the classification of plants and other...
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The Classification of Plants
and Other Organisms
Chapter 18
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1
• Define taxonomy
• Explain why the assignment of a
scientific name to each species is
important for biologists
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KEY TERMS
• TAXONOMY
• Science of describing, naming, and classifying
organisms
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Describing
Plants
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Scientific Names
• Biologists use scientific names to precisely
identify organisms
• Each organism has only one scientific name
• Avoids confusion of many common names
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 2
• Identify the biologist who originated the
binomial system of nomenclature
• Describe the general scheme of the
system
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KEY TERMS
• BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
• System for giving each organism a two-word
scientific name
• First used consistently by Carolus Linnaeus
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Linnaeus
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Binomial Nomenclature
• Species
• The basic unit of classification
• The scientific name of each species has
two parts:
• generic name (genus)
• specific epithet
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Tradescantia virginiana
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Species and Subspecies
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Gilia latiflora
subsp. excellens
subsp. latiflora
subsp. davyi
Gilia tenuiflora
Fig. 18-4, p. 355
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 3
• List and describe the hierarchical
groupings of classification
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Classification
• Hierarchical groups (most to least inclusive)
• domain
• kingdom
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species
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Classification of Ginger
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(b) Each taxonomic level is
more inclusive than the one
below it. For example, the
order Zingiberales consists
of 5 families. The family
Zingiberaceae contains 49
genera and a total of about
1300 species.
Eukarya
Plantae
Anthophyta
Monocotyledones
Zingiberales
Zingiberaceae
Zingiber(ginger genus)
48 other genera
4 other families
18 other orders
1 other main class
9 other phyla
5 other kingdoms
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Fig. 18-5b, p. 356
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A Dichotomous Key
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Fig. 18-6a, p. 357
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Fig. 18-6b, p. 357
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 4
• Define systematics
• Describe the cladistic approach to
systematics
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KEY TERMS
• SYSTEMATICS
• Scientific study of the diversity of organisms
and their natural (evolutionary) relationships
• A systematist seeks to reconstruct phylogeny
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KEY TERMS
• PHYLOGENY
• Evolutionary history of a species or other
taxonomic group
• MONOPHYLETIC
• Said of a group consisting of organisms that
evolved from a common ancestor
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KEY TERMS
• CLADISTICS
• Classification of organisms based on recency
of common ancestry rather than degree of
structural similarity
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Cladistics
• Cladists emphasize phylogeny by focusing
on when evolutionary lineages (lines of
descent) divide into two branches
• Cladists develop cladograms
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KEY TERMS
• CLADOGRAM
• A diagram that illustrates evolutionary
relationships based on the principles of
cladistics
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Building a Cladogram
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Characters
TAXON
Moss
Fern
Pine
Daisy
VASCULAR TISSUES SEEDS FLOWERS
A
P
P
P P P
P
A A
A
A
A
Fig. 18-7 (1), p. 358
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Mo
ss
(a) All of the plant groups shown here except mosses
have vascular
Pin
e
Dais
y
Fern
Node
1
Common plant
ancestor
Common ancestor
with vascular tissues
Fig. 18-7a, p. 358
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Mo
ss
Pin
e
Dais
y
Fern
Node
1
Common plant
ancestor
Common ancestor
with vascular tissues
Node
2
(b) Seeds are a shared character for all plant groups
shown here except mosses and ferns.Fig. 18-7b, p. 358
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Mo
ss
Pin
e
Dais
y
Fern
Node
1
Common plant
ancestor
Common ancestor
with vascular tissues
Node
2
Node
3
Common
seed-
producing
ancestor
(c) Of the plant groups shown here, only the daisy
produces flowers.Fig. 18-7c, p. 358
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 5
• List and briefly describe the three
domains and six kingdoms recognized
by many biologists
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KEY TERMS
• DOMAIN BACTERIA
• Domain of metabolically diverse, unicellular,
prokaryotic organisms
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KEY TERMS
• DOMAIN ARCHAEA
• Domain of unicellular, prokaryotic organisms
adapted to extreme conditions (such as very
hot or very salty environments)
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KEY TERMS
• DOMAIN EUKARYA
• Includes all eukaryotic organisms (protists,
plants, fungi, and animals)
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The Three Domains
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Domain
Bacteria
Domain
Archaea
Domain
Eukarya
Common ancestor
of all living organisms
Fig. 18-9, p. 360
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Six-Kingdom Classification
• Kingdom Bacteria (domain Bacteria)
• Kingdom Archaea (domain Archaea)
• Kingdom Protista (domain Eukarya)
• Kingdom Fungi (domain Eukarya)
• Kingdom Plantae (domain Eukarya)
• Kingdom Animalia (domain Eukarya)
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The Six Kingdoms
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Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Protista Animalia Fungi
Common ancestor
of all living organisms
Common ancestor
of all eukaryotes
Fig. 18-8, p. 360
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LEARNING OBJECTIVE 6
• Summarize the scientific limitations of
the kingdom Protista
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KEY TERMS
• PARAPHYLETIC
• Said of a group consisting of a common
ancestor and some, but not all, of its
descendants
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Kingdom Protista
• Ideally, all members of a kingdom should
have a common ancestor
• Members of kingdom Protista are
paraphyletic
• Some biologists think protists should not
be grouped in a single kingdom
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Animation: Constructing a
Cladogram