to the transferred from one trophic level to the next; rest is lost as heat. next; rest is lost as heat.
ActivityActivity
The crackers represent 100 “units” of energy from The crackers represent 100 “units” of energy from the sun.the sun.
Get in groups of 4.Get in groups of 4. Each student should choose a label from the bag.Each student should choose a label from the bag. Identify your trophic level.Identify your trophic level.
– Plant= producerPlant= producer– Grasshopper= primary consumerGrasshopper= primary consumer– Rat= secondary consumerRat= secondary consumer– Hawk= tertiary consumerHawk= tertiary consumer
ActivityActivity
Rule of 10- An average of 10% of the Rule of 10- An average of 10% of the energy in 1 trophic level transfers to the next energy in 1 trophic level transfers to the next level. level.
Model this energy transfer process by Model this energy transfer process by passing the appropriate amount of “energy” passing the appropriate amount of “energy” (crackers) to the next trophic level. (crackers) to the next trophic level.
ActivityActivity
What amount of “energy” was passed on to What amount of “energy” was passed on to each trophic level?each trophic level?– Grasshopper?Grasshopper?– Rat?Rat?– Hawk?Hawk?
Why do higher trophic levels (i.e. the hawk) Why do higher trophic levels (i.e. the hawk) contain fewer individuals?contain fewer individuals?
Global Warming Global Warming
Atmospheric COAtmospheric CO2 2 levels have risen levels have risen
dramatically.dramatically. Why?Why?
– Burning of woodBurning of wood– Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels– DeforestationDeforestation
Global WarmingGlobal Warming
COCO22 and the Greenhouse Effect and the Greenhouse Effect
– Global WarmingGlobal Warming (the overall rise in (the overall rise in Earth’s average temperature)Earth’s average temperature)
Possible Effects of Global WarmingPossible Effects of Global Warming
Melting of glaciers & polar ice caps, raising Melting of glaciers & polar ice caps, raising sea levels & flooding low-lying coastal sea levels & flooding low-lying coastal areas.areas.
Changing precipitation patterns (more Changing precipitation patterns (more hurricanes)hurricanes)
Shifting biome boundaries, affecting species Shifting biome boundaries, affecting species that live there. that live there.