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TRANSCRIPT
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschoolsi
in ACT schoolsImplementation guidelines 2009
The care and use of animals
iiThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ISBN-13:978-0-642-60499-6ISBN-10:0-642-60499-1
©AustralianCapitalTerritory,Canberra2009,(2009Edition2)
Thisworkiscopyright.ApartfromanyuseaspermittedundertheCopyright Act 1968,nopartmaybereproducedbyanyprocesswithoutwrittenpermissionfromtheTerritoryRecordsOffice,CommunityandInfrastructureServices,TerritoryandMunicipalServices,ACTGovernment.GPOBox158,CanberraCityACT2601.
Enquiriesaboutthispublicationshouldbedirectedto:ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining
PublicationNo09/1729
http://www.act.gov.au
Telephone:CanberraConnect132281
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschoolsiii
Contents
PARTA:ANIMAlwElfAREforeword 1
Acknowledgements 3
Howtousetheseguidelines 4
Rationale 6
Decidingwhethertheuseofanimalsisjustified 7
Categoriesofactivities 11
Rolesandresponsibilities 17
Alternativesandthe3Rs 21
Issuesarisingfromusinganimalsinschools 23
Glossary 37
listofrelevantACTlegislation 41
ACTCodesofPractice 42
Schedule2oftheAnimal Welfare Regulation 2001 43
APPENDICES
1. Complaints/grievancesmadetoschoolsabout themistreatmentofanimals 44
2. Accreditation 45
ACT Schools Annimal Ethics Committee (SAEC)flowchartofproceduresforSchedule2animalsinPreandPrimarySchools 46
flowchartofproceduresforanimalsinSecondarySchools 47
3. formARequestforAnimalResearch Authorisation(Schools) 48
4. formBApplicationforApprovaltoobtain euthanasedratsfromtheJohnCurtinSchoolof MedicalResearchattheAustralianNational University 52
5. formCAnnualschoolreportontheacquisition, disposalandhusbandryactivities 54
6. formDApplicationtouseananimalinteaching thatisnotontheapprovedlistorisin category4or5 56
7. formEApplicationforcertificationto demonstrateacategory5activity 61
ivThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
8. formfNotificationofchangestostaffing and/oractivitiesincludinganimaldeathorinjury 63
9. formGAnnualreportofanimalholdings (schools) 65
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools1
foreword
TheseimplementationguidelinesexplainwhatschoolsneedtodotosatisfytherequirementsoftheAustralian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Education 2004,theAnimal Welfare Act 1992andtheAnimal Welfare Regulation 2001includingcurrentamendments.TheyapplytoallschoolswithintheACTthatuseanimalsforteachingandresearchpurposes.TheAustralian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Education 2004(scientificpurposesincludesteaching)imposesstrictrequirementsonschoolswishingtouseanimalsforteaching.Byfollowingtheadviceprovidedintheseguidelines,teacherslawfullyuseanimalsinpursuitofeducationalobjectives.
Studentsattendingourschoolsbringtotheclassroomadiverserangeofexperiences,expectationsandattitudestowardsanimals.Byprovidingopportunitiestoexplorearangeofviewsabouttheappropriatecareofanimalsandtheirusesbypeopleinasafeandsupportedenvironment,schoolswill:
• satisfyoneoftherequirementsintheAustralian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Education 2004–theprovisionof educationalprograms
• addressessentialcontentfromtheEssentiallearning Achievement3,The student responds with integrity and regard for others.
Asthemostcommonuseofanimalsinschoolsisforteachinganddemonstrationratherthanresearch,schoolshavebeenrecognisedasaspecialcaseundertheAustralian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Education 2004.ThismeansthattheAnimalEthicsCommitteeoftheACTisabletoprovideteacherswithalistofapprovedactivitiesthatmaybeundertaken.Asaconsequenceofthisprivilege,schoolsneedtoensurethatallteachershaveaccesstotheinformationtheyneedtomaintainthewelfareoftheanimalsatthelevelofcurrentapprovedpractices.
ThispublicationhasbeenadaptedfromtheNSwSchoolsAnimalCareandEthicsCommittee’s(SACEC)secondeditionofAnimals in Schools: Animal welfare guidelines for
2ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
teachers.TheSACECssecondeditionisacooperativeventureinvolvingofficersandschoolsfromallthreeschoolsectorsandTAfE,officersfromtheAnimalwelfareUnitwithinNSwAgricultureandmembersoftheAnimalResearchReviewPanel.
TheACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteewishestothankSACECforpermissiontousetheNSwAnimals in Schools: Animal welfare guidelines for teachers as the basis for the Care and Use of Animals in ACT Schools: Implementation Guidelines Preschool to Year 12.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools3
Acknowledgements
ThispublicationhasbeenadaptedfromtheNSwSchoolsAnimalCareandEthicsCommittee’s(SACEC)secondeditionofAnimals in Schools: Animal welfare guidelines for teachers.Thepreparationoftheoriginaldocumenthasinvolvedtheworkofteachers,veterinarians,staffofNSwAgriculture,membersoftheNSwSchoolsAnimalCareandEthicsCommitteeandotherinterestedandconcernedpeople.
TheadaptationofthisdocumentfurtherinvolvedtheworkofteachersfromtheACTDepartmentofEducationandTrainingandmembersoftheACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommittee.
forfurtherinformationcontact:
CurriculumOfficerfortheCareandUseofAnimalsinSchoolsACTDepartmentofEducationandTrainingCurriculumSupportGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
Email:[email protected]
HowtousetheseGuidelines
Care and Use of Animals in ACT Schools Implementation Guidelines Preschool to year 12isorganisedintotwoparts:
Part Aguidesteachersindecision-makingabouttheuseofanimals.
Part Bprovidesspecies-specificnotesaboutapprovedactivitiesandresources.
TheseguidelineswerebasedontheworkofNSwSchoolsAnimalCareandEthicsCommittee(referredtoastheSACEC)andadapted,withpermissionfromSACEC,toensurecompliancewithalllegislationgoverningimplementationwithintheACT.words,namesandreferencesthatareconsideredofparticularrelevancetotheunderstandingoftheseguidelinesarelistedintheglossaryattheendofPartA.whentheseglossaryreferencesarepresentedinthetextforthefirsttime,theyappearinboldtype,alongwithanyappropriateabbreviationinbrackets.
The guidelinesaretobeusedasawhole.Theyincludealistofapprovedactivitiesforwhichanimalsmaybeused(PartA).Theguidelinesalsospecifythemannerinwhicheachapprovedactivityistobeundertakensothatthewelfareoftheanimalsinvolvedisprotected.Therearefivecategoriesofapprovedactivitiesthatmaybeundertakeninschools.
Thereisalsoalistofactivitiesthatareprohibitedinschools(seepage15).TeachersandstudentsmustnotuseanimalsinanyotherwaysforteachingorresearchwithoutthepriorwrittenapprovaloftheACTSchools Animal Ethics Committee (SAEC).TheCommitteewillconsideronlyapplicationssubmittedtoitonthedesignatedapplicationforms(seeAppendices3to8).
Theseguidelinesarenotfixedintime.Alterationsmaybecomenecessaryaschangesaremadetorelevantacts,codesandregulations.Itistheresponsibilityofteacherstoensuretheykeepup-to-datewithcurrentlegislationandthattheirpracticesareinaccordancewiththatlegislation.
Teachersusinganimalsinschoolsarealsoexpectedtokeepabreastoftheongoingethicaldebateandcommunityexpectationsabouttheuseofanimalsinresearchandteachingthatmaygiverisetochangesinlegislation.Any
4ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools5
suggestionsforimprovementsoralterationsarewelcomedbytheACTSAEC(seepage3forcontactdetails).
Individualandsocietalvaluesregardinganimalswillatanytimebevaried.whenteachingaboutanimals,workingwithanimals(deadoralive),teachersshouldbemindfulofbothanimalandhumansensitivitiesandaccordinglycarryouttheirtaskswithcircumspectionandrespectforboth.
AnimalsusedinteachingandresearchintheACTareprotectedbytheAnimal Welfare Act 1992 (theAct).TheActrequiresthattheiruseisjustified,responsible,humaneandconsiderateoftheanimals’needs.
TheActprovidesforasystemofaccreditation,licensingandauthorisationfororganisationsandindividualswishingtouseanimalsforscientific purposes,whichincludesteaching.Thesystemincludesschoolsandteachers.
InessenceitisillegalforanypersontouseanimalsforscientificpurposesunlesstheyhavethepriorapprovalofanAnimalEthicsCommittee(AEC).Theseguidelinesexplaintoteachershowapprovaltouseanimalsforteachingorresearchmaybeobtained.TheActalsoplacestheresponsibilityforthecareandwelfareofanimalsinschoolsupontheteachersinvolvedwiththeiruse.
InstitutionsarerequiredbytheActtoestablishanimalethicscommitteestoensurecompliancewiththelegislation.TheACTSAEChasbeenestablishedbytheACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining(theDepartment)andisaccountabletotheDepartment,theCatholicEducationOffice(CEO)andtheAssociationofIndependentSchools(AIS)oftheACTonbehalfofitsparticipatingschools,formonitoringtheuseofanimalsforteachingandresearchpurposesintheirschools.
TheschoolsystemsarealsoaccountabletotheACTAnimal Welfare AuthorityfortheoperationoftheACTSAEC.TheActandAnimal Welfare Regulation 2001(theRegulation)andtheAustralian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Education 2004(AustralianCode)describethepracticesthatarerequiredtoensurethehumanecareofanimalsusedforteachingandresearch.ThekeepinganduseofanimalsinschoolsmustbeinaccordwiththeprovisionsoftheAustralianCodeandallrelevantprovisionsofCommonwealthandACTlegislation.
Alistofthemostrelevantlegislation,model codesandregulationsisincludedonpage41.
RationaleTheuseofanimalsinACTschoolsisgovernedprimarilybythreepiecesoflegislation.Theyarethe:
• Animal Welfare Act 1992 (theAct)
• Animal Welfare Regulation 2001(theRegulation)
• Australian code of practice for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes 7th Edition 2004 (AustralianCode)
Thislegislationwasintroducedtoprotectthewelfareofvertebrateanimalsusedinteachingandresearchbyensuringthattheiruseisjustified,humaneandconsiderateoftheanimals’needs.
ThelegislationhasevolvedinresponsetotheattitudesoftheAustraliancommunityanditsconcernforthewelfareofanimalsingeneralandparticularlytheuseofanimalsinteachingandresearch.Underpinningtheseattitudesisthenotionthatvertebratespeciescanexperiencepainandsufferingandthatthereisamoraldutytominimisetheharmtoanyanimal.
Teachershavemanyresponsibilitiesplaceduponthem.Oneoftheseresponsibilitiesistoassiststudentstodeveloparespectforanimalsandtolearnhowtocareforanimalsinaresponsibleandethicalmanner.
Theseguidelinesapplytoallpublicschools,allCEOaffiliatedschoolsandindependentschools.TheyprovideinterpretationsoftheAct,theRegulationandtheAustralianCodetohelpteachersinthoseschoolsmeettherequirementsofthelegislation.
6ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools7
Decidingwhethertheuseofanimalsisjustified
TheACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommittee(SAEC)hastheresponsibilitytodeterminewhatactivitiesinvolvingtheuseofanimalsarepermissibleinschools.Indeterminingpermittedactivities,theACTSAECCommitteeisguidedbytheAct,itsrelatedRegulationandtheAustralianCode.TheActalsorequiresteacherstogothroughaprocessofdecidingwhethertheuseofanimalsisjustified.Thisappliesbothtotheconductofproceduresthatarepre-approvedbytheACTSAECanddescribedintheseguidelines(seeSpecies-specificnotes),aswellastoprocedureswhichrequireanapplicationtotheACTSAEC(seetheflowchartonpage10forasummaryofthisdecision-makingprocess).
Toassistteachers,theACTSAEChasdevelopedasetofapproved activities orproceduresforwhichtheuseofanimalsispermitted,providedthat:
•theeducationalobjectives(andrelatedoutcomes)tobe achievedareselectedfromthefourlistedbelow
•thedecision-makingprocessdescribedintheflowchart hasbeenfollowed
•theactivityorprocedureistobedoneasdescribedin theseguidelines.
Therequirementtoconsideralternativestotheuseofanimalsisanimportantfirstconsideration.Theweightinggiventothisconsiderationincreasesasthepotential(andreal)impactontheanimalincreases.
Thecategoriesofapprovedactivitiesdescribedintheseguidelinesarebasedonanassessmentoftheriskofharmtotheanimal.Category1activitiesareassessedasbeingofverylowrisktotheanimals,Category5activitiesareassessedasbeinghighrisk.IftheCategory5proceduresarenotconductedskilfullyoranaccidentoccurs,therisktotheanimalsisconsiderable.
Thehigherthecategorynumber,thegreateristheneedtoconsideralternatives,thegreateraretheskillrequirementsoftheteacherandthegreaterthequalityrequirementofthepreparatoryworkbythestudent.
8ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Educational objectivesTheAustralianCodestatesthatanimalsmaybeusedforteachingonlywhentherearenosuitablealternativesavailableforachievingtheeducationalobjectives.
Schoolcommunitiesdetermineeducationalobjectivesinresponsetothefollowing:
• BoardofSeniorSecondaryStudiesrequirements
• Every chance to learncurriculumframeworkforACTschoolspreschooltoyear10
• Governmentandsystempriorities
• Communityneeds
• Studentlearningneeds.
Inthecontextoftheabove,thefollowingobjectivesrelatingtoanimalsmaybeusedintheschool’scurriculum:
Objective1:Developingstudents’skillsinrelationtoresponsibleanimalcareandmanagement
Itisessentialthatstudentslearnthatresponsibleanimalcareandmanagementinvolvesknowledgeoftheneedsofanimals(physicalandbehavioural).Thecourseandstageoflearningwilldeterminethetypeofanimaltobeusedandthelevelofpracticalinvolvementofstudents.
wherethecourseofstudyrequiresananimalbesubjectedtoprocedurescausingconsiderablepainanddistress(suchastaildockingorcastrationoflambs),theteachermustensurestudentsreceivetheappropriateamountandtypeoftrainingbeforeattemptingtheprocedure.Itisalsotheteacher’sresponsibilitytoobtainwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAECbeforestudentscarryoutprocedures.
Teachersshouldbeawarethat,indevelopingstudents’skillsinrelationtoresponsibleanimalcareandmanagement,theyarerolemodelsandshouldatalltimesapplytheprinciplesofbestpractice.
Objective2:Developingstudents’skillsinobservinganimalstoenhancetheirunderstandingofthebehaviouralcharacteristicsofspecies
Totrainstudentstoobserve,avarietyofsourcesmaybeused.Thesesourcesmayincludephotosandvideos(secondarysources)aswellasthestudents’ownobservationsofliveanimals(primarysources).
Objective3:Developingstudents’skillsofinvestigationwherethepurposeistoimprovemethodsofanimalmanagementortoimproveproduction
Thisarisesinthecontextofschoolcurriculuminagricultureandscience.Studentsusuallyreplicatepreviousexperiments(e.g.enrichingtheanimal’senvironment,suchasabudgerigar’scageorguineapig’spen,foodpalatabilitytrials,comparisonsofeggproductionbetweenfreerangeandbarnhousedhens).
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools9
wherethesereplicationsareknowntohavelowimpactontheanimal(category2or3approvedactivities),theyareincludedinthelistofapprovedactivitiesintheappropriatecategory.
Objective4:Assistingstudentstodevelopempathywithandrespectforanimals
Giventhatourrelationshipwithanimalsisanimportantaspectofthehumancondition,schoolsshouldnotavoidhelpingstudentstobuildsharedknowledgeandunderstandingaboutthem.Thusstudentsshouldbegivenopportunitiesintheschoolcontexttolearnaboutthediversityandappropriatenessoftherangeofrelationshipsbetweenanimalsandhumans.
StudentsfromagreatdiversityofbackgroundsandexperiencesattendschoolsthroughouttheTerritory.whileschoolsmustrespectthediversityofattitudesthatthisbringstheymustalsoensurethatstudentsdevelopempathywithandrespectforanimals.
Thereisnoabsolutelycertainwaytoensurethatstudentsacquiredesirableattitudestowardsanimalsbutresearchhasshownthatteachersarepowerfulrolemodels.Thismeansthatthewayteachersworkwithanimalsandtheattitudesthatareapparentintheteachers’careandhandlingofanimalswillstronglyinfluencetheattitudesstudentsdeveloptowardanimals.
Alternatives and the three Rswheneveradecisionaboutusinganimalsforteachingactivitiesismade,itisessentialthatthe3Rsfilterisappliedtoallactivities.The“3Rsfilter”isatermtoflagthatconsiderationshouldbegivento:
• thereplacementofanimalswithothermethods
• thereductioninthenumberofanimalsused
• therefinementoftechniquesusedtoreducetheimpactonanimals.
Anexplanationofthe“3Rsfilter”isprovidedonpage21oftheseguidelines.Thefollowingflowchartindicateswhenitshouldbeapplied.
RefertotheresourcelistsontheEverychancetolearncurriculumframeworkforACTschoolspreschooltoyear10sectionoftheACTDepartmentofEducationandTrainingwebsite(www.det.act.foralternativestotheuseofanimals.
10ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Table 1: Decision making flow chart
* EnsurethatyouallowtheACTAnimalEthicsCommittee(SEAC)3monthstorespond.
† AwlOistheanimalwelfareliaisonofficerforyourschool.
Can the related outcomes be achieved without using animals?
(Ensure you have used the 3R’s filter to answer this question)
NO
Is what you plan an approved activity in
the Guidelines?
NO
NO
Is the planned activity justified?
(see pages 7-9)
Choose another activity that does not require an
animal to be used
YES
Use the non-animal alternativeYES
Are you applying the 3Rs to ensure that the impact of the activity on the
animal is minimised?
YES
Are you applying the 3Rs filter toensure the impact of the activityon the animal is minimised?
Haveyou checked with the AWLO†, completed the application form inthe guidelines
and then lodgedit with SAEC?*
Has the SAEC provided written approval before commencement of the activity?
Does this approval have conditions applied to it?NO
Do not commence the planned activity
Have you checked that the source of the animals, their housing, monitoring, disposal and records are in accordance with the guidelines for the particular species to be used?
Have the students been appropriately instructed and will they be supervised?
YES
Perform the activity as described in the guidelines or as approved by the SAEC.
Did the activity achieve the intended outcomes? Would you consider doing it again or would you use an alternative?
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools11
Categoriesofactivities
Theseguidelinesprovidefivecategoriesofapprovedactivitiesinvolvinganimals.Theguidelinesspecifywhocanusetheanimalandinwhatway,sothatthewelfareoftheanimalisprotected.
Activities that are not listed in these categories of animal use, or that are different from the activities as they appear in these guidelines, must not be carried out without prior written approval from the ACT SAEC. The application must be submitted on the designated application form (see Appendices 6 and 7).
AmoreindepthdescriptionoftheapprovedactivitiescanbefoundintherelevantspeciesnotesinPartB.
Category 1 activitiesarepermittedbyallstudentsandteacherswithduecarefortheanimal’swelfare.
Category 2 activitiesmaybeconductedbystudentswhohavereceivedappropriateinstructionbeforecommencingtheactivity.
Category 3activitiesrequireahigherlevelofstudentskillthanCategory2activitiesbeforetheyareattempted.TheymustbejustifiedbytheSchoolBoardapprovedcurriculumforthatcourseoraBoardofSeniorSecondaryStudies(BSSS)approvedcourse.TheseactivitiesrequiretheformalapprovaloftheAwlOwithintheschool.
Categories 4 and 5mustbejustifiedbytheBSSSsyllabus.Alltheseactivitieshavethepotentialtocausedistress.Someoftheseactivitiesarepainfultotheanimal,evenwhendoneproperly.Ifdoneincorrectly,thepainanddistressareverysignificant.*
Category 4 activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingontheformDAppendix6.Theteachermusthaveahighlevelofskillattainedbyeitherspecialisedtrainingorrelevantexperiencethathasledtothelevelofcompetency.
Category 5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalhasbeenobtainedfromtheACTSAEC.Theteachermustbeaccreditedbyarecognisedauthorityorhavedemonstratedequivalentcompetency.
* Someagriculturalproceduresareacceptedbythegeneralcommunity despitethepainand/ordistresstheycausetotheanimals.Thejustification forteachingtheserelatestovocationaltraining.
12ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Ingeneraltheonlyjustificationforallowingstudentstoparticipateincategory4and5activitiesisthatthestudentiscompletingacompetencybasedcourseleadingtotheattainmentofalevelofskillthatcanberecognisedbyaformalqualification.
BeforedemonstratingtostudentsaCategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertification,includinganidentitycertificate,fromtheACTSAEC(athree-yearlycertification).CertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingtheformEAppendix7.
There is also a list of activities that are not permitted to be carried out by teachers or students, in the context of educational programs associated with the school, under any circumstances(seepage15).
Table 2: Categories of activities
Category*(See page 11)
Risk to animals Educationaljustification
Conditions which apply to students
Conditions which apply to the teacher or demonstrator
1 • Very low impact.• Discreet observation only.• Animals not restrained.• No contact with animal(s).• No disturbance to animal.
Provides positive experiences involving animals.
Any student may carry out these activities.
Teacher discretion,Skills and knowledge appropriate to the activity.
2 • Low impact.• Routine husbandry or
animal care procedures.• No invasive techniques
used.• Some disturbance to
animal.
Students are following a course or program in the school curriculum.
Background and level of maturity taken into account and suitable instructions given before activity.
Skills and knowledge appropriate to the activity.
3 • Moderate impact.• Husbandry or animal care
procedures.• No invasive techniques.• Animal usually restrained.• Techniques may cause
some stress to animal.
Justified by the School Board approved curriculum for that course or a BSSS approved course.
Students are given appropriate instructions and training.
Skills, knowledge and training appropriate to the activity.ACT SAEC needs to approve.
4 • High impact.• Invasive techniques.• Techniques may cause
some pain and/or distress to animals.
Justified by a BSSS approved course.Activity appropriate to meet course needs.
Students are given specialised instructions and training leading to competency.May be undertaken by students only if written approval from ACT SAEC has been obtained.
Specialised training or expert competency.
5 • Highly specialised techniques.
• Techniques have a high risk of causing pain and distress to animal.
Justified by a BSSS approved course.Activity appropriate to meet course needs.
Students are given specialised instructions and training leading to competency.May be undertaken by students only if written approval from ACT SAEC has been obtained.
Accreditation by recognised authority or demonstrated equivalent competency.Teacher must gain written certification from the ACT SAEC every three years in order to demonstrate activities in this category.
* Thegreaterthepotentialimpactontheanimal,thegreatertheeducationaljustificationandexpertiserequired ofteachersandstudents.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools13
Table 3: Description of Activities
Activity Category(See page 11)
Objectives(See pages 8-9)
Approved by
A. Very low impact activities involving animals.• Observation of animal behaviour• Observation of pets under the owner’s control• Excursions to observe animals in their natural surroundings or to zoos and other registered wildlife parks• Excursions to farms for observation of animal behaviour and husbandry activities appropriate to the age, prior experience and maturity of the students.
111
1
O2, O4 Teacher
B. Low impact activities involving animals provided appropriate instruction is given prior to undertaking the activity and there is appropriate control by a responsible person or the owner of the animal.• Mustering , drafting (in crush or bailhead), capture, restraint and handling of non-free-living domesticated animals (grooming or holding an animal, collecting a milk sample, non-invasive measurements such as those described below, leading or riding an appropriately trained animal). • Observations of particular animal behaviours e.g. oestrus, parturition • School performance by outside agencies that have animals as part of their exhibits. • Animal welfare organisations bringing animals to school (such as Delta Society programs, RSPCA or WIRES)• Breeding of mice or other appropriate animal in the classroom (see Breeding of animals on page 24)• The appropriate care of classroom pets.
2
22
2
2
2
O1-O4 Teacher
C. Non-invasive measurement of: 1. body weight 2. body condition - visual assessment - condition scoring - ultrasound 3. growth 4. body proportions 5. pulse or blood flow 6. respiration 7. skin temperature (non-invasive) 8. age by dentition 9. scrotum and testicles (palpation)
2
2232222222
O1-O4
Teacher
Teacher TeacherAWLO*TeacherTeacherTeacherTeacherTeacherTeacherTeacher
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects (provided the normal nutritional needs for the life stage of the animals are met): 1. high/normal protein 2. high/normal energy 3. high/normal fat 4. palatability
3333
O1-O4 AWLO*
E. Behaviour activities: 1. familiarisation 2. taming/gentling 3. training for competition or showing 4. tethering animals 5. breaking-in cattle or horses
23334
O1, O4TeacherAWLO*AWLO*AWLO*
ACT SAEC
14ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Table 3: Description of Activities continued
Activity Category(See page 11)
Objectives(See pages 8-9)
Approved by
F. Collection of samples#: 1. wool 2. milk 3. faeces & urine (non-invasive) 4. faeces (invasive) 5. saliva 6. ruminal fluid 7. blood 8. measurement of body temperature (invasive)
22253 5 5 3
01-04
03
03 03
Teacher Teacher Teacher
ACTSAEC AWLO*
ACTSAEC ACTSAEC AWLO*
G. Standard husbandry activities: 1. administering treatments water topical - udder - back line - spray - dip oral - drench - capsules - winged capsules injection - intraruminal - subcutaneous - intramuscular - intravenous - intrauterine pessaries - udder 2. coat care and grooming 3. coat clipping 4. ear marking/tagging of livestock 5. tattoo application 6. hoof paring: sheep and goats 7. hoof trimming: cattle 8. shearing of sheep and goats 9. shearing of alpacas and llamas 10. dagging 11. crutching 12. milking 13. putting nose clips on cattle 14. nose ringing 15. loading and unloading animals onto transporters 16. showing animals at school and away 17. foot bathing 18. fire branding horns of stud sheep 19. fire branding of cattle and horses 20. freeze branding of cattle and horses 21. flystrike treatment 22. jetting animals 23. using sire harnesses 24. restraining with ropes
2
2333 334 33344323333334343353334443333
O1-O4
For activities up to
category 4
01-04 For activities
up to category 4
01
Teacher
TeacherAWLO*AWLO*AWLO*
AWLO*AWLO*
ACT SAEC
AWLO*AWLO*AWLO*
ACT SAECACT SAEC
AWLO*TeacherAWLO*AWLO*AWLO*AWLO*AWLO*AWLO*
ACT SAECAWLO*
ACT SAECAWLO*AWLO*
ACT SAECAWLO*AWLO*AWLO*
ACT SAECACT SAECACT SAEC
AWLO*AWLO*AWLO*AWLO*
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools15
Table 3: Description of Activities continued
Activity Category(See page 11)
Objectives(See pagse 8-9)
Approved by
25. castration of immature livestock** lambs - elastrator - knife - emasculator calves - elastrator (under 6 weeks) - knife - emasculator 26. tail docking lambs1
- elastrator - knife - gas detailer 27. tail docking piglets - knife 28. tooth trimming/removal in piglets 29. beak trimming 30. tail tagging 31. artificial insemination 32. semen collection 33. pregnancy detection - external ultrasound - rectal 34. oestrus synchronisation 35. microchip tagging 36. horn tipping 37. dehorning cattle under six months of age**
38. detusking boars 39. debudding calves and kids1 40. mulesing of young sheep1
41. slaughter/euthanasia of stock (see page 30)
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 55
3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 5 5
01-04 For activities
up tocategory 4
0303
0101
ACT SAECACT SAECACT SAEC
ACT SAECACT SAECACT SAEC
ACT SAECACT SAECACT SAEC
ACT SAEC ACT SAECACT SAEC
TeacherACT SAEC ACT SAEC
OWLA*ACT SAEC ACT SAECACT SAEC
OWLA*ACT SAEC ACT SAECACT SAEC ACT SAECACT SAEC
H. Prohibited activities PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES—should not be done at school under any circumstances The activities set out below may not be carried out by students or demonstrated to them: 1. performance of surgical procedures without anaesthesia, other than in the conduct of normal animal husbandry operations. 2. induction of infectious diseases. 3. nutritional deficiency. 4. administration of drugs or chemicals other than those recommended for a particular therapeutic purpose. 5. administration of ionising-radiation or other biohazardous material. 6. activities, other than approved activities, giving rise to distress. 7. imprinting (e.g. simulated parenting, see notes page 29). 8. use of animals as prizes for raffles. 9. breeding animals solely for dissection.
* The within-school Animal Welfare Liaison Officer (AWLO) must approve these activities (see page 18 for role statement)# Sample = a small part of a specimen** POCTAA describes the legal ages for some animal husbandry practices for particular species. These are as follows: Castration: pigs- less than 2 months, cattle, sheep, goats- less than 6 months Tail Docking: sheep- less than 6 months Mulesing: sheep- less than 12 months Dehorning: goats- less than 1 month sheep- less than 12 months
16ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Category 5 activitiesCollection of ruminal fluid• descriptionofhowoftentheapplicanthascompletedthisactivity,overwhattime period,plusverificationofcompetencybyanexperiencedoperator,e.g.localvet, qualifiedlivestockresearchofficer
• descriptionofanycoursescompletedthatprovidedtraininginthisactivity.
Collection of blood sample• descriptionofhowoftentheapplicanthascompletedthisactivity,overwhattime period,plusverificationofcompetencybyanexperiencedoperator,e.g.localvet, qualifiedlivestockresearchofficer
• descriptionofanycoursescompletedthatprovidedtraininginthisactivity.
Collection of faeces (invasive)• descriptionofhowoftentheapplicanthascompletedthisactivity,overwhattime period,plusverificationofcompetencybyanexperiencedoperator,e.g.localvet, qualifiedlivestockresearchofficer
• descriptionofanycoursescompletedthatprovidedtraininginthisactivity.
Artificial insemination• TAfE,universityaccreditationorequivalentbyaregisteredtrainingorganisation (attachphotocopy)
Semen collection• TAfE,universityaccreditationorequivalentbyaregisteredtrainingorganisation (attachphotocopy).
Mulesing of young sheep• descriptionofhowoftentheapplicanthascompletedthisactivity,overwhattime period,plusverificationofcompetencybyanexperiencedoperator,e.g.localvet, experiencedcontractor,experiencedfarmer
• descriptionofanycoursescompletedthatprovidedtraininginthisactivity.
Nose ringing of cattle• descriptionofhowoftentheapplicanthascompletedthisactivity,overwhattime period,plusverificationofcompetencybyanexperiencedoperator,e.g.localvet, experiencedcontractor,experiencedfarmer
• descriptionofanycoursescompletedthatprovidedtraininginthisactivity.
Slaughter or euthanasia of stock• descriptionofhowoftentheapplicanthascompletedthisactivity,overwhattime period,plusverificationofcompetencybyanexperiencedoperator,e.g.localvet, experiencedfarmer
• descriptionofanycoursescompletedthatprovidedtraininginthisactivity.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools17
Rolesandresponsibilities
ACT Schools Animal Ethics committeeTheACTSAECsupervisestheuseofanimalsinteachingorresearchwhereverconductedintheACT.TheACTSAECwasspecificallysetuptosupervisetheuseofanimalsinpublicandnon-governmentschools.Itsroleis:
• tointerprettheAnimalwelfareAct
• toprepareandpublishalistofapprovedactivities involvingtheuseofanimals
• toconsiderapplicationsforCategory4and5activities andthoseactivitieswhicharenotlistedintheguidelines
• tomonitortheuseofanimalsinschoolstoensurethatit complieswiththerelevantlegislation• toliaisewithteachersandsystemrepresentativesin matterscoveredinthetermsofreference
• toinvestigatecomplaintsinvolvinganimals
• toreporttotheappropriateschoolsectorauthorities
• toperformotherfunctionsasdescribedinitstermsof reference.
School sectorsUnderSection26oftheAct,everyschoolusinganimalsoutsideSchedule2ofThe Animal Welfare Regulation 2001mustholdacurrent,completedAnimal Research Authority touseanimalsforscientificorteachingpurposes.
TheDepartmentandtheCEOapplyforaccreditationonbehalfofschoolswhicharepartoftheirsystems.AllotherschoolsmustapplyforaccreditationtotheAnimalwelfareUnitlicensingClerk(seepage45Appendix2forcontactdetails).
Normalaccreditationisforaperiodofthreeyears.
SectorsareresponsibleforissuingtoeachschoolanannualAnimal Research Authorisation (Schools),forensuringthatgrievanceproceduresareinplacetoresolveconcernsbymembersoftheACTSAECorteacherswhoareconcernedaboutACTSAECdecisions.(SeeAppendix1page44).
18ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThesystemsareresponsibleforprovidingadequateresourcestoenabletheACTSAECtodoitsjob.UnderSchoolbasedmanagement,schoolsmustensureadequateresourcesaremadeavailabletoprovideappropriatestandardsofcareforanimalsintheircharge.
The schoolOncetheschoolhasacurrent,completedAnimalResearchAuthorisation(Schools),forthepurposeofteachingitthenhastheresponsibilitytoensuretheprovisionof:
• adequateresourcesandfacilitiesfortheappropriatecareandwelfareofthe animals
• adequatesecuritytoensureanimalsafety,includingduringweekendsandschool holidays
• aplanforhandlingemergencysituations,includingbushfire,flood,droughtand vandalism,basedonacurrentriskassessmentrelatedtotheanimalsinthe school’scare
• aprocedurethatisconsistentwiththeACTSAECgrievanceproceduresto resolveanygrievancesrelatingtothecareanduseofanimalsinschools.
The PrincipalThePrincipalisresponsiblefor:
• ensuringcompliancewithallrelevantlegislationandtheseguidelines
• ensuringthatallrelevantdocumentationundertheActismaintainedand availableforinspectionbydulyauthorisedpeople
• appointinganAwlO
• ensuringthatadequateresourcesareprovidedtomaintainingoodrepairthe facilitiesforhandlingandholdinganimalsandtoensurethattheneedsof animalscanbemet
• ensuringthattheACTSAECisadvisedwhenanimal-relatedincidentstriggerthe reportingprovisionsunderthecomplaintsresolutionpolicyorothersimilarpolicy (seeAppendix1page44)
• resolvinggrievancesregardingtheuseofanimalsinhisorherschool(see Appendix1page44).
The Animal Welfare Liaison Officer (AWLO)foreachschoolthereistobeanAwlO.TheAwlOistobeappointedfortheschoolbythePrincipal.ThedutiesoftheAwlOinclude:
• promotingawarenessoftherequirementsoftheAnimalResearchAct,other relevantlegislationandtheseguidelineswithintheschool
• monitoringschoolprogramstoensurethatactivitiesincludedhaveACTSAEC approval
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools19
• monitoringanimalusetoensurecompliancewiththeguidelinesortermsofACT SAECapproval
• ensuringthattheschoolmaintainsappropriaterecordsrelatingtotheuseof animals(seepage32)
• liaisingwiththeACTSAEC,otherteachersapprovedbytheprincipaltouse animalsintheschool,andthePrincipal(insecondaryschools)
• makingsubmissionsonbehalfofteacherstotheACTSAECforapprovalto conductactivitiesoutsidetheguidelinesorinCategories4and5oftheguidelines
• promotingamongteachersandstudentsinvolvedintheuseofanimals discussionofethicalissuesandevolvingcommunityexpectationsaboutuseof animalsinresearchandteaching.
The TeacherTheteacherisresponsibleundertheActforthedecisiontouseanimalstoachieveeducationalobjectives.ThatdecisionshouldbemadeafterworkingthroughtheinformationprovidedinTable1(page10).whenanimalsareused,theteacherisresponsibleatalltimesforthecareanduseoftheanimalsby:
• ensuringthecareanduseofanimalsisinaccordancewithrelevantlegislation (seepage41)andtheseguidelines
• havinganunderstandingofthephysical,behaviouralandsocialneedsofany speciesused
• instructingstudentsintheirlegalresponsibilitiesandprovidingthemwith opportunitiestoexploretheethical,socialandscientificissuesinvolvedintheuse ofanimals
• providinginstructionandensuringstudentshavetheappropriatelevelof competencytoperformapprovedactivities
• identifyingandincorporatingmethodswhichmayreplace,reduceorrefineanimal useinschools
• obtainingwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAECpriortocommencementforany activitiesusinganimalsforwhichapprovalisrequired(seeAppendices6and7)
• maintainingappropriaterecordsasrequiredbytheAustralianCodeandthe AwlO(seepage32)
• carryingoutcloseandcompetentsupervisionofstudentswhentheyareengaged intasks
• ensuringthatparentshaveprovidedanappropriatewrittenundertakingtocare adequatelyforanyanimalsthatstudentsmaytakehome
• ensuringthatappropriatemonitoringoftheanimalsoccursatalltimes(including duringweekendsandholidays)
• takingimmediatestepstoalleviateanypain,distressorillnessinanyanimal
• disposingofanimalsappropriately.
20ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
The studentStudentsshouldbestronglyencouragedtotreatanimalswithrespectandconsidertheirwelfareatalltimes.Studentsshouldbegivenopportunitiestoexerciseresponsiblecareanduseofanimalsandshould:
• careforanduseanimalsinaccordancewithinstructionsfromresponsible teachers
• beresponsibleforobtainingawrittenundertakingfromtheparentorcaregiver thattheanimalwillbeadequatelycaredforifthestudenttakestheanimalhome
• complywithlegislationrelatingtothecareanduseofanimalsforscientific purposes
• activelyconsiderethicalandcommunityvaluesandexpectationsaswellas legislativerequirementsforthecareanduseofanimals.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools21
Alternativesandthe3Rs
The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (1959),preparedbywilliamRussellandRexBurchfortheUniversitiesfederationforAnimalwelfare,emphasisedtheneedforscientiststoappraisetheirworkbasedontheprincipleofthethreeRs:thereplacementofanimalswithothermethods;thereductioninthenumberofanimalsused;andtherefinementoftechniquesusedtoreducetheimpactonanimals.
Theserecommendationshavebeenwidelyacceptedasanimportantfeatureofmodernresearchandteachingpractices.TheAustralianCodeincludesthesethreeimportantprinciples.Theseguidelinesinterprettheintentionofthe3Rsastheyapplytoschools.
Replacemeansthattechniqueswhichsubstituteorcomplementtheuseofanimalsinscientificandteachingactivitiesmustbesoughtandusedwhereverpossible.
Thefollowingareoptionsforschools:
• theuseofnon-biologicalresources.Non-biological alternativeswhichcanreplacevertebratesinclude computersimulationandtheuseofaudiovisualaids.The computersimulationofvirtualrealityhasthepotentialto provideanotheralternativeinthefuture.
• theuseoforgansfromanimalsthathavealready beenslaughteredforhumanconsumption.Thesecanbe obtainedfromthebutcher,supermarket,orfishmarket.
• theuseoflesssentientorganisms.Insomeactivities, itispossibletosubstitutelesssentientlifeforms(e.g. invertebratesandmicro-organisms)inexperiments thatmightotherwiseinvolvevertebrates.Organisms suchasflatworms,earthworms,somemolluscs,insects andcrustaceanscouldbesubstitutedforvertebrates whenobservationoforgansystemsisappropriate.Plants shouldalsobeconsideredassuitablealternatives.
Thelasttwooptionsprovideanexcellentopportunitytodiscusswithstudentstheethicalandmoralreasonsfortheuseofnon-humansentientorganismsandorgansfromanimalsthathavebeenslaughteredforfood.
22ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Reducemeansareductioninthenumbersofanimalsused.Twooptionsforimplementingreductionare:
• thepoolingofavailableresources,includingthedataderivedfromprevious activities,sothatthedatabeingmanipulatedisfromalargergroup
• theuseofappropriatestatisticaltechniques.
whileitisalwaysimportanttoreducethenumbersofanimalsused,itisalsoimportanttousesufficientnumberstohavecorrectexperimentaldesignandhencegainmeaningfulresults.
Toofewanimalsmaycauseunnecessarystressontheindividualsthroughexcessivehandlingbystudents.Therefore,forexample,inthecaseofbroilerchickens(assuminghousing,processinganddisposalarenoproblem)alargerratherthanasmallernumbermayproducelessstressforthebroilers.
Refineinvolvesthemodificationofthedesignoftheactivitysoastominimisetheadverseimpactontheanimalsused.Thisshouldincludeusing:
• up-to-dateinformationregardinganimalwelfareandprojectdesign
• currentinformationrelatingtohousingandhandlingofanimals(seeSpecies- specificnotesformoredetails)
• low-stressanimalhusbandrytechniques
• observationoffreelivinganimalsinschoolgrounds,localparks,bushlandand streams,visitstofaunaparks,interactionswiththeyoungorelderlyornon-human sentientanimals.
whereverpossibletheinitialtrainingofstudentsinanimalhusbandrytechniquesshouldusenon-animalmodelsorsimulation,e.g.simulationoflambmarkingtechniquesusingfilledsocksorstockingsandpiecesofleather.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools23
Issuesarisingfromusinganimalsinschools
Acquisition of animalsSchoolshavetodecide,beforeacquiringananimal,whetheritistobeaproductionanimalorpetorifitistoparticipateinapprovedactivities,asdescribedintheguidelines.Theapprovedsourceoftheanimalwilldependonthatdecision.
Schoolsmayacquireanimalsaspetsfromtraditionalpetsources,solongastheanimal’spurposeisforcompanionshipanditiskeptinamannerwhichsimulatesthatofahomeenvironment.
Allanimals,apartfromlivestock,ownedbytheschoolforuseinteachingactivitiesapartfromCategory1activities,mustbeobtainedfromalicencedanimalsupplier.Schoolswhichbreedanimalsfortheirownuseasaneducationalactivitymayusetheseanimalsforotherapprovedactivitieswithouttheneedforasupplier’slicence.
Schoolswishingtosupplyanimals,otherthanlivestockasidentifiedintheAct,tootherschools,willrequireananimal supplier’s licence.
free-livinganimalsshouldnotbecapturedandusedforeducationalpurposesunlessrelevantwildlifelicencesandACTSAECapprovalhavebeenobtained.SeetheSpecies-specificnotes.
Thecollectingoftadpolesforlong-termobservationoftheirlifecycleisnotallowedunlesstheschoolisparticipatinginthefrogwatchcomponentofStreamwatch.TheymaybeusedonlyforCategory1observationactivitiesunlesspriorapprovalhasbeenobtainedfromtheACTSAEC.
Animals as food for other animalsforalimitednumberofspecies,otheranimalsarerequiredasfood.Thisdoesnotmeanmeateatenbydogsandcats,butreferstothoseanimalsthatconsumewholeanimalsthathaverecentlybeenkilled.
Speciesthatrequirethistypeoffoodarenotwellsuitedtobeingkeptbyaschool.Studentscanhavemeaningfullearningexperienceswiththeseanimalsthroughreptileshowsandzoos.
Ifthesituationdoesarisethatanimalsarerequiredasafoodsource,suchasforreptiles,thentheanimalmustbekilledhumanelybeforebeinggivenasfoodtoanotheranimal.
Animal eventsSomeschoolsallowtheirfacilitiestobeusedbyothergroupsororganisationsforeventsthatareunrelatedtotheschool’seducationalprogram.Thesemaybeonaweekendorevening.AlthoughtheyarenotsubjecttotheprovisionsoftheAct,theywillbesubjecttotheprovisionsofotherlegislation,suchastheACT Code of Practice for Short Term Display of Animals.
Principalsneedtobeaware,whenconsideringapplicationstoholdtheseevents,thattheycouldbeopentochallengeifthestandardofcareisquestionedlegallyundertheActandtheCode of Practice for Short Term Display of Animals.
Breeding animalsInsomecasesanimalsmaybekeptforbreedingpurposes.Thebreedingprogrammustbecarefullyplannedsothatthenumberofanimalsbredislimitedtotheminimumnumberneededtoachievelegitimateeducationaloutcomes.
Amajorproblemwithanimalbreedingprogramsisthedisposalofsurplusanimals.Optionssuchassellinglivestockthroughcommercialoutletsortoindividualsshouldbeinvestigatedbeforethebreedingprogrambegins.
If killing(notasafoodanimal) is the only disposal option, then the breeding program is not allowed(seepages30-31).
Closeobservationofanimalsengagedinmating,birthorcareofyoungoffspringcancausedistressandmayevenresultinsevereconsequences,suchasabandonmentorkillingoftheyoung.Theextentofthisdistresswillvaryaccordingtothespeciesofanimal,itsindividualtemperamentandthedegreeofinterferencefromtheobservers.PleaserefertoPartB,Species-specificnotes.
Teacherswishingtobreedanimalsmust:
•ensurethattheyarefamiliarwiththecharacteristicsofthespeciesand temperamentoftheanimalsinvolved
•beexperiencedinbreedingthatspecies
•haveconsideredthefateoftheanimalspriortobreeding
•ensurethatstudentsdevelopskillsinrelationtoresponsibleanimalcareand management.
Teachersmustalsobemindfulofthenumbersofstudentsobserving,theirproximitytotheanimalandthetimetheyspendobserving.
24 PerformanceinIndigenousEducation
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools25
Complaints and GrievancesAcomplaintistheregisteringofaconcernabouttheuseofanimalsinwaysthatapparentlycontravenetheAct,theRegulations,theAustralianCodeorotherrelevantcodesofpractice.
Agrievanceoccurswhenthecomplainantisdissatisfiedwiththeoutcomeoftheinvestigationofthecomplaint.
Appendix1describestheprocedureforresolvingcomplaintsorgrievancesthatmayoccurinACTpublicschools.forCEOandAISschoolspleaseconsultwiththerelevantsystemauthorityfortheappropriateprocedure.
InextraordinarycircumstancesthecomplaintmaybepassedstraighttotheACTSAECforinvestigation.SeeAppendix1forfurtherexplanationofthegrievanceprocedure.
Disposal of animalsThereisanumberofoptionsfordisposingofanimalsthatincludethefollowing:
•Return to source:Animalsthathavebeenobtainedfromfarms,studsorother breederscouldbereturnedtotheiroriginalsource.Thisoptionwoulddependon arrangementsmadebeforetheanimalhadleftitssource,suchasthe maintenanceofroutinehealthcareorotherconditionsmutuallyagreedupon. Manyschoolshavearrangementslikethisregardingcattle,sheepandgoats, allowingthestudentstocompeteinagriculturalshowseachyear,butthen returningtheanimalstotheirownersbeforetheChristmasschoolholidaysand termbreaks.
•Release to the wild:free-livinganimalsshouldbereleasedtothewildonlyon theadviceoftherelevantwildlifeauthority.Non-native,domesticatedandcage- rearedvertebratesofanykindmustnotbereleasedtothewild.
•Release of animals to students:Beforeanyanimalistakenhomebyastudent, writtenpermission,aswellasevidencefromtheparentsthattheanimalwillbe caredforadequatelyandresponsibly,mustbeobtainedbytheteacher.This meansthatbothstudentsandparentsareawareoftheneedsoftheanimaland canprovideasafe,secureenvironmentforit.Thisappliestobothlong-termcare aswellasthetemporaryreleaseofanimalsforcareduringweekendsandschool holidays.
•Death: Animalsmaydieatschoolthroughillness,injuryoroldage.Anyanimal thatdiesatschoolneedstobedisposedofinawaythatisappropriatetothetype ofanimal,thefacilitiesoftheschoolandthelocalordinances.
Theonusisontheschooltodeterminethelikelycauseofdeathofanyanimalthatdiesunexpectedly.Ifananimalunexpectedlydiesatschoolitmaybeappropriatetohaveapostmortemcarriedoutbyaqualifiedpersontodeterminethecauseofdeath.Thismustbecarriedoutusingtheappropriateequipmentandwithcaretakentopreventthetransmissionofanyzoonoticdiseases.Students’sensitivitiesshouldbeconsideredwhendealingwiththedeathofallschoolanimals.
26ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
•Sale:livestockmaybesoldtoappropriatepurchasers.Ifanimals,otherthan livestockaretobesoldforuseinteachingorresearch,thesupplyingschoolmust holdananimalsupplier’slicence.
Animalsarenotconsideredtobeappropriateobjectsforprizesorraffles.
Dissection of animalsSchoolsshouldfirstconsiderusingvideos,models,virtualdissectionandpreparedspecimensfrombiologicalsupplycompaniesasappropriatealternatives.
Iftheteacher’sdecisionistouseanimalmaterialinordertoteachdissection,studentsmustbeofferedanalternativeactivitythatallowsthemtoachievethesameoutcome.
Nostudentcanbecompelledtoundertakeadissectionofadeadanimal.
Noliveanimalsmaybeacquiredorbredforthesolepurposeofdissection.Animalsthathavebeeneuthanasedbecauseofageorinjurymaybedissected.(See Form B Approval to obtain euthanased rats from The John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National University).
wheredissectionisconsideredanecessaryactivity,schoolsshouldconsiderusingthefollowing:
•deadwholeanimalse.g.fish,crustaceansandmolluscsthatcanbepurchased readilyfromfoodoutlets
•animalparts,e.g.sheep’skidneys,hearts,lungs,livers,thatcanbepurchased fromthesupermarket,butcherorabattoir
•wholedeadchickens,purchasedfromthesupermarketorbutcher,whichcanbe usedforexaminingskeletalandmusclesystems•plantorothernon-animalmaterial,onwhichstudentsmaypractisetodevelop dexterityandproficiencyinusinginstruments.
Emergencies and disastersSchoolsthatkeepanimalsmusthaveariskmanagementplantoensurethewelfareofanimalsissafeguardedintheeventofflood,fire,drought,stormdamageand/orvandalism.
Schoolsmusthaveanemergencyplanthatprovidesforeasyaccesstoasafeevacuationsiteandasafe,suitablemethodoftransportingtheanimals.
Goodrelationshipswithnearbyschoolsareadvantageous.Schoolsareencouragedtoestablishacloseworkingrelationshipwithalocalveterinariancompetentintherelevantspeciesandwhocanberelieduponforassistanceinanemergency.
SchoolsshouldconsulttheStateEmergencyServicesplanfordealingwithanimalsinemergencies.
Refertothesectiononcritical incidents (pages34-35).Somesituationsmayactivatethatpolicy.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools27
Excursions to sites where animals are kept or may be encounteredInthecaseofanexcursiontovisitorinteractwithanimals,theteachershouldbeawareofappropriatestandardsandrequirementsrelevanttothepurposeofthevisit.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtodiscuss“bestpractice”inthelightoftheirvisit.
Studentsshouldnotinterferewithfree-livinganimals,andteachersshouldbeinapositiontoalerttheproperauthoritiesifanyproblemarises,suchasthedetectionofapotentiallydangerousanimalorreptileonschoolpremises.
Exhibiting animalsAway from school
Manyschoolsexhibitanimalsinagriculturalshows.Schoolsexhibitinganimalsshouldbeseentoembracetheconceptof“bestpractice”inalltheirdealingswiththeirownandotheranimalsattheshow.Thisshouldincludethefollowing:
•Discussthewholeprocesswiththestudentsbeforecommencing.
•Animalsshouldbeselectedandadequatelypreparedpriortotheshow.
•facilitiesandcareprovidedforshowanimalsmustconformtotheseguidelines andtherelevantACTcodesofpractice(seepage42).
•ThetransportofanimalstoandfromshowsmustcomplywiththerelevantACT codesofpractice(seepage42).
•Aresponsiblepersonmustbeinconstantattendanceattheshowtoensurethe safetyandwelfareoftheanimals.
Someschoolshaveparticipatedin“hoofandhook”competitions.Inthesecompetitions,cattleandlambsaresoldpriortoslaughter,withtheschoolgainingfeedbackabouttheanimal’sperformanceasacarcass.
Studentsneedtobemadeawareoftheultimatefateoftheanimalbeforetheybecomeinvolvedintherearing,trainingandpreparationoftheanimalsforthecompetition.Ethicalissuesinvolvedinraisinganimalsforthepurposeofslaughtershouldbediscussed.Teachersneedtobeawarethatsomestudentswillbecomeemotionallyattachedtotheanimals,andthesestudentswillneedhelpinacceptingthefinaloutcome.
Schoolsshouldconsiderofferingstudentsanalternativeexperienceinrearingandshowinganimalsthatdoesnothavedeathastheend-pointfortheanimal.Breedshowsareanexample.
At school
Animalskeptatschoolaspartoftheschool’seducationalprogrammaybemadeavailableforviewingbystudentsofotherschools,solongasthatviewingcomplieswiththeguidelinesforobservationofnormalbehaviour.
wheretheschoolwishestoallowinteractionwiththeanimals,thefollowingguidelinesapply:
28ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
•Theresidentandvisitingteachersmustensurethatstudentsaregivenappropriate instructionsinanimalhandling.
•Animalsdesignatedforhandlingmustbeselectedfortheirgentle,calmdemeanor andbeconditionedforhandling.
•Thenumberofanimalschosenfortheactivityshouldbeconsistentwiththeneed toreducetheimpactonindividualanimalsandtheseverityofthatimpact.
•Thedecisiontoinviteavisitinganimalshowisatthediscretionoftheschool underSchoolBasedManagement.Departmentalpolicyrequiresthatthese visitorsarelicencedanimalexhibitors.
Familiarisation and adaptionAnimalsthatareaccustomedtotheirenvironmentandroutinesandarecomfortablearoundpeoplehandlingthemaresafertokeepforbothteachersandstudents.Theprocessoffamilarisationalsoaimstoreducetheanimal’sfearandanxietybygraduallyintroducingnewstimuliintotheanimal’senvironmentatsucharateastoavoidraisingtheanimal’slevelofstress.
Themajorityofanimalsthatarekeptatschoolshaveundergoneaprocessoffamiliarisationwithhumansandtheirenvironment.Thisresultsinanimalsthatareateasewithhumans,andoftenabletotolerateconsiderablymoreinteractionandnoisethanwouldoccurnormallyonafarmorinadomesticsituation.
Animalsthatarebornattheschoolgenerallybecomeaccustomedtotheschoolenvironmentquiteeasily.Incontrast,animalsthatarebroughtintotheschoolwill,ingeneral,needtoundergogradualfamiliarisation.Teachersshouldselectstockthathavethetemperamentsuitableforthisprocessandshouldbeabletorecognisesignsassociatedwithfearandanxiety.
Thekeycomponentsinfamiliarisationaretime,patienceandconsistency.Itisaprocessthatcannotberushedifitistobesuccessful.
Gentling or taming animalsInadditiontofamiliarisation,animalscanundergo“activelearning”.Thisactivelearninginvolvesteachingananimaltorespondincertainwaystoparticularstimuliorsituations,andisknownastamingorgentling.Itcanbeusedtoeliminatefractiousbehaviourinfavourofmoredesirabletraits,aswellasteachinganimalstoleadandstand,comingintoyardsandacrush,andmovingfromonepaddocktoanother.
Handling of animalsIngeneral,animalsthatarekeptinschoolsexperienceaconsiderableamountofhandlingandthereforeneedtobewelladjusted.Anyanimalthatdoesnotadjustshouldnotbeheldforlongerthanisnecessaryandshouldbedisposedofappropriatelyassoonaspracticable.
Animalsmustbehandledonlybypersonswhohavehadappropriateinstructionandarecompetentinmethodswhichavoiddistressanddonotcauseinjurytoanimals
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools29
orhumans.Studentsneedtodevelopskillsthatallowthemtohandleanimalssafely.Teachersneedtobegoodrolemodels,encouragingtheirstudentstodevelopappropriatehandlingtechniques.
Reward-basedanimaltrainingmethodsshouldalwaysbeusedinpreferencetocoercivemethodsoftraining.Animalsrespondwelltofoodrewards,andagooddailyroutinemakesthemanagementofanimalseasy,particularlywhentheyarebeingmoved.
Toassistinthehandlingofanimals,theschoolmayneedtoobtainsuitablehandlingequipment,suchassheepyardsoracattlecrush.
Homework using animalswhereaneducationalactivityistobecarriedoutathomeusingthefamilypet,theteacherisresponsibleforensuringthatnoactivityorprocedurebeyondCategory1or2isrequired.
IfaCategory2activityisspecified,thentheteachermustensurethat:
•thestudentknowsandunderstandswhatistobedone
•writtenapprovalofaparentorlegalguardianfortheactivitytotakeplacehas beensighted
•theactivityisevaluatedbythestudentandtheteachertoensurethatthe educationaloutcomeshavebeenachieved.
Identification of animalsAnimalsinschoolsmustbeabletobeidentifiedsotheycanbeaccuratelytrackedfromacquisitiontodisposal.Suitablemethodsincludeatattoo,aneckband,anindividualtag,anelectronicnumberingdevice,aphysicalmark,oralabelormarkingattachedtothecage,container,pen,yardorpaddockinwhichtheanimalsarekept.
Themethodofidentificationshouldbereliableandcausetheleaststresspossible.Themethodofidentificationwilldependonthespeciesandsourceoftheanimalandthemethodofhousingthatisusedfortheanimal.
AdvicerelatingtosuitablemethodsofidentificationwillbeprovidedinPartB,Species-specific notes.
CatsanddogsownedbytheschoolmustcomplywiththeDomestic Animals Act 2000 (seeSpecies-specific notesandTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)Dog and Cat LawsfactSheets,seepage41).
‘Imprinting’Thisexercisehasbeenusedinthepasttodemonstrateawell-knownearlybondingeventundertakenbyyounganimals,particularlyusingducklingsandchickens.ImprintingexercisesmustnotbecarriedoutwithoutthewrittenapprovaloftheACTSAEC.Theseexerciseshave,inthepast,presentedsignificantanimalwelfareproblems,includingdifficultiesinfindingsuitablehomesfortheimprintedanimals,
30ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
inweaningthemfromhumandependencypriortotheirreturntoaherdorgroup,prematuredeath,avoidabledisease,malnutritionandsocialdysfunction.
Theonly‘imprinting’exercisethatisnowacceptableisthatwhichmaybeconsideredananimalhusbandrytechnique.Thisisknownasgentlingorfamiliarisationandwasdiscussedearlieronpage29.
whengentlingiscarriedouttocreateabondbetweenananimalandthehumanlookingafterit,theanimalbenefitsinthelongerterm.Thisoccurswhereafemaleanimalthatisalreadycomfortablewithhumansallowsapersontogentle,strokeandhandleheroffspringinthefirsthoursafterbirth.Inthisprocess,theoffspringacceptsthehumanaspartofitsherdandhenceformsabondwiththehuman.Thisexerciserequiresagreatdealoftimeandeffortbythehuman.Thisisnotanexercisethatinvolvesanumberofpeople;thefamiliarisationiscarriedoutbyanindividualwithanindividualnewbornanimal.
Thistechnique,oncelearnt,maybeofbenefittohorse,sheep,goatandcattlehandlers,wherethenewbornanimalsaretobeusedforshowing.Iteliminatestheneedto‘break’theanimal.
Intensive animal managementAnimalskeptunderintensiveconditionsmayexperiencehigherriskstotheirhealth.TheDepartmentdoesnotcondonetheuseofintensiveformsofagriculture.PermissionmustbeobtainedfromtheSAECtoraiseanimalsinintensivecircumstances.
Asof1January2008withtheintroductionofthe Animal Welfare Amendment Act 2007,Section9A,http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_28899/current/pdf/db_28899.pdfbattery cages are not permitted in the ACT.
Othersuchoperationsmustcomplywiththeconditionsspecifiedinthepublicationscitedonpages41-42.
Killing of animalsTherearedifferentreasonswhyanimalsmaybekilled.Manyanimalsarekilledasafoodsourceforhumansandthisisthebasisofmanyagriculturalenterprises.Inotherinstancesanimalsusedinagriculturemaybekilledbecauseofculling,diseasecontrolmeasures,illness,injury,oldage,orwhentheyreachtheendoftheirproductivelife.
Itisessentialthatteachersdiscusswithstudentstheethicsandresponsibilitiesthathumanshaveinboththelifeanddeathofanimals.
Anyanimalsthatareslaughteredforfoodandthensoldmustbeslaughteredandprocessedbyanapprovedfacility.Schoolsmaynotslaughteranimalsandthensellthemasfood.Thisincludespoultry.
Anotherexamplewhereitmaybejustifiedtokillananimalatschoolarisesifitiscrueltokeeptheanimalalive.Ifthatsituationarises,killingmaybeperformedonlybypersonscompetentinarecognisedandapprovedmethod.Therearepreferredwaysofkillingparticularspecies,andthemostacceptablemeansshouldbeused.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools31
Ifthereisnotapersonwhohastheappropriateskill,orthepreferredmethodisunknown,thenaveterinarianshouldbecalled.
whateverthecircumstances,theprocedureusedforkillingananimalmustavoiddistress,bereliable,andproducerapidlossofconsciousnesswithoutpainuntildeathoccurs.Theprocedureshouldminimiseanyimpactonnon-targetanimals.wherepossible,theanimalmustbeunawareofdangerbeforebeingkilled.
Theremustbenodisposalofthecarcassesuntildeathisestablished.Themeansofdisposalofthecarcasswilldependonthespeciesofanimal.Smallanimals,(smallerthanachicken),maybewrappedinnewspaperandaplasticbaganddisposedthroughstandardwastecollection.foranimalslargerthanadomesticcat,disposalthroughtheAnimalwastefacilitiesManagementatMuggalanetipisappropriate,orcontactDomesticAnimalsServicesforassistanceon132281.
whenfertilisedeggsareused,themethodofdisposalmustensurethedeathoftheembryo.Theholdingoffertilisedeggsover10dayswiththeintentionofdisposingofthempriortohatchingisnotpermitted.
Exceptfortheabove,animalsshouldnotbekilledinschools.
LivestockThesupervisingteacherisresponsibleforensuringthattheappropriatehousing,nutritional,healthandbehaviouralneedsaremetforlivestock(seeSpecies specific notes).
Carefulconsiderationisneededwhenanimalsarekeptatschoolsoverlongperiods.Issuesmayinclude:
•thehighcostofhand-feedinglargeanimalsoverlongperiodsoftime,particularly wherethepressureongoodqualitypastureisincreasedasstockingratesrise becauseofreproduction
•animalsthatarenolongerrequiredbytheschoolandneedtobedisposed ofinanappropriatemanner;animalstobeslaughteredforhumanfoodmustbe processedinaccordancewiththecurrentMeatIndustryActandhealth regulations
•theincreasedriskofdiseaseandparasiteinfestationwhenanimalsarekeptin intensiveconditions
•thesecurityofanimals(seebelow).
MaintainingastudisseenbytheACTSAECtobewithinguidelines,aslongastheanimalsarekeptinappropriatenumbersforthespeciesandthefacilitiesoftheschool.
Ownership issuesAnimalsusedinschoolsmaybeownedbytheschool,ateacheroradministrator,astudent,aparent,acommunitypersonorbyanorganisation.Ingeneraltheownerisresponsibleforthewelfareoftheanimalunlessthathasbeendelegated.
32ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Animal owned by the school.TheAwlOisgenerallyresponsibleformonitoringtheuseandwelfareofallanimalsintheschool.Theteacherusingtheanimalsisresponsiblefortheircare,health,needsandwelfareatalltimes,fromacquisitiontodisposal,includingduringweekendsandholidays.
Animal owned by a teacher. Theteacherwhousessuchananimalisresponsibleforitswelfare.
Animal owned by a student brought to the school for a visit.Theteacherisresponsiblefortheanimal’swelfarewhilsttheanimalisatschool.
Animal owned by parent, community person or organisation.Apartfromlivestock,animalsmaynotbeloanedtotheschool.Animalsownedbyparents,thecommunityoranorganisationmaybeusedforCategory1or2activities,providedtheanimalremainsundertheeffectivecontroloftheowner.
RecordsItisarequirementoftheActthatschoolsmaintainrecordsdocumentingtheuseofanimalsintheschool.
Teachersresponsibleforusinganimalsmustkeepclearandaccuraterecordsof:
•thenameandnumberofeachspeciesownedbyorkeptattheschool
•thelabelonindividualanimals(oronthecagesofanimals,whereappropriate)
•thedatesandsourcesofacquisition
•disposaldetailsanddatesforeachanimal
•completebreedingrecords
•thedatesandtypesofhusbandrypracticescarriedout,includingthenameofthe operator
•anyaccident,illnessorinjuryinvolvingschoolanimalsandtheveterinarytreatment provided(ifneeded)
•descriptionsinteachingprogramsofactivitiesinvolvingtheuseofanimalsand clearlinkstoexpliciteducationalobjectivesandrelatedoutcomes
•anysignificantoccurrencesthatadverselyaffectthewelfareofschoolanimals, suchasvandalism,dogattack,outbreakofdiseaseetc.
Incidents involving animals that activate a response to a Critical Incident or similar policy must be reported to the ACT SAEC.
Research projects using animalsAresearchprojectusinganimalsmayrequireACTSAECapprovalpriortoitscommencementbecauseitcouldinvolve:
•ananimalbeingusedforanactivitythatisnotcoveredintheguidelines
•astudentconductingaCategory4or5activity.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools33
Ifanapprovalisrequiredforaproject,thentimemustbeallowedfortheplanfortheprojecttobeassessedbytheACTSAECbeforeitbegins.Atimeperiodofthreemonthsshouldbeallowedforconsiderationofsuchanapplication.InordertoobtainACTSAECapproval,schoolswillneedtosatisfactorilyanswerthequestionsontheapplicationformD(Appendix6).
Belowarequestionsthatshouldbeansweredbyboththesupervisingteacherandthestudentsintheplanningphase.Thesequestionsassumethereisnoalternativetotheuseofanimalsandthattheuseofanimalsisessentialtotheachievementoftheeducationalobjective.Thesequestionswillnotonlyassistteachersorstudentstocompletetheapplicationform(forthoseprojectsrequiringpriorwrittenapproval)buttheywillalsoassiststudentscarryingoutprojectsinvolvingCategory1-3activities.Thesequestionswillassiststudentsplan,identifyappropriateresearchquestionsandanticipatepotentialproblems.
1. Haveyoudiscussedtheethicalconsiderationsinvolvedinsettinguptheproject? (Seepage21)
2. Istheprojectjustifiedonthegroundsofbeingofagriculturalorscientific significance?(Seelistofobjectivesonpages8-9)
3. Haveyouinvestigatedalllegalrequirementsforthetypeofanimalandproposed investigationtobesetup?
4. Istheaimoftheprojectsimple,clearandachievablebytheproposedmethod?
5. Hasathoroughsearchbeenmadeofallreasonablyaccessibleresources providinginformationconcerningtheproject?Thisisanessentialsteptoensure that:
•thegeneticmake-upoftheanimalisthemostsuitabletoachievetheaim
•theminimumnutritionalrequirementsfortheparticulartypeofanimalare determined,takingintoaccountitsage,sexandstageofproductionandthat theserequirementscanbesatisfied
• knowndiseasesandpeststhatmaybeencounteredareidentified,alongwith adviceonprocedurestominimisetherisk
•thewelfareneedsoftheanimalareidentifiedandcanbemet
• themostappropriatetypesofcagingorpenareknown
• thedensityofhousingisappropriate
•theeffectsofnoiseareidentifiedandcanbelimitedtoacceptablelevels
•theappropriatephotoperiod,temperature,humidityandventilationare identifiedandprovided
•thesocialrequirements-numberandfamilygroupings-areidentifiedand provided
• theanimal’ssuitabilityforinteractionswithhumansisestablished
• theappropriatesourceofanimalsisidentified
•anappropriatemethodfordisposingoftheanimalsoncompletionofproject hasbeendecided.
34ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
6. Doyouhavetheresourcestoprovideappropriateenvironmentalconditions necessaryforthecareofthechosenanimal?
7. Hasthemostappropriatespeciesbeenselected,consideringtheaim,available resourcesandanimalrequirements?
8. Haveallstaffandotherstudentswhowillsharefacilitieswith,andhelpwith,the projectbeenfullyinformedoftheprojectandtheanimal’sneeds?
9. Istheprojectdesignedsothatstatisticallyvalidresultscanbeobtained,using theminimumnumberofanimalsnecessary?
10.Bywhomandhowoftenwilltheanimalsbemonitored?
11.whatothersimilarstudieshavepreviouslybeencarriedout?Howdoesthisone differ,andwhatreasonsarethereforthisonebeingrepeated(ifthesame)?
12.Aretherepermitsthatmustbeobtainedforthecapture,keeping,use, destructionorreleaseoftheanimals?
Security of animalsTheschoolisresponsibleforhousingandfencingthatissoundlyconstructed,maintainedingoodrepairandinasanitarycondition.Allstepsmustbetakentoprotectanimalsfrompredatorsandharassment.whenlivestockiskeptontheschoolfarm,asectionofthefarmmustbeenclosedbyadog-prooffence.Additionalmeasures,dependingonthehistoryoftheschool,mayalsoberequired,includinggatesanddoorssecuredusingtoughenedsteelchainandpadlocks,lighting,alarms,electricfencesand/orbarbwire.
Sinceschoolpremisesarelargelyunoccupiedforpartofeachday,onweekendsandduringvacations,securityrequiresspecialattention.Arrangementsforregularandon-goingmonitoringmustbemadeforthosetimes.
Schoolsmayconsiderencouraginginterestedneighboursorstudentslivingincloseproximitytotheschoolwhomayassistin“watchingover”theschoolfarmanditsanimalsinadditiontothenormalmonitoringandcareundertakenbytheschool.
Circumstancesmayarisewherethesecurityofananimalcannotbereasonablyassured.Inthiscasetheanimalmustberemovedfromtheschooltoanothersecurelocation.Theschoolisresponsibleforitsanimals,evenwhentheyarenotheldonschoolgrounds.
Critical incidents where animal welfare is compromisedIfanincidentcompromisingthewelfareofanyanimaloccursattheschoolthefollowingshouldoccur:
•Theimmediateneedsoftheanimalsmustbeassessedandattendedtobythe responsibleteacherorotherappropriatelytrainedperson(suchasaveterinarian).
•Students’needsforcounsellingmustbeassessed.
•Ifwarranted,theschoolshouldrespondusingtheCriticalIncidentfactSheet(#5) (seep.41)orequivalentCEOorAISpolicy.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools35
•Ifananimalisinjuredorkilledasaresultofvandalism,outsideanimalattack orfromamaliciousact,theACTSAECandthelocalpolicemustbeadvised immediately.
TheACTSAECwillprovideadvicetoalleviateimmediateconcernsandpreventfutureincidents.
ThissectionshouldbereadinconjunctionwiththeCriticalIncidentsfactsheet(#5)orequivalentCEOorAISpolicy.
Acriticalincidentmaybebroadlydefinedasaneventwhichresultsin:
•significantdisruptiontotheschool’snormalprocedures;or
•aschoolbeinglockeddown,evacuatedorrequiringclosure;or
•policenotificationandinvolvementintheschool;or
•significantthreattothesafetyofstudentsand/orstaff.
Anexampleofacriticalincidentislistedasinjuryordeathofanimalsattheworkplaceduetovandalism.
Service animalsInthecaseofservice animalsusedtocompensateforaphysicalimpairment,suchasaseeing-eyedog,thehandlerorownerisresponsibleforthewelfareoftheanimal.Thesupervisingteacherisresponsibleforprovidingappropriatefacilitiesiftheyarerequired,aswellasassistingotherstudentstounderstandtheanimalanditsneeds.
Theseanimalsarenottobeusedforanypurposesapartfromtheobservationoftheirbehaviourwhilsttheyarewiththeirowner.
Sick, diseased and injured school animalsThetreatmentofsick,diseasedorinjuredanimalsisnotanapprovedactivitywithinthemeaningoftheseguidelines,itisarequirement.
Ateacher’smanagementofunwellanimalscanhaveaprofoundinfluenceonastudent’sattitudestowardsanimalsandtowardslifeingeneral.Thereforeitisimportanttorecognisethattheprimaryfocusofthecareofsick,injuredordiseasedanimalsistheanimal’swelfareandnotthechild’seducation.Ontheotherhand,valuablelessonscanbegeneratedbythoughtfultreatmentofanunwellanimal.Thisexperiencecanbuildastudent’sknowledge,skillandempathyforanimalsinhisorhercharge.whereappropriate,studentsshouldlearntorecognisesignsofanunwellanimal,theneedtoseekexpertadviceontreatmentandtofollowacourseofactionthatisinthebestinterestoftheparticularanimal.
Ifananimalthatisnormallykeptbyaschoolbecomessick,diseasedorinjured,immediateandappropriatetreatmentshouldbegivenbyanexperiencedperson,whichinmostsituationswouldbeaveterinarian.
Supervisingteachersneedtohaveenoughexperienceandexpertisetoenablethemtorecognisesickorinjuredanimalsandhenceseektreatment.Thismayinvolve
36ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
takingtheanimaltoaveterinarianorhavingaveterinarianvisittheschool.Suitablefacilitiesmustbeavailabletoallowforsafetreatmentoftheanimalattheschool(e.g.acattlecrushorisolatedholdingpen).
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedimmediately.Asintheissueofkillinganimals(seethesectionKilling of animalspage30),euthanasianeedstobecarriedoutbyapersonwiththeappropriateskill.
Simulated parenting activitiesTheuseofanimalsinsimulatedparentingactivitiesbystudentsorteachersisnotpermitted.
Alternativestotheuseofanimalsinthisexerciseinclude:
•observingnormalanimalbehaviourofoffspringwiththeirparents
•observinghumanparentswiththeiroffspring
•involvingstudentsinpeersupport
•undertakingworkexperienceinchild-carecentresorjobsinvolvingcaringfor animals
•theuseofdollsorothercomputeriseddeviceswhichsimulatetheparenting experience.
Stray, feral and free-living animalsAnyfree-livingordomesticatedanimalthatissick,stray,feral,injuredororphanedandendsupinaschoolneedstobetreatedwithgreatcare.Thehealthandconditionoftheanimalneedstobequicklyassessed,usuallybyaveterinarianorqualifiedwildlifeorwelfareofficer,whowilldecidetheultimatefateoftheanimal.
Itistheresponsibilityoftheprincipaltoensurethattheappropriateactioniscarriedoutasquicklyaspossible.Schoolsmayneedtodevelopasetofproceduresfordealingwithstrayanimalsfoundatschooloronthewaytoschool.TheActandCodeofPracticeappliestoallanimalsonschoolpremises.Ifastraydogorcatisfoundonschoolpremisesandisseizedbyanyperson,thepersonmusttakethedogorcattothepound(contacttheDomesticAnimalServiceson62072424)ortoitsowner.
Transporting animalswheneveranimalsaretransported,facilitiesandconditionsprovidedmustbeappropriateforthespecies,sex,ageandsizeoftheanimal.
TheActandGuidelinesdescribesrequirementsrelatingtothetransportationofanimals,asdotheActGazettedcodesofpractice.Thecodesofpracticedescribetheminimumfacilitiesandconditionsthatmustbeprovidedforeachspeciesoflivestocklikelytobetransported.Itisessentialthattheseareadheredto.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools37
Glossary
Accredited animal research establishmentAllcorporationsorestablishmentsconductinganimalresearch(includingteaching)usinganimalsarerequiredtoapplytotheACTAnimalwelfareAuthority,EnvironmentandRecreationunit,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS).InthecaseoftheDepartment,theDepartmentisissuedalicencewhichisreviewedeverythreeyears.
ACT Code of Practice for Short Term Display of AnimalsThiscodeofpracticesetsouttheminimumstandardsforthecareandmanagementofanimalsinvolvedinshort-termdisplays,lessthan14days,forthepurposeofentertainment,educationand/orcompetition,suchasanimaldisplays,petshowsandagriculturalshowsnotcoveredbyothercodesofpractice.http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdffile/0003/5717
ACT Animal Welfare Authority (located at TAMS)ThisistheAuthorityresponsibleforthelicensingofscientificinstitutionsandschoolsfortheuseofanimalsforresearchandteachingpurposes.Theschoolsystemsareaccountabletotheauthority.
AlternativesProcedureswhichcancompletelyreplacetheneedtouseanimals,reducethenumberofanimalsrequired,ordiminishtheamountofpainordistresssufferedbyanimals.
AnimalAnylivenon-humanvertebrate,thatisfish,amphibians,reptiles,birdsandmammals,andencompassingdomesticanimals,livestockandwildlife.Thetermincludesferalandpestspeciesaswellaspetsandlivestock.
Animal supplier’s licence(seelicencedanimalsupplier)
Animal Welfare Act 1992The Animal Welfare ACT 1992islegislationintroducedtoprotectthewelfareofanimalsbyensuringthattheiruseinresearchandteachingisresponsible,justified,humaneandconsiderateoftheanimals’needs.http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1992-45/current/pdf/1992-45.pdf
38ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Animal Welfare Liaison Officer (AWLO)Thisisthewithin-schoolpersonappointedasrequiredbytheRegulationtomonitortheschool’scompliancewiththerequirementsofanimalresearchlegislation.TheAnimalwelfareliaisonOfficermaybethePrincipaloranothersuitablyqualifiedteacherappointedtothepositionbythePrincipal.
Animal Welfare Regulation 2001The Animal Welfare Regulation 2001isthesetofregulationsthatapplytothecareanduseofanimals.http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/sl/2001-26/current/pdf/2001-26.pdf
Approved activityNoanimalmaybeusedforscientificpurposeswithoutthepriorapprovalofanACTSAEC.TeachersmayuseanimalswithoutseekingACTSAECapprovalforproceduresinCategories1to3,astheseactivitieshavealreadybeenapprovedbytheACTSAEC.TheAwlOmustapproveanyCategory3activitiescarriedoutattheschool.ApprovalmustbesoughtthroughACTSAECforstudentstoparticipateinCategory4-5activitiesandforanyactivitiesnotcoveredbyCategories1-5.BeforedemonstratingCategory5activities,teachersmusthavetheircompetencyaccreditedbytheACTSAEC.
Australian CodeTheAustraliancodeofpractice(2004)forthecareanduseofanimalsforscientificpurposesisthebenchmarkagainstwhichthepracticesofschoolsinkeepingandusinganimalscanbeassessed.Thiscodesetstheminimumstandardsforthecareanduseofanimalsinteachingandresearch.http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/ea16.pdf
CullingTheagriculturalpracticeofselectinganimalstoberemovedfromtheherdorgroup.
DistressAnacuteorchronicresponseofananimalcausedbystimulithatproducebiologicalorbehaviouralstress.Itmanifestsitselfasobservable,abnormalphysiologicalorbehaviouralresponses.
Exempt animalsCertaincategoriesofanimalsmaybeusedforscientificpurposeswithoutneedingtobeobtainedfromalicencedsupplier,eganyanimalmaybeusedforapprovedCategory1activities.
EuthanasiaTheprocessofinducingpainlessdeathonhumanegrounds.Theprocedureusedmustavoiddistress,bereliableandproducerapidlossofconsciousnesswithoutpainuntildeathoccurs.
FamiliarisationTheprocessofaccustomisinganimalstotheschoolenvironmentandroutinessothattheyarecomfortablewiththepeoplehandlingthem.Thisresultsintheanimalscopingbetterandbeingsafertokeep,fromtheteacher’s,student’sandanimal’sperspective.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools39
FeralAnintroducedspeciesofanimalthatisbreedingsuccessfullyinthewild.
GentlingIsageneraltermthatreferstotaminganimals.
Licenced animal supplierApersonwhoholdsalicencefromtheEnvironmentProtectionandHeritagesectionofTAMSallowinghimorhertoproduceandsellanimalsforthepurposeofteachingandresearch.
LivestockAnimalsthatareusedincommercialagriculture,includingcattle,sheep,pigs,poultry,goats,deer,andhorses.
Model codesAseriesofcodesofpracticethathavebeendevelopedtoprotectthewelfareofanimals.TheyhavebeendevelopedbyapermanentcommitteesupportingtheworkoftheAgriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand.Themodelcodesdescribeminimumstandardsforkeeping,managing,handling,transportingandusinganimals.
Environment Protection and HeritageAnACTGovernmentdepartmentwithinTAMSresponsibleforissuinglicencesforthekeepingofnativeanimals.
OutcomesStatementsthatexpressthespecificintendedresultsofteaching.Theyarederivedfromtheobjectivesandothercontent.
PestsAnimalsthathavebeendeclaredbylegislationtobenoxiousordestructive.
3 Rs •thereplacementofanimalswithothermethods•thereductioninthenumberofanimalsused•therefinementoftechniquesusedtoreducetheimpactonanimals.
TheyareincorporatedintotheAustralianCode,theuseofwhichisalegislativerequirementintheACT.
Schools Animal Ethics Committee (SAEC)AcommitteeconstitutedinaccordancewiththetermsofreferenceandmembershipcontainedintheAustralianCodeofPracticeforthecareanduseofanimalsforscientificpurposes.
Scientific purposesAllthoseactivitiesperformedtoacquire,developordemonstrateknowledgeortechniquesinanyscientificdiscipline,includingactivitiesforthepurposesofteaching,fieldtrials,environmentalstudies,research,diagnosis,producttesting,andtheproductionofbiologicalproducts.
40ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
SentientReferstohavingthepowerofperceptionbythesenses.lesssentientorganismsareconsideredtohavelessperceptionbythesensesandthereforeitisbelievedthattheymaynothavethesame,strongsensationsofpainanddiscomfortasmoresentientorganismsaswellaspsychologicalpainandsufferingassociatedwithfear.
Service animalAnanimalusedasacompaniontocompensateforaphysicalimpairmentinsuchareasassight,hearingormobility.
SlaughterKillingandbutcheringofanimals,especiallyforfoodorfibre.
StrayAdomesticatedanimalthathas,forsomereason,becomeseparatedfromitsowner.
Wildlifefreelivingvertebratesofnativeandnon-indigenousspecies.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools41
listofrelevantACTlegislation
(Theregulationsandotherlegislativeinstrumentscanbeaccessedifyouscrolldownthelinkedpage)
Name of legislation Address
ACT Code of Practice for Short Term Display of Animals
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/5717
Australian code of practice (2004) for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes
http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/ea16.pdf
Animal Diseases Act 2005and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2005-18/default.asp
Animal Welfare Act 1992and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1992-45/default.asp
Animal Welfare Amendment Act 2007 http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/b/db_28899/current/pdf/db_28899.pdf
Domestic Animals Act 2000 and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2000-86/default.asp
Environment Protection Act 1997 and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1997-92/default.asp
Fisheries Act 2000 and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2000-38/default.asp
Meat Industry Act
National Environment Protection Council Act 1994
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1994-95/default.asp
Nature Conservation Act 1980 and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1980-20/default.asp
Pest Plants and Animals Act 2005 and legislative instruments
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2005-21/default.asp
Stock Act 2005 and Regulations, etc
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2005-19/default.asp
Further Resources
Name of Resource Address
TAMS Dog and Cat Laws fact sheets http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/pets/dgctfactsht
ACT DET Critical Incident fact sheet https://index.det.act.gov.au/information/pdf/FS6_critical_incidents.pdf
The Feedlot Manual NSW, published by NSW Agriculture
Available for purchase at:http://www.shop.nsw.gov.au/pubdetails.jsp?publication=5139
National Guidelines for Beef Cattle Feedlots in Australia (2nd Edition), Standing Committee on Agriculture and Resource Management
Available for purchase at:http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/114.htm
Application for a licence to keep, possess, breed, buy, sell or dispose of native animals
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/wildlife/birds/protected_native_animals
42ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ACTCodesofPractice
http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/1992-45/li.asp
Name of Document Section Date Effective Electronic Link
Animal Welfare (Amphibians in Captivity) Code of Practice Approval 2004
s 22 16 January 2004 DI2004-4
Animal Welfare (Animal Boarding Establishments) Code of Practice Approval 1993
s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-163
Animal Welfare (Animals at Saleyards) Code of Practice Approval 1993
s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-165
Animal Welfare (Animals in Pet Shops) Code of Practice Approval 1993
s 22 28 September 1993 DI1993-139
Animal Welfare (Australian Model Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes) Approval 2005
s 22 19 August 2005 DI2005-188
Animal Welfare (Cattle) Code of Practice Approval 1993 s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-167
Animal Welfare (Code of Practice for the Humane Destruction of Kangaroos) Approval 1994
s 22 16 November 1994 DI1994-149
Animal Welfare (Domestic Poultry) Determination 2002
http://www.publish.csiro.au/books/download.cfm?ID=3451 (large file)
s 22 10 January 2002 DI2003-2
Animal Welfare (Fox Control) Code of Practice Approval 1997 s 22 18 June 1997 DI1997-110
Animal Welfare (Goat Welfare Code of Practice) Approval 1995 s 22 5 July 1995 DI1995-98
Animal Welfare (Greyhound Welfare Code of Practice) Approval 1995
s 22 5 July 1995 DI1995-95
Animal Welfare (Handling of Companion Animals in Pounds and Shelters Code of Practice) Approval 1995
s 22 5 July 1995 DI1995-97
Animal Welfare (Horses Code of Practice) Approval 1996 s 22 6 February 1996 DI1996-9
Animal Welfare (Horses) Code of Practice Approval 1993 s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-162
Animal Welfare (Livestock and Poultry) Code of Practice Approval 1993
s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-166
Animal Welfare (Pet Grooming Establishments) Code of Practice Approval 1993
s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-164
Animal Welfare (Recreational and Sport Fishing) Code of Practice Approval 1997
s 22 24 January 1997 DI1997-28
Animal Welfare (Sheep) Code of Practice Approval 1993
http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/48824/sheepwelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
s 22 8 December 1993 DI1993-168
Animal Welfare (Welfare of Captive Birds Code of Practice) Approval 1995
s 22 15 September 1995 DI1995-129
Animal Welfare (Welfare of Cats in the ACT) Code of Practice 2007 s 22 29 March 2007 DI2007-67
Animal Welfare (Welfare of Dogs) Code of Practice Approval 1997 s 22 28 January 1997 DI1997-30
Animal Welfare (Welfare of Farmed Deer Code of Practice) Approval 1995
s 22 5 July 1995 DI1995-96
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools43
Schedule2oftheAnimal Welfare Regulation 2001
Animals permitted to be used for teaching in certain schoolsSection6.oftheAnimalwelfareRegulations2001statesthat:
PrescribedanimalsforAct,s25(2)(c)TheAct,section25doesnotapplytoapersonwhousesananimalmentionedinschedule2forteachingpurposesinapreschoolorprimaryschool.
Note:TheAct,s25(1)prohibitstheuseorbreedingofananimalforresearchorteaching.
Schedule 2Part 2.1 Amphibians1. axolotl2. frog
Part 2.2 Birds3. budgerigar4. chicken5. cockatiel6. finch7. pigeon8. quail
Part 2.3 Fish9. goldfish10.guppy11.platy12.silverperch13.swordtail
Part 2.4 Mammals14.guineapig15.mouse16.rabbit17.rat
44ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Notify the SAEC Executive Officer (contact details on P2 of these guidelines).The SAEC Executive Officer will:-• provide advice to the school about any breach of the animal Research Act and suggest appropriate actions to ensure ongoing safety of the animals• advise other schools that may need to adjust their systems to avoid similar incidents• report to the ACT SAEC
The Principal and/or Schools Director may need to be notified depending on the seriousness of the incident.
The principal attempts to esolve the complaint/grievance using the appropriate process described in the Department’s Complaints Resolution policy.
The Schools Director may consider asking the chair of ACT SAEC to assist with or conduct the investigations.
The principal attempts resolution but complainant may appeal.
Report forwarded to Schools Director and ACT SAEC for action on recommendation.
The Schools Director follows the Department’s Complaints Resolution policy
YES NO
RESOLUTION
END
CONTACT BOTH
NO RESOLUTION
Appendix 1: Complaints/grievances made to schools about mistreatment of animalsThisflowchartisdesignedtohelpschoolsadequatelyandeffectivelyresolvecomplaintsmadetoschoolaboutthemistreatmentofanimals.Anypersonwhoreceivesacomplaintinvolvinganimalsmustattendtotheimmediateneedsofanyinjuredorharmedanimals.Thismaybedonebycontactingtheownerorappropriatelyqualifiedperson,egveterinarianorteacherwithappropriateskills.Theimmediatesupportneedsofanystudentmustalsobeassessedandaddressed.
All complaints/grievances must in the first instance be considered by the person receiving the complaint.
Is the complaint/grievance about cruelty causing immediate harm to an animal?
The complaint/grievance is about less immediate or obvious harm to an animal. It may relate to the way animals are housed or teachers’ or students’ treatment or use of animals at school.
This is a serious incident.1. Contact an appropriately qualified person to attend any injured animals2. Put in place any changes required to improve the future safety of animals.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools45
Appendix 2: Accreditation IndependentschoolsthatarenotpartofthestateschoolsystemoraffiliatedwiththeCatholicEducationOfficemustapplyannuallyforaccreditationtouseanimalsforteachingpurposes.Anapplicationformmaybeobtainedfrom,andwhencompleted,returnedto:
ACTAnimalwelfareAuthorityEnvironmentandRecreationNetwork,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServicesGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
Phone62077140
fax62072244
46ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Flowchart Of Procedures For Schedule 2 Animals In Preschools And Primary Schools
Primary Schools and Pre-schools
For animals contained in Schedule 2 (see P 43 of
the Guidelines).
ACT Schools Animal Ethics Committee (SAEC)
automatically provides a certificate of permission to use animals in Schedule 2.
Schools must complete:
Form G Annual Report of Animal
Holdings (Due September of each year)
For animals NOT contained in Schedule 2(see P43 of the Guidelines)
Or for activities in Categories 4 or 5 (see P12 of the Guidelines).
Refer to Flowchart for Secondary Schools and follow all procedures required for
secondary schools.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools47
Flowchart Of Procedures For Animals In Secondary School
Individual applications are required for dissections and activities in Category 4 – 5
(see p12 of Guidelines).
Form ECertification to demonstrate Category 5 activities
All animal holdings must be reported on annually
If any of the following changes occur: • change in staff• change of animals• change to the program.
Form DUse of animals in teaching for
teaching activities in Category 4 or 5
Form F
Notification of changes to staffing and/or activities.
Secondary Schools(High Schools & Colleges)
Form BDissections
Form A (Due February 2010)Authorisation lasts for 3 years.
All teaching and learning activities involving vertebrate animals must be approved by the ACT Schools Animal
Ethics Committee (SAEC)
Form CAnnual School Report on Acquisition, disposal and
husbandry activities (Due September each year)
48ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ACT schools Animal Ethics Committee (SAEC)
Appendix 3: Application Form ARequest for Animal Research Authorisation (Schools) UndertheAnimalwelfareAct1992theACTDepartmentofEducationandTrainingholdsalicencefortheuseorbreedingofanimalsforthepurposeofresearchorteaching.TheconditionsofthislicencemeanstheDepartmentmaintainsanAnimalEthicsCommitteetoensurethehumanecareofanimalsusedforscientificpurposes.TheACTSAECauthorisesschoolstokeepanduseliveanimalsinschoolsforteachingpurposes.
Principalsofschoolsarerequiredtosubmitthisformonatriennialbasis,orwhenachangeoccurstostaffingortheprogrambeingoffered.SchoolswithanapprovedAnimalResearchAuthorisationarealsorequiredtosubmitanannualreport(formC).ThecontinuationoftheAuthorisationissubjecttothereceiptofthisannualreport.
Note:PrincipalsofprimaryschoolsareNOTrequiredtocompletethisformiftheyhaveanimalsinSchedule2(seepage43)andtheydonotintendtoundertake
• animalbreedingactivities
• anynonpre-approvedactivitieswithintheGuidelinesor
• activitiesinCategories4or5oftheGuidelines.
Inthiscase,thePrincipalisconsideredtobetheAwlO.
School/Unit Address Phone Fax
1. Animals in school Doestheschoolkeepanduseanimals
Yes (gotoQ3) No (gotoQ2)
2. Use of Animals in the future Istheschoolplanningtouseanimalsinthefuture?
Yes (gotoQ3) No (thereisnoneedtocompletethisform)
3. Staff involved in keeping and use of animals PleaseprovidethenameofthenominatedAnimalwelfareliaisonOfficer (AwlO)responsibleforapprovingCategory3activitiesasdefinedinthe Guidelines(pages11-16)andstaffthatareresponsiblefortheemergencyand day-to-daycareofanimals.
Name Position in School Experience with Animals
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools49
4. Has an emergency contact list been provided to relevant teachers?
Yes No
5. Have animals been obtained from a breeding or supply facility that maintains conditions consistent with the code or relevant industry codes?
Yes No
6. Please provide a list of animals kept in the school and approximate duration (if insufficient room please attach a separate list)
Animal Type or species Location Duration Number
7. Are the animals housed in a safe, correctly sized, suitable and purpose built facility?
Yes No
8. Is water attached to a permanent supply?
Yes No
9. Has housing, feeding and maintenance of the animals been budgeted for?
Yes No
10. Is the feed kept in vermin proof, dry conditions?
Yes No
11. Are any permits required for the animals you are keeping?
Yes No (gotoQ12)
Ifyes,havetheybeenobtained?
Yes No
12. Have arrangements been made for the care and feeding of animals on weekends and holidays?
Yes No
13. Has the regular feeding, watering and cleaning of the animal(s) been provided for?
Yes No
Pleaseprovideabriefdescriptionofthesearrangements
50ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
14. How, when and by whom will animals be assessed for distress or illness?
15. How will live animals be disposed of at the end of the teaching program?
16. Has an emergency plan been made in case of fire, power failure or flood?
Yes No
Pleaseprovideabriefdescriptionofthesearrangements
17. Have you used the decision making flow chart (p10) of the Guidelines in your decision to use animals in your teaching programs?
Yes No
18. Please provide a paragraph indicating the educational use of the animals and how this links to the school’s curriculum, the framework or BSSS courses. Please attach appropriate course documentation.
19. Please indicate the categories of activities to be undertaken by the school (Further information on categories can be obtained from pages 11-16 from the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Animals in ACT Schools).
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools51
20. Please provide the name and contact details of the veterinarian used by the school.
21. Do you intend to breed animals?
Yes No (gotoQ16)
Pleaseprovideanattachmentdescribingthebreedingprogram,theteacher’sexperiencewiththespeciesinvolvedandmethodsofidentificationusedforanimalsandplanneddisposalmethodsforsurplusanimals.
22. Please provide the names of any other schools or institutions involved in the care and use of animals in your school. (Note: Institutions other than ACT schools require approval from that institution’s AEC to use animals as part of a project)
NOTE: 1. TheACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommittee(SAEC)hastheobligationtoensure theCodeofPracticeandallrelevantlegislationarebeingmetinschools.Assuch,the committeecouldvisityourschoolatanytimetoobservepractice,housingandanimal carerecords.
2. Shouldanyadverseeventsoccur,(e.g.death,majortreatment,oreuthanasiadueto illnessorinjury),theschoolmustreportthisinformationtotheACTSAECwiththe reasonsfortheactions.SeeformfintheGuidelines.
3. TheACTSAEChastherighttoremoveanimalsfromaschoolforthepurposesof diagnosisofdiseases.
4. Studentstakinganimalshomemusthavewrittenapprovalfromtheirparentsorlegal guardians.
IhavereadtheDepartment’sguidelinesfortheCareandUseofAnimalsinACTSchoolsandIacceptresponsibilityfortheethicalconductoftheseprogramsaccordingtotheprinciplescontainedinthatdocument.IacknowledgethatthewelfareofanimalsinschoolsistheresponsibilityofthePrincipal,andthatthecareandmaintenancemaybedelegatedtosuitablytrainedorexperiencedstaffinanimalcare.
Signature of Principal Date Signature of AWLO Date
Pleaseforwardthisformto:ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
52ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Appendix 4: Application Form BApplication for Approval to obtain euthanased rats from The John Curtin School of Medical Research at the Australian National UniversityThisformshouldbereturnedtotheSecretariatoftheACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommittee(ACTSAEC)(MinisterialRelations)andacopyshouldbekeptonfileintheschool.
Teacherswillbenotifiedinwritingoftheresult.Ifapprovalisgiven,requestscanthenbemadetoJCSMR/ANUusingtheapprovalnumberprovidedbytheACTSAEC.Aseparateprojectproposalisrequiredforeachproject.
TheteachermakingtherequestfillsoutallsectionsofthisformbeforetheACTSAECconsiderstherequest.
Details of Teacher making request
Name:
School:
Telephone: Fax number:
Details of proposed activity
Date of proposed activity
Type of activity planned Number of rats Number of students
Pleaseprovidebriefdetailsoftheproposeddissection,includingprocedure,instructionstostudentsanddisposal(thedissectionmethodmaybeincludedasanattachment):
Questions (pleaseticktheappropriateresponse)
TheanswerstothesequestionsenabletheACTSAECtoreachadecision.
1. I confirm that student participation in the dissection / demonstration is optional.
Yes No
2. I confirm that non-participating students will not be disadvantaged or receive a lower grade.
Yes No
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools53
3. I confirm that I am aware of computer simulation software.
Yes No
4. I confirm that on this occasion, dissection is more appropriate than computer simulation software or the use of other 3D models
Yes No
Pleaseexplainthereasonswhy‘replacement’ofthedissectionwithothermethodsis notappropriate*
5. Please explain why the number of rats requested cannot be further ‘reduced’
6. I confirm that the dissection is a documented part of the course.
Yes No
*Ihaveconsideredthefollowingprinciplesbeforedecidingtoproceedwiththefollowingapplicationfortheuseofanimalsassetoutbelow.
Reduction Thesmallestnumberofanimalsrequiredtoachievetheaimoftheworkhasbeenconsidered.Refinement TheimpactofproceduresormanipulationscarriedoutonanimalshasbeenminimisedReplacement Theuseofanimalshasbeendiscountedifthereisasatisfactoryalternative
waytoachievetheaim.(Based on Marbrook et al 1994)
Contact Please forward this form to:ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
Teacher Signature Date SLC Signature Date
AWLO Signature Date
54ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Appendix 5: Application Form CAnnual school report on acquisition, disposal and husbandry activitiesSchoolswithanimalsnotlistedinschedule2mustmaintaincomprehensiverecordsdocumentingacquisition,disposalandallhusbandryactivitiescarriedoutwiththeanimalskeptbytheschoolforeducationalpurposes.TheseschoolsarerequiredtoprovideanannualreporttotheACTSAECinSeptemberofeachyear.
School/Unit Address Phone Fax
1. Have any new animals been acquired by the school over the past 12 months.
Yes No (gotoQ2)
Pleasecompletethetablebelow:
Breed of animal Number of animals
Educational purpose Name of teacher and their experience with the breed
Pleaseattachacopyoftheplannedhusbandrytechniquesfortheseanimals
2. Please provide a list of the total number of animals kept in the school and approximate duration (if insufficient room please attach a separate list. If the same as above, please write as above).
Animal Type or species Location Duration Number
3. Please attach a copy of the calendar of husbandry activities carried out over the past 12 months for the animals listed above. Please include any movement activities undertaken.
4. Please provide details of the death and disposal of any animals over the past 12 months.
Animal Type or species Number Cause of death Means of disposal
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools55
5. Please describe educational outcomes that have been achieved as a result of the use of animals in the school.
6. Please describe any problems that have been encountered.
7. How consistent has the wellbeing of the animals been with that anticipated at the beginning of the teaching period?
8. Are any changes envisaged over the coming year to the program, number or type of animals used?
9. Please tick the educational objectives below that are being met by the curriculum at your school.
Objective 1 Developingstudents’skillsinrelationtoresponsibleanimalcareand management.Objective 2 Developingstudents’skillsinobservinganimalstoenhancetheir understandingofthebehaviouralcharacteristicsofspecies.Objective 3 Developingstudents’skillsofinvestigationwherethepurposeisto improvemethodsofanimalmanagementortoimproveproduction.Objective 4 Assistingstudentstodevelopempathywithandrespectforanimals.
Signature of Principal Date AWLO Signature Date
Pleaseforwardthisformto:ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
56ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Appendix 6: Application Form DApplication to use an animal in teaching that is not on the approved list or is in Category 4 or 5forthefollowingactivitiesusinganimals,writtenapprovalfromtheACTSAECisrequired,priortocommencementoftheactivity.Theyare:
•whenstudentscarryoutCategory4or5activities
•whenteachersdemonstrateCategory5activities
•wheneitherteachersorstudentscarryoutanactivitynotlistedinTable3, Descriptionofactivities,(pages13–15)
•whenteachersapplyforalicencetokeep,possess,breed,buy,sellordisposeof nativeanimalsfromtheDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices. http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/wildlife/birds/protected_native_animals
TheteacherneedstodescribeclearlyhowtheactivityistobecarriedoutandthelevelofsupervisionofstudentssothattheACTSAECcanobtainaclearpictureofwhatisproposedtohappentoindividualanimals.Theinformationyousupplyontheformshouldfocusonwhatishappeningtotheanimalsandwhatisbeingdonetoensuretheirwellbeing.TheACTSAECrequiresthatthepersonteachingthestudentshasanappropriatelevelofknowledgeabout,andskillin,carryingouttherequestedactivity.
whereapprovalisbeingsoughtforstudentstocarryoutanactivity,itisessentialtoexplainwhythestudentneedstobetheonecarryingouttheactivity.Animalhusbandrygroundsalonewillnotbesufficient.forexample,thejustificationforstudentstocarryoutlambmarkingisnotbecauseitneedstobedoneforanimalhusbandryreasons(ateacherorotherexpertcoulddoit).Aneducationaljustificationforstudentstocarryoutlambmarkingcouldbethatitallowsthemtomeetacompetencystandardorachieveaspecificteachingoutcome.
Associatedwiththiseducationaljustificationisthattheteacherhasappliedtheprinciplesofthe3Rsintheplanningoftherequestedactivity.(Seepage21)
Theincorporationofthe3Rsisreflectedinthepreparationofthestudentsforcarryingouttheactivity,decisionsrelatedtothesource,number,speciesandagesofanimalstobeusedandconsiderationofthepotentialimpactoftheactivityontheanimalandhowtheimpactmaybeameliorated.
ItisadvisablethatwhenanapprovalistobesoughtforstudentstouseananimalforaresearchprojectwhichinvolvesaCategory4or5ornon-approvedactivity,theteacherandstudentshouldcompletetheapplicationformtogetherasavaluablelearningandteachingmethod.
Teachersareremindedthattheapplicationmustbeappliedforwellinadvanceandapprovalreceivedpriortocarryingouttheproposedactivity.
Appendix 6: ACT Schools Animal Ethics Committee (SAEC)
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools57
Aseparateapplicationformisneededforeachactivity.Ifadditionalspaceisrequiredpleaseattach.
1. (a) Does your school hold a current Animal Research Authority for Category 1–3 activities?(pleasetick)
Yes No
(b) Do you hold a current Animal Research Authority for Category 4 or 5 activities?(pleasetick)
Yes No
2. School name
__________________________________________________________________________
School address
__________________________________________________________________________
3. School telephone no. Fax:
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Name of within-school Animal Welfare Liaison Officer
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Name of teacher supervising the activity
__________________________________________________________________________
6. (a) Briefly describe the activity for which you are seeking approval. Please include a description of your method.
(b) Is the approval for a Category 4 or 5 activity?(pleasetick)
Category4 Category5
Note: If you are seeking approval for a Category 5 activity, please ensure that whoever is doing the actual teaching has a current ACT SAEC certification to demonstrate the procedure. Refer to Appendix 7
58ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
7. Please indicate whether the teacher will be the instructor carrying out the activity or if an instructor who is not a classroom teacher will be carrying out the activity while the teacher supervises.
Theteacheristheinstructor Yes No
Describethequalificationsand/orexperienceofthepersonforthisactivity.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
8. Describe the preparation or training of students PRIOR to the actual activity for which approval is sought (your answer could include examples of skill-building with equipment, using alternatives to simulate the task and risk assessment for animals and students).
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
9. (a) What outcomes or competencies will students achieve by carrying out this activity?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Why do students need to use animals, rather than alternatives, to achieve these outcomes or competencies? (See page 7).
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
10. Where will the activity be carried out? (Include address)
__________________________________________________________________________
11. Using the table below, describe what potential impact your activity will have on animal wellbeing and how you will ameliorate the impact.
Impact Amelioration of impact
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools59
12. What responses have you planned in the event that complications arise from the activity that adversely affect the animal (e.g. illness, infection, injury)?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
13. Please provide the following information about the animals to be used in this activity:
(a)Speciesoftheanimal(s)_________________________________________________
(b)Ageoftheanimal(s)tobeused_________________________________________
(c)Numberofanimal(s)tobeused_________________________________________
(d)Genderoftheanimal(s)________________________________________________
(e)Sourceoftheanimal(s)__________________________________________________
(f)Historyoftheanimal’spriorexposuretohumans_____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
14. (a) Have these animals been used for any other Category 4 or 5 or non-approved activities?
Yes No
(b) If yes, please provide brief details.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
15. (a) Where will the animals for this activity be housed?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Describe the type of animal housing to be provided.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) If animals are to be penned or caged describe their numbers and allocated space per animal.
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
60ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
16. What will the animals be fed, and how often will they be fed?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
17. Please provide the following information about the organisation of the activity:
(a) Maximum number of students to be supervised by the teacher at one time for the activity
__________________________________________________________________________
(b) Number of students carrying out the activity at the one time
__________________________________________________________________________
(c) Minimum and maximum number of animals to be used by each student
__________________________________________________________________________
(d) Details of supervision by teacher
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
(e) After-activity monitoring of animals
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
18. What will happen to the animals at the end of the activity?
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
wedeclarethattheinformationprovidedaboveisaccurateanddescribestheproposedactivity.AsthesupervisingteacherIacceptresponsibilityforthecareoftheanimalstobeusedandIdeclarethattheactivitywillbecarriedoutasdetailedintheapplicationform.
Signature of Principal Date AWLO Signature Date
Signature of Teacher Date
Pleaseforwardthisformatleast12weeksinadvanceto:-ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools61
Appendix 7: Application Form EApplication for certification to demonstrate a Category 5 activity
Name of teacher:_________________________________________________________
Date of this application: _________________________________________________________
Date of approval:_________________________________________________________
(ACTSAECOfficeronlytocomplete)
School: _________________________________________________________
School address: _________________________________________________________
__________________________________Post code: ___________
School telephone:_________________________________________________________
Fax no:_________________________________________________________
Name of Animal Welfare Liaison Officer within the school:_________________________________________________________
PleaseattachacopyoftheapprovedcoursethatrequirestheneedtodemonstrateaCategory5activity.
DoyouholdacurrentAnimalResearchAuthorityforCategory4or5activities?(pleasetick)
Yes No
PleasetickanyCategory5activityforwhichcertificationissoughtandwriteinthespeciesoftheanimalonwhichthisactivityistobecarriedout.
Collectionofruminalfluid: Species:____________________________________
Collectionofbloodsample: Species:____________________________________
Collectionoffaeces(invasive): Species:____________________________________
Artificialinsemination: Species:____________________________________
Semencollection: Species:____________________________________
Mulesingofyoungsheep: ____________________________________________
Noseringingofcattle: ____________________________________________
Slaughteroreuthanasiaofstock: Species:____________________________________
62ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Proposedmethodofeuthanasia:___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
Evidenceofdemonstratedcompetencymustbeprovidedforeachactivityforwhichcertificationisapplied.
Anypersonverifyingthecompetencyoftheteachermustsigntheevidenceandprovidecontactdetails.
BoththeapplicantandtheschoolprincipalandtheAwlOmustcompletetheattacheddeclaration.
Theevidencemustbeattachedtothiscompletedapplicationformandthenforwardedto:
ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
Applicant’s declaration
IdeclarethattheinformationprovidedaboveisaccurateandtrueandIunderstandthat,ifcertificationisgranted,itwillbeforaperiodofthreeyears.
Signature:_________________________________________________Date:___________
Principal’s declaration
Iunderstandthat____________________________________isseekingcertificationforaperiodofthreeyearstodemonstratetostudentsaCategory5activity.Tothebestofmyknowledgetheinformationprovidedby___________________________________isaccurate.
Signature:________________________________________________Date:___________
AWLO Signature
IdeclarethattheactivityaboveisanintegralpartofthecurriculumandIunderstandthat,ifcertificationisgranted,itwillbeforaperiodofthreeyears.
Signature:_________________________________________________Date:___________
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools63
Appendix 8: Application Form FNotification of changes to staffing and/or activities whenachangeoccurstostaffingortheprogrambeingofferedaNotificationofchangestostaffingand/oractivities,includinganimaldeathorinjury(formf)mustbesubmitted.TheseactivitiesmustnotbeundertakenwithoutapprovalandcertificationbytheACTSAEC.
School/Unit Address Phone Fax
1. Please tick the area of change being notified
• Achangeinstaffmembersundertakingtheprogram (gotoQ2)
• Achangeintheprogramactivitiesbeingundertaken (gotoQ3)
• Adeathoreuthanasiaofanimals (gotoQ4)
• Treatmentsprovidedtoanimalsforseriesinjuries/illness (gotoQ5)
• Discontinuationoftheprogram (gotoQ6)
2. Please provide details about the new staff member including their experience
Name Position in School Experience with Animals
3. Please describe the changes in the program activities, including changes in animal numbers or husbandry
Change to program/activities Change in Husbandry
4. Please provide the type or breed and number of animals and the cause of death. If euthanasia was used please give the reason and the name of the person administering the euthanasia.
Type or breed of animals and Number of animals
Cause of death If euthanasia was used, the reason and name of person administering this.
If the death was unexpected has an autopsy been undertaken?
Yes No (gotoQ5)
listthequalificationsofthepersonundertakingtheautopsy
64ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
5. Please complete the table below including the treatment given and the person/s administering the treatment
Type or breed of animals and number of animals
Diagnosis of illness including the name and expertise of the person completing the diagnosis
Treatment provided, including the name and experience of person/s administering the treatment
Is quarantine required? YesNo(gotoQ6)
What procedures have been used?
6. Please provide the reasons for the discontinuation of this teaching program.
NOTE:A finalAnnual school report on the acquisition, disposal and husbandry activities(Form C) will need to be completed and attached.
Signature of Principal Date AWLO Signature Date
Signature of Teacher Date
Pleaseforwardthisformto:ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools65
Appendix 9: Application Form GAnnual Report of Animal Holdings (Schools) PrimarySchoolsthathaveonlyanimalslistedinschedule2oftheAnimal Welfare Regulation 2001(seepage43oftheGuidelines)mustcompletethisformannually.IfanimalsoutsideSchedule2areheld,formsAandCwillapply.
School Contact Officer: _________________________________________________________
School:_________________________________________________________
School address: _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________Post code:___________
School telephone: _________________________________________________________
1. Please provide a list of animals kept in the school and approximate duration (if insufficient room please attach a separate list)
Animal Type or species Location Duration Number
2. If you had approval to use animals in your school last year, please indicate on this table their current whereabouts.
Animal Type or species Whereabouts/disposal Current number
Signature of Principal Date Signature of AWLO Date
Pleaseforwardthisformto:ACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommitteeDepartmentofEducationandTrainingGPOBox158CANBERRAACT2601
66ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools67
Contents
PARTB:SPECIESSPECIfICNOTESAlpacas 68
Aquaculture 77
Aquariums 84
AustralianNativeAnimals 90
Axolotls 92
CagedBirds 98
Cats 105
Cattle 109
Dogs 121
DucksandGeese 124
frogsandToads 131
fishing 136
fowls 142
Goats 151
Guineapigs 162
Horses 169
Mice(Housemouse) 179
Pigs 186
Rabbits 196
Rats 205
Sheep 212
Turkeys 225
Alpacas
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
ThereisnotaseparatecodewithinTAMSforthecareanduseofalpacas.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Activitiesinvolvinglargedomesticandfarmanimalsthatmightstandon,crushorotherwisecausephysicalinjurytoapersonareclassedas‘highrisk’(level3)activitiesinthePolicy and Guidelines for Risk Management in ACT Government Secondary Science Programs 2001.Highriskactivitieshavethepotentialforriskofseriousinjurytostudentsorothers(e.g.anirreversibleinjury,permanentdamagetohealthorafatality).
Teachers/leadersarerequiredtoprovidedirectsupervision(onetotwostudentsatanyonetimeworkingwithteacherguidance).Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeusedtominimisetheriskofinjury,andtheactivityistobeundertakeninasafeanddefinedarea.
Ariskassessmentmustbecompletedanddocumentedbyseniormanagementpriortothecommencementofhighriskactivities.Intheeventofastudentaccident,acopyoftheriskassessmentformandotherrelevantdocuments(e.g.studentsafetytest,pre-activityteachingandlearning,coursedocuments)shouldbeattachedtothestudentaccidentreportformaandforwardedtoworkplacerelationsandGovernmentlegalandliaisonsection.
68ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools69
Physical attributes
Size: 78–104cmatthewithersweight: 47–80kgAgeatadultsize: 2–3yearsweightatbirth: 5–10kgGestationperiod: 11.5months,range11–12monthsNumberofoffspring: 1weaningage: 6–8months
Sexualmaturation: females:12–14months Males:1.5–2yearslifeexpectancy: 20–25yearsHealthycharacteristics:Temperature:36.4–37.8ºCHeartrate: 60–100beats/minRespiration: 20–30/min
Environment
SpaceAlpacasmaybekeptinextensivesituationswithacarryingcapacitysimilartothatoflargesheep.
Movement and exerciseAlpacasneedtorunandneedroomforadustbath.Accesstoshadethroughoutthedayisessentialandsprinklersmaybeprovidedonveryhotdaystoallowtheanimalstocooldown.Alpacasprefersheltersthatallowthemtoseeout.
Fencing1.2mhighsheepfencingisadequatetokeepalpacasin.Donotusebarbedwirewherealpacasmaycomeintocontactwithit.Alpacasrarelytestfencesbut,iftheyareconfinedandstressed,willeasilyjumpover1mhighpens,particularlyiftheyareconfinedwithoutacompanion.forthisreason,itisalwaysadvisabletotakeapairtoshowsanddisplays.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
TemperatureAlpacasaresusceptibletoheatstress.Theyshouldbeprovidedwithaccesstoshadeandsprinklersinveryhotweather.ShearthemeachyeararoundSeptemberorOctober.Theyrarelyseekshelterfromrainbutusuallyliedownwiththeirlegstuckedunderneaththem.Criaandfreshlyshornalpacasneedprotectionfromthecold.
BeddingDuetotheproblemsoffleececontamination,beddingforpennedanimalsshouldbemadefromrubber,wovenorslattedmattingratherthanstraw.Ifstrawisused,ensurethatitisfreefromseedasitisverydifficulttoremovefromthealpaca’sfleece.
70ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
CleaningAlpacasavoiddefecatingintheirpensunlessconfinedforlongperiods.Theyusuallywaituntiltheycangettothedungpile.
Food and water requirements
Althoughslightlyheavierthansheep,alpacasarealsomoreefficientfeedconverterssorequireasimilaramountoffeedtosheep.Aswithmostanimalsonschoolfarms,supplementaryfeedingwillprobablybenecessaryduetoashortageofspaceand,consequently,insufficientgrazing.Alpacacanhavetheirdietssupplementedwithastudmix,lucernehayoralpacapellets.Amaintenancedietforalpacasisabout1.5%oftheirbodyweighteachdayonadryweightbasis.Theenergyandnutrientrequirementsofalactatingalpacaincreasesby2to2.5timesthatofmaintenance.
Handling
Alpacasneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalsandthehandlers.whenworkingwithalpacas,consistentquietandslowbehaviourmakesthemveryeasytohandleandtheywillusuallyherdeasily.Alpacaslearnquicklyandwillusuallylearntocomeuptoafeedingpenwhencalled.
Normal behaviour
Alpacasarenormallyalertandinquisitive.Theymovetogetherwhenherded.Theygroomthemselvesbyhavingregulardustbathsandscratchingonpostsorbushes.Theherdwillhaveacommunitydungpileand,ifnecessary,willevenlineupandwaitfortheirturn.Alpacaschewtheircud,usuallywhilelyingdownearlyinthemorning.Theywillsprawloutandsunthemselves,especiallyafterperiodsofrain,andwillwadeincreeks,damsorevenwatertroughstocooldown.Alpacascanswim.
Disease prevention
DiseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarianorAgricultureofficer.Allactionshouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Signs of illness
Thefirstsignnoticedisachangeintheanimal’snaturaldemeanour.Itmaybelistlessorlethargic.Closerexaminationsmayshow:
Variations in:bodytemperaturegastrointestinalfunction,e.g.diarrhoea,weightloss,lossorchangeofappetite,lackofregulardustbathingorbathinginunusualplacesurogenitalfunctionsuchasabortion,infertilityorabnormaldischargesrespiratoryfunction,e.g.persistentcoughing,gaspingorpanting;or
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools71
Evidence of:bodytemperatureskinconditionsuchaslesionsorabnormalgrowthsatuckedupappearance,stiffgait,abnormalposture,patchycoatorlossofhairexcessivescratchingorrubbingswollenjointsorlameness.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.
Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofillhealth,assistancefromaveterinarianfamiliarwithalpacasshouldbesought.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentsgiven,mustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
whereanimalsaresosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Alpacascanbesoldprivatelyoratauction.Carcassesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
Web sitesPolicyandGuidelinesforriskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms,2001,ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining,viewed1October2008https://index.det.act.gov.au/resources/im_safety.html#publications
AnimalHealthAustralia:July2005,AnimalHealthAustralia,viewed25September2008http://www.aahc.com.au/
ACTDepartmentofagriculture,fisheriesandforestry,15September2008,CommonwealthofAustralia,viewed25September252008http://www.daff.gov.au/animal-plant-health
AustralianAlpaca,1999-2008AustralianAlpacaAssociationlTD,viewed25September2008http://www.alpaca.asn.au/pub/sitemap.shtml
Printed textsBravo,w.(1995)Female Reproduction, Cria to Criation,InternationalAlpacaIndustrySeminarProceedings,AustralianAlpacaAssociation,Victoria.
Coleby,P.(2000)Natural Goat and Alpaca Care(2nded.),CSIROPublishing,Australia.
Hoffman,E.andfowler,M.(1995)The Alpaca Book,ClayPress,California.
Pigot,R.(1996)Practical Alpaca Nutrition,InternationalAlpacaIndustrySeminarProceedings,AustralianAlpacaAssociation,Victoria.
72ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
CommonwealthofAustralia,DepartmentofAgriculture,fisheriesandforestry
localcouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: alpacasPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals (Category 1)Alpacascanbeobservedcarryingouttheirnormalactivitiesofsunning,wading,dustbathingandcommunicatingwitheachother.Dependingonthecircumstances,alpacashaveawiderangeofnoises,themostcommonbeingagentlehumming.
B. Low impact activity
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Amoveablefencecanbeestablishedbyhavingalongropeheldatwaistheightbetweentwopeopleandstretchedacrossapaddock.Thisenablesthealpacastobeherdedtoaparticularspot.Captureiseasiestwiththehandler’sarmlowdownaroundthealpaca’sneck.Mostalpacaswillbequitecomfortableinthispositionwhileahalterisfitted.Beforestudentsattemptthesetasks,theyshouldbefamiliarwithalpacabehaviourandbeinstructedtomovequietlyandslowly.Analpacacanberestrainedbyholdingtheanimal’sheadandneckfirmlytothehandler’schestwhilsttheotherhandrestsovertheanimal’swithers.Ifnecessary,anotherpersonmaybeusedtopinthebackendoftheanimalfirmlytothesideofapen.Takecarethattheanimalisnotabletogetitslegscaughtinfencing.Alpacasmayberestrainedfurtherbytyingaloopofsoftrope,withapproximately15cmofslack,aroundthebody,justinfrontofthepelvis.Therearlegscanthenbeliftedandthefeetplacedintotheloopundertheabdomen.Ifitisnecessarytolaytheanimal
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools73
down,usetwopeoplestandingononesideoftheanimal.Bothleanacrosstheanimal’sbackandgraspthelegsclosesttothehandlers.Carefullyfliptheanimaloverwiththefronthandleralsosupportingtheneck.
C. Non-invasive measurement of
1. body weight (Category 2)Alpacasthatarehandledregularlycanbeeasilytrainedtostandquietlyonlivestockscales.
3. growth(Category 2)Theanimal’sgrowthcanbefollowedbymeasuringtheheightoftheanimalatthewithers.woolgrowthcanbemeasuredbyusingarulertotakeaseriesofrandommeasurementsondifferentsectionsoftheanimal’sfleece.Studentscancomparethegrowthrateofthedifferentsections.whilethequalityofthesaddleandneckfleecemayoftenbesimilar,itisthedifferentgrowthratesthatnecessitateitsseparationduringclassing.Aftershearing,woolcanbesentofforfibrediameteranalysis.Thisprocessisquitecheapandprovidesanexcellentresourceforstudents.
4. body proportions (Category 2)Photographinganimalsprogressivelythroughouttheirgrowthperiodcanshowbodyproportions.
5. pulse or blood flow (Category 2)Thepulsecanberecordedbyfeelingtheanimal’scarotidarteryatthebaseofthejaw.withalittlepractice,studentsshouldbeabletoheartheheartbeatusingastethoscope.Itisbestifstudentspractiseoneachotherfirst.
6. respiration(Category 2)Respirationcaneasilybemeasuredbyholdingahandclose,withouttouching,totheanimal’snostrilstofeelthebreath.
D. Measurement of mild dietary modifications
4. palatability (Category 3)Thisshouldberestrictedtoobservationofgrazingpreferencesandpalatabilityofdifferentfeeds,e.g.offernativeorintroducedgrasses,differenttypesorgradesofhay,etc.
E. Behaviour activities
2. taming and gentling (Category 3)Allalpacastobeusedatschoolsshouldbetamedasearlyaspossibletoavoidstressontheanimalswhenstudentshandlethem.Younganimalsat6–8months,thathavejustbeenweaned,areeasytotame.Olderanimalsthathavebeenhandledextensivelyandarewelltamedwillbethemostsuitabletopurchasefortheschoolenvironment.Older,untamedanimalsmayneversettleinandarelikelytobecomestressedwhenhandledextensivelybystudents.Evenwhenthereisadequatepasture,animalscanbegivenasmallamountofhandfeedingeachdaytohelpthe
74ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
tamingprocess.Alpacasrespondtocalmandgentlehandlingandusuallyprefernottobetouchedonthehead.
3. training for showing (Category 3)Allschoolalpacasshouldbehalter-trained.Todothis,thehandlerneedstoholdananimalfirmlyanduseareassuringvoice.Then,withaleadattachedtothehalter,thehandlerstandsinfrontof,andfaces,thealpacaandpullstheanimalgentlyforward.Assoonastheanimaltakesastepforward,thetensionontheleadisloosened.Continuethisprocessuntilthealpacawalkswiththehandler.Thealpacacanthenbetaughttowalkbesidethehandler.withayoungalpacathatishappytobehandled,itmaybeeasierforthehandlertowalkbesidetheanimalwithonehandholdingtheleadandtheotherhandoveritswitherstocomfortit.Ayoungalpacawillfrequentlyfollowacompanionwhohasalreadybeenhaltertrained,makingthejobverymucheasier.Ifanimalsaretobeshown,theyneedtobecomeusedtogrooming.Groomingconsistsofpickingdebrisoffthefleeceandlightlyblowingthedirtoutofthefleeceusingtheblowerendofavacuumcleaneroracattleblower.Mostshowshaveclassesforalpacawethersandforfleeces.
F. Collection of samples from livestock
1. wool (Category 2)Ifasmallsampleisrequired,scissorscanbeused.Ensurethattheanimalisadequatelyrestrained.
2. milk (Category 2)Thisprocedureshouldonlybecarriedoutifaweak,newborncrianeedshandfeeding.Toobtainthemilk,cuttheendoffa20mldisposablesyringeandremovetheplunger.Inserttheplungerthroughthecutoffendasfarasitwillgo.Usingalittlemilktocreateagoodseal,placethenoncut-offendofthesyringeovertheteatand,veryslowly,pulltheinsideplungerdownwards.Itisimportanttomaintainstricthygieneproceduresthroughout.
3. faeces and urine (non-invasive)(Category 2)faecescanbeeasilycollectedfromadungpile.Toensurethatthefaecescomefromaparticularanimal,alargeclothorfeedbagcanbeplacedoverthedungpileandtheanimalwilldefecateontopof,orveryclosetoit.Studentsshouldwearglovesandfollowproperhygieneprocedures.Collectionofurinewouldrarelyneedtobecarriedout.Ifitisdeemednecessary,abucketplacedoverthedungpilemaybeausefultechniquetocollectthesample.Ensurethatstudentswearglovesandfollowstricthygieneprocedures.
6. ruminal fluid (Category 5)(furtherapprovalrequired)
7. blood (Category 5)(furtherapprovalrequired)
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G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments oral• drench(Category 3)whilstitisgenerallyacceptedthatalpacasdonothaveaseriousproblemwithintestinalwormsduetotheiruseofadungpile,mostschoolalpacaswillberunwithotherlivestockand,therefore,willneedtobedrenchedroutinelyatthesametimeastheotherstock.Thedosewilldependontheweightoftheanimal.Ensurethedoseiscalculatedaccurately.Restraintheanimalsecurelyandplacethenozzleofthegunontopofthebackofthetongue.Holdtheanimal’sheadupwardsuntilithasswallowedthedrench.
injection• subcutaneous(Category 3)Alpacasshouldberegularlyvaccinatedusingeither5-in-1or7-in-1vaccine.firstvaccinationsshouldoccuratthreemonthsofage.Injectionshouldbesubcutaneousandplacedbehindtheelbow.Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofparasitesforallalpacas.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametimeandpasturesshouldberotatedinconjunctionwiththedrenchprogram.Theseactivitiesneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.whenusingvaccines,drenchesoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
4. ear marking/tagging of livestock (Category 3)Registeredalpacashaveabrasseartagthatisplacedontheleftearforamaleandontherightearforafemale.Plasticnumberedtagsmaybeusedintheoppositeear.Theanimalshouldbecarefullyrestrainedwhiletheeariscleaned.Applicatorsshouldbesmooth,sharpandthoroughlycleaned.Ensurethatthetagdoesnotpuncturetheveins.
6. hoof paring or nail clipping (Category 3)Analpaca’snailsmayoccasionallyneedclipping.Thiscanbedoneusingstandardhoofparingorfootrotshears.
8. temperature (Category 3)Temperatureismeasuredrectallyusingaclinicalthermometer.Ensurethattheanimaliscarefullyrestrainedanduseaplasticdigitalthermometertopreventinjuryfromabrokenglassthermometer.
9. shearing of alpacas and llamas (Category 4)(furtherapprovalrequired)Thisprocedureisbestcarriedoutbyanexperiencedalpacashearer.Alpacasarerestrainedbybeingstretchedoutonthefloorandhavingtheirlegstiedtowoodenspacers.Ahandlerholdstheheadoftheanimal.whenonesideoftheanimalhasbeenshorn,theanimalisflippedoverandtheothersideisdone.
76ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Itisimportanttohavethefleeceascleanaspossiblebeforeshearingandstudentscanpickoffdebrisandblowoutdust.Placealargetarpaulinonthegroundtolaythealpacaonduringshearing.Studentscanclassandseparatethefleeceaftershearing.
33. pregnancy detection(Category 3)Initialdiagnosisismadebythefemalespittingoffamalewhenhetriestomate.Pregnancycanbeconfirmedafter15daysbyultrasonography.Duetoahighrateofearlyembryonicmortality,30–35%inthefirst40days,itisbesttodelayultrasonographyuntilafter40days.Repeatat120days
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Aquaculture
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
ThereisnotaseparatecodewithinTAMSforaquaculture.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
AquacultureiscurrentlynotusedintheACT.
Aquacultureisthecommercialfarmingoffish,molluscs,crustaceansandaquaticplants,innaturalorcontrolledmarineorfreshwaterenvironments.Aquaculturewillgrowinimportanceaspressureincreasesonwildfisheries.Atpresenttheindustryisdominatedbyoysterfarmingwithprawnfarmingalsomakingavaluablecontribution.ThesilverperchindustryisbecomingthemostvaluablefreshwateraquaculturespeciesinNSw.OtherimportantspeciesinNSwaquacultureincludetrout,snapper,mussels,yabbies,barramundiandMurraycod.
Therearevariousspeciesoffishthataresuitableforusinginaschools’aquacultureenterprise.Careshouldbetakentoensurethatspeciesthataremostappropriatetotheschoolenvironmentareselected.Characteristicsthatneedtobeconsideredintheselectionofspeciesforaschool-basedaquacultureenterpriseinclude:•Abilitytothriveincaptivity•Suitablebehavioursuchasschoolingandswimming nearthewatersurface•Capableofrapidanduniformgrowth•Amenabletoartificialfeeding•Efficientfoodconversion•Non-canabalistic
•Diseaseresistant
78ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
•Hardy
•Highmeatrecovery
•Marketability.
Note:ItisillegaltostockthefollowingspeciesinNSwwaters:
•Tilapis
•Redfin
•Gambusia(mosquitofish)
•Carp
•Koicarp.
Aquaculture permits
AnaquaculturepermitisrequiredunderS.144oftheFisheries Management Act 1994,whereaproponentintendstocultivatefishormarinevegetationforthepurposesofharvestingthefishormarinevegetationortheirprogenywithaviewtosale;orkeepingfishormarinevegetationinaconfinedareaforacommercialpurpose.Anaquaculturepermitisrequiredwhetherfisharegrownforhumanconsumption,orusedintheaquariumtrade,forsaletootherfishfarmersorsaleoffishforstockingfarmdamsorwaterways.Anaquaculturepermitisnotneededwhereaproponentkeepsfishinapetshopforsaleorinanaquariumforexhibition,orwherefisharemaintainedfornon-commercialpurposes,e.g.stockingafarmdamwithfishforpersonalrecreationuseorconsumption.MoreinformationaboutaquaculturepermitscanbefoundthroughtheNSwDepartmentofPrimaryIndustrieswebsitewww.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries
Environment
Allfacilitiesusedtohousefishmustbeoperatedinamannerthatoptimisesconditionsfortheparticularfishspecies.Suitablefacilitiesforholdingfishincludeponds,raceways,tanks,cagesandaquaria.Allfacilitiesshouldbeaerated.Tanksandaquariashouldbeaeratedcontinuouslywithdiffusedairandpondswithmechanicalaeratorssuchaspaddlewheelsforaround8hours/day.Incircular,self-cleaningtanks,aconstantflowofwatermustbeusedtofacilitatetheremovalofsolidsanddissolvedwastes,e.g.ammoniatosupplementaeration.Iftanksneedtobestatic,e.g.duringchemicaltreatment,fishshouldnotbefedandwater(10–30%)shouldbeexchangeddaily.
SpaceThestockingdensityforfishisdependentontheprevailingwaterquality,thesizeofthefish,thetemperatureofthewaterandtheoxygensupply.Table1liststheoptimumstockingdensityforeachofthehousingtypes.
HousingtypeOptimumstockingdensity:Tank10kg/m³Cage20kg/m³Pond20t/ha
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools79
Covers or shelter for tankTanksshouldbeplacedundercoverorinabuildingoutofdirectsunlighttoprovideanenvironmentwithrelativelylowlightintensity.Duringwintermonthstheneedtoheatindividualtankscanbeavoidedbykeepingtanksinaclosedenvironmentwheretheairtemperatureoftheroomcanbemaintained.Heatingshouldbeusedbeforethewatertemperaturedrops.Thisreducestheamountofheatingrequiredandsavespowerandmoney.
Water qualityMaintenanceofgoodwaterqualityisthemostimportantaspectoffishhusbandry.Maintenanceofgoodwaterqualityrequirestheregularmonitoringoftemperature,dissolvedoxygen,pHandammonia,andformarineandbrackishwaterspecies,salinity.
Temperaturefishareectothermsbecauseheatisobtainedfromoutsidetheanimalunlikeendotherms(e.g.mammals)thatgeneratetheirownbodyheat.Usually,thebodytemperatureofectothermsisclosetothatoftheirsurroundings;theyareoftendescribedaspoikilothermic(havingvariabletemperature).Temperatureaffectsallchemicalandbiologicalprocesses.Themetabolicrateoffishdoublesforeveryriseof10°C.Therefore,temperaturehasadirecteffectonimportantfactorssuchasgrowth,oxygendemand,foodrequirementsandfoodconversionefficiency.Thehigherthetemperature,thegreatertherequirementforoxygenandfoodandthefasterthegrowthrate.Temperaturepartlydeterminestheconcentrationofoxygeninwater.Thesolubilityofoxygendecreaseswithincreasingtemperature,andsoconcentrationsareusuallylowerinsummer.
Silverperchhaveatemperaturetolerancerangeof2to38°Cwithoptimumgrowthoccurringbetween23and28°C.Duringwinterwhenwatertemperaturesarelower,silverperchwillrequirelessfoodandhaveaslowergrowthrate.Attemperaturesbelow10°Cthefishmayenterastateoftorpor,withgreatlyreducedappetiteandactivity.Asthewatertemperatureincreasesinspringandsummer,thefishwillrequirealargerquantityoffoodduetotheincreaseintheirmetabolicrate.Ifthetemperatureistoexceedthecriticallevelforaparticularspecies,fishmaybecomestressed,morevulnerabletodisease,stopgrowingandcandie.
Dissolved oxygenDissolvedoxygenisthemostcriticalandlimitingvariableinfishhusbandryandculture.likeallanimals,fishcannotlivewithoutoxygen.Althoughfishcansurviveatlevelsof4mg/l,theymaysufferstress,reducedgrowthandincreasedsusceptibilitytodisease.Oxygenenterswaterthroughdiffusionattheair-waterinterfaceandasaresultofphotosynthesiswhenthereareplantsinthewater.foraquaria,tanksandraceways,dissolvedoxygenisusuallysuppliedthroughlowpressurecompressorsorblowers(throughdiffuserslikeairstones).Inponds,paddlewheelaeratorsareamongthemostefficientmethodsoftransferringoxygenfromtheairtothewater.Thisalsohelpswithmixingwaterthroughoutthepond.
80ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
SalinitySalinityreferstothetotalconcentrateofalldissolvedions.ManyAustraliannativefishtolerateawiderangeinsalinity,withfreshwaterspeciescopingwithupto5g/landmanyestuarinespeciescopingwithsalinityaslowas10g/l.fishneedtobegiventimetoadjusttochangingsalinity.
phThedesirablerangeforfishisaround6–9,dependingonthespecies.ApHof4islethalformostspecieswhileprolongedexposuretopHlevelsofabove10isalsolethal.Othervariablesthatinfluencethewaterqualityincludealkalinity,hardness,turbidityandammonium,nitrite,hydrogensulphideandcarbondioxidelevels.
Water exchangePoorwaterqualitycanresultfrominadequatewaterexchange.waterexchangecanbeachievedthrough:•partialdrainingofthepondortankandthenreplacingthelostwater.•flow-throughsystemswiththepond,tankorracewayremainingfullthroughwater enteringandleavingthesystematthesametimefromdifferentlocations.•recirculatingsystems.
FiltrationThemaintenanceofwaterqualityintanksandaquariumscanbeassistedthroughafiltrationsystem.Thedifferenttypesoffiltrationinclude:•mechanical•chemical•biological.
CleaningTanksshouldbecleanedregularly,bysiphonorvacuumpump,toreduceproblemswiththeaccumulationoforganicmatter(uneatenfood,faeces)andfoulingorganisms,bacteriaandalgae.filtersneedtobebackwashedregularlytopreventbuildupanddecompositionofaccumulatingwastematerial.floorsanddrainsassociatedwithtankroomsshouldbecleanedandsterilisedonaregularbasis.Dilutepoolchlorineorsodiumhypochlorite(NaOCl20ppm)orcausticsoda(NaOH1%)aresuitablecleaningagentsforthispurpose.
Food requirements
TypeCommercialdietsareavailablefromanumberoffeedmanufacturersformarineandfreshwaterfishincludingdietsforlarvae,shouldbedesignedforthetargetspecies,lifestageandsize.Commercialfishdietsshouldbestoredforasshortatimeaspossiblebeforeuseandkeptcoolanddry.Ifthedietsaretobestoredforlongerthanonemonththeyshouldbekeptincool(<15ºC),dryconditionsorfrozen.Silverperchareoftenfedfreshorfrozenbaitfishoraquaticplantmaterial.Thisfoodneedstobestoredfrozenandcaremustbetakentoensureitisnotcontaminatedanddoesnotdeteriorate.
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Quantity and regularityfishshouldbefedtooptimisesurvivalandgrowth.Eachspeciesshouldbefedappropriately.Iffisharenotfeedingvigorously,excessfeedingcanadverselyaffectwaterquality.Atsuchtimesfeedingshouldbereducedorsuspendeduntilconditionsimprove.
Normal behaviour
Varieswithspeciesandthereforeotherreferenceswillneedtobeconsultedforthetypeoffishyouplantokeep.
Signs of illness
Signsofillnessincludeskinlesionssuchasspots,finerosion,grosscoloniesofbacteria,ulcersorgrowths,floating,listing,swellingofthebodycavityandswimmingupsidedown.
Handling
fishmustnotbehandled.Asuitablenetcanbeusedtocapturethefish.
Euthanasia or humane killing
wherefishbecomesosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,euthanasiashouldbecarriedout.Thepreferredmethodofeuthanasiaisbyafirmtapontheheadwithasuitablebluntobjectfollowedbyrapidseveringofthespinalchord.
Disposal
fishshouldnotbereleasedintonaturalwaterwayswithouttheappropriatelicence.
Suggested references
WebsitesDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries/fishingandaquaculture,2005,StateofNSw,viewed25September2008.www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries
AquaculturecouncilofwA,viewed25September2008www.aquaculturecouncilwa.com/home
freshwaterfishspeciesindangerofextinction,viewed3March2009http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/13846/freshwaterspeciesriskofextinction.pdf
Nativefishfactsheet,viewed3March2009http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/water/fisheries_management/fish_information_sheets/native_fish
82ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
AustralianAquacultureportal,viewed3March2009http://www.australian-aquacultureportal.com/index.html
Printed textsGrant,E.M.(2002)Grant’s Guide To Fishes,E.M.GrantPtylimited,Brisbane.
Hollaway,M.andHamlyn,A.(2001)Freshwater Fishing in Queensland: a guide to stocked waters,DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,Brisbane.
Merrick,J.R.andSchmidaG.E.(1984)Australian Freshwater Fishes: Biology andManagement,GriffinPresslimited,SouthAustralia.
DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries(2002)Fish Guide. Saltwater, Freshwater and Noxious Species,TheGreatOutdoorsPublications,Brisbane.
McDowall,R.(1996)Freshwater Fishes of South-Eastern Australia,ReedBooks,NSw.
Bryant,C.andRowland,S.J.(1994)Silver Perch Culture: Proceedings of Silver PerchAquaculture Workshops,NSwfisheries.
Contacts
MarineTeachersAssociationofNSw,C/-BallinaHighSchool,lockedBag1,BallinaNSw2478.
Approved activities: aquaculturePlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Anyactivitythatinvolvesremovingfishfromthewaterisprohibited,exceptwheretransferringfishforcleaningorrehousingpurposes.Removingfishfromwatertostudyrespirationorcirculationisnolongeracceptable.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of normal behaviour of fish(Category 1)Thismayincludeobservingactivitiessuchasfishswimming,feedingandbreathing.Observationdoesnotinvolvecaptureandstudentsmustnotknockonthetank.
• Fish photography (Category 1)Thiscanbeconductedeitherinasmallphotographytankorinanaquarium.Providesupervisionandcarewhentransferringfishtothephotographytankandbeawareoftheheatthatmaybegeneratedbyphotographiclights.Verygoodresultscanbeobtainedusingashort,telephotolensfittedtoadigitalcameraoracameraequippedwitha200ASAfilmandagoodlightingsystem.Ateacherofphotographymaysupervisethis.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools83
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint of fish (Category 2)Toallowsomemanagementactivitiestobecarriedout,e.g.cleaningofthetank,movingfishtoanothertank,fishmayneedtobecaught.Thisshouldbedoneusingasuitablenetandeveryeffortshouldbemadetoensurethatfishareoutofwaterfortheshortestpossibletime.wellestablishedroutinesshouldbeappliedtothecareandfeedingpatternsusedintheclassroomtobothminimisethefrequencyofcleaningandthemovingoffish.
C. Standard husbandry activities
4.1 Slaughter/euthanasia of stock(Category 5) (furtherpermissionrequired)
Aquariums
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
ThereisnotaseparatecodewithinTAMSforthecareanduseofaquariums.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
InAustralia,thecommonnameforparticularfishspeciesisvariablebetweenstatesorevenbetweendifferentpartsofthesamestate.forthisreason,itisadvisabletousescientificnames.Asthereisalargevarietyoffish,thismaterialcanonlyprovideinformationingeneralterms.
Keysanddescriptionsofspeciescanbeobtainedfromscientificpublications.ThereisamplematerialaboutAustralianmarineandfreshwaterfish(refertothelistofreferences)andthefishdepartmentintheAustralianMuseumcanbecontactedformoredetailsconcerningidentification.
Awidevarietyoffishspecies,bothnativeandexotic,areavailablecommercially.Itisveryeasytokeepfishinanaquariumintheclassroom.Asaneducationaltool,aquariacanbeusedtostudythehabitatsoffish,theirreproductiveandotherbehavior.withasmallbreedingtank,forexample,studentscanwatchthespawning,hatchinganddevelopmentoffish.Inaschoolenvironment,itismucheasiertokeep,andmaintain,freshwatertanksthanmarineones.
wheredifferentspeciesarekeptinacommunityenvironment,considerationmustbegiventospeciescompatibility.Itisimportanttonotethat,assomefishgrow,theymaybullysmallerindividuals,evenofthesamespecies.whenconsideringwhichfishtouse,yourcapacitytomaintainandcareforthefishshouldalsobeconsidered.
84ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools85
Thoughtmustbegiventothecareoffishduringschoolholidaysandarrangementsmustbemadeforappropriatemaintenanceoftheaquariumduringtheseperiods.
TocollectfreshwaterfishfromtheenvironmentintheACTisillegal.AnlicensemaybeobtainedthroughtheACTDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices.InNSwyouwillneedapermitfromNSwfisheries.
Varietalrangedifferencethereissome25000speciesoffishdividedintothreegroups:jawless,cartilaginousandbony.Manyofthesearesuitableforschoolaquaria.
Physical attributes
Size: thesizeofafishwillbedeterminedbyfactorssuchas thesizeoftheaquarium,numberofotherfishand availabilityoffood.GoldfishandRainbowfishrangefrom 10–160mm.weight: inanaquarium2–250g.Rangeofbreedingages: adulthoodvarieswiththespecies.Spawningcontinues fromadulthoodtodeath.Temperature: fisharepoikilothermic,thatis,theirbodytemperatureis determinedbytheirenvironment.Referenceswillneedto beconsultedforthephysicalattributesofparticular species.
Environment
Theleastcomplicatedenvironmentisanaturalpondintheschoolgrounds.Ifthisisnotpossible,anaquariumintheclassroomisrelativelysimpletomaintain.Thetankneedstobekeptatroomtemperatureandshouldnotbeexposedtodirectsunlight,asthesunlightwilloverheatthewaterandcausearapidgrowthofalgae.Itshouldincludeplantsandotherinvertebrates,andbeallowedtostabilizeforonetotwoweeksbeforethefishareadded.
filtrationandaerationcanbeaddedtofacilitatefishsurvivalbuteachadditionofphysicalsupporttothetankincreasestheprobabilityofthesystembreakingdown.Italsoaddstotheamountofmonitoringrequired.Iftropicalfisharetobekept,aheatingandtemperaturecontrolsystemmustbeused.
withamarinetank,thesystembecomesevenmorecomplexandisnotrecommendedunlessyouhavepriorexperienceandsuccessinanothercontextsuchasathome.
Thefollowingpointsaregeneralrulesforpreparingfreshwateraquariasuitablefortropicalandtemperatefishspecies,includingAustraliannativefish.
SpaceThesizeoftheaquariumdependsonthesizeofthefish.Aformuladeterminesthemaximumcarryingcapacityofanaquarium.Thisformulaprovidesforaround1.5cmlengthofafishper4.5litersofwater.Morespaceisrequiredifthetankisnot
86ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ventilated.Oneortwosmallerones,connectedtoanaerator,mustbeusedfora35–70litretank.Moreshouldbeusedforbiggertanks.Bewareofoilscumonthesurfaceofthewater,asitwillinterferewithgasexchange.
CoversIntheschoolcontext,theuseofasuitablecoverisessentialforallaquaria.Thispreventsfishfromjumpingoutanddustandtoxins,suchasinsectsprays,enteringthetank.Aglassorothersolidcovershouldonlybeusedifthetankisventilated.foranunventilatedtank,itmaybenecessarytomakeaframeandcoverfromsuitablemesh.Appropriatecaremustbetakenifinsectsprayisused.Anadditionalcoversuchasatowelshouldbeleftinplaceforsixhoursaftersprayingtheroom.
Temperatureformosttropicalandtemperatefish,awatertemperaturerangeof22–25°Cisadequate.Anaquariumheatermaybeusedtocontrolthetemperature.
LightTheaquariumshouldnotbeexposedtodirectsunlightasthesunlightwilloverheatthewaterandcausearapidgrowthofalgae.Adiffused,filterednaturallightcanbeused.Ifusingartificiallight,fluorescenttubescanbeusedforalmostallaquariums.Atimermustcontroltheamountoflight.lightsmustnotbesuddenlyturnedonandoffbecausesomefishmaybecomeverynervousandmoveerraticallyaroundthetank.Adimmerlightswitchwillavoidthisproblem.Thecorrectlightingisveryimportantforaquariumplants.Inanewaquarium,12hoursofartificiallightingeachdayshouldbeenoughformostaquaticplants.Theexposuretimemaybeincreasedordecreaseduntilagoodplantgrowthrateisachieved.
ShelterAnaquariumshouldtrytoreplicatethenaturalenvironmentofthefish.
Beddingwashedrivergravelisidealasbedding.Thebottomofthetankshouldbecoveredwithanaverageof75mm.
FiltrationThisprocesshasaverysignificanteffectonthewaterqualityandfishhealth.Thethreetypesoffiltrationaremechanical,biologicalandchemical.Themostpopularandeasiesttoapplyismechanicalfiltration.
Cleaningwatershouldbechangedaboutonceeveryonetotwomonths.Itisimportantnottoreplaceallthewateratonce,20–25%ofthevolumeissufficient.Amajorcleaningshouldbeundertakenonceeveryfourmonths.Thefishmustberemoved,placedinacontainerwith25%oftheoriginaltankwaterandcovered.Thewallsofthetankmustbecleanedcarefully,withallchemicalresiduesfromthecleaningbeingrinsedaway.Thoroughlywashsandandgraveltoremoveanyaccumulateddebris.Thetankshouldbetwo-thirdsfilledwithtapwaterandallowedtostandforatleasthalfadaybeforetheremainingsandorgravel,waterandfisharereturnedtothetank.waterisagedbyleavingitstandfor24hoursorbyusingachemicalageingagent.
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NestingDetailsaboutbreedingtanksvarywitheachspecies.Separatebreedingtanksmayberequired.
Food requirements
TypeTropicalandtemperatemanufacturedfoodsarerequiredtwiceaday.Ifthefishisanativethathasbeencollected,valuableinformationaboutfoodcanbeobtainedbyobservationofthehabitatandinreferencematerials.Othertypesoffoodsmaybegiven,forexample,frozenfoodmixtures,prawns,brineshrimpandmosquitolarvae.Unlessexpertadviceisavailable,commerciallyavailablefoodsarepreferred.
QuantityThisdependsonthetype,ageandnumberoffishinthetank.However,asageneralrule,sufficientfoodthatcanbeeatenwithinafewminutesshouldbegiven.Overfeedingcancausehealthproblems.
Regularityfeedingonceadayisusuallysufficient.Donotfeedmorethantwiceaday.
Waterforthefirstfilling,tapwatermustbelefttoageinthetankfor24hoursbeforeintroducingplantsorfish.ThemostimportantfactorstobemonitoredarethewaterpH,dissolvedoxygenandhardness.Therecommendedlevelsforatemperatureof20–25°CarepH6.5–8,anoxygenlevelnotlessthan5partspermillion(ppm)andtotalhardnessabout100ppm.
Normal behavior
Varieswithspeciesandthereforeotherreferenceswillneedtobeconsultedforthetypeoffishyouplantokeep.
Signs of illness
Signsofillnessincludeskinlesionssuchasspots,ulcersorgrowths,floating,listingandswimmingupsidedown.
Handling
fishmustnotbehandled.Asmallaquariumnetcanbeusedtocapturethefish.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,andtheneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithapersoncompetentinthetechniquewiththisspecies.
88ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Disposal
SeeDisposal of Animalsonpage25,inPartAoftheguidelines.fishshouldnotbereleasedintonaturalwaterwayswithouttheappropriatelicense.
Suggested references
Web sitesfishesAustralianMuseumfishSite,2004,AustralianMuseum,viewed25September2008http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/index.cfm
RecreationalfishingintheACT,2006,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,ACTGovernment,viewed25September252008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/play/parks_forests_and_reserves/recreation_in_acts_parks_forests_and_bushlands/recreational_fishing_in_the_act
DepartmentofPrimaryIndustries/fishingandaquaculture,2005,StateofNSw,viewed25September2008.www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fisheries
AquaculturecouncilofwA,viewed25September2008www.aquaculturecouncilwa.com/home
freshwaterfishspeciesindangerofextinction,viewed3March2009http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/13846/freshwaterspeciesriskofextinction.pdf
Nativefishfactsheet,viewed3March2009http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/water/fisheries_management/fish_information_sheets/native_fish
AustralianAquacultureportal,viewed3March2009http://www.australian-aquacultureportal.com/index.html
Printed textsThefollowingpublicationsareusefulforeducationalpurposesandforestablishingaquaria:
Allen,G.R.andCross,N.J.(1982)Rainbow fish of Australia and Papua New Guinea,AngusandRobertson,Sydney.
Grant,E.M.(1982)Guide to Fish,5thedition,Co-ordinatorGeneral’sDepartmentBrisbane,Queensland.
leggett,R.andMerrick,J.R.(1987)Australian Native Fish for Aquariums,J.R.Merrick,Sydney.
McDowall,R.M.(ed.)(1980)Freshwater Fish of southeastern Australia,(NewSouthwales,VictoriaandTasmania)A.H.andA.w.ReedPtyltd,Sydney.
McInerny,D.andGerard,G.(1980)All about tropical fish,3rdedition,Harrap,london.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools89
Merrick,J.R.andSchmida,G.E.(1984)Australian Freshwater Fish: Biology and Management,J.R.Merrick,Sydney.Munro,I.S.R.(1958)HandbookofAustralianfishes.CSIRO,Australia.
Contacts
TheCanberraandDistrictAquariumSociety,http://www.cdas.org.au/index.htm
Approved activities: aquariumPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
Anyactivitythatinvolvesremovingfishfromthewaterisprohibited,exceptwheretransferringfishforcleaningorrehousingpurposes.Removingfishfromwatertostudyrespirationorcirculationisprohibited.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of normal behavior offish (Category 1)Thismayincludeobservingactivitiessuchasfishswimming,feedingandbreathing.Observationdoesnotinvolvecaptureandstudentsmustnotknockonthetank.
• Fish photography (Category 1)Thiscanbeconductedeitherinasmallphotographytankorinanaquarium.Providesupervisionandcarewhentransferringfishtothephotographytankandbeawareoftheheatthatmaybegeneratedbyphotographiclights.Verygoodresultscanbeobtainedusingashort,telephotolensfittedtoacameraequippedwitha200ASAfilmandagoodlightingsystem.Ateacherofphotographymaysupervisethisactivity.
B. Low impact activities
• Appropriate care of classroom pets (Category 2)Studentsmustonlyuncoverthetankandfeedthefishundersupervision,accordingtoarosterorwhentheyhaveacquiredthenecessaryskills.Studentscanchangethewaterandcleanthetank.Inthecaseofmajorcleaning,fishmustberemovedfromthetank,usinganaquariumnet,beforethestartofthecleaningprocess.Caremustbetakentoensurethatfishareoutofwaterfortheshortestpossibletime.well-establishedroutinesshouldbeappliedtothecareandfeedingpatternsusedintheclassroom.Routinesforcleaningandmaintenancemusttakeintoaccountschoolholidaytimes.
Australiannativeanimals(excludingfrogsandtadpoles)
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACT Codes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
ThereisnotaseparatecodewithinTAMSforthecareanduseofaquariums.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
NativefaunaisprotectedthroughoutAustraliabyStateandTerritorylaws.IntheACTallnativemammals,birds,reptilesandamphibiansareprotectedbytheNatureconservationact1980.Alicenceisrequiredtokeep,possess,breed,buy,sellordisposeofnativeanimals.
Undernocircumstancesshouldnativeanimalsbetrapped.
Anyteacherwhowantsto:•keepnativeanimalsaspets•keepandusenativeanimalsforeducationalpurposes•carryoutresearchintoprotectedfauna•movenativeanimalsacrossstateandterritoryborders ‘must’obtainalicencefromtheDepartmentofTerritory andMunicipalServices(TAMS).
Alistofprotectednativebirdspeciescanbeaccessedfromhttp://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/native_plants_and_animals/native_fauna/protected_native_animals
Alistofspeciesofnativebirdsandotheranimalsthatareexemptfromtherequirementforalicenceisavailable
90ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools91
throughDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment.http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/wildlife/birds(viewed29September2008)
Informationaboutprotectednativebirdscanbeobtainedfromhttp://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/wildlife/native_plants_and_animals/native_fauna/protected_native_animal_information_sheet(viewed17December2008)
Anyteacherwhoisplanningtokeepanyspeciesofnativeanimal,otherthanthespecieslistedasexempt,orwhoalreadykeepsnativeanimalsforeducationalpurposesmustobtainalicencefromTAMS.Thislicenceallowstheanimalstobeusedforeducationalpurposesandtobetransportedforholidaycare.
Suggested resources
WebsitesKangaroosKeptIntentionallyinCaptivity
wildlife–Injured,SickorOrphaned
DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment, Codes of practice viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
HowtoliveinharmonywiththelocalwildlifethataboundsinourBushCapital
DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/wildlife
Printed resourcesweigel,J(1988)Care of Australian reptiles in Captivity,ReptileKeepersAssociation,Sydney.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
Axolotls
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon3March2009at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/48813/amphibiansincaptivitywelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Environment
Axolotlsshouldnotbekeptinaquariumswithotherspecies.
Adultsupervisionandasuitableretreatthatminimizesstressfromnoise,lightandsightshouldbeprovided.
Inanenclosure,axolotlsarevulnerableandwillrequireprotectionfrom:•verminandhouseholdpets;•escape;•directsunlight;•airborncontaminantssuchasaerosolsprays,smoke, vapoursandfumes;•chemicalssuchascleaningproducts;•extremesoftemperature;•excessivenoise;and•youngchildrenandroughorexcessivehandling.
SpaceAnaquarium,60cmx40cmx40cm,willhouseafull-grownpairofaxolotls.Thewaterheightshouldbe20–25cmordeepenoughtocoverthebacklegsoftheaxolotle.Tanksshouldeithercontainnogravelorhavegravellargeenoughthatitcannotbeswallowed.
92ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools93
Enclosuresforcaptiveamphibians:•shouldbeconstructedofmaterialthatiseasytoclean;•shouldbeeasilyaccessibletothehandlerformaintenance;•shouldhaveadequatespaceforthegivenindividualstomoveandexercise;and•shouldbewellventilated.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
WaterThisisthemostimportantcomponentoftheaxolotlsenvironment.Neverhousetheminextremelysoftordistilledwater.Removeanychlorine,chloraminesorammoniathatmayhavebeenaddedaspartofwatertreatment.Commercialpreparationsareavailableforthispurposeorwatercanbeaged.KeepthepHbetween6.5and8.0.filtrationisnecessarytoprovideadequateoxygenlevelsinthewater.(Seefiltrationbelow)
Temperature
Axolotlsthriveatcooltemperatures.Theoptimumrangeis15–18°C.Theyshouldneverbekeptabove22°C.Topreventoverheating,neverhouseaxolotlswheretheyareexposedtodirectsun.Duringheatwaves,evaporativecoolingcanbeprovidedbydrapingadamptoweloverthetankwith,ifnecessary,thetowelendsinawaterbowlandafanforairmovement.
LightingAxolotlspreferdimlight.Normalindoorlighting,withoutaquariumlights,issufficient.Ifthetankisbrightlylitforthebenefitoflivewaterplants,thendarkerareasmustalsobeestablished.Ultravioletlightingsuitablefor‘reptiles’canbeusedtoensureadequateUVlightingfortheproductionofVitaminD.CareneedstobetakentoensurethisisnotbrightorstrongfortheAxolotl.OtherformsofUVlightingarenotsuitable.Aday/nightcyclesimilarthatfollowsseasonalchangeisrecommended.
VentilationAnaquariumlidisnotnecessaryifthewatersurfaceisatleast7cmlowerthanthetop.Thetankshouldbeaeratedasaxolotlsextractoxygenfromthewaterthroughtheirgills.Inlaboratorysettings,ameshorothersuitablecover,maybeappropriate.
FiltrationRapidlycirculatingwaterisstressfultoaxolotls.Iffiltrationisused,therateofcirculationshouldbeapproximately4to5timesanhour.
ShelterAclumpofwaterplantsorarockyoverhangprovidesarefugefrombrightlightsandfromotheraxolotls.waterplantsorsubmergedrockcanbeusedtoallowaxolotlstoescapefromdeepwater.
Cleaningweeklypartialwaterchanges,involvingremovalofabout25%ofthewater,isrecommended,usingconditionedwaterofthesametemperature.Regularremovalofsolidwasteisnecessary.Bacterialscumthatgrowsontheaquariummustbe
94ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
removedregularlyasitcanaffecttheaxolotl’sskinandcausetoeloss.Oncethewaterhasbeenremoved,thetankcanbecleanedsafelywithascourpaddippedinamixtureofbakingsodaandsaltata2:1ratio.Rinsethetankgentlyandfillwithconditionedwater.Avoidbleach,detergentsanddisinfectantsinthetank.Priortodisposalofthewastewater,addableachsolutionofonepartbleachtofivepartswater.Pourthewaterdownatoiletbowl.Untreatedwatershouldnotbediscardedintostormwaterdrainsorseptictanksystems.
SubstrateSubstratesshouldeitherbeavoidedorbelargeenoughtonotbeswallowedandcauseconstipation.
Anymaterialusedonthebottomofyourenclosurewillneedtobe:•Easytoclean;•freeofbacteria;•Non-adherent.
Newsubstratetobeintroducedtoatankshouldbedisinfectedbythoroughlydryingeitherinsunlightorbydryinginaslowovenfor2–3hourswithfrequentturning.
Breeding
Breedingshouldbeavoidedinschoolswherepossible.Ifcarriedout,thenre-homingmustbeconsideredandsuitablehomesfound.licensingforthesaleofaxolotlsmayberequired.(Seecodesofpracticeforfurtherinformation).
Quarantine
fiveweeksofquarantineinaseparateenclosureisrecommendedbeforeanaxolotlisintroducedtoatankcontainingotheraxolotls.Sickanimalsshouldberemovedandplacedinquarantinewhilerecovering.
Food requirements
Type
Earthworms,insects,smallcrustaceans;narrowstripsofrawleanbeef,fishorchicken,fedbyhandandwiggled;manywilllearntotakepelletfoodforcarnivorousfish,e.g.salmonpelletswithapreferenceforsofterpellets.Hatchlingstakebrineshrimp,tubifexworms,waterfleasandsmallinsects.
Quantityfeedadultsthreetimesaweek,withasmuchastheywillconsumewithinaboutonehour.feedjuvenilesmoreoften.Removeuneatenfoodandexcretapromptly.
Essential dietary needs (variations)Axolotlsrequireavarietyoffooditems,asmonotonousdietsmaycausenutritionaldeficiencies.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools95
Normal behaviour
Axolotlsaremoreactiveatnightthanduringtheday.Inbrightlight,theytendtorestundercoverofvegetationorunderoverhangs.Axolotlsarecannibalisticwhendifferentsizerangesarekepttogetheroriftheyareunderfed.
IncheckingthedailyhealthofanAxolotl,considerationshouldbegivento:postureandattitudeinandoutofwateractivitylevelinandoutofwaterresponsetostimuliincludinghandlingwithdrawalreflexandtheabilitytorightitselfassessmentofbodyconditionassessmentofstateofhydrationappetiteanddietaryhistory,andobservingfaecalmatterforanyabnormalities.
Signs of illness
Theaxolotlmayshowsignsof:•lossofappetite•deteriorationofthegills•jaundice•skinlesions•backdeformities•poorbalancewhileswimming•injuriestolimbs,gillsortail
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.
Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofillhealth,assistancefromaveterinarianfamiliarwithaxolotlsshouldbesought.Aquariumfishremediescanbetoxictoaxolotlsandshouldnotbeusedwithoutconsultationwithanexpert.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Handling
Axolotlsshouldbehandledaslittleaspossibleandshouldnotbekeptoutofwater.whencaptureisnecessary,anaquariumnetshouldbeused.Axolotlsarebestexaminedinclear,watertightplasticbags,half-filledwithwater.
Careshouldbeexercisedwhenhandlingisnecessarytopreventinjuryanddiscomforttotheanimal.Theanimal’sabdomenshouldbesupportedbythepalmofthehandwiththeotherhandplacedoveritsshoulderstopreventescape.Amphibiansshouldbeheldsecurely,butnottightly,astheirbonesarefragile.
96ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Transport
Axolotlsaresensitivetosunlightsoitispreferabletotransporttheminadarkenedcontainerusingitsowntankwater.Donotplaceheavyrocksordecorationsinthetankastheycouldmoveandinjuretheamphibian.Theyshouldbetransportedinasealedplasticcontainerwithasmallamountofcottonwoolsoakedinwater.Transporttimeshouldbekepttoaminimum.Ifabriefstopisrequiredduringtravelling,thevehicleshouldbeleftinashadyspotwithfreshaircirculating.Ifalongerstopinrequired,(longerthan30minutes)removetheanimalsfromthevehicleandkeeptheminacoolplace.
Euthanasia
whereananimalbecomessosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithaveterinarian.
Disposal
Axolotlsareanintroducedspeciesandmustneverbereleasedintotheenvironment.
Suggested references
Web sitesBurkesbackyardfactsheets,2007-2008CTCProductions,viewed25September2008http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Others/Axolotls/365
KidcyberPetPages,July2007,Axolotls(2002).[Online],Available:www.kidcyber.com.au,viewed25September2008http://www.kidcyber.com.au/topics/petsaxolo.htm
Axolotl,1999-2008,JohnP.Clare&Caudata.org,viewed25September2008http://www.axolotl.org/
DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
Printed textsIndiviglio,f.(1997)Newts and Salamanders: A Complete Pet Owner’s Manual,Barron’sPetHandbooks,NewYork.
Approved activities: axolotlsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools97
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of normal behaviour of axolotls (Category 1)Thismayincludeobservingactivitiessuchasaxolotlswimming,feedingandbreathing.Observationdoesnotinvolvecaptureandstudentsmustnotknockonthetank.
B. Low impact activities
• Appropriate care of classroom pets(Category 2)Studentsmustonlyuncoverthetankandfeedtheaxolotlundersupervision,accordingtoarosterorwhentheyhaveacquiredthenecessaryskills
Cagedbirds
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/13045/captivebirdwelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Alistofprotectedspeciesisavailableat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/native_plants_and_animals/licensing_of_plants_and_animals/protected_native_animals
Alistofspeciesthatcanbeheldwithoutalicenseisavailableat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/native_plants_and_animals/licensing_of_plants_and_animals/exempt_animals
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
Theseguidelinesaresuitableforthevarietyofbirdscommonlykeptascagedpetssuchasbudgerigars,canariesandfinches.
Basic requirements•accommodationdesignedtosuitthebirds’physical characteristicsandbehaviours•spaceenoughtofly,roostandeludeothercagedbirds•shelterfromdraught,directsunlightthroughwindows andacapacitytocontroltemperature,ventilationand lighting•protectionfrommenaceorintimidationbypredators•feedandwatertoprovideessentialnutrients
98ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools99
•protectionfromdisease•regularsurveillancetodetectproblems.
Environment
Inthedesignofanybirdcage,theratiobetweenthelengthandwidthofthecage,atrightanglestoeachother,shouldnotexceed4:1unlesstheshorterofthesetwolinesisatleast900mmlong.Theshorterdistanceshouldbeatleasttwicethespanofthewingsofthelargestbirdtobekeptinthecage.
Cageconstructionshouldbeofstrongimperviousmaterialsthatcanbethoroughlywashedandsterilized.
Metalperchesareunsuitable.woodenperchesmustbeprovidedandhaveadiameterandlengththatenableeverybirdinthecagetoperchcomfortably.Perchesshouldnotimpedelinesofflightorbeplaceddirectlyaboveotherperchesorfoodanddrinkcontainers.Hangingdecorations,toysandvegetationinsidethecageshouldnotbeallowedtoclutterthecageorimpedelinesofflight.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,birdscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
Food and water requirements
FoodAdequatefoodsuitablefortheneedsoftheparticularspeciesofbirdshouldbeavailableatalltimes.Containersusedtosupplyfeedshouldnotbeconstructedorusedinamannerthatmaycauseinjurytothebirds.Theyshouldbesituatedincagesinapositionwherethefoodisleastlikelytobespoiledorcontaminatedbyfaeces.foodshouldbechangeddailyandstalefoodremoved.
Avarieddietshouldbesupplied,alternatingregularlybetweenfreshfruit,vegetablesandseedinggrasses,asappropriatetothebirdspeciesbeingfed.Mixedgritandasourceofcalciumshouldbeavailable.
WaterClean,coolwatermustbeavailableatalltimes.watercontainersshouldnotbelocatedindirectsunlightorplacedinpositionswheretheyarelikelytobecomecontaminatedbyfaeces.Containersshouldbekeptinacleancondition,freeofforeignmatter,throughweeklywashingwithalowtoxicitydisinfectantandrinsing.
Handling
Birdsshouldbeconditionedtoaccepthandling.Theyneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcare.Trainingbirdstoaccepttransferbetweencagesonadailybasisensuresthattheycanbehandledeasily,providesalevelofenvironmentalenrichmentandmayameliorateterritorialbehaviour.
100ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Normal behaviour
Acagedbirdisnormallyalertwithanerectcarriage.Cagedbirdsshouldbeabletoflyfreely.Thecuttingoffeathersorpinioningofwings,unlessadvisedbyaveterinarianfortherapeuticreasons,mustnotoccur.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethods,andinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprograms,shouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactionshouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Signs of illness
Birdsmayshow:
changes in:•appearanceofdroppings•foodorwaterconsumption• attitudeorbehaviour•appearanceorposture•bodyweight•rateordepthofrespiration;
or evidence of:•enlargementsorswelling•vomiting,injuryorbleeding•dischargefromnostrils,eyesorbeak.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofillhealth,assistancefromaveterinarian,familiarwithcagedbirds,shouldbesought.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
whereananimalbecomessosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithaveterinarian.
Disposal
Cagedbirdscanbesoldprivately.Carcasesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools101
Suggested resources
Web sitesAworldofPetcare,2000,Petalia™&©2000Petsite.comltd,viewed29September2008http://www.petalia.com.au/Home/
AustralianPetlink,2008,AustralianPetlink,viewed29September2008http://www.petlink.com.au/Birds/
DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
Printed textsPizzey,G.andKnight,f.,(2007)Field Guide to the Birds of Australia,AngusandRobertson,imprintofHarperCollinsPublishers,Sydney
Koepff,C.andRomagnano,A.(2001)The Finch Handbook,Barron’sPetHandbooks,NewYork.
Macwhirter,P.(ed.)(1987)Everybird: A Guide to Bird Health,IntlSpecialisedBookService.Steele-Boyce,N.(ed.).AustralianBirdkeeperMagazine.
Vriends,M.andHeming-Vriends,T.(2001)The Canary Handbook,Barron’sPetHandbooks,NewYork.
Approved activities: birdsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of normal behaviour (Category 1)Observationdoesnotinvolvecapture.Careshouldbetakentolimitthenoiseandactivityofstudentsduringobservations,especiallyforbirdswhicharenottame.Allowasmuchdistanceaspossiblebetweenthestudentsandbirds.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtousebinocularsoracamerawithatelephotolens.
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Onlybirdsthathavebeenconditionedtoaccepthandlingshouldbeusedforthisactivity.Toavoidstress,birdsmustbeheldfortheleasttimepossible.Capturesshouldnotberepeated.
102ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Beforeabirdisreleased,itmustbegivenaclearviewofthereleaseenvironmenttoavoidblindcollision.Prolongedactivityinoneaviaryshouldbeavoidedasallbirds,notjustthetargetone,willbecomestressedbythepresenceofpeople.
C. Non-invasive measurement of
6. respiration (Category 2)Respirationshouldbemeasuredbyobservationonlyandnotbycaptivemethods.Timetheriseandfallofthebreastregion.Keepyourdistanceandminimisenoise.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
4. palatability (Category 3)Palatabilitymaybetestedbyofferingarangeoffoodssimultaneouslyandobservingbirdspreferencesorbycomparingvolumesofvariousfeedseaten.Timingtheperiodtakenforbirdstoinvestigateandbeginconsumingnewlyintroducedfeedtypeswouldbeappropriate.Highsugarfeedsorotherunsuitablefeedtypesshouldnotbegiven,norshouldthebirdbedeprivedofitsregulardiet.EnsurethatstudentsareawarethatfoodsthataresuitableforhumansmayNOTbeappropriateforbirds.Chocolate,coffeeandavocadoarepoisonoustobirds
E. Behaviour activities
2. taming/gentling (Category 3)
3. training (Category 3)Becauseofthetimeinvolvedintrainingparrots,itisunlikelythatthisactivitywouldbecarriedoutinschools.Ateacher,usinganalreadytrainedbird,maychoosetodemonstratetheprinciplesinvolved.Parrotscanbetamedandtrainedtoperformavastrangeoftricksandactivitiesincludingspeech.Thebirdsshouldberewardedfordesirablebehaviours,generallywithfood,butnormalfeedingmustnotbewithheldoroverlooked.Punishment,especiallyphysicalforms,shouldnotbeusedasadeterrentforundesirableactions.Rewardthebird’sspontaneousactionsthatapproximatedesiredbehaviour.Repetitionisthekeytosuccessanditmaytakeyearstoperfecttheperformanceofasingledesiredactiononcommand.
F. Collection of samples from livestock
1. feathers (Category 2)feathersfoundinthecageshouldbeusedratherthanattemptingtotakefeathersfromthebird.featherpluckinginvolvesstress.
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•spray(Category3)
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oral•drench(Category3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category3)•intramuscular(Category3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofparasitecontrolforallbirds.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allbirdsshouldbetreatedatthesametime.Vaccinationshouldbecarriedoutbyaveterinarianunlessanexperiencedaviculturistispresent.Allactivitiesneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.whenusingdrenches,externalparasitecontrolchemicalsoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakento:•readalllabels•maintainappropriatestorage•adheretowithholdingperiods•determinetheweightofanimals•determinethecorrectdoserate•useprotectiveclothingifrequired.
Oralmedicationssuchaswormingcompoundsandvitaminandmineralsupplementsmaybeadministeredinthefeedorwater.Checktheinstructions.waterisgenerallywithdrawnfrombirdsovernighttoincreasethebird’sthirstpriortoadministeringmedicationsinthewater.Avoidwaterwithdrawalduringthedayparticularlyinhotweather.Drinkcontainersneedtobesuitablyanchoredtopreventtipping.
Itispossibletocontrolmitesandlicebyhangingapeststripintheareawherebirdsroostatnight.Onlypyrethrinbasedinsecticidesshouldbeusedincagesandonlyinaccordancewithdirectionsonthelabels.
2. toe nail trimmingToenailtrimmingshouldonlybecarriedoutbyexperiencedhandlers.Excessivelylongtoenailsshouldbetrimmedwithoutdrawingblood,buttoesshouldnotbecutwiththeintentofpermanentlypreventingnailgrowth.Overgrownnails,particularlyinsmallcages,maybeindicativeofinadequateconditions.
3. beak trimming Beaktrimmingmustbeperformedonlybyanaccreditedoperatorandmustbeperformedonlyinaccordancewithagreedaccreditationstandards.
4. transportationTransportinevitablycausesstressandthereforeshouldbekepttotheminimumnecessary.
Transportcagesshouldnotbetoolargebutshouldbespaciousenoughforthebirdstomovearound.forsomespeciestheroofoftransportboxesshouldbepaddedtopreventheadinjuries.Otherspeciesmayrequiretransportationinbagse.g.pheasants.Containersshouldbedarkened.Allwiremetalcagesshouldbecoveredwithdarkclothduringtransport,takingcarenottoobstructventilation.
104ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
feedshouldalwaysbeavailableduringtransport,especiallyforsmalloryoungbirds,andwatershouldbeprovidedatintervals,especiallyinhotperiods.Anexceptiontothisadviceisthatchickensbeingtransportedinthefirst24hoursoflife,donotrequirefoodorwaterinnormalcircumstances.Birdsdonottolerateextremesoftemperatureandshouldnotbeleftinparkedvehiclesinthesunorhotweather.
5. quarantineNewlyacquiredbirdsshouldbequarantinedforasuitableperiodfortreatmentandobservationbeforebeingreleasedintopermanenthousing.Afterquarantineabirdshouldonlybereleasedintonewsurroundingsearlyinthedaytoallowtimetoadjusttothenewenvironmentbynightfall.Theexceptiontothisiswhenpoultryarebeingintroducedtootherunfamiliarpoultry.Thisshouldalwaysbedoneduringthenight-timetoreducetheriskofinjuryduetofighting.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools105
Cats
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon3March2009at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/12983/welfare_of_Cats_-_Code_of_Practice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
whencatsvisitclassrooms,itisinappropriatetosubjectthemtoanyproceduresotherthanobservation,discussionofbehaviourandlimited,well-supervisedhandling.
Catsarenotconsideredsuitableanimalsforhousingatschool.
Varietal range difference
Manydifferentanddistinctbreedsexist.Catscanusuallybedividedintotwogroups:•longhairs•Shorthairs.
Physical attributes
length: 50–70cmheadtotailtipweight: 3–7kgBreedingage: from4–5monthsoldNumberofoffspring: 1–9weaningage: 5–8weeksGestationperiod: 58–65daysHealthycharacteristics: temperature:37.5°CHeartrate: 70–150/minuteRespirationrate:2 0–100/minute.
106ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Environment
Catslikesafe,secureareastosleepinandtendtolikeheightwherepossible.Aboxenclosedonthreesidesoranopentransportbasketaresuitable.Theylikebedding,sowashableblanketsortowelsareverysuitable.
Catsburytheirfaecesandurineso,whenkeptindoors,theymustbeprovidedwithalittertray.Thisisbestmadeofplastictoallowforeasy,regularcleaninganddisinfecting.Itshouldcontainfreshsoil,woodshavingsorsomeotherabsorbentmaterialdesignedforthispurpose.Thelittershouldbechangedatleastoncedailytopreventabuild-upofcontaminatedmaterialandodours.Goodventilationisimportant.littertraysneedtobeinaquietareawherethereisminimalchanceofdisruptingthecat.
Food and water requirements
Catsmustbefedabalancedandnutritiousdietappropriatetotheirlevelofdevelopment.
weanedkittens,uptothreemonthsold,mustbefedtwiceadayorcanbefedadlibastheylearntoeatonlywhattheyrequire.
Oldercats,whichhavebeenfedatcertaintimes,shouldnotbechangedtoadlibfeedingastheytendtogorgeandovereat,leadingtoobesity.
Adultcatsmustbefedatleastonceaday.Everyadultanimalshouldbefedfromanindividual,cleanfoodbowl.Pregnantorlactatingcatsshouldbefedatleasttwicedaily.
Acat’sfoodmustbestoredandpreparedhygienicallytoensurethatitremainsfreshanduncontaminated.freshwatermustbefreelyavailableatalltimes.
Handling
Catsneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytoboththeanimalsandthehandlers.
Catsshouldbeliftedbysupportingtheirchestandrump.Theyshouldnotbepulledupbythefrontlegsandadultcatsshouldnotbeliftedbythescruff.
Catsshouldbetransportedinasecurewire,plastic,woodorastrong,cardboardcontainer.
Normal behaviour
Catsaresolitaryinthewildbutenjoyhumancompanywhenraiseddomestically.Theynormallysleepformuchofthedayand,whenawake,spendalotoftimegroomingthemselves.
Catsuseclawsandteethfordefenceand,ifaggressive,overstimulatedorthreatened,theymayscratchandbite.Catsshowingdifficulttemperamentsshouldnotbeusedintheschoolsituation.
Itisrecommendedthatcatsbedesexedattheappropriateage.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools107
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesshouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Signs of illness
Asickcatmayshowanyofthefollowing:•lethargy•lossofappetite•unkemptcoat•lameness•coughing•sneezing•diarrhoea•excessivedribbling•droopingtongue•runnyeyesornose.
Catssufferingstressoftendisplayoneormoresignsofill-health.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithcats.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentsgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Adisposalplanneedstobeconsideredbeforeusingananimalinanyprogram.
Suggested resources
WebsitesDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
AmericanSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimals(ASPCA),2008,ASPCA,viewed29September2008www.aspca.org/media
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed29September2008www.rspca.org.au
108ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Printed textsDavis,K.C.(2000)The Cat Handbook,Barron’sPetHandbooks,NewYork.
fogle,B.(1995)The Cat’s Mind,Penguin,England.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
Approved activities: catsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activities:
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals (Category 1)
Intheclassroomsituation,itisunlikelythatstudentswillbeabletoobservethenormalbehaviourofacat.Observationmaybeanappropriatehomeworkactivity.
B. Low impact activities:
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Studentsmustbeinstructedonappropriatemethodsofhandling.Donotallowtoomanystudentstohandleacatatthesametime.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools109
Cattle
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/13822/cattlewelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Activitiesinvolvinglargedomesticandfarmanimalsthatmightstandon,crushorotherwisecausephysicalinjurytoapersonareclassedas‘highrisk’(level3)activitiesinthePolicyandGuidelinesforRiskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms2001.Highriskactivitieshavethepotentialforriskofseriousinjurytostudentsorothers(e.g.anirreversibleinjury,permanentdamagetohealthorafatality).
Teachers/leadersarerequiredtoprovidedirectsupervision(onetotwostudentsatanyonetimeworkingwithteacherguidance).Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeusedtominimisetheriskofinjury,andtheactivityistobeundertakeninasafeanddefinedarea.
Ariskassessmentmustbecompletedanddocumentedbyseniormanagementpriortothecommencementofhighriskactivities.Intheeventofastudentaccident,acopyoftheriskassessmentformandotherrelevantdocuments(e.g.studentsafetytest,pre-activityteachingandlearning,coursedocuments)shouldbeattachedtothestudentaccidentreportformaandforwardedtoworkplacerelationsandGovernmentlegalandliaisonsection.
110ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Varietal range difference
Manydifferentanddistinctbreedsexist.Cattleareusuallydividedintotwogroups:•Dairycattleusedformilkproduction,e.g.fresian,JerseyandIllawarra•Beefcattleusedformeatproduction,e.g.Hereford,Angus,MurrayGreyand Brahman.
Physical attributesSize: variesgreatlybetweenbreeds.Matureheightsupto1.5 metresweight: variesgreatlywithbreedandstageofgrowth,mayvaryfrom 400to800kgAgeatadultsize: variesbetweenbreeds,between2and4yearsweightatbirth: smallbreeds15–20kglargebreeds35–40+kgGestationperiod: average282days,range275–290daysNumberofoffspring: normallyoneRangeofbreedingages: matingbeginsfrom15–18months,reproductivelife 8–10yearsweaningage: 6–8monthsHealthycharacteristics:Temperature:38.6°C,range37.0º–39.3°CRespirationrate: 20–40/minHeartrate: 40–100/minOther: moistmuzzle,activeandalert,glossycoat,clearbrighteyes.
Environment
Cattlemaybekeptinextensivesituationsinapaddock.Moreintensivesituations,suchasfeedlotsarenotrecommendedforschoolsotherthanforshortperiodsoftime.Cattleperformwellinanopenpasturethathasplentyofavailablewateraswellasshelterfromwind,rainandsun.Theminimumspacerequiredinextensivesituationsis0.5haperheadassumingthepastureisbalancedandwellmaintained.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
forcattlekeptinintensivesituations,caremustbetakenwiththefollowing:
Movement and exerciseCattleshouldbeexerciseddaily.
TemperatureHeatstresscanbeaconcern.Installs,provideadequateventilation;infeedlots,accesstoshade,suchastreesorshelter,ispreferable.
LightNospecialrequirements.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools111
VentilationInstalls,allowfreeairmovementwithoutcreatingdraughts.
BeddingSuitablematerialsforstallsincludestraw,sandorsawdust.Suitabledrainageneedstobeprovided.
CleaningCleanthestallsdaily.
forfurtherinformationaboutyarding,pleaserefertopages5and6oftheACTCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals-Cattle
feedlotoperationsmustcomplywithconditionsspecifiedinthefollowingpublications:The Feedlot Manual NSW,publishedbyNSwAgriculture.
National Guidelines for Beef Cattle Feedlots in Australia(2ndedition),StandingCommitteeonAgricultureandResourceManagement.
Food and water requirements
Cattlearemostefficient,intermsofdigestion,withgoodqualitypasturecomprisingabalanceofgrassesandlegumes.fresh,cleanwaterthatisreadilyaccessibleisalsoneededforefficientgrowth.Caremustbetakenwhencattleareputonpastureswithahighlegumecontentasbloatcanoccur.
Remember,whenfeedingbyhand,theruleistointroducenewfoodtypesslowlyandcarefully,donotfeedexcessivegrains,feedplentyofhighqualityroughageandfeedsmallamountsatfrequentintervals.
Monitoringofliveweightorconditionscoringwillindicatetheadequacyorotherwiseofthefeedconditions.
TypeYoungcalves:suckleoncoworusemilkreplacer.Oldercattle:grazingisthemosteconomical.Supplementaryfeedingwithhayandconcentratemixesmaybenecessary.Ifthecattlearesolelygrazed,alocalveterinarianshouldbeconsultedtodetermineifthereisaneedforspecificsupplementation.
QuantityVarieswithweight,stageofgrowthandstageofproduction.Asaguide,anaverage450kgcowrequires0.5haofgoodqualitypasture.Tohandfeedthesamecowrequiresapproximately10kgofconcentratesplushay,eachday.
Regularityforhandfeeding,providefoodtwicedailyforyoungcalvesanddailyforothercattle.
Essentialdietaryneeds(variations)Newborncalvesmustgetcolostruminthefirst24hours.
112ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
WaterAclean,fresh,reliablesupplyisnecessary.Asaguide,asmallcowwillrequire30–50litresperdayandmoreifsheislactating.forcattlekeptinintensivesystems,feedbinsshouldbeoffthegroundandautomaticwaterers,whichsupplyclean,freshwateratalltimes,shouldbeinstalledandcheckeddaily.
Handling
Cattleneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalsandthehandlers.Asetofsolidyards,preferablyincludingaraceandcrushorheadbail,isnecessaryfortheadequatehandlingofcattle.
Theuseofcattleprodsshouldbediscouraged.Cattlethatarekeptinschoolsshouldnotrequirethishandlingtechnique.If,inexceptionalcircumstances,acattleprodisneeded,onlytheteachershoulduseit.
forspecifichandlingtechniques,seetheApprovedactivities:Cattle.
Normal behaviour
Cattleintheschoolsituationshouldbedocile,spendingmostoftheirtimegrazingorchewingthecud.Theyaresocialandwillherdifkeptinnumbers.
Cattleshowingdifficulttemperamentsshouldbeculledandnotusedintheschoolsituation.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesshouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Movement of cattle
Thereareanumberofrestrictionsrelatingtothemovementofcattle.Toensureyouabidebytheappropriatelegislation,contacttheDepartmentofMunicipalTerritoriesforACTrequirements,andtheRurallandsProtectionBoardorNSwAgricultureforNSwrequirements.
Signs of illness
Thefirstsignnoticedisachangeintheanimal’snaturaldemeanour.Itmaybelistlessorlethargic.Closerexaminationsmayshow:
variations in:•bodytemperature•gastrointestinalfunctionsuchasdiarrhoea,weightlossorlossofappetite•urogenitalfunction,e.g.abortion,infertilityorabnormaldischarges• respiratoryfunctionsuchaspersistentcoughing,gaspingorpanting;or
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools113
evidence of:• skinconditionsuchaslesionsorabnormalgrowths•atucked-upappearance,stiffgait,abnormalposture,patchycoatorlossofhair• excessivescratchingorrubbing• swollenjointsorlameness•bellowing.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Commonailmentsmayincludemastitis,bloat,internalparasitesormilkfever.
Ifthecauseofill-healthcannotbeidentifiedandcorrected,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithcattle.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentsgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
whereananimalhasbecomesosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,euthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Cattlecanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoanabattoir.Carcassesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
WebsitesDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
PolicyandGuidelinesforriskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms,2001,ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining,viewed1October2008https://index.det.act.gov.au/resources/im_safety.html#publications
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNSwGovernment,viewed29September2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,VeterinaryMedicineExtension,2005-2008,UniversityofCalifornia,viewed29September2008www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetext/home.html
Printed textsBannerman,S.,Thornthwaite,S.andGant,l.(2001)Enterprising Agriculture.MacMillan,Australia.
Newman,l.(1994)Practical Farming: Beef Cattle, Breeding, Feeding and Showing.InkataPress,Australia.
114ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
NSwAgricultureAgfacts.Informationsheets,Australia.
NSwAgricultureAgskills.HomeStudyProgramdevelopedatC.B.AlexanderCollege,Tocal,Australia.
SCARM(1992)Australian Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Cattle.CSIRO,Australia.
TheUniversitiesfederationforAnimalwelfare(UfAw)(1988)The Management and Welfare of Farm Animals.Hertfordshire,UK.
wilson,J.(1983)Keeping a Cow.KangarooPress,Australia.
Yabsley,G.(1983)Farming in a small way.NSwAgriculture,Sydney.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
localCouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: cattlePlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage55,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals(Category 1)Nospecialequipmentisnecessary.Asuitablegrazingareaisrequired.Refertofeedandwaterrequirementsandenvironment.
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Studentsmustbeinstructedonmethodsofherdingandrestraintbeforeparticipatingintheseactivities.Inparticular,donotallowstudentstobaulkcattleattheapproachtotheyards,therace,thecrushortheheadbail,causingrepeatedattemptsto
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools115
capturetheanimals.Toavoidinjurytobones,teethandhorns,careisnecessarywhenclosingheadbailsandcalfcradles.
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight (Category 2)
2. body condition by visual assessment or condition scoring (Category 2)
3. growth (Category 2)
4. body proportions (Category 2)
5. pulse or blood flow(Category 2)
6. respiration(Category 2)
7. skin temperature (non-invasive) (Category 2)
8. age by dentition (Category 2)
9. scrotum and testicles (palpation) (Category 2)
Toobtainaccuratemeasurements,thecattlemustbecalm.Onlyanimalsthatareaccustomedtobeinghandledshouldbeinvolved.Aftercapture,itmaybenecessarytoallowthecattletostandundisturbedforatimetonormalise.Stressduetohandlingmayaffectmeasurements.in
E. Behaviour activities
2. taming and gentling cattle(Category 3)
3. training for competition or showing(Category 3)Restrictingtheareaavailabletocattleandmakingthemdependentonhandfeedingwillfacilitatethetamingprocess.Ensurethathandfeedingisregular,especiallyoverweekends.
Closesupervisionofstudentsisnecessarytoensurecalm,gentlehandling.Remember,cattlerespondtokind,gentletreatment,positivereinforcementandrepetition.Theyalsoremembermistreatmentforalongtime.Duetothesizeoftheseanimals,caremustalwaysbetaken.
Intheschoolsituation,theworkusuallyrequiredintrainingananimalforleadingandshowingisgenerallyconsideredastamingandgentling,ratherthanbreaking-in.Itispreferableifanimalsusedintheschoolsituationdonotrequirebreaking-in.
5. breaking-in cattle(Category 4)Trainingshouldbeginwhileanimalsareyoung,withabodyweightunder200kg.Cattleshouldberestrainedbeforeahalterisputon.whiletheanimalisstillrestrained,withthehalterinplace,gentlegroomingandhandlingwillreducedistress.Avoidsuddenmovementsandloudnoiseneartheanimal.whentheanimalisfirsttiedup,makesureitistiedtoasolidobjectbyashortlead.whenreleasingtheanimal,itshouldbegivenareward,suchassomepalatablefood,sothatitassociatessomethingpleasantwiththeexperience.Donotattempttoleadtheanimaluntilitistamedandwillallowgroomingandhandlinginthetiedposition.
116ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
F. Collection of samples from livestock
2. milk(Category 2)
3. faeces and urine (non-invasive) (Category 2)
5. saliva(Category 3)Onlycattlethatareaccustomedtohandlingshouldbeusedfortheseactivities.Theyshouldbeadequatelyrestrainedinacrush,milkingbailorhalterandtiedupsecurely.feedingtheanimalwhilstcollectingsamplescanhaveacalmingeffect.Beforecollectingmilk,ensurethathandsarethoroughlywashed.washteatsandstimulateletdown.Aftercollection,teat(s)shouldbedippedtopreventinfection.
whencollectingfaecesandurinesamples,glovesshouldbewornandhandswashedaftercompletionoftheactivity.
whencollectingsaliva,theanimal’sheadshouldberestrainedsecurely.Injurycanoccurtotheanimalorhandleriftheanimalthrowsitsheadviolently.
4. faeces (invasive) (Category 5)
6. ruminal fluid(Category 5)
7. blood (Category 5)
G. Standard husbandry activities
Note:whencarryingoutseveraloperationsontheoneanimalattheonetime,e.g.calfmarking,plantheoperationssothattheonecausingmoststressisperformedlast.
1. administering treatments
topical•backline(Category3)• spray(Category3)•dip(Category3)
oral•drench(Category3)
injection• subcutaneous(Category3)• intramuscular(Category3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofallinternalandexternalparasitesforallcattle.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametimeandpasturesshouldberotatedinconjunctionwiththedrenchprogram.Theseprogramsneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools117
whenusingvaccines,drenchesoranyotheranimal-carechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:• readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired
wheninjectingcattle,ensuretheneedlesaresharpandsterile,andthateachanimalisadequatelyrestrained.Intramuscularinjectionsshouldbeadministeredintotheneck.Choosethesitefortheinjectionandcleanawayloosedirt.Aftertheinjection,removethesyringebeforetheplungerisreleased.
1. administering treatments
oral• winged capsule, (e.g. Rumensin) (Category 4)TheadministrationofRumensin(anti-bloatcapsule)isclassifiedasawingedcapsuleandshouldonlybegivenaspartofamanagementprogram.Theanimal’sheadmustbefirmlyrestrainedandthenoseraised.Theapplicatorshouldbecarefullyplacedatthebackofthethroat.whentheanimalswallows,introducetheapplicatorintotheoesophagusanddowntotherumen.Then,dischargethebloatbomb.Observeanimalsfor30minutesafterapplicationtoensurethemedicineisnotregurgitated.Reapplyifnecessary.
Injection• intrauterine pessaries (Category 4) TheintroductionofControlledIntravaginalReleasingDevice(CIRD)isclassifiedasadministeringanintrauterinepessary.Ensureequipmentiscleanedaftereachapplication.Carefullyintroducetheloadedapplicatortothecow’svaginaand,whentheapplicatorisinposition,dischargetheCIRD.
2. coat care and grooming (Category 2)
3. coat clipping (Category 3)Groomingisanexcellentmethodofgentlinganimalsandisnecessaryforshowpreparation.Thetypeofrestraintrequireddependsonthetypeofanimalbeinggroomed.Avoidoverwashingasthiswillremovetoomanynaturaloilsfromthecoat.Ifananimalisrugged,makesurethattherugisfittedcorrectlytoavoidchaffing.Ifrugginginsummer,becarefulnottooverheattheanimal.Clippingisusuallyonlynecessaryforshowanimalsortoremoveexcesshairbeforebranding.whenclippingshowanimals,takeextracarearoundthehead.Iftheanimalisfrightenedormovessuddenly,damagetoeyesorearscanoccur.
4. ear marking and tagging (Category 3)Boththeseoperationsaremoredifficultwitholder,strongeranimalsandonlyanexperiencedpersonshouldperformtheoperationsontheseanimals.Theheadmustbefirmlyrestrainedtoavoidtearingtheear.Equipmentshouldbecheckedforsharpnessandsmoothnessofactionbeforeuse.Itshouldbethoroughlycleaned
118ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
beforeandafteruse.Positioneartagsbetweenthetwomainveinsandthecartilageridges.Eartaggingtoolsvarybetweenbrandssoensurethemanufacturer’sinstructionsarefollowed.
5. tattoo application (Category 3)Ensuretheheadisthoroughlyrestrained.Beforeapplyingthetattoo,cleantheearwithmethylatedspiritsorsoapandwater.Positionthetattoobetweenthemainveinsandthecartilageridgesasshowninthediagramabove.
6. hoof trimming (Category 3)whilehooftrimmingcanbedoneoncattlewhentheanimalisstanding,itissafertouseatilttray,ifavailable.Toavoidtakingofftoomuchandcausingbleedingordamage,thehornofthehoofshouldbecutbackinseveralstages.Studentsshouldreceivepriorinstructiononhoofstructuretohelpavoidcuttingintosensitivetissue.
12. milking (Category 3)feedingthecowwhileitismilkingcanhaveacalmingeffectandisausefulwayofprovidingconcentratestotheanimal.Ensurethathandsandcollectionequipmentarethoroughlywashed.washteatsandstimulateletdownbeforecollectingthemilk.letdownisinterruptedifthecowisfrightened.Aftercollectingthemilk,teatsshouldbedippedtopreventinfection.Damagedteatsneedtobehandstripped.Studentsshouldbecloselysupervisedtoensuremilkingmachinesarenotleftontoolong.
14. nose ringing (Category 5)
15. loading cattle(Category 3)Ensurethatthetrucktobeloadedisbackedproperlyintotheloadingramp,withnogapbetweenrampandtruckandnolargestep,eitherupordown.Cattleshouldbeheldquietlyinaholdingpenatthebackoftheloadingrace.whenallisready,cattleshouldbecoaxedfirmlyalongtheraceandintothetruck.Cattleshouldmoveasagroupandnotindividually.
19. fire branding(Category 4)Calvesshouldbeatleastthreemonthsoldbeforebranding.Animalsmustbesecurelyrestrainedwiththeleft(near)siderumpexposed.Thecorrectheatoftheironisbluehot,redhotistoohot.Atthecorrecttemperature,theironwillreadilyburnintoaflatdryboard.Neverbrandcattlewhenthehideiswetasthiswillresultinscalding.Iftheareatobebrandedisthicklycoated,itshouldbeclippedfirst.Onlyusesmallbrandsoncalvesasthebrandgrowswiththegrowthofthehide.
20. freeze branding(Category 4)Theanimalmustbesecurelyrestrained.Priortoapplyingthebrand,theareatobebrandedmustbecloselyclippedandswabbedwithmethylatedspirits.Shakeoffthecoolingmixturefromthebrandbeforeapplyingittotheanimal.Thecoolingagentmixtureisdangerousifitcontactstheskinoftheoperator.
25. castration of immature calves (Category 4)•elastrator(under6weeks)•knife•emasculators
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools119
Themethodusedwilldependontheexpertiseavailable.Allmethodsinvolvesomestress,however,itisimportantnottoprolongtheoperationbystoppingforadetailedexplanationofeachstepcarriedout.Thedetailsshouldbeexplainedbeforeoraftertheoperation.Ensurethattheanimalisadequatelyrestrainedinacradleorheldbyexperiencedhandlers.Aftercareisimportantand,irrespectiveofthemethodused,theanimalshouldbecheckeddailyuntilitisfullyrecovered.Elastratorringsshouldnotbeusedincalvesoversixweeksofage.
Castrationbyknifeshouldbecarriedoutbefore12weeksofage.Antisepticmustbeused.
Castrationusingemasculatorscanoccuruptosixmonthsofage.Theanimalshouldbeproperlyrestrained,thatis,immobilisedandtheemasculatorsappliedtothecordsandarteriesofeachtesticleindividually.Appropriatesizeemasculatorsmustbeused.
Note:itisillegaltocastrateananimalaftersixmonthsofageunlessaveterinariandoesitandtheanimalisappropriatelyanaesthetized.
31. artificial insemination (Category 5)
32. semen collection (Category 5)
33. pregnancy detection rectal (Category 4)Intheearlystagesofpregnancyaccuratediagnosisbyrectalpalpationisverydifficultandshouldbecarriedoutbyaveterinarian.
Restrainthecow.Incasethecowfalls,ensuretherearenobarriers,suchascrushgates,betweenthecowandtheoperator.Toavoidagitatingthecow,ensurethatstudentswatchingthedemonstrationremainquiet.Supportingresourcessuchasawallchartordiagramwouldbenecessarytoshowtheactualprocedure.
35. microchip tagging (Category 4)Theheadmustbefirmlyrestrainedandtheequipmentcleanedtoavoidinfection.Themicrochipshouldbeplacedundertheskinatthebackoftheearoraccordingtothemanufacturer’sinstruction.
36. horn tipping older cattle (Category 3)Theanimalshouldberestrainedinaheadbail.Dehornersareplacedonthehornsothatnomorethantheouterthirdofthehornisremoved.Surgicalwirecanbeplacedattheouterthirdofthehornbeforeitissawedoff.
37. dehorning cattle under six months of age(Category 4)Onlypeoplewithdemonstratedexpertiseshouldundertakethisactivity.Cattlemustnotbedehornedwhentheweatheriscold,wetandwindy.Inordertocontrolbloodloss,infectionandflystrike,monitoringandcaremustbecarriedoutinthefirstfewdaysaftercompletingtheactivity.flyrepellentmaybeusedinordertocontrolflies.
39. disbudding calves(Category 4)Thisprocedureisbestcarriedoutoncalvesintheirfirsttwoweeksoflife.Onlypeoplewithdemonstratedexpertiseshouldundertakethisactivity.
120ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Youngcalvesshouldberestrainedandalocalanaestheticusedbeforethehornbudsareremoved.Thisprocedurecanbedonebyusingahotdisbuddingironorscoopdehorners.
Calvesmustbecheckedaftertwoorthreeweeksasregrowthcanoccuriftheprocedureisnotcorrectlyperformed.
Over12monthsofage,cattlecanonlybedehornedbyaveterinarian.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools121
Dogs
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon3March2009at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/13642/dogwelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Ingeneral,dogsarenotconsideredsuitableanimalsforhousingataschool.
whendogsvisitaclassroom,itisinappropriatetosubjectthemtoanyproceduresotherthanobservation,discussionofbehaviourandlimited,well-supervisedhandling.
Varietal range difference
ThereisanenormousrangeofdogskeptinAustralia.Theyaregroupedaccordingtooriginalbreed,useortype:•Toys,includingMalteseandChihuahua•Terriers,includingAustralianTerriersandAiredales•Gundogs,includingSpanielsandPointers•Hounds,includingBeaglesandwhippets•working,includingGermanShepherdsandKelpies•Non-Sporting,includingDobermansandSamoyeds•Utility,includingBoxersandSchnauzers.
Section14oftheCompanion Animals Act (1998)prohibitsdogsonschoolgroundsexceptwheretheprincipalgivespermission.Dogsmustbekeptonaleashinschoolgrounds.
whenselectingdogstovisitschools,particularattentionshouldbegiventothesuitabilityofthedog’stemperament.
122ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Dogsthathavedifficulttemperamentsandarefearful,timidordominant,shouldnotbeusedintheschoolsituation.
Anydogthathasbeendeclareddangerousundersection33oftheCompanionAnimalsActmustnotbeallowedonschoolgrounds.localcouncilsretainthisinformation.
Working dogs such as sheepdogs and cattledogs
Shouldworkingdogsbebroughtintoschoolswithlargeanimals,thecareoftheseanimalsistheresponsibilityoftheirhandlerswhoareexpectedtobeskilledinthecareandhandlingoftheirdogs.
Allrelevantvaccinationsandparasitecontrolshouldbeup-to-date,regularlyperformed,asperveterinaryrecommendations,anddocumented.
Itisexpectedthatwhenthesedogsarebeingusedtoassistwithhandlingoflivestock,theyhavebeensuitablytrained.Thisshouldprotectbothdogsandlivestockagainstinjury.Thefollowingwelfarepointsshouldbeconsidered:•donotmusterorherdanimalsinextremeenvironmentalconditions•donotallowdogstobiteorworrylivestock•excessivebarkingofdogsandyellingofhandlersshouldbepreventedsoasnot tooverstressthelivestockortheworkingdogs.
Suggested resources
WebsitesDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
AmericanSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimals(ASPCA),2008,ASPCA,viewed29September2008www.aspca.org/media
RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimals(RSPCA),2007,RSPCA.org,viewed29September2008www.rspca.org.au
Dumbfriendsleague,1990-2000,Dumbfriendsleague,Denver,viewed30September2008www.ddfl.org/tips.htm
DeltaDogSafe,2008,DeltaSocietyAustralia,viewed30September2008http://www.deltasocietyaustralia.com.au/dog_safe.htm
Printed textsAllen,E.etal(1992) Every Dog,Oxford,England.
AustralianVeterinaryAssociation(1999)Pet PEP.
fogle,B.(1992)The Dog’s Mind: Understanding Your Dog’s Behaviour,Penguin,England.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools123
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
RSPCA
DeltaSociety
AustralianVeterinaryAssociation
localcouncil
Approved activities: dogsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals(Category 1)Theinternalclassroommaybeunsuitabletoobservedogsbecauseoffloorsurfaces,hangingobjectsandunfamiliarsmellsthatmaycausestressfortheanimal.Outdoorareasarelikelytobemoresuitableforobservation.
whendogsvisittheclassroom,theyshouldbepresentonlyforthedurationoftheclasstime.Asourceoffreshdrinkingwatershouldbeprovidedanddogsneedtobeprotectedfromstresssuchasloudnoiseandcrowds.Ifadogbecomesdistressedforanyreason,itshouldberemovedimmediatelyfromthisenvironment.
whenaserviceanimalsuchasaseeing-eyedogvisitsaschool,thehandlerorownerisresponsibleforitswelfare.Thesupervisingteacherisresponsibleforprovidingappropriatefacilitiesiftheyarerequiredandassistingstudentstounderstandtheanimalanditsneeds.
Theserviceanimalisnottobeusedforanypurposeotherthanobservationofitsbehaviourwhileitiswiththeowner.
whenaserviceanimalvisitsaschool,thesupervisingteacherisresponsibleforprovidinganappropriateenvironmentforobservation.
Ducksandgeese
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACT Codes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/13360/domesticpoultrywelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Physical attributes
Size:Geese: upto90cmDucks: upto60cmweight: Geese:Gander4–14kg Goose4–9kgDucks: Drakes1–5kg Ducks0.8–4kgAgeatadultsize: 6–12monthsweightatbirth: 50gIncubationperiod: a.Ducks28days b.MuscovyDucks35days c.Geese35daysBreedingages: Ducks:from6monthsGeese: from12monthsHealthycharacteristics:Bodytemperature:40–42ºCHeartrate: 180–340beatsperminute.
Environment
Movementandexercise:Ducksandgeeseappreciatearangingsituationandcanbesuccessfullyhousedatnightinmoreintensivesituations.Intensive(caged)raisingofanyformofpoultryisnotpermittedinACTschools.
124ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools125
TheCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:DomesticPoultry(4thedition)providesadviceonthespaceallowancesforducksandgeese.
Sheltersshouldprovide1m2/birdfloorspaceforgeese.
TemperaturePreferredrangeis20–28ºC.Temperaturesbelow10ºCandabove32ºCcausestress.
LightSheddedbirdsmusthavereasonablelightandnotbekeptindark.
VentilationDraughtsandchillingwindsshouldbeavoided.Ventilationisrequiredtopreventammoniabuildupinintensivesituations.
ShelterSufficientshelterisrequiredtoprotectfromextremesofclimatesuchastemperature,wind,rainanddirectsunlight.Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,birdscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
BeddingClean,drylitterofricehulls,shavingsfromnon-treatedtimber,straworsand.
Cleaninglittlecleaningisrequiredifthelitterisdeepandkeptdry.
NestingDucksgenerallyrequirelittleassistanceinsettinguptheirnests.Thefollowinginformationmaybeofinterest.Suitablenestingmaterialsuchascleandrysand,ricehulls,straworwoodshavingscanbeprovided.Nestingboxesor,ifavailable,plasticdrumsofapproximately25litresinsizewiththebasecutoutleavingasmallliptoholdbacknestingmaterials,canbeprovided.Onenestingboxordrumcanservicebetweenthreeorfourbirds.Thenestshouldbereasonablydarkandhavesufficientsizetoisolateonebirdfromanothertoavoideggdamageandaggressivebehaviourfromsomebirdsduringnestingtime.
WaterApondofwater,deepenoughtoenabletheduckstodabbleregularly,isanadvantage.Ifthereisnoaccesstoapond,awatercontainerwhichislargeenoughtoenableduckstoimmersetheirheadsanddabbleisrequired.
Food and water requirements
TypeUsecommercialduckrations.Ifunavailable,domesticchickenfeedswillsuit.Geeseareexcellentgrazersofgrassbutrequirefoodsupplementationforgrowthandreproduction.Geesemustnotbeforcefed.foranyreason
Quantityforgeese:250–300gramsperdaywhenoncommercialrationsonly.Theamountislessifgeesegrazeongrass.Ducksrequire120–150gramsofmashorpelletsperday.
126ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
RegularityAdlibpreferredbutaminimumoftwiceperday,morningandevening.Donotforcefeed.Essentialdietaryneeds(variations):likedomesticchickens,goslingsandducklingsrequirehighproteinfoods.Geeseappreciateagrassed,grazingarea.
WaterAtalltimes,watermustbecool,cleanandfreshandofacceptablequalityandsufficientquantity.Thewatermustbedeepenoughtoallowthebirdstosubmergetheirheadsinforgroomingpurposes.
Normal behaviour
Thenormalbehaviourofaduckorgooseistobealertwithalevelcarriage.Theyoftenwaddlearoundandpeckastheyinvestigatethesurroundings.Ducksandgeesewillemitcharacteristicquackingorhonkingnoiseswhentheirterritoriesareentered.
Signs of illness
Ducksandgeesemayshowsignsofthefollowing:•inactivity,headunderwing,feathersruffledorisolatedfromgroup•frequentshuttingofeyes•littleresponsewhentouchedorpushedoroftenpeckedatbyotherbirds•reducedfeedingand/orwaterintake•lameness•reducedgrowthoreggproduction•diarrhoea.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistancefromaveterinarian,familiarwithducksorgeese,shouldbesought.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Handling
Ducksandgeeseneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimals.forspecifichandlingtechniques,seetheApprovedActivities.
whereananimalhasbecomesosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,euthanasiamustbearrangedwithacompetentperson.
Inemergencycases,thebird’sneckcanbedislocatedbyapersoncompetentinthetechnique.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools127
References
Web sitesCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:DomesticPoultry(4thEdition),DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed30September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
NSwDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,2005,StateofNSw,viewed30September2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
Printed textsNSwDeptofAgricultureandfisheries,Agfacts: Diseases of Ducks,Australia.
NSwDeptofAgricultureandfisheries,Agfacts: Geese Raising,Australia.
Reading,D.(1990)A Guide to Keeping Poultry in Australia,Penguin,Australia.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
localCouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities – ducks and geesePlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of normal behaviour of birds(Category 1)Bepatientasbirdsdonotlikeloudnoisesorsuddenmovements.Studentscanobserveonebirdforindividualbehaviourandtwobirds,amaleandafemale,forbreedingbehaviour.
128ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
B. Low impact activity
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Birdsshouldbecapturedandhandledonlywhennecessary.Usebirdsthathavebecomeaccustomedtohandlingfromayoungage.Avoidchasingbirdsasthisagitatesthemandcausesthemtopileupincorners.
Ducks:Caremustbetakenincatchingduckstoavoidcreatingpanicandsubsequentinjuryorsmotheringofthebirds.
Theproperhandlingofducksrequiresspecialskill,anditshouldbeundertakenonlybycompetentpersonswhohavebeenappropriatelytrained.Itshouldbecarriedoutquietlyandconfidently,exercisingcaretoavoidunnecessarystrugglingwhichcouldbruiseorotherwiseinjuretheducks.Inhotweatherhandlingormovementofducksshouldbecarriedoutduringthecoolestpartoftheday.Day-oldandyoungducklingsshouldbepickedupbodilyinthepalmofthehandorifhandlinggroupsbytheneck.
Olderducksshouldbeliftedbytheneckorwingsandtheyshouldbesupportedeitherbytakingtheweightofthebirdbyahandplacedunderitsbody,orbyholdingthebirdwithahandoneithersideofitsbodywiththewingsintheclosedposition.
Oncesufficientlydeveloped,liftingbythewingsisthebestmethod,providingsupportisgivenundertheirbody.Ducksmustnotbeliftedbyasinglewing.Ducksmustneverbeheldorliftedbythelegs.
Geeseshouldalwaysbecaughtbytheneckandmustneverbecaughtbythelegs.Geeseshouldbehandledbycompetentexperiencedhandlerssothattheyarenotdisturbedunduly.
Geese:Shouldalwaysbecaughtbytheneckandmustneverbecaughtbythelegs.
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight (Category 2)Onlyusebirdswhichareaccustomedtobeinghandled.Youngbirdscanbeweigheddirectlyonatriplebeambalance.Olderbirdsmayneedtoberestrainedinalightcardboardbox.forgrowersandadults,asetofbathroomscalescanbeusedwithatrainedhandlerholdingthebirdsappropriately.
3. growth (Category 2)Growthisusuallymeasuredbybodyweightchanges.Growthcanbeshownbyphotographingordrawingabirdagainstanappropriatebackgroundgridorscale.Useasufficientnumberofbirdstodetermineindividualdifferences.Videotapedrecordscanalsoshowabird’sgrowth.
4. body proportions (Category 2)Twohandlersarerequiredforthisactivity.Onepersonneedstoadequatelyrestrainthebirdwhiletheotherpersonmeasures.Donotdistortabirdexcessivelytomakemeasurementsofbodyparts.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools129
5. pulse or blood flow (Category 2)forthisactivity,restrainabirdaspreviouslydescribed.Asbirdshaveaveryhighpulserate,itisdifficulttomeasure.Astethoscopeisrequired.
6. respiration (Category 2)Observebirdsinwarmerweatherasindicationsofrespirationaremoreobvious.Observeandrecordabirdwithitsbeaknaturallyopenandthetonguemoving.Thenumberoftonguemovementscanberecorded.
7. temperature (Category 3)Restrainabirdbythehandandarmmethod.Aclinicalthermometerisinsertedintotheventorcloaca.Slidethethermometerincarefullyandwashitbetweenbirds.warmthethermometerincoldweather.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
1. high/normal protein(Category 3)
2. high/normal energy (Category 3)
3. high/normal fat(Category 3)Avariationindietcanbeachievedbyusingcommerciallypreparedfoodswhichuseadifferentformulathantheusualoneprovided.Anyvariationinthedietshouldbeanenhancementto,ratherthandeprivationof,thediet.Theminimumlevelofprotein,energyorfatselectedforthetrialmustbetheminimumacceptableforthelifestageoftheparticularbirdtype.Thetrialperiodshouldnotbelongerthanisnecessarytoachieveaclearlyobservableresult.Tentofourteendaysissufficientforyoungbirds,afterwhichthebirdsshouldbereturnedtotheirnormaldiet.
wherecomparativefoodtrialsarebeingundertaken,nolessthantheminimumproteinlevelsshouldbefedtobirds.Themaximumamountofproteinpermittedis20%abovetheminimumlevels.
Schoolsshouldnotkeepbroilersformorethan10weeks.Afterthisperiod,thelikelihoodofstressfracturesandbrokenlegsbecomesadistinctpossibility.
4. palatability (Category 3)foradultbirds,useavarietyofcommerciallypreparedlayerpelletsandmash,ensuringaplentifulsupplyofcleanfreshwater.Observetwoadultbirdsinseparatepens.
E. Behaviour activities
3. training poultry for showing (Category 3)Useanadequatelysizedtrainingpen,housedinashedorverywellshadedarea.Provideclean,dryfloorlitterandadlibfeedandwater.Treatbirdstominimiseexternalparasites.Coverthepenwithahessianbagtolowerthelightlevel.Ensurequiet,steadymovementsnear,andaround,trainingpens.Usehandstostrokeandhandlethebird.Ifitbecomesagitated,ceasehandling.
Ifabirdistoberemovedfromthepen,moveitinandoutheadfirst.
130ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
F. Collection of samples
3. faeces (non-invasive) (Category 3)Placethebirdinwire-flooredpen,elevatedofftheground,sothatfaecescanbecollected.Donotforcefaecesfromabird.
7. blood (Category 5)
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•dip(Category3)
oral•drench(Category3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofparasitesforallbirds.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allbirdsshouldbetreatedatthesametime.Theseactivitiesneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenches,externalparasitecontrolchemicalsoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
Oralmedicationstobeadministeredincludewormingcompoundsandvitaminandmineralsupplements.Theymaybeadministeredinthefeedorwaterdependingoninstructions.
Ifwater-basedtreatmentsaretobeused,waterisgenerallywithdrawnfrombirdsovernighttoincreasetheirthirst.Avoidwaterwithdrawalduringtheday,particularlyinhotweather.
Drinkcontainersneedtobesuitablyanchoredtopreventtipping.
29. beak trimming(Category 4)Thisisusuallynotnecessaryinducksandgeese.RefertotheCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals,DomesticPoultry4thEditionforinformationaboutbilltrimmingforducksandgeese.
41. slaughter of livestock(Category 5)
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools131
frogsandtoads(includingtadpoles)
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon3March2009at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/48813/amphibiansincaptivitywelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Alistofprotectedspeciesisavailableat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/native_plants_and_animals/licensing_of_plants_and_animals/protected_native_animals
Alistofspeciesthatcanbeheldwithoutalicenseisavailableat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/native_plants_and_animals/licensing_of_plants_and_animals/exempt_animals
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
Therearefivequitedifferentfamiliesoffrogs:•Treefrogs(familyHylidae)•Southernfrogs:grounddwelling(familyMyobatrachidae)•Narrowmouthedfrogs(familyMicrohylidae)•Truefrogs(familyRanidae)•Truetoads(familyBufonidae)
ItisillegaltotakefrogsortadpolesfromthewildintheACTormovethemfromonewaterbodytoanother.Schoolsandotherinstitutionscangetapermittotakefrogsortadpoles
132ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
fromthewildforstudypurposes.whentwotadpoleshavemetamorphosedintofrogs,theyshouldbereturned,withtheremainingtadpoles,totheplacefromwheretheywereinitiallycollected.Iftheenvironmentconditionsarenotsuitableforthespeciesbeingkept,thetadpolesmaynevermetamorphoseintofrogs.
whenschoolholidaysaredue,schoolsholdingtadpolesmustmakesuitableprovisionsfordailymonitoringduringtheseperiods.Ifdailymonitoringisnotavailable,thenallthetadpolesshouldbereturnedtotheplacefromwheretheywereoriginallycollected.
If,aftersixmonths,thetadpoleshavestillnotmetamorphosedintofrogs,thetadpolesshouldbereturnedtotheplacefromwheretheywereinitiallycollected.
Equipment
Thefollowingisrequired:•plastictuboraquarium.Aplastictubissaferforcleaning.•smoothpieceofwoodangledintotubfortadpolestomoveontoastheygrow legs•dipnetoraquariumnet•jugforwaterchanges•garbagebintokeepagedwaterin•householdbleach•pumpandairstone.
Setting up the environment
fillagarbagebinwithtapwater.Thewaterneedstobeagedfor24hourstoallowthechlorinetoevaporatebeforeaddingittotheaquarium.
Placethetubonaflatsolidsurface,outofdirectsunlight.Ifanairstoneisused,apowerpoint,nearandabovethetank’sposition,isrequired.
fillthetankwiththepreviouslyagedwater.Tadpolesarepoikilothermic,thatis,thetemperatureoftheenvironmentdeterminestheirbodytemperature.Ensurethetubmaintainsatemperaturerangeof18–22°C.
‘Reptile’ultravioletfluorescentlight,fittedwithatimer,shouldbeprovided.Amphibiansrequireanormalday/nightcycleandexposuretoultravioletrays.Directsunlightfilteredthroughglassaredangeroustoamphibians.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
Collecting tadpoles
Ensurethatthehousingisreadybeforecollectingtadpoles.
Amaximumof20tadpolesonlycanbetakenfromonebodyofwater.Donotcollecttadpolesfromdifferentsitesasthiscouldcausediseasecontamination.TadpolesmustnotbecollectedfromaNationalPark.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools133
Itisimportantthatallequipmentusedtocatchandcarrytadpolesiseithernewordisinfectedpriortouse.
How to care for tadpoles
Maintaining the environmentChange30–50%ofthewaterdaily.Theeasiestwaytodothisistomark,onthesideofthetub,alineshowing50–70%ofthewaterremaininginthetub.Toensurethattadpolesarenotinadvertentlycaughtinthejug,placethedipnetacrossthemouthofthejug.
Smallstandingbodiesofwaterneedtobechangeddaily.waterfiltersrequirechangingasperthemanufacturer’sguidelines.Cleaningtheglassshouldbeachievedwithouttheuseofanycleaningagentordisinfectantbytheuseofarazorblade,clothandwarmwateronly.
Feedingfeedthetadpolesoncedaily.feedonlyenoughtobeeatenwithinonehour.Ifthereisfoodleftattheendofthistime,removeitandfeedlessthenextday.Suitablefoodincludesalgaedisks,fishflakesorlettuce,whichhasbeenboiledorfrozentobreakdownthecells.
Healthlearnaboutwhatisnormalbehaviourfortadpolesandcheckthemdaily.Incorrectenvironmentalconditionsandinadequatenutritioncanmaketadpolessick.Tokeepthetadpoleshealthy,maintaingoodwaterqualityandfeedthemappropriatefoods.Bacteriaandfunguscanalsoaffecttadpoles.Thevolumeofwaterthattadpoleshaveaccesstocanaffecttheirgrowthrate.Donotovercrowdthetadpoles.
Keepadailymonitoringchart.Checkoffdailywaterchanges,feedingandanycommentsaboutthebehaviouroftheanimals.
Asthetadpolesdeveloplegs,theirgillsrecedeandtheyarethenunabletobreatheunderwater.Atthisstage,thetadpolesneedareaswheretheycansitabovethewaterline.
Release of tadpoles and frogswhentwotadpoleshavemetamorphosedintofrogs,theyshouldbereturned,withtheremainingtadpoles,totheexactplacefromwheretheywereinitiallycollected.Transporttheanimalsinnewordisinfectedcontainers.
formoreinformationaboutindividualfrogspeciespleaserefertothecodeofpracticeforthewelfareofamphibiansincaptivityat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/48813/amphibiansincaptivitywelfare-codeofpractice.pdfviewedMarch09
Suggested resources
Web sitesProtectedNativeAnimalsandExemptAnimals,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed30September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/birds
134ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
AustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2006,ANZCCART,viewed30September2008.www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
EnvironmentAustralia,DepartmentoftheEnvironmentCommunityandtheArts,2008,AustralianGovernment,viewed30September2008www.ea.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/
frogAtlas,2008ZoosSouthAustralia,viewed30September2008http://www.frogatlas.com.au/home
frogwatchACTandRegion,2008,GinninderraCatchmentGroup,viewed30September2008http://www.ginninderralandcare.org.au/category.php?id=19
Printed textsCasey,K.(1995)Attracting Frogs to your Garden,EnvironbookPublishing.
Cogger,H.G.(1996)Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia,Reed,Australia.
NSwNationalParksandwildlifeService(2001)Hygiene Protocol for the Control of
Disease in Frogs,NPwS,Sydney.
NSwNationalParksandwildlifeService(2001)Helping frogs survive: a guide for frog enthusiasts,NPwS,Sydney.
Robinson,M.(1994)A field guide to frogs of Australia,Reed,Australia.
CDs and tapesDavidStewartNatureSoundFrog Calls of the Greater Sydney Basin,(narratedbyRichardMorecroft)(AustralianMuseumBookshop)
DavidStewartNatureSoundFrog Calls of North Eastern NSW,(alsoBird&MammalCalls),POBox1261AthertonQld4883.Email:[email protected]
GriggandBarkerFrog Calls of South-Eastern Australia,G.Grigg,DeptZoologyUniversityofQueensland,Queensland4072orAustralianMuseumBookshop.
littlejohn,M.Calls of Victorian Frogs,VictorianfrogGroup,POBox424,BrunswickVictoria3056.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
ACTfrogwatch
GinninderraCatchmentGroupPhone:(02)62783309fax:(02)62783926
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools135
Post:POBox446,Holt,ACT2615Email:[email protected]
frogandTadpoleStudyGroupofNSwInc.(fATS)POBox296,RockdaleNSw2216.Email:[email protected]
NSwNorthCoastfrogStudyGroup.Email:[email protected]
Approved activities: Frogs and toadsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Anyactivitythatinvolvesremovingtadpolesfromthewaterisprohibited,exceptwheretransferringforcleaningorrehousingpurposes.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of normal behaviour of frogs (Category 1)Thismayincludeobservingactivitiessuchastadpolesandfrogsswimming,jumping,feeding,corakingandbreathing.Observationdoesnotinvolvecaptureandstudentsmustnotknockonthetank.
• Frog photography(Category 1)Thiscanbeconductedeitherinasmallphotographytankorinanaquarium.Providesupervisionandcarewhentransferringfrogsortadpolestothephotographytankandbeawareoftheheatthatmaybegeneratedbyphotographiclights.Verygoodresultscanbeobtainedusingashort,telephotolensfittedtoacameraequippedwitha200ASAfilmandagoodlightingsystem.Ateacherofphotographymaysupervisethis.
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint of frogs (Category 2)Toallowsomemanagementactivitiestobecarriedout,e.g.cleaningofthetank,movingfrogsortadpolestoanothertank,frogsortadpolesmayneedtobecaught.Thisshouldbedoneusingasuitablenetandeveryeffortshouldbemadetoensurethattadpolesareoutofwaterfortheshortestpossibletime.wellestablishedroutinesshouldbeappliedtothecareandfeedingpatternsusedintheclassroomtobothminimizethefrequencyofcleaningandthemovingoffrogsandtadpoles.
fishing
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Allstudentsandteachersinvolvedinfishingaspartofaschoolactivity,mustadheretotheadviceprovidedintheRecreationalfishinglaws,2006,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,ACTGovernment,at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/play/parks_forests_and_reserves/recreation_in_acts_parks_forests_and_bushlands/recreational_fishing_in_the_act
Thecategoriesofactivities,asdescribedinAnimalsinschools:Animalwelfareguidelinesforteachers,donotapplytofishingwhenitiscarriedoutaspartofaschoolactivityandwhentheRecreationalfishinglawsandassociateddocumentsareadheredto.
Note:Teachersandstudentsmustadheretoallofthespecificprinciplesofthiscode.
whencatchandreleaseisnotpracticed,fishshouldbekilledbydispatchingthefishimmediatelywithafirmtapontheheadwithasuitablebluntobjectfollowedbyrapidseveringofthespinalchord.
Onanimalwelfaregroundsthismethodispreferredwhenundertakenbylessexperiencedpersons.
Thenationalcodeofpracticeforrecreationalandsportfishing(broughttoyoubyRecfishAustralia;Looking after our Fisheries)recommends:
1. Taking no more than our immediate needsAvitalwaywecanparticipateinconservingfishstocksistolimitourcatchbytakingonlyourimmediatepersonalneeds.
136ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools137
Overfishinghasadetrimentaleffectonfishstocksandinextremecases,entirefishspecies.
lookingafterourfisheriesmeans:•usingcommonsenseandconstraintwhenfishing,forexample,returnunwanted, endangeredorthreatenedspeciestothewater.•carefullyreturningunwantedlivebaittothewaterstheyweretakenfrom.livebait isanimportantpartofthefoodchainsoitisimportanttoleavesometosupport thefishwewishtocatchinthefuture.
2. Understanding and observing all fishing regulations and reporting illegal fishing activitiesStateandTerritoryfisherydepartmentsmakeregulationstomanagethefisheriesfornowandthefuture.Toprotectfishstocksandfishhabitat,reportillegalfishingactivitiestotherelevantauthorities.Itisimportantthatthefishingcommunitydoesnotignoreactivitiesthatthreatenthefisheriesanddamagethereputationofresponsiblefishers.
lookingafterourfisheriesmeans:•keepinguptodatewithregulationsandobservingthembecausetheyarebased onthebestavailablescientificevidence•acquaintingyourselfwithStateandTerritorybag,sizeandpossessionlimits•becomingfamiliarwithexistingtacklerestrictionsandcheckingthedatesoflocal seasonalclosures•helpingtoexplainfisheryregulationsandthereasonsforthemtoothers, especiallychildren•reportingblackmarketingoffishbyrecreationalanglers•reportingpoaching,theftandillegalnettingtotherelevantauthorities•notpresumingtoactasofficersofthelaw.
(For current details of State or Territory bag, size and possession limits contact your State or Territory Fishing Agency).
3. Supporting and encouraging activities that restore and enhance fisheries and fish habitatwearealldependentonhealthyecosystems.Habitatdestructionandmodification,resultinglargelyfromhumanactivities,presentsahugethreattothemaintenanceoffishstocksandtheavailabilityofotherspeciessuchasshellfish,rocklobstersandcrabs.
Restoringandenhancingfisheriesandfishhabitatmeans:•recognisingthefragilityandenvironmentaldiversityofstreamsidevegetation, estuaries,seagrass,mangroves,andreefs.Theseareasprovidefood,shelterand importantbreedingandnurseryareasformanyfishspecies•participatinginresearch,rehabilitationandmonitoringprogramssuchas Coastcare,waterwatch,Rivercare,landcareandtaggingprograms•educatingothers,especiallychildren,insustainablefishingpractices•becomingfamiliarwiththelifecyclesandbreedingseasonsofaquaticspecies andotherfauna
138ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
•becominginvolvedinprogramsthatrestorecoastalandstreamsidevegetation suchasRivercareandtheCommunityRecfishingGrantsprogram•keepingasafedistancefromaquaticwildlifeandavoidingunduenoisewhen birdsareroostingornesting•neverusingnonindigenousfishaslivebaitorintroducingexoticfishintonatural waters.
ProtectingtheEnvironmentby:
4. Preventing pollution and protecting wildlife by removing rubbishPollutionaffectsthehealthoftheenvironmentandspoilsourexperienceoftheoutdoors.Naturalareascontinuetosuffermajorproblemsduetothesideeffectsofhumanactivities.
wecanhelp!Preventingpollutionmeans:• takingfishingline,polystyrenefoampackaging,bottles,sixpackholders,bait bags,cupsandpackaging,etc.awayfromfishingsites.Allitemsmustbe disposedofcorrectlytoavoidpotentiallyentrappingbirdsandothercreatures•notleavingbaittofoulrocks,riverbanksorbeaches•notwashingrubbish,chemicalsorotherwasteintostormwatersystems.Most stormwaterdrainsrundirectlyintowaterways•participatinginprogramssuchas‘CleanupAustralia’and‘OceancareDay’.
5. Using established roads and tracksOff-roaddrivingor‘bush-bashing’canbeamajorcauseoferosionandvegetationloss;likewisetramplingacrossdunesystems,reefbedsandotherfragileareas.
Usingestablishedroadsandtracksmeans:•usingwalkingtracksandavoidingdrivingonbeaches.Theprotectionofsand dunes,coastal,andstreamsidevegetationwillhelpminimisebeachand streamsideerosion•avoidingstrayingfromestablishedroadsandtracks•treatingallnaturalareaswithcare.
6. Taking care when boating and anchoring to avoid damaging sensitive areasBoatingincreasestherangeoffishingpossibilitiesbutunskilledandthoughtlessuseofboatscanleadtoenvironmentaldamage.
Takingcarewhenboatingmeans:•showingcarewhenanchoring,particularlyaroundreeforseagrassareas•avoidingdisturbancetowildlifebyexcessivenoiseorharassment•keepingaconstantvigilwhenboatingtoavoidhittingwildlife•refuellingonlandwhereverpossibleandnotdischargingwastes,oilorsewage intothewater•beingawareofyourboatingspeedtominimiseerosionofriverbanksfrom excessivewaveaction•avoidingmodificationofordisturbancetofishhabitatwhilediving.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools139
7. Reporting environmental damage and pollution to the relevant authoritiesTheprotectionoftheenvironmentiseveryone’sresponsibility.Byreportingpollutionproblemstotherelevantauthorities,wehelpensurethatourwatersbecomepollutantfreeanddiscouragepracticesthatdestroyfishhabitat.
Reportingenvironmentaldamagemeans:•reportinganyfuelandoilspills•reportingallstrandedordeadaquaticanimalsandprotectedspecies•reportinganysignsofdischargeofpollutedwastewatersandrunoffcontaining fertilisersandpesticides•reportinganyvegetationorstreamdamage,e.g.sedimentation,decliningwater quality,algae,etc•reportingsightingsofsuspectedaquaticpestorganismssuchascarp,salvinia weed,orcaulerpia.
8. Avoiding interactions with threatened species and their critical habitatwhilefishingandaccessingfishinggroundsitiseasytoinadvertentlydisturbthehabitatsofprotectedspeciesordisturbthespeciesthemselves.Habitatdestructionandmodificationarethemajorthreattothecontinuedsurvivalofthreatenedspecies.
Avoidingthreatenedspeciesmeans:•beingawareofandavoidingdisturbancetothreatenedspeciesthatinhabitareas youintendtofish•observingandobeyingsignageorguidelinesinareaswherethreatenedspecies live•obeyingguidelinesforactivityinthevicinityofmarinemammals•reportinganyinappropriatebehaviourwewitnesswhichmayaffectthreatened species•reportingsightingsofthreatenedspeciesindistress•quicklyandcorrectlyreturningtothewateranyinadvertentlycaughtthreatened species.
Treatingfishhumanelyby:
9. Quickly and correctly returning unwanted or illegal catch to the waterIncorrecthandlingdamagesfishandreducestheirchancesofsurvivalafterrelease.Afishoutofwatercannotliveformorethanthreeorfourminutesbecauseofbraindamagecausedbylackofoxygen.Anexhaustedfishplayedtoolong,maynotrecover.
Correctlyreturningfishmeans:•retrievingfishasquicklyaspossible•ensuringthatfisharenotlefttoflopandflailaround•usingwethandsandaminimumofhandlingtoensurethatreleasedfishhavea goodchanceofsurvival•revivingtiredorsemiconsciousfish.
Holdthefishgentlyandmoveitforwardtoforcewaterthroughitsgills.whenithasrevived,andisabletoswimnormally,setitfree.
140ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
formoreinformationgoto:ReleasedfishSurvival,fisheriesResearchandDevelopmentCorporationat:www.info-fish.net/releasefish/default.asp
10. Using only legal tackle, attending our gear and valuing our catchGoodtreatmentandhandlingoffishisnotjustaboutmaintainingtablefishquality.Itisalsoamarkofrespectthatfishershaveforfish.
Treatingfishhumanelyandavoidingwastemeans:•usingonlytacklethatisappropriateforthesizeandtypeoffish•attendinggeartoensurethatfishareretrievedassoonastheyarecaught•dispatchingfishimmediatelywithafirmtapontheheadwithasuitableblunt objectfollowedbyrapidseveringofthespinalchord•icingfishdownandstoringthemawayfromsunlight,preferablyinamoistbagor cooler.
Respectingtherightsofothersby:
11. Practicing courtesy towards all those who use inland and coastal waterslakes,creeks,rivers,andcoastsareusedforavarietyofpurposes.Byrecognisingtherightsofotherstousethewatersfortheirrecreationandlivelihood,recreationalfishershelpensurethatallareequallyabletoenjoytheiractivities.
Respectingtherightsofothersmeans:•beingcourteoustothosewhosecommunitiesweenterwhenfishing.Remember thisistheirhome.•realisingthatfriendlyrivalrycanexistbetweenrecreationalfisherswithouttheneed foranyonetodominate•preparingyourboatandtrailerbeforelaunchingatboatrampstoavoidannoying delays.
12. Obtaining permission from landholders and traditional owners before entering landHavingaccesstolandheldintrusttolandholdersandtraditionalownersisaprivilege,notaright.
Respectingtherightsofothersmeans:•gainingpermissionbeforeenteringlandandclearlyindicatingwhereyouare going•recognisingtheculturalandspiritualattachmentindigenouspeoplefeelfortheir landandwater•obtainingpermissionbeforelightingfires•avoidinginterferencewithland,stockorcropsinanyway•leavingallgatesastheywerefound•leavingthegunanddogathometoavoidharmingorharassinglivestockor wildlife.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools141
13. Caring for our own safety and the safety of others when fishingPlayingitsafewhilefishingisgoodcommonsense.Neverriskalifewhiletryingtocatchafish.
Caringaboutsafetymeans:•observingandunderstandingallboatingregulations,includingthecarryingofthe requiredsafetyequipment•keepingasafedistancefromshorebasedanglers,jetties,swimmersandother boats•beingawareofthedangersofrockfishingandseekinglocalknowledgeoftides andwaveconditions•gaininglocalknowledgeofcommonbeachdangersincludingripcurrents,large waves,shoreplatforms,deepwater,offshorereefsandtidalcurrents•exercisingcautionandplanningforcontingencieswhenfishinginlandwaters andmountainlakesandstreams.Submergedlogs,suddensqualls,icywaters andextremelycoldtemperaturescancreatelifethreateningdifficulties.
TheNationalCodeofPracticeforRecreationalandSportfishingisaninitiativeofRecfishAustralia.fundingforthisCodeofPracticeupdateandreprintisprovidedbytheAustralianGovernmentthroughtheNaturalHeritageTrustfunding.TheviewsexpressedintheCodearenotnecessarilythoseoftheAustralianGovernmentandtheAustralianGovernmentacceptsnoresponsibilityfortheaccuracyorcompletenessoftheinformationorothermaterialcontainedintheCode.TofindoutmoreabouttheCodeortofindoutmoreaboutsustainablefishingpracticescontactRecfishAustraliaat:www.recfish.com.au/index.html
Suggested references
WebsitesReleasedfishSurvival,fisheriesResearchandDevelopmentCorporation,2007,AustralianGovernment,viewed30September2008www.info-fish.net/releasefish/default.asp
RecfishAustralia,2007,TheAustralianRecreationalandSportfishingIndustryConfederationInc,viewed30September2008www.recfish.com.au/
fishingandAquaculture,NSwDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries–fisheries,2005,stateofNSw,viewed30September2008www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/recreational
Recreationalfishinglaws,2006,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,ACTGovernment,viewed25September252008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/play/parks_forests_and_reserves/recreation_in_acts_parks_forests_and_bushlands/recreational_fishing_in_the_act
fowls(domestic)
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/13360/domesticpoultrywelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
AvarietyofbreedsareavailableforbothlayersandBroilers.
Physical attributes
Size: HeightofBantamhen,15cm largefowl70cmweight: Bantamhen500g largemalefowl6.35kgweightatbirth: Bantam20g largefowl35–40gIncubationperiod: Bantam19–20days largefowl21daysRageofbreedingages:forbantams6monthsto approximately7years forlargefowls,9–12monthsto approximately7years.forlarge fowlsbreedingmayextendto death,however,theywould normallynotbeusedforthisextent oftime.Healthycharacteristics:Bodytemperature:40–42ºCHeartrate: 180–340beatsperminute.
142ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools143
Animalwelfareconsiderationsarebecomingincreasinglyimportantforthekeepingandfarmingofanimals,bothinAustraliaandinternationally,Practiceswhichmayhaveoncebeendeemedacceptablearenowbeingreassessedinlightofnewknowledgeandchangingattitudes.forthisreasonitisrecommendedthatanyschoolkeepingpoultryregularlyreviewtheCode of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Domestic Poultry(4thedition),ACTDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS),foundat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
Noncommercialflocksofbirdsmustnotexceed20innumber.Roostersarenotpermittedtobekeptinresidentialareas.
Environment
Itisnolongerappropriatetokeeplayersincagesasaroutineprocedure.However,schoolsmayapplytotheSAECforapprovaltotrainbirdsforshowing.Thismayinclude,forshortperiodoftime,cagingbirdstohelpthemgrowaccustomedtoshowconditions.SchoolsconsideringthisoptionshouldcontacttheSchoolsAnimalwelfareOfficerandseekwrittenapproval.ToseekthisapprovaldownloadAppendix6,ApplicationformD,ApplicationtouseananimalinteachingthatisnotontheapprovedlistorisinCategory4or5,completeandsubmittotheSchoolsAnimalwelfareOfficer.
BeforecontactingtheSAEC,schoolsneedtoconsidertheeducationalrationaleforshowingofthebirdsandtobeawareoftherelevantstandardsforthephysicalcareofcagedbirds.ThisinformationcanbeobtainedfromtheCode of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Domestic Poultry(4thedition),TAMS,andfromNSwAgriculture’swebsiteat:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
HousingRefertotheCode of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: Domestic Poultry(4thedition),TAMSforclearguidelinesaboutrequirementsforhousing,includingsubstrates,perches,nests,outdoorrangeandpulletrearing.
SpaceThespaceallowedforeachbirdwillvaryaccordingtothespecies,breed,strainandtypeofbirdinadditiontoincreasingageandweight.Asaguideonly,theminimumof200cm2perbirdforthefirst2weeks,450cm2for2–4weeks.Grassedrunsshouldbeaminimumof7.5m2perbird.Deeplitter,non-mechanicallyventilated,shouldhouse1x28kgbirdper1m2.Themorespacethatcanbeprovidedforeachbirdthebetter.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
Movement and exerciseInminimumconfines,achickenmustbeabletoturnaroundwithoutlosingitsnormalstance,displaynormalbehaviourssuchasscratchingand,haveroomtobeabletoflapitswings.foodandwatershouldbeeasilyaccessible.
144ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Temperatureforlayers,thepreferredrangeis20–28ºC.Temperaturesbelow10ºCandabove32ºCcausestress.forBroilers,day-oldchicksrequire33ºC.Thetemperatureshouldbereducedby1ºCevery2–3daysuntilthetemperaturereaches20ºC,at28daysofage.Note:rapidincreasesintemperaturecanprovefatal,especiallyifcombinedwithhighlevelsofhumidity.
LightSheddedbirdsmusthavereasonablelightandnotbekeptinthedark.Birdsshouldhavealightanddarkcycle.Keepingbirdsinthelightallthetimecanhaveanadverseeffectasbirdscanpanicandsmotherthemselvesintheeventofablackout.
VentilationAvoiddraughtsandchillingwinds.Ventilationisalsorequiredtopreventammoniabuildup.Ammoniacausesdistresstopoultryasmuchastohumans.Stepsmustbetakentopreventammoniabuildinguptothelevelwhereitbecomesunpleasant.Thiscanbedonebyreducingthenumberofbirdsinagivenareaandimprovingventilation.
ShelterSufficienttoprotectfromextremesofclimate,e.g.temperature,wind,rainanddirectsunlight.Adultbirdscanadapttoawiderangeoftemperatures(approximately5-33°C),howeverrapidincreasesintemperaturecanprovefatal,especiallyifcombinedwithhighlevelsofhumidity.
BeddingClean,drylitterofricehulls,shavingsfromnon-treatedtimber,straworsand.
Cleaninglittlerequired,ifdeeplitterandkeptdry.
NestingSuitablenestingmaterialofcleandrysand,ricehulls,straworwoodshavingsshouldbeprovided.Nestingboxescanbeused.Nestsshouldbepositionedatadistancefromthefloorthatiseasilyaccessible.Ifavailable,plasticdrumsofapproximately15–25litresinsize,withthebasecutoutleavingasmallliptoholdbacknestingmaterials,shouldbeavailableattheratioofonenestingboxforeverythreeorfourbirds.Thenestshouldbereasonablydarkandsufficienttoisolateonebirdfromanothertoavoideggdamageandaggressivebehaviourfromsomebirdsduringnestingtime.Nestlittershouldbekeptclean,dry,friableandmoistureabsorbent.
Perchesforlayers,itisimportanttoensurethatthereisadequateperchspacetoaccommodateallthebirdssimultaneously.Headroombetweenlevelsshouldbeatleast30cmandnotmorethan1m;alinearspaceofnotlessthan15cmperbird;andahorizontaldistancebetweenperchandthewallofatleast20cm.Perchesshouldbepositionedsoasnottofoulbirdsbelow.Perchesmustnothavesharpedges.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools145
ProtectionEveryreasonableeffortmustbetakentoprovideprotectionfrompredators.Housingshouldbesitedtobesafefromfireandfloods.Adequatefire-fightingequipment,includingalarmsshouldbeavailabletocontrolafire.
Food and water requirements
TypeSuitablefoodincludespellets,crumbles,mash,grain,greenfeedandgrit.Poultrymustreceiveadietcontainingadequatenutrientstomeettheirrequirementsforhealthandvitality.
QuantityAdultfowlsrequire150–200gofpelletsperday.Commercialfeedersinusemusthavethemanufacturer’srecommendationsreferredandnotexceeded.whenusingmechanicalsystemfordeliverythereshouldbeenoughfoodonhand,orreadymansforobtainingfood,intheeventoffailureofsupply.Mechanicalfeedingsystemsmustbecheckeddaily.
RegularityAdlibfeeding,preferablyaminimumoftwicedaily,inthemorningandeveningwithaminimumofoncedaily.
Essential dietary needs (variations)Commerciallypreparedfoodispreferredasallnutritionalneedsaremet.
WaterAclean,adequatesupplyofwater,placedinacoolshadedareainhotweather,isrequired.Ifautomaticnippledrinkersareused,theyshouldalwaysbefittedwithafailsafemechanism.Allfeedingandwateringsystemsmustbecheckedforefficientoperationatleastonceeachday.waterrequirementsrangefromafewmillilitresforchickensto500mlperdayinsummerforadults.
Handling
Chickensneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytothem.forspecifichandlingtechniquesseeApprovedActivitiesbelow.
Normal behaviour
Adomesticchicken’snormalbehaviourischaracterisedbybeingalert,withanerectcarriage.Theyoftenscratchandpeckastheyinvestigatetheirsurroundings.Aschickensareflockanimals,aminimumoftwoshouldbekept.
Disease prevention
Birdsshouldbecheckedalleastonceina24hourperiodandforyoungbirdsinbrooders,inspectionsshouldoccurtwicewithinthisperiod.Underhightemperatures,orduringoutbreaksofdisease,furtherinspectionsmayberequired.
146ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Signs of illness•diarrhoea•nasaldischarge•sneezing•nervoussignsorparalysis•notactive,headunderwing,feathersruffled,isolatedfromgroup•paleorpurplecomb•frequentshuttingofeyes•littleresponsewhentouchedorpushed,oroftenpeckedatbyanotherfowl.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithchickens.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithacompetentperson.Inemergencycases,euthanasiacanbeachievedbyneckdislocation.
Disposal
Chickenscanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoaregisteredprocessor.Carcasesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
Web sitesAustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2006,ANZCCART,viewed30September2008.www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
CodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:DomesticPoultry(4thEdition),DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed30September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
NSwDepartmentofPrimaryIndustries,2005,StateofNSw,viewed30September2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools147
Printed textsBannermanS.,ThornthwaiteS.andGantS.(2001) Enterprising Agriculture,MacMillan,Australia.
DepartmentofPrimaryIndustriesandfisheries,Tasmania(1994)Keeping Poultry,Australia.
Kemp,R.(1985) Pure Breed Poultry Raising,KangarooPress,Australia.
Kemp,R.(1989)Exhibition Poultry: Breeder’s Handbook,KangarooPress,Australia.NSwAgricultureAgfacts:Poultry.
Reading,D.(1990)A Guide to Keeping Poultry in Australia,Penguin,Australia.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
localCouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: fowlsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of normal behaviour of birds(Category 1)Bepatientasbirdsdonotlikeloudnoisesorsuddenmovements.Studentscanobserveonebirdforindividualbehaviour.
B. Low impact activity
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Birdsshouldbecapturedandhandledonlywhennecessary.Usebirdsthathavebecomeaccustomedtohandlingfromayoungage.Avoidchasingbirdsasthisagitatesthemandcausesthemtopileupincorners.Ifacatchinghookisused,a
148ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
birdshouldbedrawntowardsthehandlerfirmlybutnotsoquicklyastodamageshank,legorjoints.firmlyandquietlytransferthebirdtotheholdingposition.
Theholdingpositioninvolvesrestrainingonehockjointbetweentheindexfingerandthumb,andtheotherhockjointbetweenthethirdandfourthfingers.Thebird’sbreast,orkeelbone,sitscomfortablyonthepalmofhandwiththebird’sheadpointingtowardsthehandler’sbodyandtheventaway.
whenwalkingwithabird,itsheadcanbetuckedunderthecarrier’supperarm.Thenon-holdingarmcanbeusedtoassistwithrestrainingthebirdandpreventthewingsfromflapping.
C. Non-invasive measurement of
1. body weight (Category 2)Onlyusebirdswhichareaccustomedtobeinghandled.
Youngbirdscanbeweigheddirectlyonatriplebeambalance.Olderbirdsmayneedtoberestrainedinalightcardboardbox.
forgrowersandadults,aspringbalancewithasuitablescaleisrequiredforweighing.Asmall,loopedpieceofropecanbeattachedtotheshankofbothlegsofthebirdandconnectedtothebalance.Ensurethatthebird’sheadiskeptdowntoavoidflapping.Thereadingshouldbetakenasquicklyaspossiblesothatthebirdcanbereturnedtoanormalposition.
3. growth (Category 2)Growthisusuallymeasuredbybodyweightchanges.Growthcanbeshownbyphotographingordrawingabirdagainstanappropriatebackgroundgridorscale.
Useasufficientnumberofbirdstodetermineindividualdifferences.Videotapedrecordscanalsoshowabird’sgrowth.
4. body proportions (Category 2)Twohandlersarerequiredforthisactivity.Onepersonneedstoadequatelyrestrainthebirdwhiletheotherpersonmeasures.Donotdistortabirdexcessivelytomakemeasurementsofbodyparts.
5. pulse or blood flow(Category 2)forthisactivity,restrainabirdaspreviouslydescribed.Asbirdshaveaveryhighpulserate,itisdifficulttomeasure.Astethoscopeisrequired.
6. respiration (Category 2)Observebirdsinwarmerweatherasindicationsofrespirationaremoreobvious.Observeandrecordabirdwithitsbeaknaturallyopenandthetonguemoving.Thenumberoftonguemovementscanberecorded.
7. temperature (Category 3)Restrainabirdbythehandandarmmethod.Aclinicalthermometerisinsertedintotheventorcloaca.Slidethethermometerincarefullyandwashitbetweenbirds.warmthethermometerincoldweather.
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D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
1. high/normal protein (Category 3)
2. high/normal energy (Category 3)
3. high/normal fat (Category 3)Avariationindietcanbeachievedbyusingcommerciallypreparedfoodswhichuseadifferentformulathantheusualoneprovided.Anyvariationinthedietshouldbeanenhancementto,ratherthandeprivationof,thediet.Theminimumlevelofprotein,energyorfatselectedforthetrialmustbetheminimumacceptableforthelifestageoftheparticularbirdtype.Thetrialperiodshouldnotbelongerthanisnecessarytoachieveaclearlyobservableresult.Tentofourteendaysissufficientforyoungbirds,afterwhichthebirdsshouldbereturnedtotheirnormaldiet.
wherecomparativefoodtrialsarebeingundertaken,nolessthantheminimumproteinlevelsshouldbefedtobirds.Themaximumamountofproteinpermittedis20%abovetheminimumlevels.
Schoolsshouldnotkeepbroilersformorethan10weeks.Afterthisperiod,thelikelihoodofstressfracturesandbrokenlegsbecomesadistinctpossibility.
4. palatability (Category 3)foradultbirds,useavarietyofcommerciallypreparedlayerpelletsandmash,ensuringaplentifulsupplyofcleanfreshwater.Observetwoadultbirdsinseparatepens.
E. Behaviour activities
3. training poultry for showing(Category 4)Useanadequatelysizedtrainingpen,housedinashedorverywellshadedarea.Provideclean,dryfloorlitterandadlibfeedandwater.Treatbirdstominimiseexternalparasites.
Coverthepenwithahessianbagtolowerthelightlevel.Ensurequiet,steadymovementsnear,andaround,trainingpens.Usehandstostrokeandhandlethebird.Ifitbecomesagitated,ceasehandling.
Ifabirdistoberemovedfromthepen,moveitinandoutheadfirst.
F. Collection of samples
3. faeces (non-invasive) (Category 3)Placethebirdinwire-flooredpen,elevatedofftheground,sothatfaecescanbecollected.Donotforcefaecesfromabird.
7. blood (Category 5)
150ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•dip(Category3)
oral•drench(Category3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofparasitesforallbirds.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allbirdsshouldbetreatedatthesametime.Theseactivitiesneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenches,externalparasitecontrolchemicalsoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
Oralmedicationstobeadministeredincludewormingcompoundsandvitaminandmineralsupplements.Theymaybeadministeredinthefeedorwaterdependingoninstructions.
Ifwater-basedtreatmentsaretobeused,waterisgenerallywithdrawnfrombirdsovernighttoincreasetheirthirst.Avoidwaterwithdrawalduringtheday,particularlyinhotweather.
Drinkcontainersneedtobesuitablyanchoredtopreventtipping.
29. beak trimming(Category 4)Beaktrimmingisdonewhenthetopbeaktipbecomesexcessivelylong.Thetopbeakiscutbacktothepointwherethebeakchangescolour,ensuringthelowerbeaktucksunderthetopbeak.Onlypeoplewithsuitableexpertiseshouldcarryoutthisactivity.
41. slaughter of livestock(Category 5)
Transportation
fortransportationofpoultryrefertothe:ModelCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals–landTransportofPoultry,2006,CSIRO,CommonwealthofAustraliaanditsStatesandTerritories,viewed30September2008www.publish.csiro.au/books/download.cfm?ID=5391
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Goats
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACT Codes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/48819/goatwelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Activitiesinvolvinglargedomesticandfarmanimalsthatmightstandon,crushorotherwisecausephysicalinjurytoapersonareclassedas‘highrisk’(level3)activitiesinthePolicy and Guidelines for Risk Management in ACT Government Secondary Science Programs 2001.Highriskactivitieshavethepotentialforriskofseriousinjurytostudentsorothers(e.g.anirreversibleinjury,permanentdamagetohealthorafatality).
Teachers/leadersarerequiredtoprovidedirectsupervision(onetotwostudentsatanyonetimeworkingwithteacherguidance).Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeusedtominimisetheriskofinjury,andtheactivityistobeundertakeninasafeanddefinedarea.
Ariskassessmentmustbecompletedanddocumentedbyseniormanagementpriortothecommencementofhighriskactivities.Intheeventofastudentaccident,acopyoftheriskassessmentformandotherrelevantdocuments(e.g.studentsafetytest,pre-activityteachingandlearning,coursedocuments)shouldbeattachedtothestudentaccidentreportformaandforwardedtoworkplacerelationsandGovernmentlegalandliaisonsection.
152ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Varietal range difference
BreedscommonlyusedinAustraliacanbedividedintothefollowingcategories:•fibreproductionincludingAngorasandCashmeres•MilkproductionincludingAnglo-Nubian,BritishAlpine,ToggenburgandSaanen•MeatproductionincludingCondobolinandBoer-feralandBoer-Cashmere crosses.Boergoats,importedfromSouthAfricaarebecomingincreasingly popularforcross-breedinginAustralia.
Physical attributes
Size: atthewithers: •Dairygoats:does:79–93cm,bucks:90–95cm •Angoras:does:50–55cm,bucks:60–65cmweight: •Dairygoats:does:55–64kg,bucks:60–75kg, •Angoras:about45kgAgeatadultsize: 1.5–2yearsweightatbirth: 2.5–4kgGestationperiod: 150daysNumberofoffspring: 1–3.Twinsarecommon,tripletsrare. 150–180%kiddingratesarecommon.Rangeofbreedingages:Sexualmaturityisrelatedcloselytogrowthrateandsize. Averageageforbuckis6–7monthsbut4monthsis possible. Doesusually7–8monthsbut5monthsispossible. Bucksneedtoberunathigherratiosiflessthan12months old.1.5%bucksifmature,3%bucksifyoung.weaningage: 3–5monthsHealthycharacteristics: Temperature:39.5–40.5°C.Heartrate:60–100/min
Environment
SpaceGoatsperformwellinanopenpasturethathasplentyofavailablewaterandshelterfromwind,rainandsun.Astheyareagileanimals,goatsshouldhaveenoughspacetobeabletorun.Kidsareveryplayfulandcanbediscouragedfromclimbingintofeedbinsbyprovidingthemwithsomethingelsetoclimbon.Intheeventofconfinementduetoillness,goatsrequiresufficientroomtobeabletoliedown,stretch,standupandtoexercise.Tetheringisnotrecommendedunlessthereisconstantsupervisionofthegoats.
Ifgoatsarehousedintensively,eachpenshouldbedesignedtoholdnomorethanthreetofourgoatsandshouldprovideanareaofatleast1.5squaremetrespergoat.
Fencingfencesshouldbe1.2mhigh.Ensuretheyaresecureassomebreedsofgoatarepronetogoingunderorthroughfences.Avoidfencinginwhichgoatscancatch
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theirlegs.Goatsareparticularlypronetoescapeattemptsduringperiodsofstress,e.g.whentheyareseparatedfromtherestoftheflockandatweaningtime.Kiddingpaddocksmustprovideadequateprotectionfrompredators.
TemperatureGoatsdonotlikecold,wetconditions.Theyaremoreeasilycold-stressedthansheeporcattleasgoatshavelessfatundertheskin.NewbornkidsandAngoras,aftershearing,areparticularlysusceptibletocoldandwet.
ShelterGoatsaresensitivetoextremesofweatherandshelterisessentialtoprovideshadeandprotectionfromcold,wetweatherorheatstress.whilstgoatswillseekshelterfromrain,theymaykidintheopenonfrostynights.whenkiddingisimminent,goatsmustbeconfinedtoshelterovernight.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,goatscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
VentilationInsheds,aircirculationneedstobeadequatetopreventhumidityanddamp,andtopreventabuild-upofammonia.
CleaningPensshouldbecleaneddaily.Ifgoatsaretobehousedforlengthyperiods,woodenslattedfloors,withexcellentsub-floorandroomventilation,arebest.Thisallowseasycleaningofpens.feedbinsshouldbeoffthegroundandautomaticwaterers,whichsupplyclean,freshwateratalltimes,mustbeinstalledandcheckeddaily.
BeddingClean,drystraworwoodshavingsshouldbeprovided.Asthesetypesofbeddingneedtobekeptcleananddry,itisessentialtoinspectandreplaceregularly.
Food and water requirements
Goatsareconsideredbrowsinganimalsandgiventhechoice,willobtain40%oftheirfoodfrombrowsing.Goatspreferlongerpasturesthansheepandwillnotgrazeasclosely.
Pasturespeciesrequiredaregenerallythesameasforsheep,butgoatswillavoidmanyclovers.Dairybreedsrequireasupplementofnutritiousfeed,suchascrushedoats,somebarleyorgoatmixes,iftheyaretoproducewell.Goodnutritionisparticularlyimportantforyoung,activelygrowinggoatsandfordoesduringthelastsixweeksofpregnancyandwhenlactating.
Remember,whenfeedingbyhand,theruleistointroducenewfoodtypesslowlyandcarefully.feedplentyofhighqualityroughageandfeedsmallamountsatfrequentintervals.
Donotfeedexcessivegrains.fresh,cleanwatershouldbereadilyaccessible.Monitoringofliveweightandconditionscoringwillindicatetheadequacyofthefeedconditions.
154ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
TypeYoungkids:suckleondoeorusemilkreplacer.Oldergoats:grazingandbrowsingisthemosteconomical.Supplementaryfeedingwithhayandconcentratemixesmaybenecessary.Alocalveterinarianshouldbeconsultedtodetermineifthereisaneedforspecificsupplementation.
QuantityVarieswithweight,stageofgrowthandstageofproduction.Ifnobrowseisavailable,thecarryingcapacityonpastureforgoatsissimilartosheep.Astwinsandtripletsarenotuncommon,itisimportanttoensurethatdoes,duringthelastthirdofpregnancy,areonarisingplaneofnutrition.
RegularityHayandpastureshouldbefreelyavailable.fordairyanimals,concentratesshouldbefedateachmilkingandonceperdayforothers.Kidscanhavefreeaccesstothedoes.Ifkidsarehandreared,feedatthefollowingfrequencies:•3–4daysold,fivetimesperday•3days–3weeksold,threetofivetimesperday•3–6weeksold,twiceaday.
Essential dietary needs (variations)Newbornkidsmustgetcolostruminthefirst24hours.Ifgoatcolostrumisnotavailable,sheeporcowcolostrummaybeused.Asadversereactionstocowcolostrumhaveoccurred,careisneeded.
whenhand-rearingkids,bottlesshouldbesterilisedwithacommercialsubstancesuchasMilton.Milkreplacer,acommerciallyavailablemilkreplacerforgoats,shouldbeintroducedslowly.feed50%milkmixedwith50%Vytrate,anelectrolytesolution.Thisensuresthattheanimaldoesnotscour.Slowlyincreasethequantityofmilkinthemixuntilyouarefeeding100%milkafterthreetofourdays.Ifthekidbeginstoscour,placeiton100%Vytrateandstarttheprocedureagain.Mineralsupplements,inparticularsalt,maybenecessary.Adviceshouldbesoughtfromthelocalveterinarian.
WaterGoatsrequire4–5litres/day,andupto10litresperdayforlactatingdoes.Thesequantitiesmaydoubleintemperaturesabove40°C.watermustbecleanasgoatsmayrefusetodrinkcontaminatedwater.Thefloatmechanismintroughsneedstobeprotectedtoensuregoatsdonotdamageit.
Handling
Goatsneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalsandthehandlers.Goatsshouldbepickedupbythebody,neverbythehornsorfleece.
Kidscanbecaughtbyputtinghandsaroundtheirbodies.Catchingbythelegscancausedislocationofjoints.
Asimple,smallversionofacattle-typebailcanbeusedforallpurposesincludinghooftrimming,washingandmilking.Asimplecollarcanbeusedformilking.Most
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sheepequipmentcanbeusedforgoats.Shearingcashmeresinvolvesusingasimplecollarrestraint,whilstAngorasareheldinthesamewayassheep.Allhandlingfacilitiesshouldbeconstructedandmaintainedandofsuchasizeastominimizetheriskofinjury,diseaseandovercrowding.
formarking,thekidisheldsothatitsbodyfacesthehandler’sbody,withitsheadupanditsbacklegsheld.Alambcradlecanalsobeusedforkids.Goatskeptinschoolslearnroutinesquicklyandrespondtofoodincentives.
forspecifichandlingtechniques,refertoApprovedActivities:goats,inthesenotes.
Normal behaviour
Goatsareagile,alertandobservant.Theywillseekshelterfromrainandavoidwater-loggedareasasitisverydifficultforthemtomovethroughpuddlesofwater.Generally,goatshavealeaderandarenotusuallyaggressiveunlessprovoked.Kidsplaytogether.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Movement of goats
Thereareanumberofrestrictionsregardingthemovementofgoats.Toensurethattheappropriatelegislationisfollowed,contactTheAnimalwelfareAuthorityACTandtheRurallandsProtectionBoardorNSwAgriculture.
Signs of illness
Goatsmayshowsignsof:•disorientation•lethargy•changedfeedinghabits•scouring•nervousness•discharging•separatingfrom,orlaggingbehind,themainbodyoftheflock•lameness•ill-thriftorwasting•anabnormalgaitorareluctancetorise.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Commonailmentsthatmayoccurincludemastitis,bloat,internalparasitesormilkfever.
Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithgoats.
156ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,mustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Goatscanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoanabattoir.Carcasesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
WebsitesPolicyandGuidelinesforriskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms,2001,ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining,viewed1October2008https://index.det.act.gov.au/resources/im_safety.html#publications
DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,2008,ACTGovernment,viewed29September2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/environment/local_wildlife/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
Breedsoflivestock,2008,OklahomaStateUniversityBoardofRegents,viewed1October2008www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNSwGovernment,viewed1October2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
Printed textsColeby,P.(2000)Natural Goat and Alpaca Care(2nded.),CSIROPublishing,Australia.
CSIROPublications(1991)Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: The Goat,Australia.
NSwAgriculture,Agfacts: Goats,Australia.
NSwAgriculture,Agskills: Goats,Australia.
Prendergast,M.(1981)A Guide to Keeping Goats in Australia,ThomasNelson,Australia.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools157
RurallandsProtectionBoard
NSwAgriculture
localcouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: goatsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Sheepyardscanbeusedforgoatsalthoughgoatsjumpoverfencesmoreoftenthansheep.Avoidrushingtheanimalsandtakecarewhenyardinggoatswithhornsastheycaninjurethemselves,andothers,ifthehornsgetstuckinthefences.Avoidacutecornersanddonotyardmorethan12–15goatsatthesametime.
Goatsshouldberestrainedontheirfeetandnotthrownlikesheep.Goatsmayberestrainedbyaheadstallorinabalethatwillallowhooftrimming,washing,milkingorageingbydentition.Angorascanbeheldbythebaseoftheirhornsforshortperiods.
Kidscanbecaughtbyputtinghandsaroundtheirbodies.Catchingbythelegscancausedislocationofjoints.
C. Non-invasive measurement of
1. body weight (Category 2)Theeasiestandmostappropriatemethodtodeterminebodyweightistouseasetofportablesheepscalesthatcanbefittedintoarace,allowingtheanimaltoberestrainedandweighedwithoutunduestressorhandling.Bathroomscalescanbeusedforkids.Thekidsarecarriedontothescalesthentheholder’sweightissubtracted.
2. body condition by visual assessment or condition scoring (Category 2)Thebodyconditioncanbeassessedwhengoatsarestandinginarace,baleorheadstall.
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3. growth (Category 2)Measurementscanbetakenusingatapemeasureorbystandingthekidagainstarulerorbackgroundgrid.
4. body proportions(Category 2)Thechangeinbodyproportionsasanimalsgrowisbestrecordedthroughphotographs.Thismeanslittlehandlingofstockandgivespermanentandaccuraterecordsofdevelopmentalchanges.Itisusefultostandgoatsagainstabackgroundgrid.
5. pulse or blood flow(Category 2)Thepulsecanberecordedbyfeelingthecarotidarteryatthebaseofthejaworthefemoralarteryinsideahindleg.
6. respiration(Category 2)
8. age by dentition (Category 2)likesheep,goatsareagedaccordingtotheirdentition.Tocheckthenumberofteethinitsmouth,thegoatcanberestrainedbyputtingitinarace,headstallorbail.
9. scrotum and testicles (palpation)(Category 2)Thegoatisheldinastandingposition.Thehandlerplacesahandoneachsideofthebaseofthescrotumandfeelsforthespermaticchordsbetweenthumbandfingers,graduallymovingdowntotheepididymis.Abnormalitiessuchashardnessandswellingcanbefeltwithouttoomuchpressure.
Comparisonsbetweenthetestescanbemadesimultaneouslybyusingahandoneachside.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
1. high/normal protein(Category 3)
2. high/normal energy(Category 3)
3. high/normal fat(Category 3)
4. palatability (Category 3)Itisrecommendedthatdietaryobservationberestrictedtophysiologicaleffectsonfibregrowthastheseprovideaccurateresultswithoutcausingstresstotheanimal.Restrictionoffoodquantityisnotacceptable.
Ensurepoisonousplants,especiallyrhododendrons,azaleas,oleanders,tomatoesandyew,arenotofferedtogoats.lilacandprivetwillnotaffectgoatsbutmayaffectthehumanswhodrinktheirmilk.
E. Behaviour activities
2. taming/gentling(Category 3)Goatsenjoyhumancompany.Tamingisbestdonewhenkidsareinthefirstfewdaysoflife.Avoidexcessivestresstothemother,assomedoesareexceptionallyprotective.Taminginthesecasesmaybeeasiestifthekidishandfed.Avoid
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stressingthekidsbyensuringthatstudentsdonotspendtoomuchtimewiththemorinterrupttheirmealtimes.
3. training for competition or showing(Category 3)Kidsarequietenedatanearlyageandshouldbehandledasmuchaspossible.Dairygoatscanbetrainedtowalkusingacollarandlead.Accustomthemtobeinghandledalloverandparadingaroundaring.
F. Collection of samples from livestock
1. fibre (Category 2)Samplesshouldbecut,notpulled,fromallspeciesexceptcashmere,wheresamplescanbebrushedoutifdesired.
2. milk (Category 2)Thedoeshouldbesafelyrestrainedwithacollarorbail.Oneofthebacklegsmayneedtobetiedusingalegrope.Beforeeachmilking,ensureadequatehygienebywashingtheudderincleanwaterorsanitizersolutionandwipingudderandteatdrywithpapertowel.Atmilkingtime,themilkershouldwashhandsbetweengoats.Aftercollectingasampleofmilk,eachteatthathasbeenmilkedshouldbedippedinasanitisersolutionregisteredforteatdisinfection.
3. faeces and urine (non-invasive) (Category 2)whencollectingurine,themostefficientmethodistorestraintheanimaloveracollectiontraythatwillcollectallpassedurine.Remembertotreatallurineasthoughitcontainshazardousdiseases.Storetheurineinsealedcontainers,handlewithsurgicalglovesandensurethatallcollectionareasarekeptclean.
faecescanbecollectedfromthegroundaftertheanimalhasdefaecated.Goatscanbetemporarilyrestrainedinapenorcornerofthepaddock.Studentsshouldwearglovesandfollowproperhygieneprocedures.
5. saliva(Category 3)Salivacanbeeasilycollectedbyfeedingroughagetogoatsjustbeforecollection.Roughagestimulatesexcesssalivaproductionsocollectionfromthemouth,usingasyringe-operatedsuctiontube,becomesaneasyprocess.
4. faeces (invasive)(Category 5)
6. ruminal fluid(Category 5)
7. blood(Category 5)
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•backline(Category3)•spray(Category3)•dip(Category3)
160ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
oral•drench(Category3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category3)•intramuscular(Category3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofallinternalandexternalparasitesforallgoats.
whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametimeandpasturesshouldberotatedinconjunctionwiththedrenchprogram.Treatmentforexternalparasitesisnowcommonlycarriedoutusingpour-onorbacklinechemicals.Thesechemicalsaresaferfortheoperatorandforthosewatchingtheprocedure.TheyaresuitableforuseinschoolsprovidingthechemicalsareapprovedinthePolicy and Guidelines for Risk Management in ACT Government Secondary Science Programs.
DoNOTusethesheeptreatment,Clout;however,theproduct,Clout-S,issuitableforuseingoats.Treatmentprogramsshouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenchesoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
Goatsneedtobevaccinatedwith6in1vaccine.Kidsshouldbedoneatmarkingandfollowed-upfourtosixweekslater.Olderanimalscanberestrainedinabail.
Toavoidabscessesandcarcassdamage,vaccinationshouldbedoneinthewebofskinatthebaseoftheear,using18gauge,12mmneedlesthataresharpandsterile.
4. ear tagging (Category 3)Ensurethatthegoatsaresafelyrestrained.Theprocedureshouldbecarriedoutquickly.Tagsareplacedintheleftearoffemalesandtherightearofmales.Avoidpuncturinglargebloodvessels.Equipmentshouldbecleanedbetweengoatstohelppreventbloodborneinfections.
5. tattoo application(Category 3)Thisprocedureisnecessaryforregisteredstudgoats.Cleantheinnersurfaceofanearwithmethylatedspirits.Applythetattooinktoaclean,hairlessarea,awayfromridgesofcartilageorlargeveins.Applytattoopliersfirmly.Rubexcessinkintotattoomarks.Thepliersshouldbesterilizedbetweengoatstopreventthespreadofblood-borneinfections.
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6. hoof paring(Category 3)forgoats,thisprocedureneedstobedoneoften.Restrainthegoatinabail.Toavoidcuttingsensitivetissue,studentsshouldreceivepriorinstructiononhoofstructure.Toavoidtakingofftoomuchhoofandcausingbleedingordamage,thehornofthehoofshouldbecutbackinseveralstages.Ensurethefootstandslevelandcutthesiderfirst,thenthepointofthetoeandthehead.
Veryovergrownhoovesshouldbecutbackgraduallybytrimmingatweeklyintervals.Nobleedingshouldoccur.
8. shearing (Category 3)Shearingshouldbecarriedouttwiceayearwhenthewoolisnolongerthan150mm.Shearsshouldbesettohalfsheepshearingspeed.lubricatethecombsmoreoftentokeepthemcool.Treatcutsbyapplyingacommerciallyavailableantiseptic.
12. milking (Category 3)Doesshouldbesafelyrestrainedwithacollarorbail.Abacklegmayneedtobetiedusingalegrope.Beforeeachmilking,ensureadequatehygienebywashingtheudderincleanwaterorsanitisersolutionandwipingudderandteatdrywithpapertowel.Atmilkingtime,themilkershouldwashhandsbetweengoats.Aftercollectingasampleofmilk,eachteatthathasbeenmilkedshouldbedippedinasanitizersolutionregisteredforteatdisinfection.Doesmaybefedwhilemilking.lactatingdairygoatsinfulllactationshouldnotbeleftformorethan24hourswithoutreliefbymilking.
Checktheudderregularlyformastitis.SeveremastitiscanbecheckedbyusingaRapidMastitisTestwhichinvolvesmixingadetergentsolutionwithmilk.Milkfrominfectedudderswillformajelly-likeconsistency.RefertoAgskillsfromNSwAgricultureforprocedurestorecogniseandtreatmastitis.
SpecialgoatcupsareavailableformilkingmachinesalthoughJerseycowcupsmaybemoresuitableforgoatswithlargerteats.Donotovermilk.Monitortheflowofmilkandceasemilkingwhenthesteadyflowbeginstodwindle.lactationshouldonlybeencouragedfor5–9months.Vacuumsourceshouldbeat35–45kgandhaveapulsationrateof70–90ppm.
25. castration (Category 4)Castrationcanbedonebyplacinganelastratorringattheneckofthescrotum,byremovalusingaknife,orbyusingaspecially-designed,heatedknifethatsealsthewound.
31. artificial insemination (Category 5)
39. disbudding (Category 4)Thisprocedureisbestcarriedoutonkidsduringtheirfirstweekbyusingahotdisbuddingiron,whichisusuallygas-powered.Experiencedoperatorsonlyshoulddotheprocedure,aslocalanaesthesiamustbeusedtorestrainthekid.Kidsshouldbecheckedafter2–3weeksasregrowthcanoccuriftheprocedureisnotcorrectlyperformed.Disbuddingshouldbeperformedbyanexperiencedoperator,preferablyaveterinarian.
Careshouldbetakenwhendisbuddingyoungbucksasdamagecanbedonetothescentglandswhicharelocatednearthehornbuds.
Guineapigs
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACT Codes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
ThereisnotaseparatecodewithinTAMSforwelfareofguineapigs.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
Themostcommonvarietiesare:•Englishorshort-haired,whosecoarsehair,from3to4cm long,liesveryclosetothebody•Peruvianorsilkylong-haired,withhairover12cmlong•Abyssinianwhichischaracterisedbyrough,curly rosettesofhairoverthebody.
Coatcolourcanvaryoverawiderangeofblack/brown/whitearrangements,andsomemutantstrainscanalsohavetortoiseshellandyellowcolourings.
Physical attributes
Size: matureanimalshaveastoutbuild andareabout15cmlongAdultweight: male:900–1500grams female:700–900gramsAgeatadultsize: male:10weeks female:6–8weeksAveragelifespan: 4–5yearsweightatbirth: 60–100gramsGestationperiod: 59–72days,anaverageof 63–68daysNumberofoffspring: 1–10
162ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools163
litterfrequency: 3–5peryearRangeofbreedingages: 4weeksto20months.Sowsshouldnotbeallowedtoget toooldbeforebreedingforthefirsttimeasdystociamay occur.Descriptionatbirth: completelycoveredwithfur,eyesopen,fullsetofteeth, youngareupandrunningwithinonehour.Desirableweaningage: 14–21days(180gm).femalescanmatefrom28daysof ageandweaningshouldprecedethis.feet: forefeethavefourbroadtoes.Hindfeethavethreetoes.Tail: nilbutthereisatailbonewhichisbarelyvisible.Healthycharacteristics: bodytemperature:37–38ºC heartrate:180–340beatsperminute respirationrate:85–90perminute.
Environment
Guineapigsmaybehousedindoorsoroutdoors,inlessintensiveconditionsandwithaccesstofreshgrazing.AnexampleofanoutdoorhutchsystemistheamendedMorantsystemwhichprovidesamixofgrazingareaandasolidfloor.
whetherkeepingguineapigsintensivelyorinanoutdoorsystem,thehousingareamustbetreatedwithextremecareandcleanliness.Guineapigswillbecomeagitatediftheircagesareuncleanortheyaremovedfrequently.
Guineapigskeptindoorsshouldbehousedinawell-litandventilatedarea,awayfromdraughts,fumesandnoise,andatatemperaturebetween16and20°C.
Theyshouldnotbeplacedinthefollowingpositions•nearwindows,especiallyduringwinterormidsummer•indirectsunlight•indraughtsfromventilators,windowsordoors•infumesofanykind,overornearheaters•whereaccessisdifficult.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
SpaceAvarietyofcagesareavailableinplastic,metalslatorwire.Guineapigsthatarenotraisedinwirecagesmayexperiencebrokenlimbsiftheyaretransferredtowire-basedcages.wide,wiremeshfloorsaresuitableforoutdoorruns.Ifwirecagesareused,itisimportanttoprovideasectionofsolidflooring.
Opencagesshouldhavesidesthatareatleast38cmhigh.Theyareonlysuitableforkeepingguineapigsindoors.
Adultanimalsshouldhaveapproximately1m2floorspaceperanimal.
Clearplasticsidedcagesareexcellentforstudentobservation,however,ensureprivacyforguineapigsbyprovidingshelter.
164ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Movement and exerciseNospecialfacilitiesarerequiredastheyarerelativelyinactiveanimalsexceptwhensuddenlydisturbed.Toavoidstampedesandcircling,placeobstaclesinsidethecage.Ifstampedingdoesoccur,itindicatespoorhusbandrytechniques.
BeddingBeddingshouldbeofsoftwoodshavings,coarsesawdustorshreddedpaperwithhay(orstrawwithoutgrassseeds)beingaddedfornesting.Sufficientbeddingshouldbeprovidedtoenabletheanimaltoburrowunder.Newlittersshouldnotbedisturbedforatleastoneweek.
CleanlinessCagesandfeedcontainersshouldbesanitizedatleastweeklybywashingwithadetergentandhotwaterormilddisinfectantsolutionfollowedbyathoroughrinse.Guineapigcagesrequirefrequentcleaninginordertoavoidammoniabuildup.Toremoveurinescaleaweaklyacidicsolutionmaybeneeded.
Food and water requirements
GuineapigsarevegetarianandmusthavevitaminCtomaintaingoodhealth.Cerealstrawisrequiredforyoungsowsinfirstpregnancy.
Theyrequirefreshlymilledpelletswhicharesofterandsmallerthanratpellets.Thepelletsmustbediscardedafter90daystoensurecontinuoussupplyofvitaminC.Guineapigsmustalsohavegreenfeedforanumberofreasons.Ifascorbicacidneedsof10mgperkgbodymassarenotsuppliedinthefeed,itcanbeaddedtothewatersupply.
Inveryearlylife,guineapigsimprintfordietandrefusaltoeatachangeofdietcanresultintheirstarvingtodeath.Guineapigsareveryfussyeatersandmayrefusetoeatordrinkiffeedorfeedersarechanged.
Thedailyfeedrequirementis6gramsper100gramsofbodymassand80–l00mlofwater.feedandwatermustbechangedandreplenishedatleastevery48hoursalthoughdailyservicingispreferable.likeprimates,guineapigslackanenzymeintheglucosetovitaminCpathwayandrequireascorbicacid.Naturalsuppliesofthisarefoundincabbage,kale,greenfeed,carrotsandpumpkin.
Guineapigs’teethgrowcontinuously,sohardshellednutsorothergnawingmaterial,suchasrawfruitandvegetables,mustbeincludedtopreventovergrowth.
WaterInvertedglasswaterbottleswithametalorpyrexglasscannulaarerecommendedasguineapigswillchewonandblocksippertubewaterers.feedersandwaterersshouldbesuspendedawayfrombeddingastheydefecateandurinateintotheirfeedandwateriftheseareplacedontheflooroftheirhousingarea.SpillagesmustbedrainedawaytoensuredrybeddingandreducetheriskofSalmonellosis.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools165
Handling
Guineapigsneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalandthehandler.well-designedrefugessuchastubesorpipesassistincatching.Ifguineapigshideinthese,theycaneasilybecaughtwithoutstruggling.
Guineapigssometimesfreezewhenbeingtransportedandprovisionshouldbemadeforsomewhereforthemtohide.Theywillrecoverwellifleftundisturbedforapproximatelyonehour.Unlikemiceandrats,theyusuallydonotchewthroughtransportcontainers.Ensuregoodventilation,noovercrowding,andasmallamountofhaytohelpprotecttheanimalinthetransportbox.Anyhandler,whetherteacherorstudent,mustmaintainahighlevelofhygienebothbeforeandafterhandlinganimals.Handsshouldbewashedwithwarmsoapywater.Anybiteshouldreceiveappropriatefirst-aidormedicaltreatment.
Normal behaviour
Guineapigsarenotidealanimalsforobservationastheychoosetospendagreatdealoftheirliveshiding,howevertheydorespondreadilytofrequent,gentlehandling.Theyrarelybiteorscratchbuthaveatendencytoscatterfeedandbedding.Astheymature,theylikesethandlingpatternsandmaybecomeagitatediffeed,waterorcontainersarechanged.Theyareextremelysensitivetobeingmovedandasaresultmayfreezefor30minutesormore.
Theymakelittlenoiseexceptwhenstressed,whichwillcausethemtouttershrillsquawksandhissingsounds.Theymaybecomequitevocalinanticipationoffood.femaleswithyoungwillmakeasoftcluckingnoisewhiletheyoungchatter.Toattractamale,afemaleonheatmakeslowquietbleats.Excitedguineapigsstampede,andmaytrampletheiryoung.
Theyhaveatendencytocirclewhenstressedbutthiscanbealleviatedbyidentifyingthecauseofthestressandremovingitorbyusingarectangularcageorprovidingbarrierswithinthecagetoreducecircling.
Theyestablishmaledominatedhierarchies,andsubordinateanimalsmaybechewedorbarbered.Onlyonemaleperpenshouldbekeptandmaturemalesshouldnotbekepttogether.Strangemalesplacedtogether,particularlywithafemaleorincrowdedconditions,willfight.
Theydonotburrowinthewildbutliveinthedug-outsofotheranimals.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.
Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
166ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Signs of illness
Thefirstsignnoticedisachangeintheanimal’snaturaldemeanour.Itmaybelistlessorlethargic.Closerexaminationsmayshow:
variations in:•bodytemperature•gastrointestinalfunctionssuchasdiarrhoea,weightlossorlossofappetite•urogenitalfunctions,e.g.abortion,infertilityorabnormaldischarges•respiratoryfunctions,e.g.persistentcoughing,gaspingorpanting;
or evidence of:•skinconditionsuchaslesions,abnormalgrowths•atuckedupappearance,stiffgait,orabnormalposture,patchycoatorlossofhair•excessivescratchingorrubbing•swollenjointsorlimping•dribbling.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithguineapigs.
Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Adisposalplanneedstobeconsideredbeforeusingananimalinanyprogram.
Suggested resources
WebsitesAustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2008,ANZCCARTviewed1October2008www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed1October2008www.rspca.org.au
Petalia,AworldofPetCare,2000,PetaliaTM,viewed1October2008http://www.petalia.com.au/Home/
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools167
Approved activities: guinea pigsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of animal behaviour (Category 1)Guineapigsarenotidealanimalsforobservationduetotheirnormalbehaviourofhiding.Iftheanimalspanicandbegintostampede,donotcontinuetheobservationperiod.
B. Low impact activities
• Breeding of guinea pigs in the classroom (Category 2)
• The appropriate care of classroom pets(Category 2)Aplanforthedisposalofsurplusanimalsmustbeinplacepriortobeginningthisactivity.Ifkillingistheonlydisposaloption,thenthebreedingprogramisnotallowed.
Themaleandfemaleshouldbeseparatedpriortobirth.Offspringshouldbeseparatedintosinglesexgroupsatweaning.
Itisessentialthatsowsarematedandgivebirthbythetimetheyare12monthsold.Thisavoidsproblemscausedbythenaturalhardeningofasow’spelvisassheages.Sowsandtheiryoungshouldnotbedisturbedduringbirthorwithinthefirstweekoflife.
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Thegentlenatureofguineapigsmakesthemoneoftheeasiestlaboratoryanimalstohandle.Theyrarelybitebuttheycan,andwill,ifhandledincorrectly.Theyshouldbeliftedbygraspingunderthetrunkgentlybutfirmlywithonehand,whilesupportingtherearquarterswiththeotherhand.Greatcareshouldbetakenwhenhandlingpregnantfemales.
Onlyonestudentshouldhandletheguineapigatanytime.Guineapigsareextremelysensitivetooverhandlingandshouldnotbehandledbymultiplestudentsinanyonesession.Guineapigsaretemperamentallydifferentandonlythosewhichdonotshowdistresswhenhandledshouldbeused.Suddennoiseormovementshouldnotbeallowedneartheanimals.
C. Non-invasive measurement of
1. bodyweight (Category 2)
2. body condition(Category 2)
3. growth (Category 2)
168ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
4. body proportions(Category 2)Studentscansetupweight/ageandsize/agechartsforanumberofanimalsandoperatethemoveraperiodof10weeks.Useapre-weighedcontainerofappropriatesizeandappropriatescalesandmeasuringtapestodetermineoveralllength,girthandsizeofskull.
Priortrainingandexperienceincapture,restraintandhandlingisrequired.Guineapigsshouldberestrainedfortheshortestpossibleperiod.Tomaintainidentificationofindividualanimals,usecolour-dyemarking.
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical(Category 3)•liceandfleascanbecontrolledbydustingtheanimalswithinsecticidepowder suitableforpets.
oral (Category 3)•Signsandsymptomssuchasdullcoat,scurvyandconstipationmayindicate adeficiencyofascorbicacid.Adviceandtreatmentsuchasanoralsupplement shouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianfamiliarwithguineapigs.
2. coat care and grooming (Category 2)Guineapigsrequiresomelevelofcoatcaredependingonthetypeofcoat.longcoatedguineapigsmustbegroomedregularly.Animalsshouldbegentledandtamedfromoneweekoldtobecomeaccustomedtogrooming.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools169
Horses
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March2009at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/48821/horsewelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Activitiesinvolvinglargedomesticandfarmanimalsthatmightstandon,crushorotherwisecausephysicalinjurytoapersonareclassedas‘highrisk’(level3)activitiesinthePolicy and Guidelines for Risk Management in ACT Government Secondary Science Programs 2001.Highriskactivitieshavethepotentialforriskofseriousinjurytostudentsorothers(e.g.anirreversibleinjury,permanentdamagetohealthorafatality).
Teachers/leadersarerequiredtoprovidedirectsupervision(onetotwostudentsatanyonetimeworkingwithteacherguidance).Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeusedtominimisetheriskofinjury,andtheactivityistobeundertakeninasafeanddefinedarea.
Ariskassessmentmustbecompletedanddocumentedbyseniormanagementpriortothecommencementofhighriskactivities.Intheeventofastudentaccident,acopyoftheriskassessmentformandotherrelevantdocuments(e.g.studentsafetytest,pre-activityteachingandlearning,coursedocuments)shouldbeattachedtothestudentaccidentreportformaandforwardedtoworkplacerelationsandGovernmentlegalandliaisonsection.
170ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Varietal range difference
ThereisarangeofbreedsinuseinAustraliathatareclassifiedaccordingtoactivity:•Thoroughbred/warmbloodinOlympicdisciplines•Thoroughbred/Pony/Arabinhackring•Thoroughbredinracing•Stockhorsetypesinfarmwork•Arabianusedextensivelyinendurancerides.
Physical attributes
Size: 8handshigh,e.g.Shetlandpony,to18.2handshighsuch asDraughtbreedorlargewarmblood. 1hand=10cm. Theheightofthehorseistakentothetopofthewithers.weight: variesfrom200kg(Shetlandpony)to 700kg(draughtbreeds)weightatbirth: Shetlandis30kg Draughtis100kgAgeatadultsize: 4years,somevariationexistsbetweenbreedsGestationperiod: 322–345days.Averageis336days.Numberofoffspring: 1.Onrareoccasions,twinsarebornbutusuallytheyhave alowsurvivalrate.Rangeofbreedingages: mares:3–20years. Progesteroneissometimesusedtohelpmaintain pregnancyinmaresover15years.weaningage: 6–9monthsHealthycharacteristics: temperature:38.0–38.3ºC. At38.4ºCyouwouldbeconcerned.Heartrate: 30–40/minRespiration: 10–20/min.Variesbetweenindividuals.
Environment
SpaceAhorsekeptatpasturewillrequireatleastonehectaretoprovideadequatefeed.Supplementationmaystillberequiredinsummerandwinter.Horsesstabled,orkeptinrestrictiveyardsforlongperiods,willrequireregulardailyexercise.RecommendedsizesandmaterialsareprovidedintheCodeofPractice,welfareofHorsesintheACTavailableat:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/pets/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
Movement and exercisePasturedhorseswillkeepthemselvesexercised.Horseskeptconfinedinyardsorstableswillneeddailyexercisesoraccesstolargegrazingareas.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools171
FencingSmallyardsshouldhavepostandrailfencingusingtimber,steelpipingorsteelposts.Barbedwire,prefabricatedfencingandhightensilefencingcancausesevereinjurytohorsesandshouldnotbeused.Thehorsesshouldbeabletoseeanyfencingmaterialeasily.
TemperatureHorsescancopewiththetemperatureextremesexperiencedinNSwiftheyhaveadequatewaterandsomeformofshelter.Olderhorses,orthosestabledandrecentlyturnedouttopasture,mayrequireruggingwithalined,waterproofrugincoldweather.
LightNaturallightisfine.Experiencedstockpeopleusinghorsesforshowingpurposesortoinfluenceoestrusinbreedingmaressometimesemployartificiallight.Itisunlikelythatthisneedwouldexistintheschoolsituation.
VentilationHorsesrequireawell-ventilatedstablewithoutdraughts.Inpaddocks,theyneedanareatogetoutofthewind.
ShelterShelterfromheat,windandrainisrequired.Itmaybeabeltoftreesortheprovisionofastable.Astable3.5x3.5missuitableformosthorsesand3x3misadequateforapony.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
BeddingBeddingisonlyneededinastableandshouldbedeepenoughtopreventleginjuries.Ricehulls,straw,woodshavingoranyabsorbentmaterialissuitableprovidingthehorsedoesnoteatit.
CleaningRemovedirtybeddingfromstablesatleastonceaday.Tohelpcontrolworms,manureshouldberemovedfromthepaddock.
Food requirements
TypeAshorsesareunabletodigestlowqualityfeedsefficiently,theyshouldbeprovidedwithgoodqualityfeedatalltimes.factorssuchasindividualtastes,age,sizeandtheamountofworkdonebyahorsewillinfluenceitsfeedrequirements.Maturehorsesnotinworkcanbemaintainedonpastureifitisofhighqualitythroughouttheyear.Supplementingthefeedofhorsesusuallyconsistsofroughagessuchaslegumes,cerealchaffsandhayandconcentratesintheformofgrainssuchasoats,barleyandcorn,pelletsandproteinmeals.
172ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
QuantityHorseswillgenerallyeatdrymatterofabout1.5to2.5%oftheirbodyweightperday.Ifthequantityorqualityofpastureisinadequate,thensupplementaryfeedingwillbenecessary.
forfurtherinformation,refertoappendix2oftheCodeofPractice:welfareofHorsesintheACT,page42.
RegularityUnlimitedaccesswouldonlybeallowedwhenthehorseisatpasture.Ifsupplementaryfeedissuppliedthenfeedthehorseatleasttwiceaday.Notethathorseshaveonlyasmallstomachsosmalleramounts,fedmoreoften,arepreferable.
Essential dietary needs (variations)Highfibrefoodshouldalwaysbeavailable.lucernehayisausefulroughagefeedforhorses,supplyingallnutritionalrequirementsforahorsenotinwork.Horsesarefarmoresensitivetotheirfeedthanruminantanimals.
Anychangesindietshouldbemadegradually,overeighttotendays.Thisminimisestheriskofcolic,especiallyifintroducinggrain,changinggraintypeorquantities.Donotfeedmouldyfeed.Bewareofpoisonousplants,inparticularthosepalatabletohorses,e.g.,croftonweedandPatterson’scurse.lowfibregrainsshouldbeavoidedunlesstreated,e.g.barleyshouldbeboiledorsteamrolled.
WaterAhorsemayconsumeupto25–45litresofwaterperday.waterandtroughsshouldbecleanandfreefromcontamination.Supplywateradlibexceptafterstrenuousexercisewhenthewatershouldhavethechilltakenoffitandbegiveninlimitedquantitiesuntilthehorsehascooledoff.Horsesthatarelimitedintheiraccesstowaterwilltendtogorgethemselves,possiblyresultingincolic.Automaticwateringsystemsarerequiredandtheseshouldbecheckeddailytoensuretheyareworking.
forfurtherinformation,refertoappendix2oftheCodeofPractice:welfareofHorsesintheACTpage42.
Handling
Horsesshouldbeapproachedinaquiet,kindwayandhandledinafirm,non-hesitantmanner.Schoolsshouldchoosehorseswithcalmtemperamentsthatrequireminimalrestrainttoperformactivities.Alargenumberofhorseswillrequireonlyaheadstallandleadropetocarryoutallactivitiesperformedinschools.
Normal behaviour
Thesepointsshouldalwaysbenotedwhenconsideringthebehaviourofhorses:•horsesarenaturallygregariousand,assuch,thereisastrongherdinstinct•horsesmaydevelopabnormalbehaviourssuchasweavingorwindsucking,when keptunderunnaturalconditionsthatinvolvesocialisolationorlowroughagediets. weavinghasbeendefinedasthelateralswayingoftheheadoverthestabledoor orsomeotherbarrier.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools173
wind-suckingandcrib-bitingmaybeperformedwhilegraspingasurfaceand involvecontractionofthehorse’sneckmusclesandanaudiblegrunt.These behaviourstendtopersistevenwhentheaffectedanimalsaremanagedmore naturally.•horsesinthedomesticstatetendtofindsecurityinfamiliarsurrounding.Thiscan belikenedtothesecuritythattheyderivefrommembersoftheherdinthewild state.•horsesareessentiallynervousandexcitablesothereisastronginstinctiveflight response•horseshaveindividualtemperamentsandthisshouldbeconsideredwhen assessingbehaviour.•horsesarenaturallynervousandsuspiciousofanythingneworstrange,sudden movementsandloudnoises•horseskeptinconfinedareassuchasstablesandsmallyardsoftendevelop behaviouralproblemsbecauseoffrustrationandlackofstimulation• inthewild,horsesmovetokeepintouchwithoneanother.whenhorsesarenot freetodothis,theytendtodevelopabnormalbehavioursuchasweaving•horseshaveasmallstomachandaredesignedtoeatlittleandoften•horsesthatarebeingfedcerealsshouldbefedsmallamountsatatimeandbe offeredhighfibreforages,otherwisetheytendtodevelopvicessuchascrib-biting andwind-sucking.
Note on the selection of horses
Horseschosenforuseinschoolsshouldhaveacalmtemperamentandbeeasytohandle.Horsesareverymuchindividualsandtherestraintusedtohandleonehorsemaynotbesuitableforanother.Allhorsesusedinschoolsshouldbeabletobeadequatelyrestrainedwiththeuseofaheadstallandleadrope.Ultimately,thechoiceofasuitablehorseforuseinaschoolshouldbeonethatdoesnotrequiretheuseofatwitchtorestrainitforanyactivitiesincategories2or3.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Signs of illness
Thefirstsignnoticedisachangeinthehorse’snaturaldemeanour.Itmaybelistlessorlethargic.Closerexaminationsmayshow:
variations in:•bodytemperature•gastrointestinalfunctionssuchasdiarrhoea,weightlossorlossofappetite•urogenitalfunctions,e.g.abortion,infertilityorabnormaldischarges•respiratoryfunctionssuchaspersistentcoughing,gaspingorpanting;or
174ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
evidence of:•skinconditionsuchaslesionsorabnormalgrowths•atuckedupappearance,stiffgait,abnormalposture,patchycoatorlossofhair•excessivescratchingorrubbing•swollenjointsorlimping.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Commonailmentsthatmayoccurincludecolicorinternalparasites.
Ifthecauseofill-healthcannotbeidentifiedandcorrected,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithhorses.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Horsescanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoanabattoir.Carcassesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
WebsitesPolicyandGuidelinesforriskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms,2001,ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining,viewed1October2008https://index.det.act.gov.au/resources/im_safety.html#publications
Breedsoflivestock,2008,OklahomaStateUniversityBoardofRegents,viewed1October2008www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNSwGovernment,viewed1October2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed1October2008www.rspca.org.au
Printed textsNSwAgriculture, Agfacts,Informationsheets.
NSwAgriculture,Agskills,HomeStudyProgramdevelopedatC.B.AlexanderCollege,Tocal.
PeerageBooks,(1985)Encyclopaedia of the Horse,PeerageBooks,london.
UfAw(1988)The Management and Welfare of Farm Animals,Hertfordshire,UK.
Yabsley,G.(1983)Farming in a small way,NSwAgriculture,Sydney.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools175
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
NSwAgriculture
localCouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: horsesPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observations(Category 1)Itisimportanttorealisethathorsesarelargeanimalsandcaremustbetakenwhenmakingobservationsatfeedingtime.whenbeingfed,horsesmayshowaggressivebehaviouriftheyareestablishinganhierarchicalorder.
Asafepaddockorstablesetupissuitableforobservations.
Ahorsemaybeobtainedfromareputabledealerorstud.Itispreferabletoleaseahorseforaschooltermandreturnitbeforetheholidays,orundertakeexcursionstoregisteredridingschools.
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Onlyhorseswithsound,calmtemperamentsshouldbeusedforstudentstohandleandrestrain.Afirm,quietapproachtohorsehandlingshouldbeemphasised.Mosthorsesshouldnotneedtheuseofatwitchforrestraintexceptforsomeveterinaryprocedures.
Mosthorseswillallowthemselvestobecaughtand,oncetrained,willleadbyaheadstall.forhorsesdifficulttocatch,afeedenticementisausefulaid.Asmaller,solidlybuiltcatchyardcanbeusedadjacenttothemainpaddock.Generally,
176ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
tryingtocornerhorseswillonlyleadtotheflightresponsethatcouldbepotentiallydangeroustobothhorseandhandler.Althoughhorseshaveawidefieldofvision,theyhaveablindspottotherearthatneedstobeconsidered.Alwaysapproachahorseatananglesothatitcanseeyouandspeaksothatitisnotstartled.
Restraintwilldependontheactivitybeingcarriedout.Quickreleaseknotsshouldalwaysbeusedwhentyinguphorses.Mosthorseswilltieupbyaheadstalliftrainedtodoso.Asolidstructureshouldalwaysbeusedasthehitch.Apieceofbalingtwine,usedbetweenhitchandleadrope,willminimiseinjurytothehorseandgearbreakagesifthehorsepullsback.Useofcrosstieswillminimisetheabilityofthehorsetopivotaroundacentralpointwhenbeinghandled.Acrosstieinvolvestyingthehorsefrombothsidesofitsheadstall.
liftinguponelegofthehorsewillenableanotherpersontomoreeasilyhandleoneoftheotherlegsforclippingorapplicationofsurgicaldressings.Acrushwithsolidsidesispreferablesothatthehorsecannotgetitslegscaught.
Aftertraining,horsescanbeeasilyledbythehead.Untrainedhorsesshouldnotbeusedinschools.Nevergetintoatugofwarwiththehorse,as500kgwillalwayswin!
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight (Category 2)
2. body condition(Category 2)
3. growth(Category 2)
4. body proportions (Category 2)
5. pulse(Category 2)
6. respiration(Category 2)Alltheseproceduresshouldbeabletobecarriedoutwiththehorseheldortiedupwithaheadstallandleadrope.Theuseofacrushornosetwitchshouldnotbenecessary.Chooseahorsethatisaccustomedtotheseproceduresandhasaquietdisposition.Measurementcanbemadebeforeandafterexercise.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects (Category 3)
Thiswouldbeanunlikelyactivityduetothevastvariationsbetweenindividualsandthedifficultyinmeasuringchangeinperformance.Theuseofresearchdataonfeedinghorses,mostlyAmerican,isrecommended.
E. Behaviour activities
1. training for competition or showing (Category 3)Tominimiserisksforthehandler,horsesusedinschoolsshouldhavecalmtemperaments.Theyshouldbeabletobehandledwithheadstallandleadrope,andberiddeninasnafflebit.Horsesrequiringmorerestraintarenotsuitableforuseinschools.Studentsneedtobeveryfamiliarwiththeuseof:headstallandleadrope,saddle,lungerein,bridleandlungewhipordressagewhip.Theyneedtobesupervisedandwelltrainedintheuseofthisequipment.
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F. Collection of samples from livestock
1. faeces & urine (non-invasive) (Category 2)Collectionoffaecesandurinewillrequireminimalrestraintofahorse.
7. blood(Category 5)Mustbeperformedbyanexperiencedhandleronlye.g.aveterinarian
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•backline(Category 3)•spray(Category 3)•dip(Category 3)
oral•drench(Category 3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category 3)•intramuscular(Category 3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofallinternalparasitesforallhorses.
whentreatingforinternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametimeandpasturesshouldberotatedinconjunctionwiththedrenchprogram.Theseprogramsneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenchesoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
Administeringvaccinationinjectionstohorsesshouldbecarriedoutinaquiet,firmmanner.Aheadstallandleadropeshouldbeusedandsomeanimals,adversetoneedles,mayneedtobetwitched.fortetanusandstrangles,usevaccines.forlocaldiseaseincidence,seekadvicefromaveterinarian.
2. coat care and grooming(Category 2)
3. coat clipping(Category 3)Somehorsesmaybeextremelysensitivetotheuseofelectricclippers,especiallyforbodyclipping.Ifhorsesneedtoberestrainedforcoatclipping,theuseofa
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nosetwitchortranquillisershouldonlybeusedfollowingadvicefromaveterinarian.Generally,horsescanberestrainedusingaheadstallandleadrope.
15. loading and unloading animals onto transporters (Category 3)Beforestudentsareinvolvedintransportinghorses,theyshouldbeusedtoleadinghorsesandbandagingtheirlegs.Atleastintheinitialstages,usehorsesthatarewellusedtobeingtruckedorfloatedandtrainedtoloadandunloadcalmlyandwillingly.Involvestudentsininitialfloattrainingofyounghorses,onlyaftertheyhaveobtainedconsiderableskillsinhandlinghorses.loadingshouldbecarriedoutinacalm,quietmannerunderclosesupervision.wheneverpossible,emphasisetheimportanceofstep-bysteplearningforthehorse.
19. fire branding of horses (Category 4)
20. freeze branding of horses(Category 4)limitedbytherequirementsofbreedsocieties.
Brandingcausespainand,ifitisrequired,itshouldonlybecarriedoutbyanexperiencedperson.Thoroughbredhorses,bothAJCandStudBookregistered,usefreezebrands.Otherbreedsocietiesusefirebrands.
31. artificial insemination (Category 5)
32. semen collection(Category 5)
33. pregnancy diagnosis(Category 4)Thediagnosisofpregnancyinhorsesismadebyrectalpalpationandultrasound.Diagnosiswouldonlybecarriedoutbyaveterinarysurgeonbecauseofthedangerofrectaltears.
35. microchip tagging(Category 4)
Aveterinarianmustperformthisprocedure.Antisepticconditionsandlocalanaestheticmustbeusedasimproperimplantingcanleadtoserioustraumaorinfectioninthehorse.
Thismethodofidentificationisespeciallyusefulwhenskinbrandsareillegible.
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Mice(Housemouse)
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/48823/ratandmicewelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
Thereareover330knownspeciesofmice.Thereisahugevarietyoffurcolourcombinationsandseveraldifferentfurtypessuchaslonghairedorcurlyhaired.
Physical attributes
Size: approximatelengthfromsnoutto baseoftailis7–9cm. Approximatelengthoftailis7–9cm. Overalllengthis14–18cm.weight: adultmaleisapprox.20–40g adultfemaleisapprox.y25–90gAgeatadultsize: 10–12weeksAveragelifespan: 18–24monthsweightatbirth: 1–1.5gGestationperiod: 19–21daysNumberofoffspring: 8–11weaningage: 20daysRangeofbreedingages:2.5–12monthsisrecommendedHealthycharacteristics: Bodytemperature:37–38ºC Heartrate:c.600beatsperminute Respirationrate:c.160perminute
180ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Environment
Miceshouldnotbehousedwithotherspecies.Acageornestingplaceshouldbeseenastheanimal’shomeordomainanddisturbedaslittleaspossible.Itmustberememberedthatenvironmentalrequirementsofsmallmammalsarecomplexandimperfectlyunderstood.Cagedesignsarenumerousandeverchangingbutitisimportantthattheymeetthestandardsrequiredforsafety,security,easeofcleaning,animalcomfortandallowstudentobservation.
Mostpetshopssupplyplasticmousecagesthatarewell-designedoranunusedaquarium,withawiremeshlid,makesanexcellentcontainer.Avoidwiremeshfloorsthroughwhichfeetandlegsmaybedamaged.Ensurethattherearenosharpprojectionsandthatthecageiseasilycleanedandverminproof.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
SpaceMinimumsizeofcage:height=30cm,length35cm,Depth28cmpluslitter.
Movement and exercisewhileeverydayactivitiesgivemiceadequateexercise,theyseemtoenjoyexerciseequipmentifitisavailable.Arunningwheelisusuallyverywellutilized.Elevatedboxesandtubes,madeofeithercardboardorpolycarbonate,makeexcellentexerciseareas.
Temperature18–25°C,ifprovidedwithgoodbeddingandshelterduringenvironmentalextremes.Avoidlargefluctuationsintemperature.
LightPreferablygoodnaturallightingorartificiallightwiththefullrangeofspectralcolours,45–60lux.Cagesshouldbekeptoutofdirectsunlightand,withinthecage,sheltershouldbeprovidedforthemice.Studentsshouldbeabletoobservethatmicewillseekdarknessifitisavailabletothem.Thereshouldbe12-hourperiodsofbothlightanddarkness.
VentilationGenorousnaturalventilation,withoutdraughts,isrequiredandsafetyfromfumesandvapours(suchaschemicalsandammoniafromurine)shouldbeprovided.
ShelterNotapplicableasmiceshouldbehousedindoors.Adequateprotectionfrompredatorsandsunlightmustbeprovided.
Beddinglittershouldbehighlyabsorbent,dust-free,splinter-free,non-toxic,non-edibleandnotcontaminatedwithpesticidesorchemicals.
Suggestedbeddingincludesuncontaminateddrystraw,meadowhay,whitesawdust,whiteshavingsorshreddedpaper.Avoidglossymagazinesastheinksusedcanbedangerousandtreatedwoodbecauseofthechemicalsused.
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CleaningCagesshouldbecheckeddailyandreplacedifwet.Thecageshouldbethoroughlycleanedtwiceweekly,washedinasolutionofdetergentandhotwaterandthoroughlydried.Newbeddingshouldbesuppliedandoldbeddingdisposedofappropriately.Miceshouldbereturnedtothesamecageinthesamesite,aschangesstressmice.
NestingEasily-shreddedmaterialsshouldbeprovided.Shreddedpaper,straw,softcardboard,papertowelsorcottonfibrearesuitable.Cottonwoolshouldnotbeusedasitcanwraparoundthelegsofyoungmiceandcauseinjury.
Food and water requirements
Commercially-preparedmicepelletsorcubesarerecommendedastheyprovideallthebasicrequirements.Refertomanufacturers’recommendationsforquantitytobefed.Asaguide,miceupto9monthsofageorpregnantrequire10gmsofpelletedfoodper100gmsofbodyweightandadultmicerequire5gmsofpelletedfoodper100gmsofbodyweight.
Miceshouldbefedonceadayonly.Allstalefoodandscrapsmustberemovedforhygienereasons.Itshouldbenotedthatmicearegreathoardersandthedailyremovalofscrapsshouldincludeathoroughsearchofthesleepingareas.Tablescraps,chocolate,chipsorotherjunkfoodthatishighinfatsshouldbeavoidedasthismayleadtoobesity,tumoursorhearttrouble.
However,miceenjoyvarietyintheirfoodsothedietcanbesupplementedwithfreshfruitandvegetablesandsuitableseedsinsmallamounts.feedswithouthighfatseedssuchassunflowersaremoresuitablethangeneralmixes.Mouldyorrottenfoodshouldnotbeoffered.Micebenefitfromtheadditionofasmallamountofhayinwhichtheycannestandnibbletoaiddigestion.Bones,particularlychicken,orhard,untreatedwoodpiecesshouldbeofferedforhealthyteethandgumsandreplacedregularly.
Asmicelikefreshfood,itissensibletopurchaseonlysmallamounts.lactatingfemalesmustbeprovidedwithapproximatelyfourtimestheamountoffoodandwaternormallyrequiredbyanadultmouse.
Aclean,adequatesupplyofwatermustalwaysbeavailable.Anadultmouseneedsapproximately10mldailyandalactatingfemalecouldrequireupto14mldailyinhotweather.Asmicecontaminatewaterindishesandbowls,asuspended,gravityfedwaterbottlewithametalballandtubesipperofadequatesizeisrequired.watershouldbereplaceddailyandthebottlekeptclean.Thespoutshouldbecheckeddailyforcorrectflowasblockagesoccurfrequently.
Handling
Miceneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalandthehandler.well-designedrefugesassistincatching.Ifmicehideunderstructures,suchaselevatedshelvesornestboxes,theycanbeeasilycaughtwithoutstruggling.
182ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Miceshouldbeconditionedtobeinghandledfromayoungagesothattheyarewellpreparedforhandlingbystudents.
Normal behaviour
Healthymicearealert,activeandinquisitive.Theyhavebright,clear,openeyes.Theirearsstandupstraightandtheirfurisdenseandsleek.Thebehaviourofmiceinlaboratoryconditionsdependsonhowmanymicearecagedtogether,thesizeandtypeofthecage,andtheenvironmentalconditions.Miceareveryagileacrobatsandnormalcagedbehaviourincludesrunning,jumping,standingonhindlegsandclimbing.Theyaresocialanimalsandshouldnotbekeptassolitaryanimals.Iftheyarenotbreeding,micearebestkeptinsinglesexgroupsthathavebeenestablishedshortlyafterweaning.
Micearenocturnalanimalsandarefarmoreactiveatnight.Theyfeedpredominantlyatnight.Duringdaylighthours,itisnormalbehaviourformicetoresthuddledtogethertoconservebodyheat.Ahealthymousesleepscurledinafoetalpositionandextensionisasignofillhealth.
Micearerarelyaggressivebutwillbiteiffrightened.Somestrainsofmiceareaggressiveandarenotsuitableforuseintheclassroom.Cannibalismisrarebutdoesoccur.Itisusuallyindicativeofinadequatedietorpoormaintenance.Maleshousedtogethershouldbemonitoredforaggressivebehavioursandshouldthisbecomeevident,arrangementsforindividualhousingshouldbemade.
Pregnantfemalesshownestbuildingactivitypriortobirthandduringlactation.Duringthebreedingperiod,itisnormalbehaviourforthemaletonibblethefemale’sheadorbodyandtoexamineherano-genitalarea,priortocopulation.
Micemaycheweachother’shair.Thisiscalled‘barbering’.Theresponsiblemouseshouldbeseparated.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.Mostdiseasescanbepreventedby:•selectinghealthystock•maintaininghygieniclivingconditions•providingadequatespaceandenvironmentalstimulation•ensuringfoodisfresh,inappropriatequantitiesandsuitableformiceand•observationandearlydetectionofproblemsandseekingadvicefroma veterinarian.
Signs of illness
Anyofthefollowingsymptomsmayindicateillness:•reluctancetomove•unkempt,erectcoat•breathingdifficultiesand/orincreasedrespiratoryrate
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools183
•hairloss,skinrednessandscalingand/orscabbingespeciallyaroundthehead orshouldersmaybeanindicationofmites,lice,ringwormsorotherfungus•dischargefromtheeyes,nose,urinaryorgenitalorgans•coughingandsneezing•constantscratching,lackofbalance,stumblingorstiffleggedgait,softfaeces withanunpleasantsmell•looseskin,whichisasignofweightloss•prostration,extension,bumpsorlumpswhichcanindicatepossiblegrowthsor abscesses.
Animalswithanyofthesesymptomsshouldbeimmediatelyisolatedfromotheranimalsandtheircagesfullydisinfected.Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithmice.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Adisposalplanneedstobeconsideredbeforeusingananimalinanyprogram.Youngcanbeplacedinanewhomesoonafterweaning,providedthattheyarehealthyandgainingweight.Thenewownershouldbegivenaccurateinformationonhousing,diet,healthcare,parasitecontrol,handlingandgrooming.Breedinginschoolsisnotrecommended.
Suggested resources
WebsitesAustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2008,ANZCCARTviewed15October2008www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed15October2008www.rspca.org.au
Petalia,AworldofPetCare,2000,PetaliaTM,viewed15October2008http://www.petalia.com.au/Home/
Printed textsUniversitiesfederationforAnimalwelfare(UfAw)(1987)The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals,longmanScientificandTechnical,Hertfordshire,UK.
wallace,M.(1984)The Mouse in Residence and Transit,UfAw,Hertfordshire,UK.
184ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
wray,J.D.(Editor)andKelly,P.J.(1974)Small Animals: Educational Use of Living Organisms, Schools Council General,TheEnglishUniversitiesPressltd,london.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
Approved activities: micePlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals(Category 1)Toavoidfrighteningmiceduringobservation,studentsshouldbekeptatareasonabledistance.
B. Low impact activities
• Breeding of mice in the classroom (Category 2)Micemaynotbebredforthepurposeofdissection
• The appropriate care of classroom pets (Category 2)Aplanforthedisposalofsurplusanimalsmustbeinplacepriortobeginningthisactivity.Ifkillingistheonlydisposaloption,thenthebreedingprogramisnotallowed.
Themaleandfemalemiceshouldbeseparatedpriortobirth.Atweaning,offspringshouldbeseparatedintosinglesexgroups.
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Onlymicethatareaccustomedtobeinghandledshouldbeused.
Allhandingshouldbegentleandunhurried.Sudden,loudnoisesandjerkymovementsmustbeavoidedatalltimes.Micemustbehandledregularlyifitisintendedthattheyremaintame.
Adultmicemaybesafelyliftedbythebaseofthetailbutneverbythetipofit.Afterbeinglifted,themouseshouldbeplacedimmediatelyontoafirmsurfacesuchasthebackofthehandoratable,whilestillbeingheldbutnotdangledintheair.Micecanalsobepickedupbyclosingthehandalmostcompletelyaroundthem.Handlemicegentlytoavoidanyaccidentalinjury.
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Amousecanbegraspedbythescruffofthenecktoimmobiliseitorenableexaminationunderneath.Theonlywaytoadequatelyrestrainamouseistograsptheskinonthebackoftheneckfirmlyandwiththeotherhand,orthethirdandfourthfingersofthehandholdingthescruff,holdthebaseofthetail.
C. Non-invasive measurement of
1. body weight(Category 2)
2. body condition(Category 2)
3. growth(Category 2)
4. body proportions(Category 2)Studentsshouldhavepriortrainingandexperienceinthecapture,restraintandhandlingofmice.Studentscanobservemice,notingdetailsoftheirgrowth,e.g.weighingandmeasuringbodyproportions.Studentsshouldbeencouragedtodesignmethodsofmeasuringmice,whileminimisingthelevelofrestraintused.Tomeettheeducationalobjectives,miceshouldberestrainedfortheshortestpossibletime.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
4. palatability(Category 3)forsmallanimalssuchasmiceandrats,theonlydietaryeffectthatshouldbeinvestigatedisthepalatabilityofdifferentfoods.Duetotheirsmallsize,itisunacceptabletovaryorrestrictthequantityorqualityofthefeedprovidedtomice.
Pigs
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
ThereisnotaseparatecodewithinTAMSforthewelfareofpigs.
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Activitiesinvolvinglargedomesticandfarmanimalsthatmightstandon,crushorotherwisecausephysicalinjurytoapersonareclassedas‘highrisk’(level3)activitiesinthe Policy and Guidelines for Risk Management in ACT Government Secondary Science Programs 2001.Highriskactivitieshavethepotentialforriskofseriousinjurytostudentsorothers(e.g.anirreversibleinjury,permanentdamagetohealthorafatality).
Teachers/leadersarerequiredtoprovidedirectsupervision(onetotwostudentsatanyonetimeworkingwithteacherguidance).Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeusedtominimisetheriskofinjury,andtheactivityistobeundertakeninasafeanddefinedarea.
Ariskassessmentmustbecompletedanddocumentedbyseniormanagementpriortothecommencementofhighriskactivities.Intheeventofastudentaccident,acopyofthe
For health reasons, pigs are not suitable for keeping in residential areas and are considered not suitable for the school situation. The following information has been provided for teachers who wish to take students on excursions to study the animal husbandry for pigs and commercial production of pigs.
186ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools187
riskassessmentformandotherrelevantdocuments(e.g.studentsafetytest,pre-activityteachingandlearning,coursedocuments)shouldbeattachedtothestudentaccidentreportformaandforwardedtoworkplacerelationsandGovernmentlegalandliaisonsection.
Varietal range difference
Mostcommonbreedsare:•largewhite•landrace•Hampshire•Duroc•Berkshire•largeBlack•Tamworth•wessexSaddleback.
Physical attributes
Size: Mediumsizefarmanimaluptoapproximately180kgweight: Porker:45kgBaconer:90kgBreedingsow:120kgAgeatadultsize: 9–10months(105–120kg)weightatbirth: 0.8–1.6kgGestationperiod: 3months,3weeks,3days(114–115days)Numberofoffspring: Upto20pigletsSexualmaturation: Agiltmaybematedbyaboutninemonthsifsheiswell developed.Breedinglife: 8–9years.weaningage: 6–8weeksHealthycharacteristics: Temperature:38.8–39.7ºCHeartrate: 60–80beats/min,takeninsideahindkneeorovertheheart.
Environment
Please note:Itisnolongerappropriatetoroutinelyusefarrowingcratesforthehousingofsowsjustpriortoandduringfarrowinganduptoweaning.
Managementsystemsforfarrowingthatprovidethefollowingarerecommended:•Spaceforthesowtomovearound.•Nestingmaterialforthesowandpiglets.Animals•Safe(creep)areaforthepiglets,reducingthechanceofinjuryordeathdueto squashing.
Thereareanumberofoptionsthatcanbeusedtodevelopasystemthatmeetsthephysicalandbehaviouralneedsofthesowandpiglets.Ingeneral,thepigproductionsystemshouldprovidethemaximumamountofspaceandenvironmental
188ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
enrichment,andfordrysows,boarsandgrowersaccesstotheoutdoors.whenpigletsareraisedinlessintensiveconditions,theneedforroutineteethclippingandtaildockingisgreatlyreducedandmaynotberequiredatall.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
SpacePigsrequiresufficientspaceforeachonetoliewithlimbsextended,tobeabletostretchandmovefreely,tosleep,feedanddung.Pigswithadequatespace,dunginadifferentareatotheirsleepingarea.Theymusthaveenoughspacetohaveaclean,dryplaceonwhichtolie.
Recommendedspace:•porkers:1.5m2perpig.• baconers:2.1m2perpig.
Movement and exercisewhenspaceisprovided,exerciseisusuallyobtainedthroughinteractionssuchasseekingfood,waterandplayfulbehaviourthatisoftenquitephysical.
Pigsareintelligentandinquisitiveanimalsandshouldbeprovidedwithsomeenvironmentalenrichment,e.g.tyres,hangingchains,balls.
Growersandweaners,inparticular,respondwelltoenvironmentalenrichmentandwithenoughspaceandstimulustheneedtocarryouttaildockingisgreatlyreduced.
TemperatureOptimumgrowthtemperatureis22.2°C.forfarrowingsows18–21°C,growingpiglets26–40°C.
LightArtificialornaturallightisrequiredasitprovidesabetterenvironmentforgrowthandhealth.
Ventilationfreshairisrequiredtopreventabuild-upofpoisonousgases,inparticularammonia.Ventilationshouldbedesignedtoletfreshairinwithoutcausingdraughts.
ShelterPigsmusthaveaccesstoshadyconditionswhichhelpspreventpainfulsunburnandoverheating.Pigsrequiresunlightbutaresusceptibletosunburn.Particularcareneedstobetakenwithwhitebreeds.
BeddingPigsmustbeprovidedwithadryareaforsleeping.Thismaybeprovidedbydrynestingmaterial,suchasstraworricehulls,inarestrictedareaawayfromtheexcretingarea.
CleaningUseahoseinwell-drainedpiggeriesorashoveltoremovesolidwaste.Alternatively,flushingdrains,whichself-clean,canbeinstalled.
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Food and water requirements
TypeUsepelletsasacommercialdiettosuitanimaltypeandgrowthstage,e.g.PigGrower,Pigfinisher,SowPellets,PigletCreepfeed.
Notethatthefeedingoffoodscraps,calledswill,isillegal.
QuantityMostproducersfeedadlibthroughtoslaughter,butgoodreferencesareavailabletoproviderecommendationsfordietformulationforthevariousstagesofproduction.
Regularityfeedadlibtopiglets,growers,finishersandpregnantandlactatingsows.Drysowsandboarsshouldbefeddailyinamountssufficienttomaintaincondition.
WaterAclean,adequatesupplyofwater,placedinacool,shadedareainhotweather.Ifautomaticnippledrinkersareused,theyshouldalwaysbefittedwithafailsafemechanism.
Handling
Pigsneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalsandthehandlers.Pigscannotbeledbythehead.Drivetheanimalfrombehindbyusinganopenhandtoslaponrumporflankregion.Often,astrawbroomorflapperusedtotapthesideoftheneckwillassistwithdirectionalchange.
Normal behaviour
Healthypigsarevigorousandalert.Theyhaveamoistsnout,warmearsandskiningoodcondition.Theyhaveagoodappetite,firmdungandbreathesteadily.Agruntiscommonwhentheyaredisturbed.Pigsgenerallyseekthecompanyofotherpigsastheyareinquisitivebynatureandplayfulwithothers.
withtheexceptionofpregnantsows,adultboarsandsickanimals,pigsshouldnotbekeptassolitaryanimals.
Disease prevention
DiseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarianorNSwAgricultureofficer.Anyactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Movement of pigs
Therearerestrictionsrelatingtothemovementofpigs.Toensureyouabidebytheappropriatelegislation,contacttheRurallandsProtectionBoardandNSwAgriculture.
190ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Signs of illness
Thefirstsignnoticedisachangeinthepig’snaturaldemeanour.Itmaybelistlessorlethargic.Closerexaminationsmayshow:
variations in:•gastrointestinalfunctionssuchasdiarrhoea,weightlossorlossofappetite•urogenitalfunctions,e.g.abortion,infertilityorabnormaldischarges•respiratoryfunctionssuchaspersistentcoughing,gaspingorpanting;or
evidence of:•skinconditions,e.g.lesions,abnormalgrowthsorredblotchypatchesespecially ontheears•atuckedupappearance,stiffgait,orabnormalposture•excessivescratchingorrubbing•swollenjointsorlimping.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Pigsarepronetodiseasesassociatedwitharthritis,footabscessandminorwounds.Sickpigsshouldberemovedtoahospitalpenfortreatment.
Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithpigs.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentsgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Pigscanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoanabattoir.Carcassesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
Web sitesBreedsoflivestock,2008,OklahomaStateUniversityBoardofRegents,viewed15October2008www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNSwGovernment,viewed15October2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed15October2008www.rspca.org.au
ModelcodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:Pigs,2008,CSIRO,viewed15October2008www.publish.csiro.au/pid/5698.htm
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools191
Printed textsCleary,G.&Meo,H.(1996)Pigstats 96,AustralianPorkCorporation.
Mcfarlane,A.&G.(1996)Pig Keeping on a Small Scale,KangarooPress,Australia.
NSwAgricultureAgfacts: Information sheets,Australia.
NSwDepartmentofAgricultureandfisheries,Pig Breeding By Artificial Breeding Manual,Australia.
SouthAustralianDepartmentofAgriculture,A Practical Guide To Pig Nutrition,Australia.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
NSwAgriculture
localCouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: pigsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals(Category 1)Generally,pigswelcomeattentionandwillbemorethaninterestedintheirvisitors.Studentsneedtobeawarethatexcessivenoiseisnotdesirable.
Studentscanobservethenormalpigbehaviouralpatternsandcompileashortlistofactionsobservedoveradesignatedperiod.Observationscanbemadeinasmall,modernpiggeryoronafree-rangefacility.
192ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
B. Low impact activity
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Differentagegroupsrequiredifferenthandlingmethods.Captureshouldbedonequicklyandfirmly.Pigletsmaybecaughtfrombehindandliftedbyoneorbothhindlegs.Theuseofawallorcornerisadvisablewhenhandlingmiddle-weightrangeanimals.
Olderpigsaretooheavyanddifficulttorestrainwithoutexcessiveforce.Pigcatchersmaybeusedinordertocaptureandrestrainolderandlargerpigs.
Theseactivitiesshouldbecompletedquietlyandkindly.longperiodsofrestraintarenotrecommendedandoftenleadtoloudsquealing.
Comfortablerestraintwillextendthecapturetime.Continualtrainingcanleadtowell-behavedanimalsthatknowexactlywheretogoattherighttime.
Pigsmaybemovedbydriving.Usepigboardsandsheetsofmetaltocreateapath.
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight(Category 2)
2. body condition(Category 2)
3. growth (Category 2)
4. body proportions(Category 2)Toassistthemovementofstock,handlingrecommendationsshouldbeobserved.Onlyanimalsthatareaccustomedtohandlingshouldbeused.Thephysicalmeasurementofbodyweightshouldtakeashortperiodoftimesothatstresslevelsarereduced.
Ultrasoundbackfattestersarenowroutinelyusedinpiggeries.Theyareexpensivepiecesofequipment.
Togainaccuratemeasurements,itisrecommendedthatatleastfouranimalsaremonitored.Ifagreaternumberispresentinthelitterorgroup,includeallavailableanimalsinyourMeasurements.
5. pulse or blood flow (Category 2)
6. respiration (Category 2)
7. skin temperature(Category 2)Quickandaccuratemeasurementscanbeobtainedbyconfiningapiginasmallarea.Animalsthatareaccustomedtohandlingshouldbeused.Asingleanimalwilldo,however,asecondpigallowscomparisonstobemadeandimprovestheaccuracyofresults.
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F. Collection of samples from livestock
2. milk (Category 2)
3. faeces and urine (non-invasive) (Category 2)
5. saliva(Category 2)Collectionoffaecesandurinewillnotrequirerestraintassamplesarereadilyavailable.Collectionofmilkandsalivamayrequirethepigtoberestrainedusingafarrowingcrate.Onlypigsthatareaccustomedtohandlingshouldbeused.Milkisusuallycollectedsothatfrozencolostrumcanbestoredfororphanpiglets.Asingleanimalisadequate,however,inordertoobtainallfoursamples,severalanimals,inavarietyofphysiologicalstates,mayberequired.
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•backline(Category 3)
oral•drench(Category 3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category 3)•intramuscular(Category 3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofallinternalandexternalparasitesforallpigs.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametime.Theseprogramsneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenchesoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
wheninjecting,ensuretheneedlesaresharpandsterile,andthateachpigisadequatelyrestrained.Choosethesitefortheinjectionandcleanawayloosedirt.Aftertheinjection,removethesyringebeforetheplungerisreleased.Ironinjections,whenused,areappliedintramuscularlyintheneckregion.Ironinjectionsarenotnecessaryforfree-rangepigswithaccesstosoil.
Treatmentsforinternalandexternalparasites,usinginjecteddrugs,arenowroutine.Theproceduremustbedemonstratedbyasuitablytrainedperson.
194ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Oralmedicationsaregenerallyassociatedwiththecontrolofscouring.Carefulrestraintisrequiredtoensuretheentiredoseisswallowed.Smalleranimalscanbeheldinanuprightpositionwhilelargeranimalsneedtobeheldwiththeheadtiltedslightly.
Quickapplicationmeansthatprolongedrestraintisunnecessary.Gravity-fedapplicationsaremosteffectivesotiltingtheanimal’sheadhelps.Treatallanimalsthatshowsignsofparasiteinfestationandscouring.Professionalrecommendationsmaysuggesttreatmentoftheremaininganimals.
Non-treatmentcanresultinlong-termsufferingandpossiblydeath.
4. ear marking and tagging (Category 3)Earsaremarkedortaggedtoaididentification.Incommercialpiggeries,smallV-shapedmarksarenotchedintheearaccordingtothepig’sageandsex.
Pigsshouldbetaggedafterweaningwiththeanimalrestrainedinacomfortablepositionthatreducesheadmovement.Applicationisquickandsimple.Eartagplierscauseminimalstressduetothespeedoftheoperation.Ifearmarkingispreferred,specialearmarkingpliers,withaV-shapedcuttingpattern,needtobepurchased.Tohelppreventinfection,ensureallequipmentisdisinfectedaftereachpig.Usingsmallpenstorestrictmovementishelpful.
Markingoftenrequiresseveralcutstobemadesomorephysicalrestraintisrequiredoveralongerperiod.Asecondpersonmustbeavailabletorestrainthepigandpreventitfrommoving.Astheweanedpigisapproximatelyfourweeksold,itmaybeheldinthearmsagainstthechest.Ifindividualidentificationisnotrequiredthenthisactivitydoesnotneedtobeundertaken.Markerpensallowshort-termidentificationbutmarkingstendtowearoffovertime.
5. tattoo application (branding)(Category 3)Tattooironsarepurchasedprenumbered.Spike-likeprojectionsformanumberinadot-to-dotformat.
Smotherthenumberwithtattooinkandslapthetattooironontothepig’srumpandshoulder.Thepigfeelsslightdiscomfortaseffectivetattooingrequiresreasonableforcetobeapplied.Ifyouaretoogentle,asecondattemptmayberequired,thismeansunnecessarystressforthepig.Cleanandsterileapplicatorsshouldbeused.
Theactivityisquickand,generally,doesnotrequirepigstoberestrained.Pigscanbetattooedintheirnormalgrowerpensastattooingreliesontheelementofsurprise.followtheanimaluntiltherumporshoulderisexposed,thenswingtheironontothetargetarea.Aftertattooing,removetheiron,re-inkandmovetothenextanimal.
Smallholdingpensareidealasthereisnoneedtochasetheanimals.Allproducersarerequiredtopossess,anduse,aregisteredbrandonallpigssoldforslaughteratcommercialabattoirs.Brandingisrequiredidentificationandtracebackofstockfordiseasemonitoringpurposes.InNSw,theRurallandsProtectionBoardcontrolsregisteredbrands.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools195
27. tail docking piglets
•knife(Category 4)Taildockingisdonetoreducetailbitingthatmayoccurwhenpigsarebored.
Pigletsraisedinextensiveconditionswillnotrequiretaildocking.
whenrequired,tailsaredockedleavingastumpoftwotothreecentimetresinlength.Thisactivityshouldbecarriedoutwithinthefirstweek,preferablywhenthepigletisonedayold.
28. teeth trimming and removal(Category 4)Teethtrimmingisdonetoreducethechanceofpigletsinjuringthesowandeachother.Itismostcommonlycarriedoutinintensivepiggeriesandisnotgenerallyrequiredwhenpigletsareraisedundermoreextensiveconditions.
Ifitistobedone,itshouldbecarriedoutwithinthefirstweek,preferablywhenthepigletisonedayold.Holdingthepigletbehindtheneckcausesittoautomaticallyopenitsmouth.Theeyeteetharetrimmedtopandbottom,justabovegumlevel.Takecarenottocutthegumasthiscancauseabscessation.
Rabbits
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animals toensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/57163/rabbitcop.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
Therabbitwasonceclassifiedasarodentbut,becauseofasecondpairofincisorsontheupperjawandnocanines,rabbitsarenowclassifiedinthefamilyleporidae.Thereareavarietyofrabbitbreeds,dividedintothreemaingroups:•CalifornianandNewZealandwhiterabbit,largesize, 2–5kg,bredformeatandresearch.•Smallerbreeds,upto2kg,fromHollandandPoland, usedaspetsandasresearchanimals.•longhairedAngoravarieties.
Note: domesticatedrabbitsdifferfromthewildrabbitandtheyaregenerallycapableofbreedingallyearround.Domesticatedrabbitsareinducedovulatorsasapposedtowildrabbits.wildrabbitsareseasonalbreederswithadefinedoestrouscycle(see:Myers,KandPoolewE(1962)Astudyofthebiologyofawildrabbit,Oryctolaguscuniculus(l.)inconfinedpo;ulations.lll.Reproducation.Aust.J.Zool.10,225-67.)
196ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools197
Physical attributes
Size: Dependsoncountryoforigin.weight: NewZealandwhiterabbitsarelarge,approx.2–5kg. Smallervarietiesaverageapproximately2kg.Ageatadultsize: Male:6–10months female:5–9months.Averagelifespan: Normally6–8years. Somehavesurvivedfor12yearsunderidealconditions.weightatbirth: 30–100g.Gestationperiod: 30–32days.Numberofoffspring: 4–9,littersizeisdeterminedbybirthweight.weaningage: 42–56daysRangeofbreedingages:4–36months.Onaverage,rabbitsbreedfourtimeseach year.Healthycharacteristics: Bodytemperature:38–39°CHeartrate: 180beatsperminuteRespirationrate: 50–55perminute.
Environment
Rabbitsneedadequateprotectionfromrain,wind,directsunlightandextremesoftemperature.
Rabbitsmaybehousedindoorsorinlessintensiveconditionsoutdoors,withaccesstofreshgrazing.Housingshouldalsobeescapeproofandsituatedeitherinsideabuildingorwithinobservationfromabuilding.Anenclosedsleepingareaisrequired.Exposedmeshflooringisnotrecommendedasitisdangerousandcancausebrokenlegsorinjurytothefeet.
whetherkeepingrabbitsintensivelyorinanoutdoorsystem,thehousingareamustbekeptclean.Rabbitsbecomeagitatediftheircageisuncleanormovedfrequently.Thecageshouldbecleanedeveryseconddayandthoroughlycleanedweekly.
Rabbitskeptindoorsshouldbehousedinawelllitandventilatedarea,awayfromdraughts,fumesandnoise,andatatemperaturebetween16°Cand25°C.foroptimumhealthandwell-being,however,theaveragetemperatureshouldbekeptbetween16°Cand21°C.Rabbitsareextremelysusceptibletoexcesshumidity.Theyshouldnotbeplacedinthefollowingpositions:•nearwindows,especiallyduringwinterormidsummer•indirectsunlight•indraughtsfromventilators,windowsordoors•infumesofanykind,overornearheaters•whereaccessisdifficult.
Keepingrabbitsisolated,inanareawithoutwindows,adequateventilationorcontactwithhumansorotherrabbitsisunacceptable.
198ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
SpaceRabbitsrequireafloorareaaccordingtotheanimals’ageandactivitylevel.Ingeneral,youngrabbitsneedmorespacethanadultsforplayandbehaviour.
Aminimumclearareaof2.0m2shouldbeprovidedwithaminimumlengthinonedirectionof2metres.
TheGuidelinesforthehousingofrabbitsinscientificinstitutionsdescribestheminimumspacerequirementsforrabbitsasfollows:
No. of rabbits Minimum space (m2) (*ensure a CLEAR area of 2m2 and a minimum length in one direction of 2m)
1 2.00
2 2.00
3 2.25–2.40
4 3.00–3.20
5 3.75–4.00
6 4.50–4.80
7 4.75–5.05
8 5.00–5.30
Overcrowdingmustbeavoidedatalltimesasaggressionwillbeginafterthreemonthsofage.Overcrowdingalsocauseslargelossesinbodyweightandproblemswithliver,spleenandkidney.Incrowdedsituations,theyoungtendtobebornstunted.
Malerabbitsover3monthsofageshouldbehousedindividually.
Movement and exerciseAllrabbitsshouldhaveanadequateexercisearea.
Theminimumspaceprovidedshouldalloweachrabbittocarryoutitsnormalbehaviour,includingawiderangeoflocomotorybehaviours,suchashopping,leaping,playing,exploringandstretchingout.Ithasbeensuggestedthattheminimumspaceprovidedshouldallowrabbitstocompletethreehopsinonedirection.
Inadditiontomeetingminimumspacerequirementsformovement,spaceshouldbeprovidedtoallowtheprovisionofstructuralcomplexityandenvironmentalenrichmentinpens.Environmentalenrichmentisessentialfortherabbit’shealthandwell-beingandissuppliedbysuchdevicesasjumpboxes,restingboards,andPVCorterracottatunnels.Theserelieveboredom.
Theheightofpensshouldbegreatenoughtoallowtherabbitstorearupontheirhindlegsandsituperectwithearspricked.Rabbitscommonlysitontopofnestboxesandledgesandagainthepenheightshouldbegreatenoughtoallowthiswithoutriskingthechanceoftherabbitjumpingfromthepen.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools199
TransportRabbitscanbecomeverystressedduringtransportationastheyareextremelysensitivetoheat.Rabbitsshouldnotbetransportedintemperaturesabove30°C.
TemperatureAvoidmovingrabbitsfrequentlyfromindoorstooutdoors,particularlyifthisresultsinextremechangesoftemperature.
ShelterIfrabbitsarehousedoutdoors,hutchesprovideprotectionfromadverseweather.Thesemaybewoodenormetallic.Aluminiumispreferabletogalvanisedironasitismoreresistanttourineandhasalongerlife.Extremecaremustbetakensothatpredatorssuchasdogs,cats,owlsandgoannasdonotfrightentherabbitsandcausestress.Rabbitsmustbehousedindoorsatnight.
Toassistwithmyxomatosiscontrol,mosquitoscreeningisadvisable.
Inintensivehousingsystems,hepaticcoccidiosismayoccurifrabbitsarekeptonatotalsolidfloor.Cagefloorsoftenhavemeshwireforeaseofcleaningandportability.Tominimiseproblemswithrabbitscatchinghocksinthemesh,suggestedmeshsizesare19by19mmforadultsand13by13mmforkittens.Meshisnotrecommended.
Anareaofsolidfloorshouldalsobeprovidedfortherabbittositupon.Thismaybeapieceofwoodorarubbermat.
Asrabbitseliminatelargeamountsoffaecesandurine,cleanlinessisimperativeatalltimes.Rabbitscanbetrainedtouselittertraysforurination,butnotalwaysfordefecation.Toiletareasandlittertraysneedtobecleanedwithasolutionofdilutebleachandhotwater.
Cagesmustbecleanedeveryseconddayexceptwhenanewlitterisborn.Thelittermustnotbedisturbedforapproximatelyoneweektopreventthedoefromeatingheryoung.Shortlyafterweaning,separatetheyoungdoesandbucksastheyarecapableofreproducingatanearlyage.
BeddingStraw,coarsesawdustorsoftwoodshavingsaresuitable.Ifmetalhutchesareused,awoodennestingboxwithstrawisrequiredforbreeding.Donotusewickerbasketsastheyaregnawedeasily.Approximatelyoneweekbeforeparturition(birth),thedoewillpullfurfromherbodytolinethenestingarea.Beddingandrefusemustnotbecompostedbutshouldbeeitherburntorwrappedinnewspaperanddisposedofproperly.Hutchesshouldbedisinfectedweekly,thenrinsedthoroughly.
Food and water requirements
Rabbitswouldbefedatleastoncedaily,preferablytwice,andallstalefoodscrapsremovedasahygienemeasuretodiscouragevermin.Rabbitsarevegetarianwithahighrequirementforfibreintheirdiet.Theirdietshouldconsistof:•freshcommerciallypreparedrabbitpelletsand/ormix•freshuncontaminatedlucernehay
200ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
•supplementedwithfreshfruits,vegetables,grasses,herbs,grainsandtreats•ablockofuntreatedtimberofunsprayedfruittreewoodforchewingon.
Rabbitsshouldnotbefedanyfoodthathasfinedrypowder.Someplantsaretoxictorabbitsandcareshouldbetakenwhenprovidingfreshfoodstoavoidthese.(Seethecodeofpracticeforfurtherinformation)
Aclean,freshandreliablesupplyofwaterisnecessary.Inthelaststageofpregnancyandwhilelactating,doesrequireextrafoodandwater.
Handling
Rabbitsneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalandthehandler.well-designedrefugesassistwithcatching.Ifrabbitshideunderstructures,suchaselevatedshelvesornestboxes,thedesignshouldallowthemtobereachedandrestrainedeasily.Asapreventativemeasuretoavoidscratchestohandlers,allnailsshouldbekepttrimmed.
Normal behaviour
Healthyrabbitshavesleekcoats,clear,brighteyesandalertears.Theearsareusedforcoolingthebodyaswellasforhearing.
Rabbitsconsumelargeamountsoffood.Theyhavepowerfulrearlimbs,whichmaycausepainfulscratchesiftheanimalisnotproperlyrestrained.
Itisrecommendedthatrabbitsbekeptwithamate.Inordertocontrolbreedingwhileprovidingcompanionship,suggestedmatesincludetwocompatiblefemales,twodesexedmalesorafemalewithadesexedmale.
Rabbitshousedinwirecagesmaycatchandinjurelimbsordevelophocksores.Eventhoughrabbitscansitforhours,orevendays,withoutsignsofdistress,inactiveanimalsshouldbecheckedforinjury.
Extremetemperaturechangeswillaffectrabbitsandtheybecomestressedattemperaturesgreaterthan27ºC.Othercausesofstressareovercrowdingandexposuretopredatorssuchascats,dogs,owls,foxesandgoannas.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.Allrabbitsrequireanannualvaccinationtoprotectthemagainsttherabbitcalicivirusandmyxomatosis.
Rabbitsshouldbehandledandexamineddailytocheckforthefollowingsymptoms.Thosemarkedwitha(v),requireveterinaryattention.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools201
Signs of illness
Thefirstsignnoticedisachangeintheanimal’snaturaldemeanour.Itmaybelistlessorlethargic.Closerexaminationsmayshow:
variations in:•bodytemperature•gastrointestinalfunction,e.g.diarrhoea(especiallywithadistinctodour(v)), weightlossorlossofappetite(e.g.offfoodforlongerthanaday(v)),firmboated stomach(v),nofaecalpelletsevidentinthehutch(v)•urogenitalfunctionsuchasabortion,infertilityorabnormaldischarges•respiratoryfunction,e.g.sneezing(v)orloudbreathing(v)
evidence of:•soresonthehocksoranyplaceonthebody(v)•persistentwhitedandruffwithredskinandscabs(v)•inactiveorsittinghunchedoverwithclosedeyes(v)•atuckedupappearance,headcarriedtooneside(v),stiffgaitorabnormal posture,patchycoatorlossofhair•excessiveandpersistentscratchingorrubbingoftheearsorotherareasofthe body(v)•swolleneyesorgenitalia(v)•wetnessaroundthenoseorslobberingaroundthemouth(v)•weepyeyesthatpersistaftercleaning(v)•ordrinkingverylittleofnowater(v)•grindingteeth(v)•lumpfeltbelowtheskin(v)
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofill-health,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithrabbits.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentsgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.ItisillegalundertheAnimal Welfare Act 1992toabandonorreleaseananimal.
Disposal
Adisposalplanneedstobeconsideredbeforeusingananimalinanyprogram.
forfurtherinformationaboutthecareanduseofRabbitsintheACTrefertotheAnimalwelfareStandards–CodeofpracticeforRabbitwelfare(seeresourcelist).
202ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Suggested resources
Web sitesAnimalwelfareStandards–CodeofpracticeforRabbitwelfare,2006,DepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices,ACTGovernment,viewed17October2008http://www.tams.act.gov.au/live/pets/animalwelfare/animalwelfarestandards-codesofpractice
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNewSouthwales,viewed16October2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
AustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2008,ANZCCARTviewed15October2008www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed15October2008www.rspca.org.au
Petalia,AworldofPetCare,2000,PetaliaTM,viewed15October2008http://www.petalia.com.au/Home/
Printed textsGendron,K.(2000)The Rabbit Handbook,Barron’sPetHandbook,NewYork.
NSwAgriculture,Agfacts: Information sheets,Australia.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
NSwAgriculture
localcouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: rabbitsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals (Category 1)Atrainedandregularly-handledrabbitwillhopquietlyaroundaroom.Keeptheclassatareasonabledistancefromtherabbitandavoidsuddennoiseor
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools203
movement.Arabbitcaninflictpainfulscratchesifstressed,sosomecareisnecessary.Iftheanimalpanics,donotcontinuetheobservationperiod.
Arabbitisarelativelycleananimal.Duringanobservationperiod,itmaybeallowedtomovefreelyaroundtheclassroomaslongasthedoorisshut.
B. Low impact activities
• Breeding of rabbits in the classroom (Category 2)Rabbitsmaynotbebredforthepurposeofdissection.
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Arabbitcanbeeasilycapturedandhandledifmovementsarecalmandconfident.Donotallowtoomanystudentstoattempttohandletheanimalatonetime.
Thecorrectmethodofhandlingarabbitistograsptheskinatthebackofitsneckfirmlybutgentlywithonehand,andtosupporttherumpwiththeotherhand.Arabbitwillsenseanyinsecurityinthehandlerandmaystruggle,possiblybreakingitsbackorscratchingthehandler.Arabbitmustneverbepickedupbytheearsorbythehindlegsasitwillprobablybreakitsback.
forlargerrabbits,thehandlershouldgrasptheearsandtheskinatthebackoftheneckwithonehandandsupporttherumpwiththeotherhand.
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight (Category 2)
2. body condition(Category 2)
3. growth(Category 2)
4. body proportions(Category 2)
5. pulse or blood flow(Category 2)
6. respiration(Category 2)
Itispossibletosetupaweight–ageandsize–agechartforanumberofrabbitsandmonitorthemoveraperiodof10weeks.Useapre-weighedcontainerofappropriatesizeandatriplebeambalanceorabucketbalancetodeterminetheweight.
Ameasuringtapecanbeusedtodetermineoveralllength,girth,andsizeofskull.whenmeasuringarabbit’sdimensions,careshouldbetakennottoexerttoomuchpressureonthetrunk,particularlyofpregnantfemales.
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical (Category 3)liceandfleascanbecontrolledbydustingtheanimalswithinsecticidepowdersuitableforuseonpets.
204ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
2. coat care and grooming (Category 2)Inlaboratoryandschoolsituations,arabbit’sclawsgrowcontinuallyandneedtobecutregularlybyanexperiencedhandler.Caremustbetakennottocutbloodvessels.Angorarabbitsneedtheirfurclippedatregularintervals.Thisactivityshouldbecarriedoutinawaythatdoesnotstresstherabbit.Cutsandscratchesshouldbetreatedwithantisepticcreamsorpowders.
Rabbitsmaybeidentifiedusinguniquelegrings,eartattoingandmicro-chipping.Thelatermustbeadministeredbyaveterinarian.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools205
Rats(NorwegianRat)
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACT Codes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March2009at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/48823/ratandmicewelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Varietal range difference
•Albino•Hooded.
Commerciallyavailablelaboratorystockareallstrainsoftheabovespecies.
Mutationsandhybridisationshaveledtoratsinamultitudeofcoatcoloursandpatterncombinations.
Physical attributes
Size: lengthfromsnouttobaseoftail is17–21cm.lengthoftailis 20–23cm. Overalllengthis37–44cm.weight: Adultmaleapproximately 200–400g Adultfemaleapproximately 250–300gAgeatadult: 12–14weeksAveragelifespan: 3yearsweightatbirth: 5–6gGestationperiod: 20–23days
206ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Numberofoffspring: 9–11weaningage: approximately21daysRangeofbreedingages:3–15monthsrecommendedHealthycharacteristics: Bodytemperature:37–38°CHeartrate: c.300beatsperminuteRespirationrate: c.100perminute
Environment
Ratsshouldnotbehousedwithanyotherspecies.
Adequateprotectionfromrain,wind,predators(includingcatsanddogs);directsunlight,andextremesoftemperature(below10°Candabove26°C)mustbeprovidedaswellasventilationandsafetyfromfumesandvapours(e.g.carexhausts,chemicals,ammoniafromurine).
Acageornestingplaceshouldbeseenastheanimal’shomeordomainanddisturbedaslittleaspossible.Itmustberememberedthatenvironmentalrequirementsofsmallmammalsarecomplexandimperfectlyunderstood.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethatanimalscanbeattendedtopromptlyasfaraspracticableintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
SpaceMinimumsizeofthecagemustbe:height44cm;depth28cmandlength35cm.Adultsandjuvenilesupto450grequireanareaof500cm2perrat.Adultsandjuvenilesabove450grequireanareaof1cm2perrat.Cagesmust:•bepredatorproof•excludeverminwhichmaybeattractedtofood•provideadequateprotectionfromheatandcold•providecontinuousaccesstowater•providegenerousventilationandbesafefromfumesandvapours•beeasilycleaned•besafefortheoccupantsi.e.havenosharpprojections,andnothaveawire meshfloorthroughwhichfeetandlegsmaybedamaged•provideopportunitiesforsufficientexercise•cagedoorsshouldnotopeninwards.
Movement and exerciseResearchshowsthatratsdonotappeartousephysicalexercisetomaintainmuscletoneortoworkoffreservefat.Cagedratsspontaneouslyexercisebyplayingwithcagematesorduringfeeding.Opportunitiesforexercisemustbeprovided.
Elevatedboxesandtubes,madeofeithercardboardorpolycarbonate,makeexcellentexerciseareas.Othersuitableaccessoriesinclude:bricks,exercisewheels,toiletrolls,platforms,ladders,commercialtoys,commercialchews,terracottapipesandropesforclimbing.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools207
TemperatureTheoptimumtemperaturerangeforratsisfrom18–21°C.Avoidlargefluctuations.
LightPreferably,goodnaturallightingorartificiallightwiththefullrangeofspectralcolours,45–60lux.Cagesshouldbekeptoutofdirectsunlight.Sheltershouldalsobeprovidedwithinthecagetoallowtheratstoavoidlight.Studentsshouldbeabletoobservethatratswillseekdarknessifitisavailabletothem.Thereshouldbe12-hourperiodsofbothlightanddarkness.
AsAlbinoratsaresensitivetolight,theyshouldbekeptunderlowlightintensityexceptwhenbeingexamined.Ratswithdarkpigmentedeyesaremoresuitablefortheclassroom.
VentilationEnsuregoodnaturalventilation,withoutdraughtsandsafetyfromfumesandvapours.
ShelterNotapplicableasratsshouldbehousedindoors.
Beddinglittershouldbehighlyabsorbent,dustfree,splinter-free,non-toxic,non-edibleandnotcontaminatedwithpesticidesorchemicals.Suggestedbeddingisdrystraw,meadowhay,whitesawdust,whiteshavings,cleanshreddedpaper,softcardboard,ricehullsorabsorbentpaperpellets.(Avoidglossymagazinesastheinksusedcanbedangerousandtreatedwoodbecauseofthechemicalsused.)
CleaningCagesshouldbecheckeddailywithwetandsoiledmaterialremoved.Theyshouldbethoroughlycleanedtwiceweekly,withasolutionofdetergentandhotwaterandthoroughlydried.Newbeddingshouldbesuppliedandoldbeddingdisposedofinasuitablemanner.
NestingEasilyshreddedmaterialsshouldbeprovided.Shreddedpaper,straw,softcardboard,papertowelsorcottonfibrearesuitable.Cottonwoolshouldnotbeusedasitcanwraparoundthelegsofyoungratsandcauseinjury.
Food requirements
Commerciallypreparedratpelletsorcubesarerecommendedastheyprovideallthebasicrequirements.Seemanufacturers’recommendationforappropriatequantities.However,asratsareomnivoresandenjoyvarietyintheirfood,thedietcanbesupplementedwithfreshfruitandvegetables.Ratsshouldbefedonceaday.
Ratsshouldnotbefedmixednutsandseedfeedsduetotheirtendencytoonlypickouttheseedshighinfats.Rats’teethgrowcontinuously,soagnawingmaterial,suchasblocksofuntreatedtimber,bones(especiallychickenbones)mustbeincludedtopreventovergrowth.
208ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Asratslikefreshfood,purchasesmallamountsonly,mouldyorrottenvegetablesshouldnotbeofferedandstalefoodandscrapsshouldberemoveddaily.lactatingfemalesmustbeprovidedwithapproximatelyfourtimestheamountoffoodandwaternormallyrequiredbyanadultrat.
Avoidtablescraps,chocolate,chipsorother‘junk’foodsthatarehighinfatsthatmayleadtoobesitytumoursorhearttrouble.
Dailyfoodallowancesareforratsupto9monthsofage,orpregnant,10gm/100gmbodyweightofpelletedfood.foradultrats,5gm/100gmofbodyweight.
Aclean,adequatesupplyofwatermustbeavailable.Inhotweather,anadultratneedsapproximately50mlofwaterdaily.Asratscontaminatewaterindishesandbowls,asuspendedfeederbottleofadequatesizeisrequired.Areceptacleshouldbeprovidedunderneathtopreventthewaterdrippingintobedding.Thewatershouldbereplaceddaily,thebottlekeptclean,andthespoutcheckeddailyforcorrectflowasblockagesoccurfrequently.
Handling
Ratsneedtobehandledcalmly,regularlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimalandthehandler.well-designedrefugesassistincatchingrats.Ifratshideunderstructures,suchaselevatedshelvesornestboxes,theycanbeeasilycaughtwithoutstruggling.forspecifichandlingtechniques,seetheApprovedActivities:ratsinthissection.
Normal behaviour
Healthyratsarealert,activeandinquisitive.Theyhaveclearandwideopeneyes.Theirearsstandupstraightandtheirfurisdenseandsleek.Normalcagedbehaviourincludesrunning,jumping,standingonhindlegsandsomeclimbing,ifcagefacilitiesallow.Maleratsaremoreaggressivethanfemalesandmoreinclinedtobite.Ratsrarelybitewithoutprovocationand,then,onlyonce,notrepeatedly.
Ratsaresocialanimalsandarebestkeptinsinglesexpairsorgroups,preferablyfromthesamelitter,unlesstheyareintendedforbreeding.Theyshouldnotbekeptassolitaryanimals.
Somemalesarepronetoexcessiveaggressivebehaviourorfighting.Ifanysignofeitherofthesetraitsispresentthenthemalesshouldbehousedseparately.
Ratsarenocturnalanimalsand,ofcourse,arefarmoreactiveatnight.Itisnormalbehaviourforratstoresthuddledtogethertoconservebodyheatduringdaylighthours.Ahealthyratsleepscurledinafoetalposition.Extensionisasignofillhealth.Cannibalismisrarebutdoesoccurandisusuallyindicativeofinadequatedietormaintenance.Pregnantfemalesshownestbuildingactivitypriortobirthandduringlactation.Duringthebreedingperiod,itisnormalbehaviourforthemaletonibblethefemale’sheadorbodyandtoexamineherano-genitalareapriortocopulation.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools209
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.
Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Signs of illness
Anyofthefollowingsymptomsmaybeanindicationofillness:•dischargefromeyes,nose,urinaryorgenitalorgans•sores,scabsorareasoffurloss•coughsandsneezing•lumpsunderthechinduetoenlargedglands•constantscratching•lackofbalance,stumblingorstiffleggedgait•softfaeceswithunpleasantsmell•looseskin(asignofweightloss),prostrationorextension•lumpsinorunderskinduepossiblytotumoursorabscessation
Excessivegroomingbyratscanbeanindicationofstress.Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifthecauseofillhealthcannotbeidentifiedorcorrected,seekassistancefromaveterinarianfamiliarwithrats.Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,mustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Adisposalplanneedstobeconsideredbeforeusingananimalinanyprogram.
Suggested resources
Web sitesAustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2008,ANZCCARTviewed1October2008www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed29October2008www.rspca.org.au
Petalia,AworldofPetCare,2000,PetaliaTM,viewed29October2008http://www.petalia.com.au/Home/
210ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Printed textsUfAw(1987)The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory Animals,longmanScientificandTechnical,UnitedKingdom.
wallace,M.(1984)The Mouse in Residence and Transit,UfAw,Hertfordshire.
Approved activities: ratsPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activities
• Observation of the normal behaviour of animals(Category 1)Duringobservation,studentsneedtobekeptatareasonabledistancetoavoidfrighteningtheanimals.
B. Low impact activities involving animals
• Breeding of mice or other appropriate animals in the classroom(Category 2)Ratsmustnotbebredforthepurposeofdissection.
Priortobreeding,homesmustbesourcedforalloffspringandadequateinformationprovidedtonewownersaboutthecareanduseoftherats.
• Appropriate care of classroom pets (Category 2)Aplanforthedisposalofsurplusanimalsmustbeinplacepriortobeginningthisactivity.Ifkillingistheonlydisposaloption,thenabreedingprogramisnotallowed.Toensurethatbreedingdoesnotoccur,themaleandfemaleshouldbeseparatedpriortobirth.Offspringshouldbeseparatedintosinglesexgroupsatweaning.
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Studentscancatch,pickupandhandletheratsduringclassroomactivitiesandformaintenance.Priortrainingmustbegiventostudentsintheappropriatemethodsofhandling,asdetailedinprevioussection.Onlyratswhichareaccustomedtobeinghandledshouldbeused.
Allhandlingshouldbegentleandunhurried.Nervouspeopleshouldnotattempttohandlerats.Suddenloudnoisesandjerkymovementsmustbeavoidedatalltimes.Glovesareunnecessaryandundesirableastheyleadtoclumsyhandling
Alwaysapproacharatfrombehindandgripitfirmlywiththethumbandforefinger,formingacircleroundtheneck.Theheadandonefrontpawshouldbeincludedinthisgripwhilethesecondfrontpawisheldbetweentheforefingerandthemiddlefinger.Usetheotherhandtosupportthepelvisandtailfrombehindandholdtherearpawsbetweenthethumbandforefinger.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools211
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight (Category 2)
2. body conditon (Category 2)
3. growth (Category 2)
4. body proportions (Category 2)Studentsobserverats,notingdetailsoftheirgrowth,weighingthemandmeasuringbodyproportions.Priortrainingandexperienceincapture,restraintandhandlingmustoccurtoensurethattheratsarerestrainedfortheshortestpossibleperiod.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
4. palatability (Category 3)forsmallanimalssuchasmiceandrats,theonlydietaryeffectthatshouldbeinvestigatedisthepalatabilityofdifferentfoods.Asratsaresmallinsize,quantityorqualityofthefeedprovided.
E. Rat Dissections
Ratdissectionsarediscouraged.PermissionmustbeobtainedfromtheACTSchoolsAnimalEthicsCommittee.PleaserefertoAppendix4ofPartAoftheGuidelines.
Sheep
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACT Codes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/48824/sheepwelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofanimalsshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Activitiesinvolvinglargedomesticandfarmanimalsthatmightstandon,crushorotherwisecausephysicalinjurytoapersonareclassedas‘highrisk’(level3)activitiesinthePolicy and Guidelines for Risk Management in ACT Government Secondary Science Programs 2001.Highriskactivitieshavethepotentialforriskofseriousinjurytostudentsorothers(e.g.anirreversibleinjury,permanentdamagetohealthorafatality).
Teachers/leadersarerequiredtoprovidedirectsupervision(onetotwostudentsatanyonetimeworkingwithteacherguidance).Appropriatepersonalprotectiveequipmentmustbeusedtominimisetheriskofinjury,andtheactivityistobeundertakeninasafeanddefinedarea.
Ariskassessmentmustbecompletedanddocumentedbyseniormanagementpriortothecommencementofhighriskactivities.Intheeventofastudentaccident,acopyoftheriskassessmentformandotherrelevantdocuments(e.g.studentsafetytest,pre-activityteachingandlearning,coursedocuments)shouldbeattachedtothestudentaccidentreportformandforwardedtoworkplacerelationsandGovernmentlegalandliaisonsection.
212ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools213
Varietal range difference
BreedscommonlyusedinAustraliacanbedividedintothefollowingcategories:•finewoolsincludingtheMerinoandMerinoComebacks•ShortwoolsincludingtheDorset,RyelandandSuffolk•longwoolsincludingtheBorderleicesterandlincoln•DualPurposeBreedsincludingtheCorriedale,GromarkandPolwarth•CarpetwoolsincludingtheDrysdaleandTukidale•woolless,e.g.thewiltshireHornwhichshedsitsfleece.
Itisrecommendedthatschoolsthatwishtomaintainasheepenterpriserestricttheirchoicetoplain-bodiedsheepsuchasthedualpurposebreedsandfirstcrossewes.Theyprovidewoolproductionbutarelesslikelytogetflystrike.Thismeansthereisareducedneedtocarryoutoperationslikemulesing.
Physical attributes
Size: Attheshoulder, •smallframedfinewoolMerinos:60cm •mediumframedstrongwoolMerinosandSuffolks:75cm •largeframedBorderleicester:90–95cm.
weight: 35–90kgAgeatadultsize: approximately2years.weightatbirth: Merinos3.6–4.1kg,others4.1–5.1kg.Theseareonly averageweightsandfinalbirthweightisdependentupon theageoftheewe,thefeedingregimeoftheewe,the breedandwhetherasingleormultiplebirth.Gestationperiod: 150days.Numberofoffspring: Normallyasinglelamb,exceptfortypesspecifically bredforreproductiveperformancesuchastheBooroola, PollDorsetandBorderleicester/Merinocrosswhere twinsaremorenormal.Rangeofbreedingages:Pubertyvariesfrom8–12months,withbreedssuchasthe Borderleicester/Merinocrossmaturingearliestand havinganextendedbreedingseason.Mostewesare matedforthefirsttimewhentheyare15–18monthsofageweaningage: 3–5monthsHealthycharacteristics: Rectaltemperature:38.9ºC Heartrate:75/min Respirationrate:16/min
Aseparatebudgetallowanceshouldbeavailabletoensurelivestockareadequatelyfedandcaredforatalltimes.
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Environment
Thebasicrequirementsforthewelfareofsheepare:•alevelofnutritionadequatetosustaingoodhealthandvigour•accesstosufficientwaterofsuitablequalitytomeetphysiologicalneeds•socialcontactwithothersheepandwithsufficientspacetostand,toliedownand stretchtheirlimbs•protectionformpredation•protectionfrompaininjuryanddisease•protectionfromextremesofweatherwhichmaybelifethreatening•provisionofreasonableprecautionsagainsttheeffectsfnaturaldisasters,e.g. firebreaks,andfodderstorage.•handlingfacilitieswhichundernormalusagedonotcauseinjuryandwhich minimizestresstothesheep.
SpaceSheepperformwellinanopenpasturethathasplentyofavailablewateraswellasshelterfromwind,rainandsun.forinformationaboutstockingrates,refertonotesonfoodandwaterrequirements.
Ifsheeparehousedintensively,eachpenshouldbedesignedtoholdnomorethanthreetofoursheepandshouldprovideanareaofatleast1.5squaremetrespersheep.PermissionmustbeobtainedfromtheSAECtoraiseanimalsinintensiveconditions.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,animalscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
FencingAllpaddockswithinabuildupareamustprovideadequateprotectionfrompredators.fencesmustbecheckedregularlyfordamageandallsharpedgesthatcouldcausedamagetolivestockshouldberemoved.
TemperatureNewbornlambsandsheepoffshearsareparticularlysusceptibletocold,wetconditions.forsheepinpens,careneedstobetakenthattheslattedfloorsdonotcausecold,draughtyconditions.
ShelterShelterisessentialtoprovideshadeandprotectionfromcold,windyandwetweather,particularlyfornewbornlambsandsheepoffshears.windbreaksorhousingandshadeshouldbeavailabletoensureprotectionfrominclementweatherconditions.
VentilationNeedstobeadequateinshedstopreventthemfrombecominghumidanddampandtopreventabuildupofammonia.
CleaningPensshouldbecleaneddaily.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools215
Ifsheeparetobehousedforlengthyperiods,woodenslattedfloors,withexcellentsub-floorandroomventilation,arebest.Thisensuresthatwooldamage(staining),fleecerotandflystrikeareminimisedandfacilitatescleaningofpens.Shedsshouldhaveallsharpobjectsthatcouldcausedamagetolivestockremoved.
feedbinsshouldbeoffthegroundandautomaticwaterers,whichsupplyclean,freshwateratalltimes,mustbeinstalledandcheckeddaily.
Food and water requirements
Sheeparemostefficient,intermsofdigestion,withgoodqualitypasturecomprisingabalanceofgrassesandlegumes.Caremustbetakento,asfaraspossible,excludesheepfromtoxicplantsandothersubstancessuspectedofbeingdetrimentaltotheirhealth.E.g.whensheepareputonpastureswithahighlegumecontent,bloatcanoccurwhilepasturescontainingyoungphalarisplants(bluetingedincolour)aretoxictosheep.freshcleanwaterthatisreadilyaccessibleisalsoneededforefficientgrowth.
Remember,whenfeedingbyhand,theruleistointroducenewfoodtypesslowlyandcarefully.feedplentyofhighqualityroughageandfeedsmallamountsatfrequentintervals.
Donotfeedexcessivegrains.
ThecarryingcapacityofsheeponpastureisbasedontheaverageannualfeedavailabilityandisexpressedintermsofDrySheepEquivalent/hectare(DSErating).OneDSEistheamountoffeedrequiredtomaintaina50kgwether.Acrossbredewewithafive-weekoldlambhasaDSEratingof2.9.
Monitoringofliveweightandconditionscoringwillindicatetheadequacyofthefeedconditions.
Type
Younglambs:suckleoneweorusemilkreplacer.Oldersheep:grazingisthemosteconomicalmethod.Supplementaryfeedingwithhayandconcentratemixesmaybenecessary.Ifthesheeparesolelygrazed,alocalveterinarianshouldbeconsultedtodetermineifthereisaneedforspecificsupplementation.
QuantityVarieswithweight,stageofgrowthandstageofproduction.
Regularityforhandfeeding,providetwicedailyforyounglambsanddailyforothersheep.Essentialdietaryneeds(variations):Newbornlambsmustgetcolostruminthefirst24hours.
WaterAclean,freshandreliablesupplyisnecessary.wateringpointsshouldbeofsufficientcapacityandallowsafeaccess.Abovegroundcontainerswithautomaticwateringsystemsthatuseclean,freshwaterarepreferred.waterandwateringsystemsshouldbecheckeddaily.Themoisturecontentoftheavailablefeedwilldeterminethequantityofwaterrequiredbythesheep.
216ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Handling
Allsheepshouldbecheckeddailyforsignsofillhealth.
Ifhandlingisrequired,itisessentialthattheybehandledcalmlyandgentlytoreducestresstoindividualsheepandtoothersheepnearby.Thetimeofrestraintshouldbeminimizedtotheshortesttimepossibletoensurethesuccessfulcompletionoftheactivity.
Asetofsolidyards,preferablyincludingadraftingrace,increasestheeaseofhandlingsheep.Allsharpobjectsthatcouldcausedamagetolivestockshouldberemoved.
Sheepkeptinschoolslearnroutinesquicklyandrespondtofoodincentives.whennewsheepyardsaretobeconstructedorexistingyardsmodified,expertadviceshouldbesought.
forspecifichandlingtechniques,seetheApprovedActivitiessection.
Normal behaviour
Sheeparegregariousanimals,movingandrespondingasagroup.Thisbehaviourpatternsignificantlyfacilitatesmoving,workingandidentifyingindividualanimalswithproblems.
forexample,whenewesareabouttolamb,theybecomeextremelyagitatedandmoveawayfromthemainbodyoftheflock.Thesamemaybetrueforinitialsignsofillhealthorpoornutrition.
Disease prevention
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactionmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Movement of sheep
Thereareanumberofrestrictionsrelatingtothemovementofsheep.Toensurethatyouabidebytheappropriatelegislation,contactTAMSandtheRurallandsProtectionBoardorNSwAgriculture.
Signs of illness
Asicksheepmaydisplay:•disorientation•lethargy•changedfeedinghabits•scouring•nervousness•discharging•separationfromorlaggingbehindthemainbodyoftheflock
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools217
•lameness•ill-thriftorwasting•abnormalgaitorareluctancetorise.
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Commonailmentsthatmayoccurincludemastitis,bloat,internalparasites,footrotandflystrike.
Ifunabletoidentifyandcorrectthecauseofillhealth,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianwhoisfamiliarwithsheep.
Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,mustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithalocalveterinarian.
Disposal
Sheepcanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoanabattoir.Considerationtoemotionalaffectofthemethodofdisposalonstudentsmustbetakenintoconsiderationandstudentsshouldbepreparedwellinadvanceofthedisposalofanimals.
Carcasesmustbedisposedofinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
Web sitesAustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2008,ANZCCARTviewed29October2008www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
Breedsoflivestock,2008,OklahomaStateUniversityBoardofRegents,viewed29October2008www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/
ModelCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:Sheep,2006,CSIROpublications,CSIRO,viewed29October2008http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/18/pid/5389.htm
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNSwGovernment,viewed29October2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
PolicyandGuidelinesforriskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms,2001,ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining,viewed29October2008https://index.det.act.gov.au/resources/im_safety.html#publications
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed29October2008www.rspca.org.au
218ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
Printed textsBannerman,S.,Thornthwaite,S.andGant,l.(2001)Enterprising Agriculture,MacMillan,Victoria.
NSwAgriculture,Agfacts,Informationsheets.
NSwAgriculture,Agskills,HomeStudy.
ProgramdevelopedatC.B.AlexanderCollege,Tocal.
NSwAgriculture(1994)Sheep Production Guide,HomeStudyProgramdevelopedatC.B.AlexanderCollege,Tocal.
SCARM(1991)Australian Model Code of Practice for the Welfare of Animals: the Sheep,CSIRO,Australia.
UfAw(1988)The Management and Welfare of Farm Animals,UfAw,Hertfordshire,UK.
Yabsley,G.(1983)Farming in a small way,NSwAgriculture,Sydney.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
localcouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: sheepPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
B. Low impact activities
• Capture, restraint and handling(Category 2)Asetofsheepyardswitharacecanbeveryusefulforhandlingsheep.
Thereareexcellentportableyardsthataresuitableforuseinschools.Manyactivitiescanbeeasilycarriedoutwhilethesheeparestandinginarace.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools219
Alternatively,individualsheepcanbecaughtandrestrained.Todothis,asheepcanbethrown,sothatitsitsonitsrump.Thispositionimmobilisesthesheepandallowshusbandryactivitiestobecarriedout.
Topreventthehandlerbeingkickedinthefacebythesheep’shindlegs,ensurethatthesheep’sheaddoesnotslipbetweenthehandler’slegs.Thesheep’sheadshouldleantoonesideandbehelddownagainsttheflankofthesheep.Normally,oneofthesheep’slegsisplacedbehindthehandler’sleg,givingthehandlermaximumcontroloftheanimal.
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight(Category 2)Theeasiestandmostappropriatemethodtodeterminebodyweightisbyusingasetofportablesheepscalesthatcanbefittedintoarace.
Thisallowstheanimaltoberestrainedandweighedwithoutunduestressorhandling.Bathroomscalescanbeusedforlambs.Thelambsarecarriedontothescalesandtheholder’sweightissubtracted.
2. body condition by visual assessment or condition scoring (Category 2)Thebodyconditioncanbeassessedwhensheeparestandinginarace.NSwAgricultureAgfactsdescribesthebestmethodofconditionscoring.
3. growth (Category 2)woolgrowthisdirectlylinkedtofeedavailabilityandbreeding.Therecordingofwoolgrowthwillgiveaccurateperceptionsoftheeffectsofnutritionandbreedingwithoutcausingunduestresstotheanimal.Thereisaverysimpleandeffectivemethodofrecordingwoolgrowth.woolgrowthcanbeascertainedbymarking,withsilvernitrate,thebaseofasmallsectionofwoolstapleintheloinregionofthefleece.Thesilvernitrateplacesapermanentbrownlineonthefleece.whenthefleeceisremovedatshearing,growthratescanberecordedbycomparingthelengthofthewoolfromshornendtobrownlinecomparedagainsttime.Thisisaneasyandsafeexperimentbothforthesheepandthestudents.Stainedwoolshouldberemovedfromtheclipbeforesale.
Note:SilverNitrateissuitableforusebyyear11and12studentsandstaffonly.
4. body proportions (Category 2)Asanimalsgrow,thechangeinbodyproportionsisbestrecordedthroughphotographsasthismeanslittlehandlingofstockandgivespermanentandaccuraterecordsofdevelopmentalchanges.Itisusefultostandthesheepagainstabackgroundgrid.
5. pulse or blood flow(Category 2)Thepulsecanberecordedbyfeelingthecarotidarteryatthebaseofthejaworthefemoralartery,insidethehindleg,wherethereislittlefleece.
6. respiration (Category 2)
220ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
8. age by dentition (Category 2)Toageasheepbyitsdentition,checkthenumberofteethinitsmouth.Thesheepcanberestrainedbyputtingitinaraceorrestingitonitsrump.Birthto12months,lamb’steeth12–19months,two-tooth18–24months,four-tooth23–36months,six-tooth28–48months,eight-toothOldsheep,brokenmouth
9. scrotum and testicles (palpation)(Category 2)Thesheepisheldinastandingposition.Thehandlerplacesahandoneachsideofthebaseofthescrotumandfeelsforthespermaticchordsbetweenthumbandfingers,graduallymovingdowntotheepididymis.
Abnormalitiessuchashardnessandswellingcanbefeltwithouttoomuchpressure.Comparisonsbetweenthetestescanbemadesimultaneouslybyusingahandoneachside.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
1. high/normal protein (Category 3)
2. high/normal energy (Category 3)
3. high/normal fat (Category 3)
4. palatability (Category 3)Itisrecommendedthatdietaryobservationberestrictedtophysiologicaleffectsonwoolgrowthastheseprovideaccurateresultswithoutcausingstresstotheanimal.
Restrictionoffoodquantityisnotacceptable.
E. Behaviour activities
2. taming and gentling (Category 3)
3. training for competition or showing(Category 3)lambscanbequietenedatanearlyageandshouldbehandledasmuchaspossible.Initially,theycanbetrainedtothehalterbytyingthemuptoasolidobject.Gradually,lambswillgetusedtothehalterandwillwalkonthelead.
Sheepshouldbecomeaccustomedtobeinghandledalloverand,forrams,thisincludestouchingthescrotum.
Duringashow,thehandlerwalksontheleftsideoftheanimal.whenthehandlerisseated,theanimalshouldfacethehandlerandhaveitsheadataboutkneeheight.Theanimalshouldstandwithitsheadhighandfeetevenlyspacedsothatitisshowntoitsoptimum.Topreventinjuryfromthehorns,hornedsheep,especiallyrams,needtobeheldbythehead.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools221
forshortwoolbreeds,trimmingorclippingshouldcommenceatleastamonthbeforejudgingday.Itshouldbedonefourorfivetimesbeforeashow.Thesheepshouldbesecuredbyitsheadstalltoarailand,ideally,raisedonatable.Removeanyburrsfromthewool.Dampenanarea,e.g.ahindquarter,withaspraybottleofwaterandbreakupthefibrewithastiffbrushorcardingcomb.Usehandshearstotrimthefibrebacktoasolidbase.Usethebottombladeoftheshearsasagaugefordepth.Cardupseveraltimesandcliptoachieveasmoothfinish.Clipthewoolfromthescrotum.Trimthetailtofitintothehindquartertogiveameatyappearance.
forlongwoolbreeds,rugthesheepduringthewintermonthswitheitherahessianorcanvasrug.Justpriortoashow,openupthewoolandtrimoffanystragglyorfluffypieceswithapairofshears.
F. Collection of samples from livestock
1. wool (Category 2)Thisiseasilyachievedatshearingbyusingsharphandshearsorcurvedscissorstoremovethewoolrequired.Theanimalshouldbeadequatelyrestrained.
3. faeces and urine (non-invasive)(Category 2)whencollectingurine,themostefficientmethodisbyrestrainingtheanimaloveracollectiontray,whichgathersall,passedurine.Remembertotreatallurineasthoughitcontainshazardousdiseases.Storetheurineinsealedcontainers,handlewithsurgicalglovesandensurethatallcollectionareasarekeptclean.
faecescanbecollectedfromthegroundaftertheanimalhasdefecated.Sheepcanbetemporarilyrestrainedinapenorcornerofthepaddock.Studentsshouldwearglovesandfollowproperhygieneprocedures.
5. saliva (Category 3)feedingroughagetosheepjustbeforecollectionfacilitatesthecollectionofsaliva.Roughagestimulatesexcesssaliva-productionsocollectionfromthemouth,usingasyringe-operatedsuctiontube,becomesaneasyprocess.
4. faeces (invasive) (Category 5)
6. ruminal fluid (Category 5)
7. blood (Category 5)
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•backline(Category 3)•spray(Category 3)•dip(Category 3)
Dipsandspraysshouldbeconstructed,maintainedandoperatedinamannerthatminimisesinjury,diseaseandstresstosheep.Backlineadministrationoftreatmentsisthemostsuitableforschoolsituations.
222ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
oral•drench(Category 3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category 3)•intramuscular(Category 3)
Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofparasitesforallsheep.
whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametimeandpasturesshouldberotatedinconjunctionwiththedrenchprogram.Theseactivitiesneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenchesoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:• readingalllabels• maintainingappropriatestorageadheringtowithholdingperiods• determiningtheweightofanimals• determiningthecorrectdoserate• usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
whenvaccinating,ensurethattheanimalisadequatelyrestrainedandtheneedlesaresharpandsterile.
Subcutaneousinjectionsaremostcommonlyusedandinvolveinjectingthevaccinejustundertheskin.Therecommendedsiteforvaccinationisinthelooseskinfoldsatthebaseoftheear.
forscabbymouth,theskinisscratchedwithaspecialapplicator.Pleasenotethatscabbymouthvaccineisalivevaccineandisinfectioustohumans.
Caremustbetakentoavoidaccidentalself-inoculation.Ifthisoccurs,medicalassistancemustbesoughtimmediately.
whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allanimalsshouldbetreatedatthesametimeandpasturesshouldberotatedinconjunctionwiththedrenchprogram.
Treatmentforexternalparasitesisnowcommonlycarriedoutusingpour-onorbacklinechemicals.Asthesechemicalsaresaferfortheoperatorandforthosewatchingtheprocedure,theyaresuitableforuseinschools.
• intrauterine pessaries (Category 4)TheintroductionofControlledIntravaginalReleasingDevice(CIRD)isclassifiedasadministeringanintrauterinepessary.Ensureequipmentiscleanedaftereachapplication.
Carefullyintroducetheloadedapplicatortothesheep’svaginaand,whentheapplicatorisinposition,dischargetheCIRD.
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools223
4. ear marking (Category 3)Earmarkingwitharegisteredmarkforidentificationisrequiredbylegislation.Schoolsshouldcontacttheirlocalveterinarianforadvice.Seealsolambmarkingbelow.
whenitisnecessarytomarksheepforpermanentidentification,theearmaybetattooed,tagged,notchedorhole-punched.Electronicmethodsmayalsobeacceptable.
Eartaggingcancausesometearingoftheearsifnotconductedproperly;carefultechniquewillavoidthis.
Earmarkinginstrumentsshouldbesharp,withthecuttingedgesundamaged,soastopreventtearingoftheear.
6. hoof paring (Category 3)Thisoperationremovesovergrownhoofmaterialand,inconjunctionwithsoundmanagementpractices,keepsthehoofclean,hardandpreventsdiseaseslikeabscesses.Toavoidtakingofftoomuchhoofandcausingbleedingordamage,thehornofthehoofshouldbecutbackinseveralstages.Studentsshouldreceivepriorinstructiononhoofstructuretohelptoavoidcuttingintosensitivetissue.Controloreradicationproceduresshouldbeadoptedifevidenceoffootrotoccurs.
8. shearing (Category 3)Shearingistheremovalofwoolfromthesheepusinganelectrichandpiece.Studentsshouldbefamiliarwiththeelectrichandpiecepriortoshearingandbesupervisedbyanexperiencedperson.Thetallyhighmethodofshearingisrecommended.Note:shearingisstressfultotheanimal,especiallyifcut.
11. crutching (Category 4)Crutchingistheremovalofwoolfromthebreechareaofthesheepusinghandshears.
25. castration(Category 4)Castrationcanbeachievedbyplacinganelastratorringattheneckofthescrotum,byremovingusingaknifeorbyusingaspeciallydesigned,heatedknifethatsealsthewound.Castrationiscarriedoutbefore12weeksofage.
26. tail docking (Category 4)Taildockingiscarriedouttostopsoilingofthebreechareaandtohelppreventflystrike.Thetailshouldberemovedatthethirdtailjoint.SeeNSwAgricultureAgfactsfordetailedinformation.leavingthetailthislengthprotectsthevulvafromthesunandflies.
Castration,taildockingandearmarkingareusuallycarriedouttogetherandarecollectivelyknownaslambmarking.
whencarryingoutseveraloperationsontheoneanimalattheonetime,suchaslambmarking,plantheoperationssothattheoperationcausingmoststressisperformedlast.
Theseoperationsshouldbecarriedoutbyaskilledpersononly,andpreferablyusingalambmarkingcradletoadequatelyrestrainthelamb.Markingisbestcarriedout
224ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
beforethelambsare4-6weeksofage.Animalsoversixmonthsofagerequireananesthetic.Intheinterestsofanimalwelfareandtopreventsoilingofthebreecharea,alllambsthataretobekeptuntilweaningageshouldbemarked.Allmalelambs,otherthanthosekeptforbreedingpurposes,mustbecastratedbeforesixweeksofageaspartofnormalhusbandrypractice.
Entireramlambswillcauseproblemswithmanagementandwilltendtofightastheyreachpuberty.
40. mulesing, teeth grinding or trimming, pizzle dropping(Category 5)forfurtherinformationaboutspecialisedanimalhusbandrytechniques,refertotheACTCodeofpracticeforthewelfareofanimals–sheep.
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Turkeys
Thisspeciesspecificguidelineisaguideonlyandwasaccurateatthetimeofpublication.StaffresponsibleforanimalsinschoolsshouldrefertotheACTCodes of practice for the welfare of animalstoensurethatcurrentACTlegislationisfollowed.
Therelevantcodeofpracticewasviewedon4March09at:http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/13360/domesticpoultrywelfare-codeofpractice.pdf
Theimportanceofgoodstockmanshipinanimalwelfarecannotbeover-emphasised.Personsresponsibleforthecareofpoultryshouldbewelltrained,experiencedanddedicated.Staffshouldbeencouragedtoundertakeappropriatetraininginanimalmanagementandhusbandryappropriatetothespeciesbeingkeptinschools.Knowledgeofthenormalappearanceandbehaviouroftheiranimalsisessentialforthemtobetreatedeffectivelyandefficientlyandwithconsideration.
Physical attributes
Size: toonemetretallweight: male8–15kg female4–8kgweightatbirth: 40–60gmIncubationperiod: 28daysSexualmaturity: wellgrown,seven-monthsold pulletsHealthycharacteristics: bodytemperature:40–42oC heartrate:180–340beatsperminute
Environment
Thebasicneedsofpoultryare:•readilyaccessiblefoodandwatertomaintainhealthand vigour•freedomtomove,stand,turnaround,stretch,sitandlie down•visualcontactwithothermembersofthespecies•accommodationwhichprovidesprotectionfromthe weatherandwhichneitherharmsnorcausesdistress•preventionofdisease,injuryandvice,andtheirrapid treatmentshouldtheyoccur.
226ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
SpaceStockingdensityshouldbereviewedperiodicallyandadjustedasnecessaryforage,breed,strainandtypeofturkey,colonysize,temperature,ventilation,lighting,qualityofhousingandoccurrenceofdiseaseandcannibalism.
floorspaceunderahoverbroodershouldbeatleast90cm2foreachpoult.forbirdsuptosixweeksofage,provideatleast900cm2apoult.fromeightweeksofage,theminimumextensivespacerequiredforrearingis2.5kg/m2.Grassedrunsshouldhaveatleast15m2ofpastureperbird.Rotatepasturesbetweenbatches.Provideashedwith1.2m2ofroofperbirdandallow25cmofroostspaceperbird.
Stepsshouldbetakentoensurethat,asfaraspracticable,birdscanbeattendedtopromptlyintheeventoffire,flood,injuryordisease.
Everyreasonableeffortmustbetakentoprovideprotectionfrompredators.Thisincludesadequatefencingthatisfoxanddogproof.Thismayrequirecementingaroundthebaseoftheshedandpoultryruns.Buildingsshouldbeconstructedandmaintainedtorestricttheentryofwildbirds,rodentsandpredatorsthatarecapableofcausingdiseaseand/ordistress.
Thefloorshouldhaveasolidbase.
Movement and exerciseTurkeysappreciatearangingsituationbutcanbesuccessfullyraisedinmoreintensivesituations.ModelCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:DomesticPoultry(4thedition)providesfurtheradviceonthespaceallowancesforturkeys.
Temperatureforday-oldpoultsunderabrooder,measured8cmabovethegroundattherimofthebrooder,thetemperature,takenwithablackbulbthermometer,shouldbe37°C.Everythreedays,lowerthetemperature1°to2°Ctoreach21°Cwhenthepoultsarefourtosixweeksofage.Ageneralshedtemperatureof21°Cshouldbemaintained.Poultsinbroodersshouldbecheckedatleasttwiceinevery24hourperiod.
Thepoultsarethebestindicatorsoftemperature.whenitistoohot,theywilldisperseandtheywillhuddleifitistoocold.whenpoultsareweaned,thepreferredtemperaturerangeis20–28°C.Temperaturesbelow10°Candabove32°Ccausestress.
Adequateprecautionsshouldbetakentominimisestressproducedbytemperatureshighenoughtocauseprolongedpanting,particularlywhenaccompaniedbyhighhumidity.Inhotweatherprovisionofadequatecoolwaterandventilationisessentialandbirdsmusthaveaccesstoshade.Underadverseweatherconditionsbirdsmustbemonitoredmorefrequently.
LightSheddedbirdsmusthavereasonablelightandnotbekeptindark.Thebirdsshouldexperiencealightanddarkcycle.
VentilationAvoiddraughtsandchillingwinds.Ventilationisrequiredtopreventammoniabuild-upinintensivesituations.Ammoniacausesasmuchdistresstopoultryasitdoestohumans.Topreventammoniabuildinguptothelevelwhereitbecomes
ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools227
unpleasant,reducethenumberofbirdsinagivenarea,cleanoutthelitterandimproveventilation.Ventilationfacitilitesandequipmentshouldaimtomaintainshedrelativehumiditybelow80%especiallyattemperaturesabove30°C.RefertotheCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals–DomesticPoultry4thEditionforfurtherinformationaboutacceptablegaslevels.
ShelterSufficientshelterisrequiredtoprotectbirdsfromextremesofclimatesuchastemperaturechanges,wind,rainanddirectsunlight.Shedsshouldprovideasolidfloorforbreedingbirdsthatiscoveredwithalittermaterialthatisabsorbentandprotectsthebirdsfromdamage.Shedsmusthaveadequatespace,ventilationandbecleanedregularlytoavoidabuildupofammonia.
BeddingUseclean,drylitterofricehulls,shavingsfromuntreatedtimber,straworsand.
Cleaninglittlecleaningisrequiredifthelitterisdeepandkeptdry.Makesurethatequipment,suchasnestboxes,ishygienicsothatthediseaseriskisminimised.
NestingSuitablenestingmaterialsuchasclean,drysand,ricehulls,straworuntreatedwoodshavingsshouldbeprovided.Anestingboxshouldhaveaminimumsizeof1900cm2andaccommodateupto5breedingfemales.Thenestshouldbereasonablydarkandofsufficientsizetoisolateonebirdfromanother,sothateggdamageandaggressivebehaviourfromsomebirdsduringnestingtimeareavoided.
Food and water requirements
TypeCommerciallypreparedturkeycrumblesforpoults,growersandadults.Automaticfeedersshouldbecheckeddailytotheyareoperatingcorrectly.Birdsshouldbeprovidedwithfoodonceinevery24hourperiod.
QuantityRangesfromafewgramsperdayforpoultstoupto250gramsperdayforadults.
RegularityAdlibpreferred,atleasttwiceperday,inthemorningandevening.
Essential dietary needs (variations)28%proteinrationforthefirstfourweeks,24%forthenextfourweeksandthenreducedto20%untilgrown.whenthebirdsareyoung,usemedicatedrationstocounterblackheaddisease.
WaterMustbecool,cleanandfreshandinsufficientquantityatalltimes.Automaticwaterfeedersarerecommended.Thewatersupplymustbecheckeddailytoensurethatautomaticsystemsareworkingandthatthewaterisclean.Turkeysshouldneverbedeprivedofwaterformorethan24hours.Anynewwatersupplyshouldisobtained,thewatershouldbetestedforsaltcontentandmicrobiologicalcontaminationand
228ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
adviceobtainedonitssuitabilityforpoultry.Aminimumofonedayscalculatedwaterrequirementsshouldbeavailableinstorageorauxiliarysupplyincaseofbreaks,repairsoffailureofequipment.Eachbirdmusthaveaccesstoatleasttwoindependentdrinkingpoints.Manufacturersrecommendationsareagoodguidetothenumberofoutletsperbird.
LightYoungbirdsrearedawayfromthehenrequirealightintensityofabut20luxonthefoodandwaterforthefirstthreedayafterhatchinginordertolearntofindfoodandwater.TurkeysinACTschoolsshouldhaveaccesstonaturallightandnormaldaylightperiods.
Handling
Turkeysneedtobehandledcalmlyandwithcaretopreventdistressandinjurytotheanimals.Avoidchasing,whichagitatestheturkeys,andcausesthemtopileupincorners.
forspecifichandlingtechniques,seetheApprovedActivities.
Normal behaviour
Turkeysarealertandactivewithanerectcarriage.Theycannotflyfarandoftenscratchandpeckastheyinvestigatethesurroundings.Turkeysmayrushatobjectsand,ifinjured,maybecomecannibalistic.
Signs of illness
•diarrhea•nasaldischarge•sneezing•nervoussignsorparalysis•inactivity,headunderwing,feathersruffledorisolatedfromgroup•apaleorpurplecomb•frequentshuttingofeyes•littleresponsewhentouchedorpushed,oroftenpeckedatbyothers.•reducedwaterintakeorproduction•abnormalconditionoftheirdroppingsorotherphysicalfeatures
Afailuretothriveorgrowisanothersignofillness.Ifthecauseofill-healthisunabletobeidentifiedandcorrected,assistanceshouldbesoughtfromaveterinarianfamiliarwithturkeys.
Anysignsofillnessorinjury,andtreatmentgiven,shouldbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
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Disease prevention
Turkeysshouldbecheckedonceinevery24hourperiodandmorefrequentlyduringhotweatheroroutbreaksofdiseaseorcannibalism.
Diseasecontrolmethodsandinternalandexternalparasitecontrolprogramsshouldbedevelopedinconsultationwithaveterinarian.Allactivitiesmustbedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.Thisincludesrecordsofmorbidities,mortalities,treatmentgivenandresponsetotreatment.Thisinformationwillassistdiseaseinvestigations.
Topreventorreducebehaviouralorotherproblems,schoolsshouldconsiderselectionofthemostappropriatebirdstrainandthemethodofrearingusedtosuitthetypeofhousingavailableandmanagementpracticesemployed.
Shouldanoutbreakoffeatherpickingorcannibalismoccur,oranoutbreakappearimminent,environmentalfactorsthatmayaggravateitshouldbeexaminedandifappropriate,adjustmentsmade,suchasreducingthestockingdensity,lightintensity,temperature,humidityordisturbancestothepeckingorder,removinginjuredbirds,removingbirdsobservedtobeinstigatingpecking,oreliminatingshaftsofbrightsunlight.Ifthesemeasuresfailtocontroltheproblemthenappropriatebeaktrimmingofthebirdsshouldbeconsideredinconsultationwithanexpertinanimalwelfaretopreventfurtherinjuryormortalityintheflock.
Euthanasia
Inthecaseofananimalbecomingsosick,diseasedorinjuredthatrecoveryisunlikelyorundesirableonhumanegrounds,theneuthanasiamustbearrangedwithacompetentperson.Inemergencycases,aperson,competentinthetechnique,mayuseastickingknifethatisstuckthroughtheroofoftheturkey’smouthandintothebrain.
Disposal
Turkeyscanbesoldprivately,atauctionorconsignedtoanabattoir.
Carcasesmustbedisposedofpromptlyandinaccordancewithlocalcouncilregulations.
Suggested resources
WebsitesAustralianandNewZealandCouncilfortheCareofAnimalsinResearchandTeaching(ANZCCART),2008,ANZCCARTviewed29October2008www.adelaide.edu.au/ANZCCART
Breedsoflivestock,2008,OklahomaStateUniversityBoardofRegents,viewed29October2008www.ansi.okstate.edu/breeds/
ModelCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimals:DomesticPoultry,2002,CSIROpublications,CSIRO,viewed29October2008www.publish.csiro.au/index.cfm
230ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
NSwAgriculture,2005,StateofNSwGovernment,viewed29October2008www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture
PolicyandGuidelinesforriskManagementinACTGovernmentSecondarySciencePrograms,2001,ACTDepartmentofEducationandTraining,viewed29October2008https://index.det.act.gov.au/resources/im_safety.html#publications
RSPCA,2007,RSPCA.org,viewed29October2008www.rspca.org.au
Printed textsNSwDeptofAgricultureandfisheries, Agfacts: Raising Turkeys,Australia.
Reading,D.(1990)A Guide to Keeping Poultry in Australia,Penguin,Australia.
Contacts
TheAnimalwelfareAuthorityDepartmentofTerritoryandMunicipalServices(TAMS)POBox249CIVICSQUAREACT2608
localcouncil
localfarmsuppliestrader
Approved activities: turkeysPlease note:ThecategoriesofactivitiesareexplainedinTable2,onpage12,inPartAoftheseguidelines.ThelettersandnumbersusedinapprovedactivitiescorrespondtothosedetailedinTable3,DescriptionofActivities,onpages11–16ofPartAoftheseguidelines.Category4and5activitiesmaybeundertakenbystudentsonlyifpriorwrittenapprovalfromtheACTSAEChasbeenobtainedbyapplyingonformD,onpage54,inPartAoftheseguidelines.Beforedemonstratingtostudentsacategory5activity,theteachermusthavewrittencertificationfromtheACTSAEC.Athree-yearlycertificationshouldberequestedbycompletingformE,onpage59,inPartAoftheseguidelines.
A. Very low impact activity
• Observation of normal behaviour of birds(Category 1)Bepatientasbirdsdonotlikeloudnoisesorsuddenmovements.Studentscanobserveonebirdforindividualbehaviourandtwobirds,amaleandafemale,forbreedingbehaviour.
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B. Low impact activity
• Capture, restraint and handling (Category 2)Birdsshouldbecapturedandhandledonlywhennecessary.Usebirdsthathavebecomeaccustomedtohandlingfromayoungage.Avoidchasingbirdsasthisagitatesthemandcausesthemtopileupincorners.Ifacatchinghookisused,abirdshouldbedrawntowardsthehandlerfirmlybutnotsoquicklyastodamageshank,legorjoints.firmlyandquietlytransferthebirdtotheholdingposition.Theholdingpositioninvolvesrestrainingonehockjointbetweentheindexfingerandthumb,andtheotherhockjointbetweenthethirdandfourthfingers.Thebird’sbreast,orkeelbone,sitscomfortablyonthepalmofhandwiththebird’sheadpointingtowardsthehandler’sbodyandtheventaway.
whenwalkingwithabird,itsheadcanbetuckedunderthecarrier’supperarm.Thenon-holdingarmcanbeusedtoassistwithrestrainingthebirdandpreventthewingsfromflapping.
C. Non-invasive measurement
1. body weight (Category 2)Onlyusebirdswhichareaccustomedtobeinghandled.Youngbirdscanbeweigheddirectlyonatriplebeambalance.Olderbirdsmayneedtoberestrainedinalightcardboardbox.
forgrowersandadults,aspringbalancewithasuitablescaleisrequiredforweighing.Asmall,loopedpieceofropecanbeattachedtotheshankofbothlegsofthebirdandconnectedtothebalance.Ensurethatthebird’sheadiskeptdowntoavoidflapping.Thereadingshouldbetakenasquicklyaspossiblesothatthebirdcanbereturnedtoanormalposition.
3. growth (Category 2)Growthisusuallymeasuredbybodyweightchanges.Growthcanbeshownbyphotographingordrawingabirdagainstanappropriatebackgroundgridorscale.
Useasufficientnumberofbirdstodetermineindividualdifferences.Videotapedrecordscanalsoshowabird’sgrowth.
4. body proportions (Category 2)Twohandlersarerequiredforthisactivity.Onepersonneedstoadequatelyrestrainthebirdwhiletheotherpersonmeasures.Donotdistortabirdexcessivelytomakemeasurementsofbodyparts.
5. pulse or blood flow(Category 2)forthisactivity,restrainabirdaspreviouslydescribed.Asbirdshaveaveryhighpulserate,itisdifficulttomeasure.Astethoscopeisrequired.
6. respiration(Category 2)Observebirdsinwarmerweatherasindicationsofrespirationaremoreobvious.Observeandrecordabirdwithitsbeaknaturallyopenandthetonguemoving.Thenumberoftonguemovementscanberecorded.
232ThecareanduseofanimalsinACTschools
7. temperature (Category 2)Restrainabirdbythehandandarmmethod.Aclinicalthermometerisinsertedintotheventorcloaca.Slidethethermometerincarefullyandwashitbetweenbirds.warmthethermometerincoldweather.
D. Measurement of mild dietary effects
1. high/normal protein (Category 3)
2. high/normal energy(Category 3)
3. high/normal fat(Category 3)Avariationindietcanbeachievedbyusingcommerciallypreparedfoodswhichuseadifferentformulathantheusualoneprovided.Anyvariationinthedietshouldbeanenhancementto,ratherthandeprivationof,thediet.
Theminimumlevelofprotein,energyorfatselectedforthetrialmustbetheminimumacceptableforthelifestageoftheparticularbirdtype.Thetrialperiodshouldnotbelongerthanisnecessarytoachieveaclearlyobservableresult.Tentofourteendaysissufficientforyoungbirds,afterwhichthebirdsshouldbereturnedtotheirnormaldiet.
wherecomparativefoodtrialsarebeingundertaken,nolessthantheminimumproteinlevelsshouldbefedtobirds.Themaximumamountofproteinpermittedis20%abovetheminimumlevels.
Schoolsshouldnotkeepbroilersformorethan10weeks.Afterthisperiod,thelikelihoodofstressfracturesandbrokenlegsbecomesadistinctpossibility.
4. palatability (Category 3)foradultbirds,useavarietyofcommerciallypreparedlayerpelletsandmash,ensuringaplentifulsupplyofcleanfreshwater.Observetwoadultbirdsinseparatepens.
E. Behaviour activities
3. training poultry for showing (Category 3)Useanadequatelysizedtrainingpen,housedinashedorverywellshadedarea.RefertotheACTCodeofPracticeforthewelfareofAnimalsDomesticPoultry4thEditiontocheckforapprovedpensizes.Provideclean,dryfloorlitterandadlibfeedandwater.Treatbirdstominimiseexternalparasites.
Coverthepenwithahessianbagtolowerthelightlevel.Ensurequiet,steadymovementsnear,andaround,trainingpens.Usehandstostrokeandhandlethebird.Ifitbecomesagitated,ceasehandling.
Ifabirdistoberemovedfromthepen,moveitinandoutheadfirst.
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F. Collection of samples
3. faeces (non-invasive) (Category 3)Placethebirdinwire-flooredpen,elevatedofftheground,sothatfaecescanbecollected.Donotforcefaecesfromabird.
7. blood (Category 5)
G. Standard husbandry activities
1. administering treatments
topical•dip(Category 3)
oral•drench (Category 3)
injection•subcutaneous(Category 3)Itisimportanttomaintainaprogramofvaccinationandcontrolofparasitesforallbirds.whentreatingforinternalandexternalparasites,allbirdsshouldbetreatedatthesametime.Theseactivitiesneedtobedocumentedintheappropriaterecords.
whenusingvaccines,drenches,externalparasitecontrolchemicalsoranyotheranimalcarechemicals,caremustbetakenandnotedaboutthefollowing:•readingalllabels•maintainingappropriatestorage•adheringtowithholdingperiods•determiningtheweightofanimals•determiningthecorrectdoserate•usingprotectiveclothingifrequired.
Oralmedicationstobeadministeredincludewormingcompoundsandvitaminandmineralsupplements.
Theymaybeadministeredinthefeedorwaterdependingoninstructions.Ifwater-basedtreatmentsaretobeused,waterisgenerallywithdrawnfrombirdsovernighttoincreasetheirthirst.
Avoidwaterwithdrawalduringtheday,particularlyinhotweather.
Drinkcontainersneedtobesuitablyanchoredtopreventtipping.
29. beak trimming (Category 4)Everyeffortshouldbemadetoavoidbeaktrimmingbytheappropriateselectionofbirdsandtheprovisionofconditionswhichreducethetendencyforadversetraits,suchascannibalism,tooccur.
Beaktrimmingisdonewhenthetopbeaktipbecomesexcessivelylong.
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Thetopbeakiscutbacktothepointwherethebeakchangescolour,ensuringthelowerbeaktucksunderthetopbeak.Beaktrimmingmustbeperformedonlybyanaccreditedoperatororunderthedirectsupervisionofanaccreditedtraineraspartofanaccreditationtrainingprogramandmustbeperformedonlyinaccordancewithagreedaccreditationstandards.
31. artificial insemination (Category 5)
32. semen collection (Category 5)
41. slaughter of livestock (Category 5)