the carbon nanotubes global opportunity report table of ...€¦ · the carbon nanotubes global...

The Carbon Nanotubes Global Opportunity Report

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................... 38 1.1 NANOMATERIALS MARKET RATING SYSTEM............................................. 39 1.2 COMMERCIAL IMPACT RATING SYSTEM.................................................. 41 1.3 MARKET CHALLENGES RATING SYSTEM.................................................... 42 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................ 45 2.1 Exceptional properties............................................................................... 48 2.2 Products and applications........................................................................ 50 2.3 Threat from the graphene market........................................................... 51 2.4 Production................................................................................................... 51 2.4.1 Multi-walled nanotube (MWNT) production...................................... 52 2.4.2 Single-walled nanotube (SWNT) production...................................... 54 2.5 Global demand for carbon nanotubes................................................. 57 2.5.1 Current products..................................................................................... 59 2.5.2 Future products....................................................................................... 60 2.6 Market drivers and trends......................................................................... 61 2.6.1 Electronics................................................................................................ 61 2.6.1.1 EMI/RFI shielding.............................................................................. 61 2.6.1.2 Transparent conductive film......................................................... 61 2.6.1.3 Silicon replacement........................................................................ 62



2.6.2 Electric vehicles and lithium-ion batteries.......................................... 62 2.7 Market and production challenges........................................................ 63 2.7.1 Safety issues............................................................................................. 64 2.7.2 Dispersion................................................................................................. 65 2.7.3 Synthesis and supply quality................................................................. 66 2.7.4 Cost........................................................................................................... 66 2.7.5 Competition from other materials....................................................... 67 2.8 Competitive analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene............... 68 3 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 70 3.1 Properties of nanomaterials...................................................................... 70 3.2 Categorization............................................................................................ 71 3.3 CARBON NANOTUBES................................................................................ 73 3.3.1 Multi-walled nanotubes (MWNT).......................................................... 74 3.3.2 Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT)................................................ 75 3.3.2.1 Single-chirality.................................................................................. 78 3.3.3 Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)...................................... 80 3.3.4 Few-walled carbon nanotubes (FWNTs)............................................. 81 3.3.5 Carbon Nanohorns (CNHs)................................................................... 81 3.3.6 Carbon Onions........................................................................................ 82 3.3.7 Fullerenes.................................................................................................. 85 3.3.8 Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs)......................................................... 87 3.4 Properties..................................................................................................... 88



3.5 Applications of carbon nanotubes......................................................... 89 3.5.1 High volume applications...................................................................... 90 3.5.2 Low volume applications...................................................................... 90 3.5.3 Novel applications.................................................................................. 91 4 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH GRAPHENE.................................................... 92 4.1 Comparative properties............................................................................ 93 4.2 Cost and production................................................................................. 95 4.3 Carbon nanotube-graphene hybrids..................................................... 97 4.4 Competitive market analysis of carbon nanotubes and graphene. 98 5 CARBON NANOTUBE SYNTHESIS..................................................................... 101 5.1 Arc discharge synthesis........................................................................... 103 5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)...................................................... 105 5.3 Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)................. 106 5.4 High-pressure carbon monoxide synthesis........................................... 107 5.4.1 High Pressure CO (HiPco).................................................................... 107 5.4.2 CoMoCAT.............................................................................................. 108 5.5 Flame synthesis......................................................................................... 109 5.6 Laser ablation synthesis........................................................................... 110 5.7 Silane solution method............................................................................ 111 6 CARBON NANOTUBES MARKET STRUCTURE................................................... 112



7 REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS..................................................................... 115 7.1 Europe........................................................................................................ 116 7.1.1 REACH..................................................................................................... 116 7.1.2 Biocidal Products Regulation.............................................................. 116 7.1.3 National nanomaterials registers....................................................... 117 7.1.4 Cosmetics regulation........................................................................... 118 7.1.5 Food safety............................................................................................ 120 7.2 United States............................................................................................. 121 7.2.1 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)................................................ 121 7.3 Asia............................................................................................................. 123 7.3.1 Japan..................................................................................................... 123 7.3.2 South Korea........................................................................................... 123 7.3.3 Taiwan.................................................................................................... 124 7.3.4 Australia.................................................................................................. 124 8 CARBON NANOTUBES PATENTS...................................................................... 126 9 CARBON NANOTUBES TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL............................. 131 10 CARBON NANOTUBES END USER MARKET SEGMENT ANALYSIS................. 134 10.1 Production volumes in metric tons, 2010-2025.................................... 134 10.2 Carbon nanotube producer production capacities......................... 139



10.3 Regional demand for carbon nanotubes........................................... 142 10.3.1 Japan.................................................................................................. 145 10.3.2 China................................................................................................... 146 10.4 Main carbon nanotubes producers..................................................... 147 10.4.1 SWNT production.............................................................................. 148 10.4.1.1 OCSiAl.......................................................................................... 148 10.4.1.2 FGV Cambridge Nanosystems................................................ 148 10.4.1.3 Zeon Corporation...................................................................... 149 10.5 Price of carbon nanotubes-MWNTs, SWNTs and FWNTs.................... 149 10.5.1 MWNTs................................................................................................. 151 10.5.2 SWNTs.................................................................................................. 151 10.6 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 153 11 CARBON NANOTUBES INDUSTRY NEWS 2013-2017...................................... 158 11.1 JANUARY 2013.......................................................................................... 158 11.2 AUGUST 2013............................................................................................. 158 11.3 NOVEMBER 2013....................................................................................... 158 11.4 DECEMBER 2013........................................................................................ 159 11.5 JANUARY 2014.......................................................................................... 159 11.6 FEBRUARY 2014.......................................................................................... 160 11.7 MARCH 2014............................................................................................. 161



11.8 APRIL 2014.................................................................................................. 162 11.9 MAY 2014................................................................................................... 163 11.10 JULY 2014................................................................................................ 164 11.11 SEPTEMBER 2014.................................................................................... 164 11.12 JANUARY 2015....................................................................................... 166 11.13 FEBRUARY 2015...................................................................................... 167 11.14 MARCH 2015.......................................................................................... 168 11.15 APRIL 2015.............................................................................................. 168 11.16 MAY 2015............................................................................................... 169 11.17 JUNE 2015............................................................................................... 169 11.18 JULY 2015................................................................................................ 170 11.19 SEPTEMBER 2015.................................................................................... 170 11.20 DECEMBER 2015.................................................................................... 171 11.21 APRIL 216................................................................................................ 171 11.22 MAY 2016............................................................................................... 171 11.23 JUNE 2016............................................................................................... 172 11.24 AUGUST 2016.......................................................................................... 173



11.25 SEPTEMBER 2016.................................................................................... 173 11.26 OCTOBER 2016...................................................................................... 173 11.27 NOVEMBER 2016................................................................................... 174 11.28 DECEMBER 2016.................................................................................... 175 11.29 JANUARY 2017....................................................................................... 176 11.30 FEBRUARY 2017...................................................................................... 177 11.31 MARCH 2017.......................................................................................... 178 11.32 APRIL 2017.............................................................................................. 179 11.33 MAY 2017............................................................................................... 180 11.34 JUNE 2017............................................................................................... 181 12 ELECTRONICS.................................................................................................... 182 12.1 FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS, CONDUCTIVE FILMS AND DISPLAYS............. 183 12.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 183 12.1.1.1 Growth in wearable electronics............................................. 186 12.1.1.2 Touch technology requirements............................................. 188 12.1.2 APPLICATIONS.................................................................................... 190 12.1.2.1 Transparent electrodes in flexible electronics...................... 190 12.1.2.2 SWNTs........................................................................................... 191 12.1.2.3 Double-walled carbon nanotubes........................................ 193



12.1.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY..................................................... 194 12.1.3.1 Touch panel and ITO replacement........................................ 194 12.1.3.2 Wearable electronics............................................................... 209 12.1.4 MARKET CHALLENGES...................................................................... 212 12.1.4.1 Fabricating SWNT devices........................................................ 212 12.1.4.2 Competing materials................................................................ 213 12.1.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................... 214 12.2 CONDUCTIVE INKS.................................................................................... 218 12.2.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 218 12.2.1.1 Increased demand for printed electronics.......................... 218 12.2.1.2 Limitations of existing conductive inks................................... 219 12.2.1.3 Growth in the 3D printing market........................................... 220 12.2.1.4 Growth in the printed sensors market.................................... 221 12.2.2 APPLICATIONS.................................................................................... 222 12.2.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY..................................................... 223 12.2.4 MARKET CHALLENGES...................................................................... 227 12.2.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................... 228 12.3 TRANSISTORS, INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND otheR COMPONENTS..... 229 12.3.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 229 12.3.1.1 Scaling......................................................................................... 229 12.3.1.2 Limitations of current materials............................................... 232 12.3.1.3 Limitations of copper as interconnect materials................. 233



12.3.1.4 Need to improve bonding technology................................. 234 12.3.1.5 Need to improve thermal properties..................................... 234 12.3.2 APPLICATIONS.................................................................................... 234 12.3.2.1 Thin film transistors (TFT)............................................................. 235 12.3.2.2 Electronics packaging.............................................................. 236 12.3.2.3 Thermal management............................................................. 237 12.3.2.4 Insulation..................................................................................... 238 12.3.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY..................................................... 238 12.3.4 MARKET CHALLENGES...................................................................... 240 12.3.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................... 241 12.4 MEMORY DEVICES.................................................................................... 242 12.4.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 242 12.4.1.1 Density and voltage scaling.................................................... 242 12.4.1.2 Growth in the smartphone and tablet markets................... 243 12.4.1.3 Growth in the flexible electronics market............................. 243 12.4.2 APPLICATIONS.................................................................................... 245 12.4.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY..................................................... 249 12.4.4 MARKET CHALLENGES...................................................................... 251 12.4.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.................................................................... 252 13 COMPOSITES..................................................................................................... 257 13.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 257



13.1.1 Growing use of polymer composites............................................. 257 13.1.2 Increased need for advanced, protective materials................ 257 13.1.3 Improved performance over traditional composites................. 258 13.1.4 Multi-functionality.............................................................................. 259 13.1.5 Growth in use in the wind energy market.................................... 260 13.1.6 Need for new flame retardant materials...................................... 260 13.1.7 Environmental impact of carbon fibers........................................ 261 13.1.8 Shortcomings of natural fiber composites and glass fiber reinforced composites.................................................................................... 261 13.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 262 13.2.1 Electrostatic discharge (ESD) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding................................................................................................... 263 13.2.2 Wind turbines..................................................................................... 263 13.2.3 Construction...................................................................................... 264 13.2.4 Sporting goods.................................................................................. 266 13.2.5 Ballistic protection............................................................................. 266 13.2.6 Wire and cable................................................................................. 267 13.2.7 Thermal management..................................................................... 267 13.2.8 Elastomers and rubber..................................................................... 268 13.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 269 13.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 271 13.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 273



14 AEROSPACE AND AVIATION........................................................................... 279 14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 279 14.1.1 Safety.................................................................................................. 279 14.1.2 Reduced fuel consumption and costs.......................................... 280 14.1.3 Increased durability.......................................................................... 280 14.1.4 Multi-functionality.............................................................................. 281 14.1.5 Need for new de-icing solutions..................................................... 282 14.1.6 Weight reduction.............................................................................. 282 14.1.7 Need for improved lightning protection materials..................... 282 14.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 283 14.2.1 Composites........................................................................................ 284 14.2.1.1 ESD protection........................................................................... 284 14.2.1.2 Conductive cables................................................................... 284 14.2.1.3 Anti-friction braking systems.................................................... 284 14.2.2 Coatings............................................................................................. 285 14.2.2.1 Anti-icing..................................................................................... 287 14.2.3 Sensors................................................................................................ 289 14.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 289 14.3.1 MARKET CHALLENGES...................................................................... 291 14.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 292



15 AUTOMOTIVE..................................................................................................... 297 15.1 MARKET DRIVER AND TRENDS................................................................. 297 15.1.1 Environmental regulations............................................................... 297 15.1.2 Lightweighting................................................................................... 298 15.1.3 Increasing use of natural fiber composites.................................. 300 15.1.4 Safety.................................................................................................. 302 15.1.5 Cost..................................................................................................... 302 15.1.6 Need for enhanced conductivity in fuel components.............. 303 15.1.7 Increase in the use of touch-based automotive applications. 303 15.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 305 15.2.1 Composites........................................................................................ 306 15.2.2 Lithium-ion batteries in electric and hybrid vehicles.................. 307 15.2.3 Coatings............................................................................................. 308 15.2.3.1 Thermally conductive............................................................... 312 15.2.3.2 Flame retardant......................................................................... 312 15.2.4 Tires...................................................................................................... 312 15.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 313 15.3.1 Composites........................................................................................ 313 15.3.2 Coatings............................................................................................. 315 15.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 317



15.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 318 16 BIOMEDICAL & HEALTHCARE.......................................................................... 321 16.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 322 16.1.1 Improved drug delivery for cancer therapy................................ 322 16.1.2 Shortcomings of chemotherapies.................................................. 326 16.1.3 Biocompatibility of medical implants............................................ 326 16.1.4 Modern healthcare demands for novel diagnostic tools.......... 327 16.1.5 Growth in the handheld point-of-care market........................... 328 16.1.6 Growth in the wearable monitoring market................................ 329 16.1.7 Need for improved medical imaging........................................... 330 16.1.8 Biocompatibility of medical implants............................................ 331 16.1.9 Implant infections............................................................................. 332 16.1.10 Failure of metal implants................................................................. 332 16.1.11 Aging population driving growth................................................... 333 16.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 333 16.2.1 Cancer therapy................................................................................ 334 16.2.1.1 Drug delivery.............................................................................. 334 16.2.1.2 Immunotherapy......................................................................... 338 16.2.1.3 Thermal ablation........................................................................ 339 16.2.1.4 Stem cell therapy...................................................................... 339 16.2.2 Medical implants.............................................................................. 340



16.2.3 Biosensors........................................................................................... 341 16.2.4 Medical imaging and diagnositcs................................................. 342 16.2.5 Tissue engineering............................................................................. 344 16.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 344 16.3.1 Biosensors........................................................................................... 345 16.3.2 Drug formulation and delivery........................................................ 346 16.3.3 Diagnostics......................................................................................... 348 16.3.4 Medical implants.............................................................................. 350 16.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 352 16.4.1 Potential toxicity................................................................................ 352 16.4.2 Safety.................................................................................................. 352 16.4.3 Dispersion........................................................................................... 353 16.4.4 Cost..................................................................................................... 353 16.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 354 17 COATINGS......................................................................................................... 357 17.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 357 17.1.1 Sustainability and regulation........................................................... 357 17.1.2 Cost of corrosion............................................................................... 358 17.1.3 Improved hygiene............................................................................ 359 17.1.4 Cost of weather-related damage................................................. 361



17.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 363 17.2.1 Anti-static coatings........................................................................... 363 17.2.2 Anti-corrosion coatings.................................................................... 364 17.2.2.1 Oil and gas................................................................................. 366 17.2.2.2 Marine......................................................................................... 366 17.2.3 Anti-microbial.................................................................................... 367 17.2.4 Anti-icing............................................................................................ 368 17.2.5 Heat protection................................................................................. 370 17.2.6 Anti-fouling......................................................................................... 371 17.2.7 Wear and abrasion resistance....................................................... 373 17.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 374 17.4 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 376 18 FILTRATION AND SEPARATION......................................................................... 378 18.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 378 18.1.1 Water shortage and population growth...................................... 378 18.1.2 Need for improved and low cost membrane technology....... 379 18.1.3 Need for improved groundwater treatment technologies....... 379 18.1.4 Cost and efficiency.......................................................................... 380 18.1.5 Growth in the air filter market......................................................... 380 18.1.6 Need for environmentally, safe filters............................................ 381



18.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 382 18.2.1 Desalination and water filtration.................................................... 384 18.2.2 Airborne filters.................................................................................... 385 18.2.3 Gas separation.................................................................................. 387 18.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 387 18.4 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 389 18.5 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 392 18.5.1 Uniform pore size and distribution.................................................. 392 18.5.2 Reducing pore size for improved desalination............................ 393 18.5.3 Difficulties of CNT growth................................................................. 393 18.5.4 Cost..................................................................................................... 394 18.6 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 395 19 ENERGY STORAGE, CONVERSION AND EXPLORATION MARKETS.............. 397 19.1 BATTERIES.................................................................................................... 398 19.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 398 19.1.1.1 Growth in personal electronics, electric vehicles and smart grids markets................................................................................................. 399 19.1.1.2 Reduce dependence on lithium............................................ 399 19.1.1.3 Shortcomings of existing battery and supercapacitor technology.................................................................................................... 400



19.1.1.4 Reduced costs for widespread application......................... 402 19.1.1.5 Power sources for flexible electronics.................................... 402 19.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 402 19.2.1 Lithium-ion batteries (LIB)................................................................. 402 19.2.1.1 CNT Anodes................................................................................ 406 19.2.1.2 CNT Cathodes............................................................................ 408 19.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 409 19.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 411 19.5 SUPERCAPACITORS.................................................................................. 413 19.5.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 413 19.5.1.1 Reducing costs.......................................................................... 413 19.5.1.2 Demand from portable electronics....................................... 413 19.5.1.3 Inefficiencies of standard battery technology.................... 414 19.5.1.4 Problems with activated carbon............................................ 414 19.6 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 414 19.6.1 Graphene/CNT hybrids.................................................................... 415 19.7 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 416 19.8 PHOTOVOLTAICS...................................................................................... 417 19.8.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 417



19.8.1.1 Need to improve solar cell efficiency.................................... 417 19.8.1.2 Reduce costs.............................................................................. 418 19.8.1.3 Varying environmental conditions......................................... 418 19.9 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 418 19.9.1 Organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells....................................... 420 19.10 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................ 421 19.11 FUEL CELLS.............................................................................................. 421 19.11.1 MARKET DRIVERS............................................................................... 421 19.11.1.1 Limitations of platinum.............................................................. 421 19.11.1.2 Cost.............................................................................................. 422 19.12 APPLICATIONS....................................................................................... 422 19.12.1 Electrocatalyst supports................................................................... 423 19.13 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................ 424 19.14 OIL AND GAS......................................................................................... 424 19.14.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 424 19.14.1.1 Need to reduce operating costs and improve operation efficiency 426 19.14.1.2 Increased demands of drilling environments....................... 427 19.14.1.3 Increased exploration in extreme environments................. 428 19.14.1.4 Environmental and regulatory................................................ 428 19.14.2 APPLICATIONS.................................................................................... 429 19.14.2.1 Sensing and reservoir management...................................... 429



19.14.2.2 Coatings...................................................................................... 430 19.14.2.3 Drilling fluids................................................................................ 430 19.14.2.4 Sorbent materials....................................................................... 431 19.15 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY........................................................ 431 19.16 MARKET CHALLENGES.......................................................................... 434 19.17 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS........................................................................ 435 20 SENSORS............................................................................................................. 440 20.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 440 20.1.1 Increased power and performance with reduced cost........... 440 20.1.2 Enhanced sensitivity......................................................................... 440 20.1.3 Replacing silver electrodes............................................................. 441 20.1.4 Growth in the home diagnostics and point of care market..... 442 20.1.5 Improved thermal stability............................................................... 442 20.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 443 20.2.1 Gas sensors........................................................................................ 444 20.2.2 Pressure sensors................................................................................. 445 20.2.3 Biosensors........................................................................................... 446 20.2.4 Infrared (IR) sensors........................................................................... 447 20.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 448



20.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 449 20.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 451 21 3D PRINTING...................................................................................................... 454 21.1.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS........................................................ 454 21.1.1.1 Improved materials at lower cost........................................... 454 21.1.1.2 Limitations of current thermoplastics..................................... 455 21.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 455 21.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 458 21.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 459 21.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 460 22 ADHESIVES......................................................................................................... 461 22.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 461 22.1.1 Thermal management in high temperature electronics........... 461 22.1.1.1 Environmental sustainability..................................................... 461 22.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 462 22.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 466



22.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 468 22.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 469 23 LUBRICANTS....................................................................................................... 470 23.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 470 23.1.1 Need for new additives that provide “more for less”................. 470 23.1.2 Need for higher-performing lubricants for fuel efficiency......... 471 23.1.3 Environmental concerns.................................................................. 471 23.2 APPLICATIONS........................................................................................... 471 23.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 474 23.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 475 23.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 476 24 TEXTILES.............................................................................................................. 477 24.1 MARKET DRIVERS AND TRENDS............................................................... 477 24.1.1 Growth in the wearable electronics market................................ 477 24.1.2 Growth in remote health monitoring and diagnostics............... 479 24.2 APPLICATONS............................................................................................ 480 24.2.1 Protective textiles.............................................................................. 482



24.2.2 Electronic textiles.............................................................................. 483 24.2.3 Superhydrophobic coatings........................................................... 494 24.2.4 Conductive coatings....................................................................... 495 24.2.5 Flame retardant textiles................................................................... 496 24.3 MARKET SIZE AND OPPORTUNITY............................................................ 496 24.3.1 Protective textiles.............................................................................. 496 24.3.2 Electronic textiles.............................................................................. 497 24.4 MARKET CHALLENGES.............................................................................. 498 24.5 PRODUCT DEVELOPERS............................................................................ 500 25 CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCERS AND PRODUCT DEVELOPERS.............. 500-670 (200 company profiles) TABLES Table 1: Nanomaterials scorecard for carbon nanotubes................................ 45 Table 2: Market summary for carbon nanotubes-Selling grade particle diameter, usage, advantages, average price/ton, high volume applications, low volume applications and novel applications................. 46 Table 3: Properties of CNTs and comparable materials..................................... 49 Table 4: Annual production capacity of MWNT and SWNT producers............ 53 Table 5: SWNT producers production capacities 2015....................................... 56 Table 6: Global production of carbon nanotubes, 2010-2025 in tons/year. Base year for projections is 2014................................................................................. 58



Table 7: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025........................................... 68 Table 8: Categorization of nanomaterials............................................................ 72 Table 9: Comparison between single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes........................................................................ 79 Table 10: Properties of carbon nanotubes............................................................ 88 Table 11: Comparative properties of carbon materials..................................... 94 Table 12: Comparative properties of graphene with nanoclays and carbon nanotubes............................................................................................................. 97 Table 13: Competitive analysis of Carbon nanotubes and graphene by application area and potential impact by 2025........................................... 99 Table 14: SWNT synthesis methods....................................................................... 102 Table 15: Carbon nanotubes market structure.................................................. 112 Table 16: National nanomaterials registries in Europe...................................... 117 Table 17: Nanomaterials regulatory bodies in Australia................................... 125 Table 18: Top ten countries based on number of nanotechnology patents in USPTO 2014-2015................................................................................................ 127 Table 19: Production volumes of carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2025........ 135 Table 20: Annual production capacity of MWNT producers........................... 140 Table 21: SWNT producers production capacities 2015................................... 141 Table 22: Example carbon nanotubes prices.................................................... 152 Table 23: Markets, benefits and applications of Carbon Nanotubes............ 153 Table 24: Comparison of ITO replacements....................................................... 185 Table 25: Overview of Metal-based TCFs............................................................ 200 Table 26: Application markets, competing materials, nanomaterials advantages and current market size in flexible substrates........................ 208



Table 27: Carbon nanotubes in the flexible electronics, conductive films and displays market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.............................................................................................. 212 Table 28: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the flexible electronics, conductive films and displays market...................................... 214 Table 29: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transparent conductive films and displays................................................... 214 Table 30: Comparative properties of conductive inks..................................... 220 Table 31: Opportunities for nanomaterials in printed electronics................... 225 Table 32: Carbon nanotubes in the conductive inks market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact................ 226 Table 33: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the conductive inks market.......................................................................................................... 227 Table 34: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in conductive inks.................................................................................................. 228 Table 35: Comparison of Cu, CNTs and graphene as interconnect materials............................................................................................................................... 233 Table 36: Carbon nanotubes in the transistors, integrated circuits and other components market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.......................................................................... 239 Table 37: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the transistors, integrated circuits and other components market..................................... 241 Table 38: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in transistors, integrated circuits and other components............................... 241 Table 39: Applications in memory devices, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................. 246 Table 40: Carbon nanotubes in the memory devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact................ 250 Table 41: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the memory devices market.................................................................................................. 251



Table 42: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in memory devices................................................................................................................ 256 Table 43: Comparative properties of polymer composites reinforcing materials............................................................................................................................... 262 Table 44: Carbon nanotubes in thermal management composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof..................................................... 268 Table 45: Carbon nanotubes in the composites market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 270 Table 46: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the composites market.................................................................................................................. 273 Table 47: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the composites industry........................................................................................... 273 Table 48: Types of nanocoatings utilized in aerospace and application..... 286 Table 49: Carbon nanotubes in the aerospace and aviation market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................................... 290 Table 50: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the aerospace market.................................................................................................................. 292 Table 51: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the aerospace industry............................................................................................ 292 Table 52: Applications of natural fiber composites in vehicles by manufacturers.................................................................................................... 301 Table 53: Applications in automotive composites, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.................................................................................................. 306 Table 54: Nanocoatings applied in the automotive industry.......................... 308 Table 55: Application markets, competing materials, nanomaterials advantages and current market size in the automotive sector................ 313 Table 56: Carbon nanotubes in the automotive market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 315



Table 57: Applications and commercailization challenges in the automotive market.................................................................................................................. 317 Table 58: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the automotive market.................................................................................................................. 317 Table 59: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the automotive industry........................................................................................... 318 Table 60: Applications of carbon nanotubes in drug formulation and delivery............................................................................................................................... 324 Table 61: CNTs in life sciences and biomedicine............................................... 334 Table 62: Applications in medical imaging and diagnostics, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................ 343 Table 63: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the medical biosensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.............................................................................................. 346 Table 64: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the drug formulation and delivery market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.................................................................. 347 Table 65: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in the imaging and diagnostics market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.......................................................................... 349 Table 66: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials opportunity in medical implants and devices market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact.......................................................................... 351 Table 67: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the medical and healthcare industry................................................................... 354 Table 68: Carbon nanotubes in the coatings market-applications, stage of commercialization and addressable market size........................................ 375 Table 69: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the coatings industry................................................................................................ 376 Table 70: Types of filtration..................................................................................... 383



Table 71: Applications in desalination and water filtration, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................ 385 Table 72: Applications in gas separation, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................. 387 Table 73: Carbon nanotubes in the filtration and environmental remediation market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact................................................................................................................. 388 Table 74: Comparison of CNT membranes with other membrane technologies.............................................................................................................................. 390 Table 75: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the filtration and environmental remediation market............................................................... 394 Table 76: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the filtration industry................................................................................................. 395 Table 77: Applications in LIB, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof.. 403 Table 78: Carbon nanotubes in the batteries market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 411 Table 79: Market challenges in batteries............................................................ 411 Table 80: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the batteries market.................................................................................................................. 412 Table 81: Properties of carbon materials in high-performance supercapacitors............................................................................................................................... 416 Table 82: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the oil and gas market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................................... 433 Table 83: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the oil and gas exploration market............................................................................................ 434 Table 84: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the energy industry................................................................................................... 435



Table 85: Applications in strain sensors................................................................ 445 Table 86: First generation point of care diagnostics......................................... 447 Table 87: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the sensors market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................................... 449 Table 88: Market challenges rating carbon nanotubes in the sensors market............................................................................................................................... 450 Table 89: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the sensors industry................................................................................................... 451 Table 90: Applications in 3D printing, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................. 455 Table 91: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the 3D printing market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................................... 458 Table 92: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the 3D printing market.................................................................................................................. 459 Table 93: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the 3D printing industry.................................................................................................. 460 Table 94: Nanomaterials properties relevant to application in adhesives.... 462 Table 95: Applications in adhesives, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................. 463 Table 96: Nanomaterials in the adhesives market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 467 Table 97: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the adhesives market........................................................................................ 468 Table 98: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the adhesives industry.............................................................................................. 469 Table 99: Applications of carbon nanotubes in lubricants.............................. 472



Table 100: Applications in lubricants, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof................................................................................................................. 473 Table 101: Nanotechnology and nanomaterials in lubricants market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................................................................................................................... 474 Table 102: Market challenges rating for carbon nanotubes in the lubricants market.................................................................................................................. 475 Table 103: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the lubricants industry.............................................................................................. 476 Table 104: Desirable functional properties for the textiles industry afforded by the use of nanomaterials.................................................................................. 481 Table 105: Applications in textiles, by nanomaterials type and benefits thereof............................................................................................................................... 484 Table 106: Nanocoatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications....................................... 488 Table 107: Nanomaterials in the textiles market-applications, stage of commercialization and estimated economic impact............................... 498 Table 108: Market challenges rating for nanotechnology and nanomaterials in the textiles and apparel market..................................................................... 499 Table 109: Carbon nanotubes product and application developers in the textiles industry.................................................................................................... 500 Table 110: CNT producers and companies they supply/licence to............... 501 FIGURES Figure 1: Molecular structures of SWNT and MWNT............................................. 48 Figure 2: Production capacities for SWNTs in kilograms, 2005-2014.................. 57 Figure 3: Schematic of single-walled carbon nanotube.................................... 77



Figure 4: Double-walled carbon nanotube bundle cross-section micrograph and model............................................................................................................ 81 Figure 5: Schematic representation of carbon nanohorns................................ 82 Figure 6: TEM image of carbon onion.................................................................... 84 Figure 7: Fullerene schematic.................................................................................. 86 Figure 8: Schematic of Boron Nitride nanotubes (BNNTs). Alternating B and N atoms are shown in blue and red..................................................................... 88 Figure 9: Graphene can be rolled up into a carbon nanotube, wrapped into a fullerene, and stacked into graphite................................................................ 93 Figure 10: Schematic representation of methods used for carbon nanotube synthesis (a) Arc discharge (b) Chemical vapor deposition (c) Laser ablation (d) hydrocarbon flames................................................................... 102 Figure 11: Arc discharge process for CNTs.......................................................... 104 Figure 12: Schematic of thermal-CVD method................................................. 106 Figure 13: Schematic of plasma-CVD method.................................................. 107 Figure 14: CoMoCAT® process............................................................................. 109 Figure 15: Schematic for flame synthesis of carbon nanotubes (a) premixed flame (b) counter-flow diffusion flame (c) co-flow diffusion flame (d) inverse diffusion flame.................................................................................................... 110 Figure 16: Schematic of laser ablation synthesis................................................ 111 Figure 17: Nanotechnology patent applications, 1991-2015.......................... 127 Figure 18: Share of nanotechnology related patent applications since 1972, by country................................................................................................................. 128 Figure 19: CNT patents filed 2000-2014................................................................ 129 Figure 20: Patent distribution of CNT application areas to 2014..................... 130 Figure 21: Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Nanotubes............ 133 Figure 22: Production volumes of carbon nanotubes (tons), 2010-2025....... 136



Figure 23: Production capacities for SWNTs in kilograms, 2005-2014.............. 137 Figure 24: Demand for carbon nanotubes, by market.................................... 138 Figure 25: Production volumes of Carbon Nanotubes 2015, by region......... 143 Figure 26: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in batteries............................... 143 Figure 27: Regional demand for CNTs utilized in Polymer reinforcement..... 144 Figure 28: Global touch panel market ($ million), 2011-2018.......................... 194 Figure 29: Capacitive touch panel market forecast by layer structure (Ksqm)............................................................................................................................... 195 Figure 30: Global transparent conductive film market forecast (million $)... 196 Figure 31: Global transparent conductive film market forecast by materials type, 2015, %....................................................................................................... 197 Figure 32: Global transparent conductive film market forecast by materials type, 2020, %....................................................................................................... 198 Figure 33: Global market for smart wearables (Millions US$)........................... 199 Figure 34: A large transparent conductive graphene film (about 20 × 20 cm2) manufactured by 2D Carbon Tech. Figure 24a (right): Prototype of a mobile phone produced by 2D Carbon Tech using a graphene touch panel.................................................................................................................... 202 Figure 35: Global touch panel market ($ million), 2011-2018.......................... 202 Figure 36: Capacitive touch panel market forecast by layer structure (Ksqm)............................................................................................................................... 203 Figure 37: Global transparent conductive film market forecast (million $)... 204 Figure 38: Global transparent conductive film market forecast by materials type, 2012-2020, millions $................................................................................ 205 Figure 39: Global transparent conductive film market forecast by materials type, 2015, %....................................................................................................... 206



Figure 40: Global transparent conductive film market forecast by materials type, 2020, %....................................................................................................... 207 Figure 41: Global market for smart sports clothing (Millions US$).................... 210 Figure 42: Global market for smart wearables (Millions US$)........................... 211 Figure 43: Nanotube inks........................................................................................ 223 Figure 44: Global market for conductive inks and pastes in printed electronics............................................................................................................................... 224 Figure 45: Transistor architecture trend chart..................................................... 231 Figure 46: Schematic cross-section of a graphene based transistor (GBT, left) and a graphene field-effect transistor (GFET, right).................................... 231 Figure 47: CMOS Technology Roadmap............................................................ 232 Figure 48: Figure 38: Thin film transistor incorporating CNTs............................. 236 Figure 49: Emerging logic devices........................................................................ 239 Figure 50: Stretchable CNT memory and logic devices for wearable electronics........................................................................................................... 244 Figure 51: Graphene oxide-based RRAm device on a flexible substrate..... 245 Figure 52: Emerging memory devices................................................................. 248 Figure 53: Carbon nanotubes NRAM chip.......................................................... 249 Figure 54: Schematic of NRAM cell...................................................................... 254 Figure 55: Nanomaterials-based automotive components............................ 303 Figure 56: The Tesla S's touchscreen interface................................................... 304 Figure 57: Global Paints and Coatings Market, share by end user market.. 375 Figure 58: Energy densities and specific energy of rechargeable batteries. 401 Figure 59: Nano Lithium X Battery......................................................................... 409 Figure 60: Suntech/TCNT nanotube frame module.......................................... 419



Figure 61: 3D Printed tweezers incorporating Carbon Nanotube Filament.. 457

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