The Chapter 1 Student Notes Packet

1. __________ way of using ________ to learn about the Natural world

2. Body of _______ built up after years of research

Section 1-11-1 What is Science?

1. to investigate and understand the __________

2. To _______ events in the Natural World

3. To use those ______to make useful __________

Section 1-1What is the Goal of Science?

1. Usually begins with an __________

To make an observation you must use?2. Using the five basic senses:

Ex: _____ ______ _____ _____ _____

3. These observations may lead to an Inference. What is an inference?

An inference is _______________________________________________________

Section 1-1

Section Outline What might be a Scientist’s most basic tools?

Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

Observation v. Inference Provide 5 observations

Cheating legally??(Did he say cheating ???)

Scientists commonly use Greek/Latin roots to make up words. Lets make a list of some:

Prefix Suffix1. Ab:not, abnormal2. _______________3. _______________4. _______________5. _______________

1. ology: study of,2. _______________3. _______________4. _______________5. _______________

Biology The study of _______ _________

Sound smart call Living things _________

1.1 Using the Life’s “Levels of Organization” organize the following terms from least complex to most.

HINT: start with Atom and end with Biosphere

Individual livingIndividual livingthingthing

Tissues, organs,Tissues, organs,and organ systemsand organ systems

Smallest functionalSmallest functionalunit of lifeunit of life

Groups of atoms;Groups of atoms;smallest unit of smallest unit of most chemicalmost chemicalcompoundscompounds

BisonBison

Nervous tissueNervous tissue Nervous systemNervous systemBrainBrain

Nerve cellNerve cell

WaterWater DNADNA

Levels Of Organization

BiosphereBiosphereThe part of EarthThe part of Earththat contains allthat contains allecosystemsecosystems

Community and Community and its nonliving its nonliving surroundingssurroundings

Populations thatPopulations thatlive together in a live together in a defined areadefined area

Group of Group of organisms of oneorganisms of onetype that live in type that live in the same areathe same area

BiosphereBiosphere

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, airHawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grassHawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Bison herdBison herd

Levels of Organization

Question: Why is Tautuga alive?Why is Tautuga alive?

I. Studying LifeA. Characteristics of Living Things

1. Made Up of _________2. _________3. Based on a _________ _________4. Growth and _________5. Need for Materials and _________6. Response to the Environment7. Maintaining _________ _________8. _________

What is not Evolution?

The Virus ConundrumThe Virus Conundrum

Why is a virus not considered a living Why is a virus not considered a living organism??organism??

The Need for The Need for _______ and and ______

• Each living cell has ways to _______ and ________ Each living cell has ways to _______ and ________ energy from its surroundingsenergy from its surroundings

• Re: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! butRe: your metabolism is more then eating!!!! but

• ____________________________can synthesize their own food from can synthesize their own food from simple raw materials.simple raw materials.

• (autotrophs)(autotrophs)• Ex: __________ __________ Ex: __________ __________

• ________________ Cannot synthesize their own food Cannot synthesize their own food• (Heterotrophs)(Heterotrophs)• Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERSHerbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, DECOMPOSERS

ProducersProducers

Making their own foodMaking their own food

Materials and Energy 10% Rule10% Rule

Consumers Consumers +Decomposers+Decomposers

Energy InputEnergy Input

Nutrient CyclesNutrient Cycles

Energy outputEnergy output

Energy lossEnergy loss

6. How do you Respond to the 6. How do you Respond to the EnvironmentEnvironment

• ________ and the stimuli they receive allow ________ and the stimuli they receive allow controlled responses to be made:controlled responses to be made:

• __________ and_________, __________ and_________, • harmful substances, harmful substances, • Varying food supplies.Varying food supplies.

• _____________ refers to a state in which the _____________ refers to a state in which the conditions of the “_________ _________” are conditions of the “_________ _________” are maintained within tolerable limits. maintained within tolerable limits.

• Increased sugar causes insulin release, which Increased sugar causes insulin release, which stimulates cells to take up sugar. stimulates cells to take up sugar.

• Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to Decreased blood sugar causes another hormone to call on stored sugar reserves.call on stored sugar reserves.

ALL living organisms must carry out Life Functions

Nutrition

Transport

Respiration

Excretion

Synthesis

Growth

Regulation

Reproduction

life functions

What is the difference between a Theory and a Law?

__________ ____- statement that describes some aspect of a phenomena of nature. Irrefutable: that is always true.

________: well tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations

What are some accepted Theories (once accepted)

1. .2. .3. .4. .5. .6. .7. .

The Cell The Cell The cell is the basic ______ __ _____.The cell is the basic ______ __ _____. Smallest living unit Smallest living unit (that is known)(that is known)

Yet Scientists still Question: Yet Scientists still Question: • Viruses Viruses • PrionPrion

Most cells contain __________ Most cells contain __________ (tiny organs)(tiny organs) ________, ________, _________________, ________, _________

The Cell TheoryThe Cell TheoryThree Principles,Three Principles, The cell: The cell: 1. ________________________________1. ________________________________2. ________________________________2. ________________________________3._________________________________3._________________________________

Three Exceptions:Three Exceptions:1.1. __________________________2.2. __________________________3.3. Some self replicating organellesSome self replicating organelles

Chloroplast and mitochondriaChloroplast and mitochondria

Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Method A systematic approach to solving problems :

1. Defining the ____________ 2. Formulating a __________

3. Testing the ____________ 4. Recording _____________

5. State a ______________(sometime edit your hypothesis)

1. Defining the problem2. Hypothesis –a possible explanation for events.

3. Experimentation (Testing the hypothesis) a. _________________ (no change)

a source for comparison b. _________________ (contains variables)

*________________ Variable (Manipulated) *________________Variable (responding) #’s

* Controlled Variables???

4. State a conclusion

How can you test your hypothesis

Manipulated and responding

variables variables

Section 1-2

Section Outline

1. 2.3.

1. 1. 2.

Designing an Experiment

Section 1-2

State the Problem

Set Up a Controlled Experiment

Analyze Results

Publish Results

Attempt to fill in

the following

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

HYPOTHESIS: __________________________________________PROCEDURE

Controlled Variables: ???

Manipulated Variables: ???

Uncovered jars Covered jars

Several days pass

Responding Variable: ???

CONCLUSION:

Section 1-2

Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation

Use Do Now for help!!!!!

Control Group Experimental Group

A Common Measurement System, 1. Metrics , (USE DINO PPT)B. Analyzing Biological Data

Microscopes1. Hand lens2. Light Microscopes3. Dissecting Microscope4. Electron Microscopes

1. SEM2. TEM

C. Laboratory Techniques1. Cell Cultures2. Cell Fractionation

D. Working Safely in Biology

Section 1-4

Section Outline1–4 Tools and Procedures

Water Released and Absorbed by Tree

TimeAbsorbedby Roots

(g/h)

Releasedby Leaves

(g/h)

8 AM10 AM

12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM

5

2

10149

641

1

12

17

16103

Water released by leaves

Water absorbed by roots

Rel

ati

ve

Rat

es

(g/h

)

20

Time

0

15

10

5

8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM

Section 1-4

Making a Graph From A Data Table

A. Presenting data

Section 1-4

Base quantity Name Symbol

_____ meter _____

_____ _____     g

Time _____ _____

Temperature      

Kelvin K

A. System International (SI) base unit (metrics)

1-4B. Analyzing Biological Data

Types of Microscopes1. _________ ___2. _________ Microscope 3. _______ Microscopes4. _______ Microscopes

1. SEM (scanning)2. TEM (transmitting)

A. Simple microscopes1. _________ ____-Has 1 lens -Magnification: 1-10x-Used for field research-Inexpensive

2. _____ ____-aka stereoscope-Has 2 lens-Magnification:10-40x-3d and cheap

3. Compound Light Microscope 1. Uses two lenses

a) Ocular (eyepiece) 10x b) Objectives,

-Low power (40x)

-Medium power (100x)

-High power (400x)

2. Magnifies 40x to 500x the original size

3. Light passes through object

4. Used to look at the whole cell and organelles like the nucleus and chloroplast

What is the math behind Magnification?

X = Ocular magnification

Objective magnification

Totalmagnification

(10x)

Obj (40x)

Total Magnification:

Magnifications: ocular 10x low power objective = 4x Medium objective = 10x high power objective = 40x

SOOOoooo The low power magnification is? 40x The medium power magnification is? 100x The high power magnification is? 400x

Imagery: When placing a slide under the

objective lens, the image appears:

1. -Magnified2. -Upside down3. -Inverted (backwards)

Ex: e

F

2. Electron Microscopes Using magnets and beams of

electrons this microscope magnifies 250,000x

Two types: .______ .______

Allows for detailed observation of small organelles within the cell. Like the mitochondria and

lysosomes.

Other Biological Tools

1. Centrifuge2. micro dissection

instruments3. Stains4. Indicators5. The Scientific Method

Centrifuge

Tool used to separate cell parts based on density and centripetal force.

Micro dissection Instruments Tools used to perform dissection of

individual cells or the removal of cell organelles.

Most commonly used with the Electron microscope (greatest magnification).

Staining Techniques The use of solutions to make it more

possible for an observer to see structures of a cell easier under a microscope

1. Iodine- used primarily to stain nucleus of animal cell.

2. Methylene blue- used primarily to view chloroplasts and the cell wall of a plant cell.

1 2

Indicators: Designed to detect specific materials

INDICATORS DETECTS Iodine/ Lugols solution Starch Benedicts solution Glucose Biuret solution Proteins Bromomethyl blue Carbon

dioxideand Lime water Litmus paper acids or bases