the budding energy impact of indoor agriculture · indoor agricultural lighting performance...

©2017, New Buildings InstituteAll Rights Reserved © 2018 New Buildings Institute

The Budding Energy Impact of Indoor

Agriculture

Alexi Miller, PE

Senior Project Manager

New Buildings Institute

All Rights Reserved © 2018 New Buildings Institute

• New industry = new facilities & new loads

• New issues facing building code officials and energy efficiency stakeholders

• More energy intensive than data centers!

Indoor Agriculture SectorSector Load Growth


• Intro – Scale of the Issue

• Growing Stages

• Snapshot: Energy Use in Indoor Ag Facilities

Topics


• NWPCC’s Seventh Power Plan prediction: Indoor Agriculture may account for ~ 3% of total regional electricity demand

• Xcel Energy (CO): 45% of load growth due to Indoor Agriculture

Indoor Agricultural LightingSector Load Growth


CA Cannabis License Tiers

• 45% of prospective producers plan to grow indoors

Source: 2016 CalCannabis survey


• Indoor Ag has 3 primary end-uses:• Lighting:

~30%-50% of total energy usage

• Ventilation & Dehumidification:

~25%-35% of total

• Air Conditioning:

~20%-25% of total

• Major Interactive Effects

Indoor AgricultureEnergy End Uses


Mother/Clone Stage

Source: Blair Gable/Reuters


Vegetative Growth Stage

Source: Danny Danko, High Times


Flowering Stage



Drying/Processing Stage



Growing Phases - Summary


Lighting Efficiency Metrics

• Metric: Lumens/Watt vs. Photon EfficiencyLumens are for Humans

CIE 1931 luminosity function

Visible

Spectrum


Lighting Efficiency Metrics

• Metric: Lumens/Watt vs. Photon EfficiencyPhoton Efficiency Makes Sense for Plants

Keith McCree


Photon Efficiency Threshold

• Proposed Minimum Photon Efficiency:

1.6 µmol/J

• A reasonable minimum performance level based on interviews with growers, manufacturers, technical consultants, academics, and other stakeholders.


Compliant FixturesTech

Type Manufacturer Model Wattage

Photon

Output µmol/J

CMH AirSupplies Dimlux 1000W DE EL UHF 1260 2470 2.0

CMH BoulderLamp 315W CDL Agro 315 614 2.0

CMH Cycloptics Greenbeams 315 599 1.9

CMH Philips Elite Agro 315W T12 315 614 2.0

HPS AirSupplies Dimlux 630W EL UHF 799 1411 1.8

HPS Papillon ePAP-1000 1150 1975 1.7

HPS Solistek A1 1100 2100 1.9

HPS Ushio ASH 1000 Opti-Red 5001671 1000 1810 1.8



HPS Ushio ASH-DE 1000 Opti-Red 5002272 1000 1950 2.0


LED Bios Icarus Gi 660 1221 1.9

LED Bios Icarus Vi High Output 4' HO Module 217 412 1.9

LED Bios Icarus Vi High Output 3' HO Module 163 309 1.9

LED Bios Icarus Vi Low Output 4' HO Module 100 200 2.0

LED Bios Icarus Vi Low Output 3' HO Module 75 150 2.0

LED California Light Works SolarSystem® 550 400 720 1.8

LED Fluence RAY66 PhysioSpec Indoor 120 270 2.3

LED Fluence RAY66 PhysioSpec Greenhouse 120 270 2.3

LED Fluence RAY66 AnthoSpec 125 265 2.1

LED Fluence RAY66 PfrSpec 100 195 2.0

LED Fluence RAY66 PrSpec 100 255 2.6











LED Fluence VYPRx PLUS 515 1100 2.1

LED Fluence VYPRx 320 700 2.2

LED Fluence SPYDRx PLUS 660 1410 2.1

LED Fluence SPYDRx 330 730 2.2

LED Fluence RAZR 91 200 2.2

LED heliospectra LX601 10.5-630 862-1011 1.6

LED heliospectra LX602 630 1011 1.6

LED heliospectra E60 630 1096 1.7

LED heliospectra V101G-L 92 160 1.7

LED Illumitex NeoSol DS 520 830 1.6

LED Illumitex NeoSol LS 50 80 1.6

LED Illumitex NeoSol NS 295 470 1.6

LED Illumitex Eclipse Gen2 N F3 65 104 1.6

LED Illumitex PowerHarvest W10 565 1000 1.8

LED Lighting Science Group VividGro V1 390 636 1.6

LED Lighting Science Group VividGro V2 588 1081 1.8

LED NextLight Veg8 190 350 1.9

LED NextLight Mini LED 150 260 1.7

LED NextLight MEGA(unreleased) 650 1400 2.2

LED Papillon L-Light Hortiled Top 320 860 2.7

LED Papillon L-Light Hortiled Multi 72 180 2.5

LED Papillon L-Light Hortiled Inter 190 500 2.6

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B LB 400V 190 520 2.7

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B MB 400V 195 520 2.7

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B HB 400V 200 520 2.6

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W LB 400V 195 520 2.7

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W MB 400V 200 520 2.6

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W Vision 400V 190 430 2.3

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W/FR_2 MB 400V 175 410 2.3

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B LB 400V 190 440 2.3

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B MB 400V 195 440 2.3

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/B HB 400V 200 440 2.2

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W LB 400V 195 440 2.3

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W MB 400V 200 440 2.2

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W VISION 400V 190 400 2.1

LED Philips GreenPower LED toplighting DR/W/FR_2 MB 400V 180 360 2.0

LED PL Systems HortiLED TOP 320 86 2.7

LED powerPAR powerPAR200 185 350 1.9



LED Valoya R-150 138 234.6 1.7

LED Valoya R-300 275 469.2 1.7

LED Valoya B-100 102 183.6 1.8

LED Valoya B-150 144 259.2 1.8

LED Valoya B-200 192 345.6 1.8

LED Valoya C-65 65 110.5 1.7

LED Valoya C-75 80 136 1.7

LED Valoya C-90 90 153 1.7

Plasma Alphalite NIT400-2T 235 455 1.9

Plasma Iunu Dual Plasma 520 850 1.6

• This is market-ready today

• Catalogued 80+ fixtures from 19 manufacturers with photon efficiency ≥1.6 µmol/J

• Light Emitting Diode

• 2x Ended High Pressure Sodium

• Ceramic Metal Halide

• Light Emitting Plasma

• Fast Moving Industry: By 2018 many more will be available


IECC 2018 Proposed Language(Not in CA Title 24 Code)

405.4 Lighting for Plant Growth and Maintenance (Mandatory)

Not less than 95% of the permanently installed light fixtures used for plant growth and maintenance shall have a photon efficiency of not less than 1.6 µmol/J.

EXCEPTION: Greenhouses.

Lighting for nonvisual applications, such as plant growth and food warming, shall be controlled by a dedicated control that is independent of the controls for other lighting within the room or space.


A Shining Opportunity:Indoor Agricultural Lighting Performance Standards

• Importance due to new industry being born• Now is the time to address this, before millions of sq. ft. are built out

• Determined a reasonable, attainable minimum fixture efficiency

(1.6 µmol/J)• Wide variety of fixtures & various technologies available on the market

today… and more appear all the time

Voluntary Pathway: Market Based Labeling/Rating

Mandatory Pathway: Code and Policy


Indoor Agriculture Resource:Technical Briefs

• Intended to help utilities evaluate incentive applications

• Assembled group of experienced engineers, builders, and consultants

• Document information on typical base-case and efficient technologies and practices

• 5-9 pages; focused on topics requested by utilities


Thank you for joining us!

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Contact:

Alexi Miller: [email protected]


Powering forward. Together.

Matt McGregor

Strategic Account Advisor

Sacramento Municipal Utility District

April 9th, 2018

Indoor Cultivation

Agenda

• My Role

• Indoor Cultivation 101

• SMUD’s Territory

• Energy Efficiency

• R&D Tests

SMUD’s Stance

SMUD is committed to partnering with our

customers to ensure safe, reliable and

efficient energy distribution.

To help meet our customers’ electricity

needs, whether simple or unique, we

promise to deliver cost-effective energy

utilizing renewable energy sources with the

quality our customers have come to expect

and value.

My Role

Strategic Account Advisor

A dedicated SMUD Strategic Account

Advisor is a personal energy expert

available to help businesses navigate the

energy landscape to save time, energy and

money.

What do I do all day?

Indoor Cultivation 101

PhotosynthesisThe process by which plants use light to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.

Seedling/Clone (2‐4 weeks)18 hour photo period

Vegetative (2‐4 weeks)18 hour photo period

Flowering (8‐12 weeks)12 hour photo period

13

Lighting 101

Photopic Vision• Lumens • Lux / Foot‐Candles • Lumens / Watt

Horticulture • PPF • PPFD • μmol / J

Source: Nick Klase, Fluence Bioengineering, 2017 DOE SSL Conference

14

Lighting 101

Source: Nick Klase, Fluence Bioengineering, 2017 DOE SSL Conference

15

Lighting Load, HPS

• Current 4.42A @277VAC• Power max 1200W• Heat 4,000btus (radiant)• Covers 16 to 25 sqft

16

HVAC Load, Cooling

Example Daikin 20ton • Current max 41.2A @460VAC• Power max 32.8kW• EER 9.8

17

Additional Load

• Fans• Filters• Pumps• General, Exterior Lighting• Office

19

Watts/sqft Assumptions

(1) 1200W light per 20 sqft of planted area

.33 ton HVAC per light

Additional 20% load

1200W

-----------

20sqft

400W

---------------

20sqft

Additional

20% =+ X

96W/sqft

SMUD’s Territory

City of Sacramento

Feb 2, 2016 city adopts “certain properties” allowed commercial cultivation of cannabis

Nov 22, 2016 city adopts regulation for commercial cultivation of cannabis

April 3, 2017 city starts accepting conditional use permits

Green Zone

Applications

In 2017, SMUD received:

• 139 Conditional Use Permit applications for

review

• 66 applications for new/upgraded service

• Most in saturated areas

Current proposed square feet of canopy?

>2,700,000

Energy Efficiency

How to engage and collaborate?

From

“What do you know!”

To

“What do you know?”

To help businesses and our

community, we offer a wide variety of

incentives and financing options to

encourage investment in energy

efficiency.

New load or initial build out

Compares standard practices

Requires Letter of Interest

Requires pre meeting

We provide analysis

Requires post inspection

Typically $.10/kWh, $200/kW

-up to 30% project cost

-up to $150,000/year

Retrofits

Compares existing technology

Requires Application

Requires pre meeting

We provide analysis

Requires post inspection

Typically $.10/kWh, $200/kW

-up to 30% project cost

-up to $150,000/year

Savings by Design Custom Incentive

Program

R&D Tests

31

What we wanted to know• What are the energy (kWh) and

electrical demand (kW) savings?• Does using LED lighting instead of HPS

affect the quality or quantity of the product? If so, in what ways?

• What are the financial cost savings for the customer? What is the simple payback?

• Should SMUD provide energy efficiency incentives?

• Is the technology viable for this application? What is needed for wider adoption?

32

What we did

Worked with two local cannabis cultivators

to test LED lighting for indoor cultivation applications.

• Two rooms with HPS lighting

• Two rooms with LED lighting

• Cadmus performed the energy

savings and cost-effectiveness analysis• Cultivators determined quality of crop

33

What we tracked• Lighting kW and kWh• Cumulative PAR (LI‐COR loggers)

‐Below light fixtures‐Plant bed

• Plug loads (fans, portable dehumidifiers, etc.)

• HVAC system kW & kWh• Room conditions

‐ CO2 levels‐ Relative humidity‐ Room temperature

34

• Lighting energy savings was an average of 34%

• Plug loads were 7% lower• Total HVAC system usage was slightly

lower (2%)• Overall energy consumption was 18 to

25% lower

Amplified Farms: energy consumption

35

Amplified Farms: grow results

• LED Grow number #1

– Awful start: 3-days without cooling or lights

– Overall yield was still within normal ranges

for two of the three varieties

– THC levels were slighter higher


– Overall yield was within normal ranges


– Overall quality was excellent!

36

• Lighting energy savings was 36%• Overall HVAC system usage was

37.5% lower• Plug loads were 10.5% higher• Overall energy savings was 30.3%

(17,720 kWh / cycle)

Seven Leaves: energy consumption

23%39%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

HPS P1 HPS P2 LED P1 LED P2M

Wh

Lights HVAC Dehumidification Plug Loads Savings

23%39%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

HPS P1 HPS P2 LED P1 LED P2M

Wh

Lights HVAC Dehumidification Plug Loads Savings

37

Seven Leaves: grow results


– Awful start: plants in shock from too much

light

– Overall yield was 40% lower than our target



– Overall yield was 35% lower than our target


– Overall quality was excellent!

38

SMUD reports

Full reports for these projects are available for download via the Customer Advanced Technologies Program webpage:

https://www.smud.org/en/Business‐Solutions‐and‐Rebates/Business‐Rebates/Advanced‐Tech‐Solutions

the budding energy impact of indoor agriculture · indoor agricultural lighting performance...

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